U.S. patent number 3,608,718 [Application Number 04/804,336] was granted by the patent office on 1971-09-28 for magnetic separator method and apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Bethlehem Steel Corporation. Invention is credited to William M. Aubrey, Jr., David S. Cahn, Janusz M. Karpinski, Conrad J. Rauch.
United States Patent |
3,608,718 |
Aubrey, Jr. , et
al. |
September 28, 1971 |
MAGNETIC SEPARATOR METHOD AND APPARATUS
Abstract
Radial magnetic field is applied in tube from a source
surrounding tube. Magnetic field is applied in either a static,
pulsating, or alternating mode. A first baffle divides tube inlet
into feed inlet receiving fluidized material and surrounding
coaxial passage receiving wash fluid. A second baffle spaced
downstream of the first baffle divides tube outlet into tailings
discharge and surrounding coaxial concentrate discharge. Magnetic
and magnetizable particles are attracted outwardly between baffles
from central fluidized material stream and leave as a concentrate
discharged with wash fluid. Nonmagnetic particles in central
fluidized material stream leave tailings discharge. Fluid stream
within tube has no outward radial components and may have inward
radial components.
Inventors: |
Aubrey, Jr.; William M.
(Bethlehem, PA), Karpinski; Janusz M. (Bethlehem, PA),
Cahn; David S. (Upland, CA), Rauch; Conrad J. (Acton,
MA) |
Assignee: |
Bethlehem Steel Corporation
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
25188720 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/804,336 |
Filed: |
December 20, 1968 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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676297 |
Dec 8, 1967 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
209/214; 210/222;
96/1; 209/223.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B03C
1/035 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B03C
1/035 (20060101); B03C 1/02 (20060101); B03c
001/14 (); B03c 001/26 () |
Field of
Search: |
;209/223,227,232,214,219
;210/222,223 ;55/3,100 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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124,505 |
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Apr 1931 |
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OE |
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638,238 |
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Apr 1962 |
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IT |
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691,038 |
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Jul 1930 |
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FR |
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1,292,202 |
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Mar 1962 |
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FR |
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Primary Examiner: Lutter; Frank W.
Assistant Examiner: Halper; Robert
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of our pending
application Ser. No. 676,297 now abandoned, filed Oct. 18, 1967.
Claims
We claim:
1. Method of separating magnetic or magnetizable particles from a
material comprising magnetic or magnetizable particles and other
particles having magnetic or magnetizable values less than said
particles to be separated, said method comprising:
a. establishing a flowing stream comprising said material,
b. establishing a stationary magnetic field along a separating
region of said stream from a source completely surrounding the
stream, said magnetic field having a flux pattern which produces
substantially only radial separating forces within the separating
region, said radial forces having substantially no longitudinal
components and diverging perpendicularly from the stream flow axis
with increasing magnitude substantially equally in all radial
directions about said axis, thereby to attract magnetic or
magnetizable particles flowing through the magnetic field into an
outer portion of the separating region, and
c. separating said outer portion of said stream from an inner
portion as the magnetic or magnetizable particles leave the
separation region.
2. Method as in claim 1, further comprising:
d. varying the flow rate of said feed stream to control the amount
of magnetic or magnetizable particles attracted into the outer
portion of the separating region.
3. Method as in claim 1 wherein the magnetic field intensity in
step (b) is static.
4. Method as in claim 1 wherein the magnetic field intensity in
step (b) is pulsating.
5. Method as in claim 1 wherein the magnetic field intensity in
step (b) is alternating.
6. Method as in claim 1, further comprising:
e. varying the intensity of the magnetic field to control the
amount of magnetic or magnetizable particles attracted into the
outer portion of the separating region.
7. Method as in claim 1 wherein the magnetic field intensity in
step (b) is pulsating or alternating, and further comprising:
f. varying the pulsating or alternating frequency to control the
magnetic susceptibility of the particles attracted into the outer
portion of the separating region.
8. Method as in claim 7, further comprising:
g. varying the intensity of the magnetic field to control the
amount of magnetic or magnetizable particles attracted into the
outer portion of the separating region.
