U.S. patent number 3,610,775 [Application Number 04/840,369] was granted by the patent office on 1971-10-05 for turbine wheel.
Invention is credited to Judson S. Swearingen.
United States Patent |
3,610,775 |
Swearingen |
October 5, 1971 |
TURBINE WHEEL
Abstract
A turbine wheel or rotor for operation by gas streams containing
entrained particles of liquid or solids or liquid streams
containing bubbles, such as in power recovery from dust-bearing gas
or boiling liquid. The passageways between blades of the rotor are
so shaped that as the flow progresses radially inwardly and its
circumferential motion with the wheel is retarded and centrifugal
force on such particles therefore decreases, there will be at first
a radial and small negative relative tangential component of flow,
and the radial inward rate of flow component and hence drag on such
particles opposed to such centrifugal force will decrease
accordingly to maintain a substantial balance of radial forces on
such particles. Also the passages are curved so that they will
substantially parallel the circumferential-axial flow rate
component as the decrease in radial flow rate component is replaced
by increase in circumferential flow rate component relative to the
rotor, while the axial flow rate component is maintained at or
increased to a value to move the stream through the axial extent of
such passages in such time as is required for the circumferential
flow rate component relative to the rotor to substantially equal
and oppose the circumferential velocity of the outlets of such
passageways. Thereby the drag on such particles to cause them to
impinge on the blades will be minimized. The words "tangential" and
"circumferential" are used synonymously.
Inventors: |
Swearingen; Judson S. (Los
Angeles, CA) |
Family
ID: |
25282182 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/840,369 |
Filed: |
July 9, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
416/186R;
415/205 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F01D
1/08 (20130101); F01D 5/048 (20130101); Y02T
50/60 (20130101); Y02T 50/673 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F01D
1/00 (20060101); F01D 5/02 (20060101); F01D
5/04 (20060101); F01D 1/08 (20060101); F01d
005/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;416/185,186,188 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Husar; C. J.
Claims
I claim:
1. In a gas turbine wheel for expanding gas having during at least
part of the expansion nongaseous particles in suspension therein
while deriving mechanical power therefrom, said wheel comprising a
body symmetrical about an axis and having a series of passages with
entrances circumferentially spaced about its outer periphery the
improvement which comprises said passages each having from an
initial point adjacent its entrance and to a point adjacent its
discharge a path of flow with radial and circumferential
components, the radial component varying from a maximum at said
initial point to a minimum at the discharge and the circumferential
component varying from approximately zero relative to the wheel at
said initial point to a maximum at the discharge, the
last-mentioned component being rearward relative to rotation of
said wheel, said components having such respective magnitudes that
at any given point for a given rate of gas flow through said
passages, the drag on a nongaseous particle suspended in said gas
will have a radially inward component approximating the centrifugal
force thereon and the direction of the resultant of all forces
tending to accelerate such particle is substantially parallel to
the adjacent portions of the passage walls.
2. The improvement in gas turbine wheel as set forth in claim 1 in
which said wheel has discharges at a lesser distance from the axis
than said entrances, and there is a change in direction of drag to
more nearly tangential, to effect reduction in radial component of
drag to match reduction in centrifugal force as a particle moves
from entrance toward discharge, and to effect an increase in the
tangential component of drag.
3. The improvement in gas turbine wheel as set forth in claim 1 in
which said discharges are axially open and axially spaced from said
entrances and said passages are shaped to provide at an initial
point adjacent their entrances and throughout the remainder of
their lengths respectively paths of flow with an increasing axial
component also.
4. The improvement in a gas turbine wheel as set forth in claim 3
in which said wheel has discharges at a lesser distance from the
axis than said entrances, and there is a change in direction of
drag whereby the resultant of the axial and tangential components
of said drag will increase at successively radially inward points
as the centrifugal force opposing said drag decreases, and the
axial component will be increasing in a downstream direction all
such given points.
5. The improvement in a gas turbine wheel as set forth in claim 4
in which there is a change in direction of drag whereby the
resultant of the components of drag normal to the centrifugal force
will have a tangential component which increases at such given
points as the particle approaches the axis and centrifugal force
thereon decreases.
6. In a gas turbine wheel for expanding gas having during at least
part of the expansion nongaseous particles in suspension therein,
while deriving mechanical power therefrom, said wheel comprising a
body symmetrical about an axis and having a series of passages with
entrances circumferentially spaced about its outer periphery and
axially open discharges at a lesser distance from the axis than and
axially spaced from said entrances, the improvement which comprises
said passages each having a direction at an initial location
adjacent its entrance with a radial component such that the radial
component of drag of gas at said initial location flowing through
said passage at a predetermined design velocity on a nongaseous
particle suspended therein will approximately equal the centrifugal
force on said particle at said initial location, and the component
at right angles to said centrifugal force is at an angle to the
axis such that the axial component of such drag will have a
predetermined value required to axially accelerate the particle
immediately and the passages each being so increasingly directed
radially and axially progressively from said entrance as to cause
the drag to constantly increase the axial acceleration with an
initial value such as to reach a desired value at discharge while
matching the deceleration in the tangential and radial directions
so as to maintain the resultant of the three force components
parallel to stream flow through the passage.
7. The improvement in a gas turbine wheel as set forth in claim 6
in which the direction of drag will give it a circumferential
component such as to decelerate the absolute circumferential
movement of the particle.
8. In a gas turbine wheel for expanding gas having during at least
part of the expansion nongaseous particles in suspension therein
while deriving mechanical power therefrom, said wheel comprising a
body symmetrical about an axis and having a series of passages with
entrances circumferentially spaced about its outer periphery and
axially open discharges at a lesser distance from the axis than and
axially spaced from said entrances, the improvement which comprises
said passages each having such shape as to provide a decreasing
radial component of velocity and an increasing component relative
to said wheel tangentially normal thereto to provide a decreasing
circumferential velocity thereby decreasing the centrifugal force
on such particle at successive locations closer to the axis, and an
increasing component in the axial direction.
9. A radial reaction turbine rotor having a backwall and multiple
circumferentially spaced blades extending therefrom in one axial
direction so-shaped that the axial projection of the path followed
by the radially outermost element of flow relative to the rotor and
its direction of rotation is radially inward and slightly backward
relative to its normal direction of rotation beginning adjacent the
periphery of the rotor and is increasingly so relatively backward
and axial until almost entirely tangential and axial adjacent its
point of discharge, and the path of the radially innermost element
has a contour beginning adjacent the periphery of the rotor almost
coincident with that of the outermost element and is increasingly
backward relative to normal direction of rotation until about
45.degree.-60.degree. with a radius in a circumferential
direction.
10. A rotor of the type described in claim 1 in which the inner
edges of the discharge ends of the blades extend axially beyond
their outer edges.
11. A rotor of the type described in claim 1 in which the outer
edges of the discharge ends of the blades extend axially beyond
their inner edges.
12. The rotor of claim 2 in which the discharge edge of each blade
has a trailing overhanging lip.
13. The rotor of claim 4 in which the inner border of the discharge
of each passage has an overhanging lip.
14. The rotor of claim 1 in which the innermost wall of each
passage has multiple transverse roughness.
15. The rotor of claim 1 in which the leading wall of each passage
has multiple roughness.
16. A radial reaction turbine rotor for expanding gas having during
at least part of the expansion nongaseous particles in suspension
therein having multiple blades, each blade having a contour
parallel to the vector sum of the tangential and centrifugal forces
acting on an adjacent suspended nongaseous element of the flowing
stream.
17. A rotor according to claim 16 in which the vector sum of forces
to which the blade contour is parallel includes also the axial
force acting on the adjacent element of the flowing stream.
18. A rotor according to claim 16 in combination with nozzle means
positioned to direct a stream tangentially of said rotor into the
passageways between the outer ends of the blades thereof but with a
small radial component relative to said rotor, said nozzle means
having a throat portion long enough so that the drag of a stream
flowing therethrough will act on a particle suspended therein long
enough to accelerate the particle to substantially the velocity of
the stream in the throat portion.
Description
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to turbines for operation by streams
containing entrained particles. It is applicable to power recovery
turbines for gas streams containing dust. It is also applicable to
turbines operated by streams of gas or vapor, at least a portion of
which precipitates or may condense and precipitate as minute liquid
or solid particles as the streams pass through the turbines. It is
applicable likewise to liquids at temperature and pressure such
that they will boil while passing through the turbine or which
already at entrance have entrained vapor or gas.
Most turbines are of the "axial flow" design which consists of
stationary nozzles in combination with a rotor having a series of
peripheral blades. The nozzles jet an expanding stream into the
rotor between the blades in a tangential-axial direction. The rotor
blades change the direction of flow of the stream passing through
and generally jet or direct the stream backward with respect to the
tangential direction of the rotor blades. This involves a change of
direction in the circumferential plane as the stream passes through
the rotor blades. This change of direction (tangential or
circumferential acceleration) tends to throw the particles out of
the stream and against a passage wall causing blade damage and loss
of efficiency.