9. Method of separating magnetic or magnetizable particles from a
material comprising magnetic or magnetizable particles and other
particles having magnetic or magnetizable values less than said
particles to be separated, said method comprising:
a. establishing a first flowing stream comprising said
material,
b. establishing a second flowing stream of fluid in contact with
said first flowing stream,
c. establishing a stationary magnetic field along a separating
region of said streams from a source surrounding the second flowing
stream, said magnetic field having a flux pattern which produces
separating forces directed perpendicularly from the flow axis of
said first flowing stream, thereby to attract magnetic or
magnetizable particles flowing through the magnetic field from said
first flowing stream into said second flowing stream, and
d. separating said first flowing stream from said second flowing
stream after said magnetic or magnetizable particles leave the
separating region.
10. Method as in claim 9, further comprising:
e. varying the flow rate of said first flowing stream to control
the amount of magnetic or magnetizable particles attracted from the
first flowing stream into said second flowing stream.
11. Method as in claim 9, further comprising:
f. varying the flow rate of the second flowing stream relative the
first flowing stream to confine said other particles of material to
the first flowing stream as it leaves the separating region.
12. Method as in claim 9, further comprising:
g. said first and second streams flowing parallel to each
other.
13. Method as in claim 9, further comprising:
h. the direction of flow of said first and second flowing streams
being substantially vertical.
14. Method of separating magnetic or magnetizable particles from a
material comprising magnetic particles and other particles having
magnetic or magnetizable value less than said particles to be
separated, said method comprising:
a. establishing a first flowing stream comprising said
material,
b. establishing a second flowing stream of fluid, said second
flowing stream having an annular transverse cross section extending
completely around and contacting the transverse periphery of said
first flowing stream,
c. establishing a stationary magnetic field in a separating region
of said streams from a source surrounding the transverse periphery
of said second flowing stream, said magnetic field having a flux
pattern which produces separating forces directed radially
outwardly from the flow axis of said first flowing stream, thereby
to attract magnetic or magnetizable particles flowing through said
magnetic field from said first flowing stream into said second
flowing stream, and
d. separating said first flowing stream from said second flowing
stream after said magnetic or magnetizable particles leave the
separating region.
15. Method as in claim 14, further comprising:
e. the transverse cross section of said first flowing stream being
circular,
f. the transverse cross section of said second flowing stream being
a circular annulus coaxial with said first flowing stream.
16. Method as in claim 15, further comprising:
g. said magnetic field being established substantially uniformly at
a plurality of symmetrically spaced points around the transverse
periphery of said second flowing stream.
17. Apparatus for separating magnetic or magnetizable particles
from a material comprising magnetic or magnetizable particles and
other particles having magnetic or magnetizable values less than
said particles to be separated, said apparatus comprising:
a. elongated conduit means having an inlet end, an outlet end, and
a separating region spaced between said ends,
b. said inlet end of the conduit means adapted to receive a flowing
stream comprising said material,
c. baffle means disposed within the outlet end of the conduit means
and extending downstream from the separating region, said baffle
means defining a concentrate discharge passage aligned coaxially
with an outer portion of the separating region and a tailings
discharge passage aligned coaxially with an inner portion of the
separating region,
d. means for establishing a stationary magnetic field within the
separating region from a source thereabout, said means having a
magnetic field with a flux pattern which produces substantially
only radial separating forces within the separating region, said
radial forces having substantially no longitudinal components and
diverging perpendicularly from the stream flow axis with increasing
magnitude substantially equally in all radial directions about said
flow axis, and
e. whereby magnetic or magnetizable particles flowing through the
magnetic field are attracted into the outer portion of the
separating region and discharged through said concentrate passage,
and whereby the remaining particles are discharged through the
tailing passage.
18. Apparatus as in claim 17 wherein means (d) comprises:
f. permanent magnet means having a plurality of radial poles with
convex faces disposed in opposite adjacent polarity about the
separating region for producing the radial separating forces of
said magnetic field.
19. Apparatus as in claim 17 further comprising:
n. means for supplying said flowing stream of materials to the
inlet end, and
o. control means operatively associated with means (n) for varying
the flow rate of said stream.
20. Apparatus as in claim 17 wherein means (d) comprises:
g. electrically energized magnetic field producing means having a
plurality of effectively radial poles with convex faces disposed in
opposite adjacent polarity about the separating region for
producing the radial separating forces of said magnetic field.
21. Apparatus as in claim 20 wherein means (g) includes:
h. means for varying the intensity of the magnetic field.
22. Apparatus as in claim 20 wherein means includes:
i. means for producing a static magnetic field intensity.
23. Apparatus as in claim 20 wherein means (g) includes:
j. means for producing a pulsating magnetic field intensity.