There is another type turbine called the radial or "inflow"
turbine. It is similar to that described above except that the
primary nozzles jet the stream into the rotating blades in a
direction having a radial component. Usually there is little if any
axial component to this direction, the jetted stream having a
tangential-radial direction only. The rotor blades usually have
3-dimensionally curved passages to turn the stream from radially
inward to axial and at the same time direct it backwards relative
to the rotor.
In radial turbines the same problem with suspended particles and
liquid droplets applies as occurs with the axial flow turbines.
There is the additional effect of centrifuging the particles
radially outward causing them to accumulate in the rotor and
compounding the problem.
Attempted solutions have involved a separator at the outer
periphery of the rotor to accumulate the liquid or solids and the
provision of a bypass conduit around the rotor blades; and, where
there is only a trace of solids, to provide pockets in which they
can accumulate and remain.
THE SOLUTION PROVIDED BY THE PRESENT INVENTION
This invention solves the stated problem by controlling and
combining the forces that act on any suspended particle by so
designing and selecting the shape of the passage through the rotor
that the net force on the particle is substantially parallel to the
passage walls so that the particle is not thrown against any wall
to collect or cause erosion or other trouble. This invention also
employs a stream velocity through the rotor passage which is higher
than the particle's relative upstream or slippage velocity which is
caused by the dynamic forces acting on the particle.
The combined dynamic force acting on any particle suspended in the
flowing stream of fluid as it passes through the rotor is the sum
of the centrifugal force, a small axial acceleration force and a
tangential acceleration force.
It is, therefore, one of the primary objects of this invention to
provide a turbine wheel having flow passages therethrough between
the blades of the wheel, which passages are so-shaped that the net
forces on a particle suspended in the stream passing therethrough
have a resultant substantially parallel to the passage walls and
with a predominant resultant force on the particles in a direction
toward the outlet or discharge end of the passage.
The above and other objects of this invention are achieved through
the arrangement and shapes of parts disclosed in the accompanying
drawings, in which there is illustrated by way of example only and
not by way of limitation, certain preferred embodiments of the
invention.
In the drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration in section along an axially
extending surface curved relative to a truly radial direction to
follow the passageways through two opposite nozzles of a radial
turbine and a rotor constructed in accordance with this invention
as indicated by the line 1--1 of FIG. 2, illustrating the flow of
gas in radial and axial directions through such passageways;
FIG. 2 is likewise a diagrammatic and rather fragmentary view of
the same structure taken along a surface at substantially right
angles to that of FIG. 1 and essentially along the line 2--2 of
FIG. 1, and showing an elongated form of nozzle;
FIG. 3 is a vector illustration of the radial and axial velocity
and acceleration components in a surface comparable to that along
which FIG. 1 is taken;
FIG. 4 is a vector illustration of the radial and tangential
velocity and acceleration components in a surface at right angles
to that represented in FIG. 3 and extending radially relative to
the axis of rotation of the turbine;
FIG. 4A is a vector illustration of the velocity and acceleration
components looking from the outside radially inwardly toward the
axis of the turbine in a radial developed view;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary view similar to the upper portion of FIG. 2
but showing a slight modification of the idealistically preferred
form of wheel shown in FIG. 2 so as to provide a slightly more
practical embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a side elevation of a radial-axial flow turbine wheel
constructed in accordance with the present invention and showing
the peripherally arranged entrances for the gas to be expanded;
FIG. 7 is a partial end view of the turbine wheel shown in FIG. 6
with parts broken away in order to better illustrate the shape,
arrangement and disposition of the blades providing the passageways
through the wheel;
FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 7 showing a different form of
rotor for a substantially entirely radial flow constructed in
accordance with this invention;
FIG. 9A is an axial diagrammatic view of a fragment of a rotor of
the form of FIGS. 5-7, with a slight modification, showing a
projection, on a plane normal to its axis, of a passage between two
blades;
FIG. 9B is a developed radial view of the trajectories of particles
passing through the impeller along the paths A--B and C--D of FIG.
9A;
FIG. 9C is a lateral view showing the projection of such passages
on a radial-axial plane;
FIG. 10 is the projection of two extreme courses of the absolute
path in a transverse plane (axial view), which is followed by an
element as it passes the rotor along said paths A--B and C--D, with
force vector diagrams at representative time intervals showing the
component and resultant forces acting on such elements respectively
at such intervals.
FIG. 11 is a view similar to FIG. 9C showing a modification.
In accordance with the present invention, the blades which provide
the passages through the turbine wheel are so arranged and shaped
as to create a directed inlet velocity adjacent the rotor
passageway entrances which is different from the tangential
velocity of the rotor. Such inlet velocity and direction through
the rotor passage is controlled and altered so as to attain the
condition of negligible acceleration of suspended particles
transverse to the stream line.
This can be best understood by following the stepwise path as
illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, and the shaping of the cover of the
wheel. These provide the desired passageway cross section and hence
the gas velocity through the passages so that the walls or blades
forming the walls of such passages can be located as needed to meet
the requirements.
Referring more in detail to the drawings, FIGS. 1 and 2 show the
gas entering from a high pressure zone 1 into a nozzle 2 which is
stationary relative to the rotation of the turbine. In the throat 3
of the nozzle 2 this gas is accelerated to a high velocity. Most of
this velocity is in a tangential direction, but a component of it
is in the radial direction as is shown in FIG. 1. The throats of
such nozzles may be elongated by extension of the upstream ends of
the nozzle blades from usual length as shown in dotted lines to the
solid line length as shown at 2A in FIG. 2. This allows more time
for an entrained particle to be accelerated to the high velocity of
the gas in the nozzle. This is particularly desirable if the
particles are relatively large in size.
In accordance with this invention, the projected sum of a
components of the velocity is the radial-axial plane should
idealistically follow the arrows 4 (FIG. 1) through the rotor, and
while so doing make substantially a 90.degree. turn, thereupon
leaving the turbine wheel axially and with substantially no or only
a small radial component as indicated by the arrow 5. In doing
this, entrained particles in the flowing stream should follow the
path of the arrows and have negligible tendency to drift toward the
passage wall and impinge on the wall.
Referring to the vector diagram of forces acting on a suspended
particle in the radial and axial directions, as shown in FIG. 3,
let it be assumed that arrow 4A indicates the initial velocity of
gas and entrained particles entering the rotor and that this
velocity has a small axial component 4C in the direction toward the
discharge. In this diagram, the arrow 4A may be considered as a
vector representing the strong drag force of gas flow in the
direction of the flow of the main stream in which is suspended a
particle whose movement is to be observed, the force being due to
the particle slip relative to the gas. It is proportional to the
slip rate as the particle tends to resist being swept along. There
is also a reasonably strong force 4B in a radial direction due to
the centrifugal force, the origin of which is more obvious by
inspection of FIG. 2. The vector sum of forces 4A and 4B is the
force 4C, which accelerates the particle in the axial direction and
changes its net velocity from that at the point of application of
force 4A to that of application of force 4D as the stream moves
along.
The velocity in the direction represented by the arrow 4D having a
direction which is more nearly axial than that of the arrow 4A, it
would provide a larger axial component of force 4C' than that
represented by the arrow 4C, and one which is usually greater than
necessary or desirable to provide the required acceleration in the
axial direction. Likewise the arrow 4E would be more nearly axial
then 4D and provide a larger axial component 4C" than that of 4D.
To reduce and control this axial force to a desirable value which
may be approximately constant throughout the passage through the
rotor, the tangential velocity of the stream is changed by curving
the passage in a downstream direction to give the stream a
backwards relative motion with respect to the direction of rotation
of the turbine wheel. This reduces the absolute tangential velocity
of the gas flow, and the centrifugal force associated therewith. It
is noted that at the same time the centrifugal force will be
reduced by virtue of the shorter radius arm of the rotation of the
particle as it gets closer to the axis of the wheel. By proper
choice of the aggregate reduction in centrifugal force in the
particle's radial slip in the stream may be reduced. Along with
this the axial force, or the component of force 4C" in an axial
direction, may be reduced and hence the particle's axial slip in
the stream, to any desired positive value. Thus the direction of
the net dynamic force on a suspended particle in the radial-axial
plane can be controlled and the particle caused to follow a stream
line.
It is noteworthy that in the foregoing discussion an initial stream
direction was called for in which there was an axial component for
the purpose of providing the axial force 4C. Initial deviation from
the radial direction is thus contemplated by the present invention.
However, this deviation may be secured either by guiding the stream
into the rotor blade passages with the initial axially inclined
angle, which is sometimes mechanically inconvenient, or by
deliberately turning the stream and sustaining a momentary small
axial acceleration on suspended particles therein perpendicular to
the stream lines. This last may be done because the necessary
change in direction is so small as to be insignificant from the
standpoint of causing impingement of particles or acceleration
thereof in the direction perpendicular to the stream lines.
Nevertheless, such change in direction provides the necessary small
initial axial component for carrying out this invention.
Referring now to the velocity and acceleration component projection
in a plane transverse to the axis of rotation, these are shown in
FIG. 2. The pressurized fluid at 1 in this Figure is jetted by
means of nozzle 2 in an absolute direction 6. A particle 7 moving
with such jetted stream will have a tangential velocity slightly
less than that of the rotor so that initially it will have a small
tangential component relative to the rotor and backward relative to
the rotor rotation and will have a small radial velocity. It is
desirable although not essential that this relative velocity
increase somewhat throughout the passage of the gas through the
turbine wheel.
The gas stream thus carries the suspended particle 7 radially
inward as indicated by arrows 8 in FIG. 2. Acting on such particle
is a radially outward centrifugal force which results from the
tangential or circumferential component of motion of the particle,
and it varies with the tangential speed of the particle, etc. This
is opposed by the drag on the particle as it is carried along by
the stream.
With reference to FIG. 4, the arrow T designates the tangential or
circumferential direction and the direction of rotation, 8A is an
arrow representing the centrifugal force vector acting on the
particle 7, 8B represents the drag force vector on such particle,
and 8C is an arrow representing the net sum of the two which is a
decelerating force in the opposite direction from the tangential
arrow T. This force 8C serves to increase the reverse motion of the
particle 7 relative to the turbine wheel and to deflect its
relative motion to a direction shown by the vector 8D. Along with
the curving of the passage so as to turn it to the desired ultimate
direction, its cross section is so sized as to accelerate the
stream backward, relative to the turbine wheel, to a near zero
absolute tangential velocity at which it is discharged, its axial
absolute velocity at this point being preferably the only absolute
velocity remaining in the stream.
FIG. 4 shows the particle to move radially inwardly while being
accelerated backward, and finally has only a small axial velocity
at the discharge which is radially inward of the inlet. However,
the vectors 8A" and possibly 8A' could in some cases be negative
(upward) which would increase the radius at the point of discharge,
even to a point where it is of larger radius than the inlet.
Reference is had to FIG. 4A for a projection of vectors similar to
those shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, but in a circumferential surface with
the rotor axis as its center. Here it will be seen that the vector
sum of the axial component 4C and the tangential component 8C is
14C, representing the axial-tangential component. Similar views of
the other vectors show the relative path of the particle with
respect to the rotor in this radial developed view.
A closer examination of FIG. 4 makes it apparent that for the
vectors to be as illustrated, the initial negative tangential
relative velocity 8C is required. This negative velocity may easily
be created by proper choice of exit velocity from the nozzles 3.
However, if it is desired to use a different nozzle velocity
relative to the tangential rotor velocity, this can be done and
then the stream turned to the required direction in the immediate
vicinity of the rotor entrance.
By reference to FIG. 5, it will be seen that there is a curve 9 in
each of the blades 10 which initially receives the gas entering the
entrances to the passages through the wheel and provides for
turning the stream substantially at the entrance so that it has the
required initial negative tangential component of relative
velocity. The provision for such a turn or change of direction
naturally applies a force to any suspended particle perpendicular
to the stream line. However, the magnitude and extent of such force
are small, and its effect is negligible. The remainder of the
action in FIG. 5 is the same as in FIGS. 1 and 2, the flow being
through passageways between the curved portions 10 of successive
blades 13 and between the main disc 16 of the rotor and the cover
12. This flow enters through entrances 17 of FIG. 2 of 17A of FIG.
5 and emerges through discharge 11.
Thus, by controlling the relative inlet tangential velocity and the
passage direction and cross section, the sum of the dynamic forces
acting on the suspended particle can be maintained parallel to the
stream line as the particle passes through the rotor.
The control of the tangential velocity and that previously
described with respect to the radial-axial plane, can be
accomplished simultaneously.
Thus it will be seen that by providing a substantial initial
velocity to the stream in chosen directions (axial, and/or
tangential) there is provided due to drag an initial axial and/or
tangential component of the net dynamic force substantially at the
rotor passage inlet. This component acting on a suspended particle
is sufficient so that as the centrifugal force decreases the
axial-tangential component may be increased and redirected to cause
the particle to follow a streamline path through the rotor provided
by blades of reasonable and convenient shape, without substantial
impingement on those blades.
Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, there is illustrated one specific
embodiment of this invention and in FIG. 8 is found another
specific embodiment, both of which will now be described.
In FIG. 6 the turbine rotor is shown as having a main wheel portion
with a radially extending disclike part 16 having a surface which
provides one of the walls of each of the gas passageways through
the rotor. The disclike part 16 is shaped as shown at 17, with a
slight axial inclination so that when the gas to be expanded is
jetted into the rotor it will strike this surface and be given a
slight axial component of motion as hereinbefore described. The
passageways through the rotor are bounded at circumferentially
spaced positions by the blades 18. Blades 18 are given both a
compound curve and an increase in width from the radially outermost
portion inwardly. The blades 18 are each joined continuously along
one edge to the adjacent surface of the disclike part 16. The
outermost portions of the opposite edges of the blades are
preferably joined by a cover ring or shroud 12 which is shaped to
provide the necessary axial widening of the passageways through the
rotor as they extend inwardly toward the axis. The cover ring may
be omitted if the blade edges rotate in close proximity to a
stationary wall matching the contour of the blade edges.
It is noted that these blades 18 are constructed as hereinbefore
described so that they have portions 9 adjacent their outermost
extremities and at the entrances to the passageways through the
rotor. These portions 9 are inclined slightly rearwardly and
radially outwardly so as to permit gas, if desired, to be jetted
into the rotor at a tangential velocity slightly greater than that
of the outer portions of the rotor where the entrances to these
passageways are located. These outer portions of the blades are
then curved slightly so that from a point just slightly inwardly
from the entrances to the passageways the blades extend and curve
ever more steeply toward the rear in an inward direction. Thus,
from a point just inwardly of and adjacent the entrances the
tangential velocity of the gas within these passageways will be
slightly less than that of the rotor at such points. As the gases
move inwardly they will be decelerated in a tangential absolute
sense to an ever increasing degree. Preferably this deceleration
will continue until the absolute tangential velocity of the gas is
substantially zero. Its velocity relative to the wheel will then be
the same as the absolute velocity of the rotor but in the opposite
direction to the rotor velocity. It will be discharged from the
outlets of the passageways which in this instance are axially open
as shown at 11.
In the form of the invention shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the discharge
of the gas from the passageways through the rotor is axial. The
disc portion 16 is provided with a hub section 19 which extends
axially to a plane substantially coincident with the outlets 11
between the blades, and is integrally secured to the inner edges of
said blades. Any suitable opening 20 through the hub 19 may be
provided for the purpose of mounting the rotor upon a suitable
shaft.
In FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 the wall of the disc portion 16 which forms a
portion of the walls of the passageways through the rotor, has an
initial axial inclination in an inward direction to cause the gases
in passing through this rotor to move axially and they are
discharged from one end of the rotor in an axial direction. Another
form of the invention is applicable to a wheel such as shown in
FIG. 8 in which the discharge 111 from between the blades is
radially inward into a hollow portion or open space around the
axis. In such case it is unnecessary that the gas entering the
entrances of the wheel passageways have any axial component because
the gases do not move substantially in an axial direction until
after their discharge from the passageways between blades. In the
case of this wheel, as in the case of that shown in FIGS. 6 and 7,
the entrances are around the outer periphery and are between a disc
section 116 and a cover 112 spaced axially therefrom, and between
blades 118 spaced circumferentially about the rotor between the
disc section 116 and the cover 112.
All of such blades 118 are curved adjacent their outermost portions
at 109 in a slightly outward and rearward direction, and throughout
all portions inwardly therefrom in a radially inward and rearward
direction. The cross sections of the passageways formed between
these blades are controlled by the widths of the blades and the
positioning of the cover 112 relative to the disc 116. Unlike the
device of FIGS. 6 and 7, the outlets of the passageways between the
blades, as shown at 111, are in a radially inward direction. As a
result, while the gas emerges from the passageways at substantially
zero absolute tangential velocity, the same as in the case of FIGS.
6 and 7, it emerges without any axial velocity and with only a
moderate radially inward velocity. While it is true that the gas
after emerging in a radial direction as just described must be
turned to an axial direction, this can be accomplished without
impingement upon the blades because the turning is accomplished
only after the gas has emerged from between the blades.
The same principles apply to he rotor of FIG. 8 as previously
described in connection with the other figures. However, there is
no necessity for an initial axial component nor for any provision
to be made for imparting an axial component to the gas at any time
during its passage through the rotor.
Reference will be had now for more detailed and explanatory
disclosure and for certain specific modifications to FIGS. 9A, 9B,
9C, 10, and 11.
To use a convenient and practical example, it will be considered
that the tip speed of the rotor in these figures is slightly over
1,000 feet per second and that the gas entering the periphery of
this rotor is being jetted from the surrounding primary nozzles at
a tangential component of 1,000 feet per second, a radial component
of velocity of 125 feet per second and a negligible axial component
of velocity. The cross section of the passage through the rotor is
so proportioned as to increase the velocity in the radial-axial
plane to about 200 feet per second at the discharge.
The curve A--B in FIG. 10 is the projection of the absolute path in
the transverse plane (axial view) which is followed by an element
of the fluid as it passes through the rotor. This element will be
referred to as the radially outermost element of flow. The
beginning point A is shown in FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C. As the element
proceeds from its beginning point A towards its exhausting point B,
its absolute velocity in the transverse plane (FIG. 10) is
gradually reduced and the curvature of its path gradually increases
(radius of curvature becomes shorter). This curve is not an
arbitrary one, but is constructed stepwise from the assumed initial
conditions and premises including the assumed blade shape in FIGS.
9A, 9B, and 9C. This latter blade shape will be discussed in more
detail further below.
Referring again to path A--B in FIG. 10, a succession of stations
at equally timed intervals are marked as t,1 t2, t3 and so on. At a
representative selection of these stations there is a number on the
convex side of the curve stating the centrifugal force acting on
the element in terms of gravity. The first one is marked 72,000
which means a centrifugal force 72,000 times the force of gravity.
This centrifugal force is due to the velocity at which the element
follows a curved absolute path.
As stated above, the absolute velocity component of the element
along this path A--B is gradually reduced, and this deceleration
requires a force tangential to the curve for its accomplishment.
The numbers written on the concave side of curve A-B at each time
station t1, t2, etc. gives the tangential force in multiples of
gravity at each point required to decelerate the element the
required amount.
The centrifugal forces act radially (to the curve) and the
deceleration forces act tangentially. A vector diagram is drawn at
representative points showing the resultant force in this
plane.
Examination of the path of a particle along path A-B in FIG. 10 and
comparing it with the blade shape in FIG. 9A will reveal that at
each corresponding position, with a minor deviation described
below, the inclination of the blade shape is coincident with the
resultant force vector.
Past point t6, the resultant force deviates from being parallel to
the passage wall because in this case there is a deviation of the
blade shape from the ideal (dashed line) to the more practical
(dotted line) position. Its deviation is in the direction away from
the outer wall of the passage inward into the main stream of flow
which is desirable because the stream will sweep it on through.
This situation is due to the presence of a secondary nozzle
(described below) at the end of the path where the element is
jetted out of the rotor passage.
One significance of this blade shape and performance is that if the
stream should have a small entrained particle (liquid droplet),
which is small enough that it is entrained forcibly with the stream
with only a moderate drift even under high acceleration forces, it
would not tend to impinge the passage wall. This is true of
particles of the size of fog particles and also larger ones --up to
about one thousandth inch in diameter under commonly occurring
circumstances. This drop size limit is relative.
Instead of reference as above to an element of the gas, reference
will now be to an entrained particle. The force against such a
particle is the vector sum of forces as described above. With this
improved blade shape it acts at all points parallel to the wall of
the passage or away from the wall so that what drift the particle
sustains under the influence of these forces as the stream passes
through the rotor is parallel or away from the wall and not toward
it, which might cause the particle to impinge and collect on the
wall.
Reference is now had to path C-D in FIG. 10, which is the axial
projection of the absolute path of a particle following the path
shown in FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C and which will be referred to as the
radially innermost element of flow. The projection of this path in
FIG. 10 also has force vector diagrams drawn at representative time
intervals, which reveal the resultant force at each time point.
Comparison of this axial projection of the path and series of
vector diagrams with the shape of the axial projection of the
adjacent wall of the passage in FIG. 9A shows that the wall is
parallel to the resultant vectors at all points between C and time
point t10. At this point, as shown in FIG. 9A, it will be at an
angle to a radius of between 45.degree. and 60.degree.. Between
time point t10 and D, the vectors are very much smaller. A small
component of each of these small resultant vector forces is
perpendicular to the passage wall (dashed line) urging the
suspended particle toward the wall. The cross section of the
portion of the passage through the rotor which is radially inside
of time point t10, being near the center of the rotor, is a small
fraction of the cross section of the full passage. That is to say
that the force causing particle drift toward the passage wall is
very small and it affects a portion of the stream which is a small
fraction of the total. The blade could be made of such shape as to
fully meet the requirement of being parallel to the resultant
acceleration force all the way to the discharge, but it would not
be as structurally resistant to high rotating speeds as is usually
necessary for tip speeds of the order of 1,000 feet per second.
Thus, the blade shape has been compromised in this vicinity, and,
except as discussed below, it has been found permissible in most
instances to accept this moderate movement of the suspended
particle toward the wall in a zone which carries only a small
fraction of the total stream.
At less than full design capacity, the discharge passages between
the blades will not be well filled. Because of centrifugal force
opposing the stream's approach toward the central portions of the
passages, the stream channels toward the outer portions of the
passages. This tends to minimize or solve the problem for less than
design flow or, conversely, when the passages are oversize for the
actual flow.
However, there is an improvement which solves the problem of the
slight movement of particles toward the wall. It consists of ending
this portion of the passage at this point as shown in FIG. 11.
Another improvement solving this same problem consists of a lip 20
at the outer edge of the blade as shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B. This
lip interferes with the flow of gas near the leading wall of the
passage leaving it almost stagnant. Accordingly, along this portion
of the path C-D where the resultant force vector has a component
perpendicular to the wall this force will affect particles
entrained in the main stream but not those in the portion of the
stream near the wall because there the stream is relatively
stagnant. The small amount of drift resulting from these small
vector forces may carry the particle over into this nearly stagnant
stream. This stream being nearly stagnant leaves any suspended
particle subject only to a radial centrifugal force. When this
suspended particle tends to move radially outward, it looses
angular velocity and moves away from the wall out into the flowing
stream which then will carry it away. If it should continue toward
the discharge and impinge on lip 20, as some particles no doubt
will, it may collect on the lip, but centrifugal force will carry
it radially outward on the surface of this lip toward the outer
edge. At this point, centrifugal force will cause it to leave the
lip and fly out into the main stream which already is near the
rotor discharge. In one form of the invention, the rotor is
constructed as seen in FIG. 9C so that this edge labeled 20a is
clear of any part of the rotor so that the particle which is slung
off of the edge of the lip will enter the discharge passage and
cannot touch the rotor.
Referring now to FIG. 9C, which shows the projection of the path of
the element or particle in an axial-radial plane, it is seen that
the path is curved. This will tend to force the particle radially
away from the convex face of the path. In the case of path A-B this
is desirable because it throws the particle out into the main
stream so that it will be swept out the discharge.
In path C-D which is near the inner wall of the passage, this is
undesirable, although the forces are small. By this effect,
particles would tend to impinge on the inner face of the rotor
passage. As stated above, this is nearing the center of the rotor
so this area is not extensive and the amount of gas involved is
small and the forces not important.
In another facet of this invention a radially extending lip is
placed at the discharge edge of the "floor" of the passage as shown
by 21 in FIG. 9A. This again creates a stagnant zone upstream of it
and causes the net force on particles therein to be away from the
"floor" and out into the main stream to be swept out. Any particles
from the main stream entering this stagnant layer will likewise be
thrown back.
In an extension of this form of the invention, multiple ridges 22
(FIG. 9C) are placed on this (floor) surface so that accumulated
liquid will not crawl up along the floor toward the inlet of the
rotor but due to centrifugal force will be thrown from the crests
of the ridges out into the main stream and be swept out through the
discharge. This also extends the stagnant layer and makes it more
stable.
In some instances the lip 20 at the discharge edge does not
influence the flow sufficiently far back upstream. In these cases
radial ridges 23 or other roughness may be formed on the blade wall
similar to those 22 described previously for the "floor" of the
passages.
To the extent that particles land on a ridge, centrifugal force
will throw them radially outward, this creates a negative angular
acceleration on the particles or droplets, so they leave the
surface and find themselves in the main stream again.
Paths A-B and C-D were predicated upon a moderate radially inward
velocity and about 60 percent acceleration through the rotor. If
the inlet velocity should be higher, the required blade shape would
have to extend farther around the rotor and the two paths (in FIG.
9A) would be somewhat closer together. Thus, it is desirable not to
have too high a radial inlet velocity. This can be accomplished by
making the axial dimension of the passage greater at the inlet.
From the foregoing it will be seen that a gas turbine wheel has
been provided which is capable of carrying out all of the objects
and advantages sought by this invention and that certain
illustrations and examples have been disclosed for the purpose of
illustrating and describing the invention so as to enable others
skilled in the art to practice the same within the scope of the
invention as set forth in the following claims. outer
periphery,
* * * * *