24. Apparatus as in claim 23 wherein means (j) includes:
k. means for varying the frequency of the pulsating magnetic field
intensity.
25. Apparatus as in claim 20 wherein means (g) includes:
i. means for producing an alternating magnetic field intensity.
26. Apparatus as in claim 25 wherein means (l) includes:
m. means for varying the frequency of the alternating magnetic
field intensity.
27. Apparatus for separating magnetic or magnetizable particles
from a material comprising magnetic or magnetizable particles and
other particles having magnetic or magnetizable values less than
said particles to be separated, said apparatus comprising:
a. elongated conduit means having an inlet end, an outlet end, and
a separating region spaced between said ends,
b. first baffle means disposed within the inlet end of the conduit
means and extending downstream to the separating region, said first
baffle means defining within said conduit means adjacent the inlet
end thereof a feed inlet passage adapted to receive a first flowing
stream comprising said material and a wash fluid inlet passage
adapted to receive a second flowing stream of wash fluid,
c. second baffle means disposed within the outlet end of the
conduit means and extending downstream from the separating region,
said second baffle means defining within said conduit means
adjacent the outlet end thereof a concentrate discharge passage
adapted to discharge a third flowing stream and a tailings
discharge passage adapted to discharge a fourth flowing stream,
d. said concentrate discharge passage and said wash fluid inlet
passage being substantially aligned with respect to each other
longitudinally of the elongated conduit means,
e. said tailings discharge passage and said feed inlet passage
being substantially aligned with respect to each other
longitudinally of the elongated conduit means,
f. means for establishing a stationary magnetic field within the
separating region from a source positioned such that the second
flowing stream is interposed between the first flowing stream and
said source, and
g. whereby magnetic or magnetizable particles flowing through the
magnetic field are attracted from the first flowing stream into the
second flowing stream and are discharged through the concentrate
passage with the wash fluid in a third flowing stream, and whereby
the other particles are discharged through said tailings passage in
a fourth flowing stream.
28. Apparatus as in claim 27, further comprising:
h. said means (f) applying a magnetic force to said magnetic or
magnetizable particles in a direction substantially perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis of said elongated conduit means.
29. Apparatus as in claim 27, further comprising:
i. said elongated conduit means being arranged with its
longitudinal axis vertical.
30. Apparatus as in claim 27, further comprising:
j. rod means mounted coaxially within said inlet end and extending
into the separating region, said rod means having a circular
transverse cross section, whereby the feed inlet passage has a
circular annular transverse cross section.
31. Apparatus as in claim 27, further comprising:
k. means for supplying the first flowing stream to means (b),
and
l. control means operatively associated with means (k) for varying
the flow rate of the first stream.
32. Apparatus as in claim 27, further comprising:
m. means for supplying the first and second streams to means (b),
and
n. control means operatively associated with means (m) for varying
the flow rate of the second stream relative the first stream.
33. Apparatus for separating magnetic or magnetizable particles
from a material comprising magnetic or magnetizable particles and
other particles having magnetic or magnetizable values less than
said particles to be separated, said apparatus comprising:
a. a first hollow elongated tube having an inlet end, an outlet
end, and a separating region spaced between said ends,
b. a second hallow elongated tube disposed within the inlet end of
the first tube and extending downstream to the separating region,
said second tube defining within the first tube adjacent the inlet
end thereof a central feed inlet passage adapted to receive a first
flowing stream comprising said material and an annular wash fluid
inlet passage surrounding the central feed inlet passage, said wash
fluid inlet passage being adapted to receive a second flowing
stream of wash fluid,
c. a third hollow elongated tube disposed within the outlet end of
the first tube and extending downstream form the separating region,
said third tube defining within the first tube adjacent the outlet
end thereof a central tailings discharge passage adapted to
discharge a third flowing stream and an annular concentrate
discharge passage surrounding the central tailings discharge
passage, said concentrate discharge passage being adapted to
discharge a fourth flowing stream,
d. said concentrate discharge passage and said wash fluid inlet
passage being substantially aligned with respect to each other
longitudinally of the first tube,
e. said tailings discharge passage and said feed inlet passage
being substantially aligned with respect to each other
longitudinally of the first tube,
f. means for establishing a stationary magnetic field within the
separating region from a source positioned such that the second
flowing stream is interposed between the first flowing stream and
said source, and
g. whereby magnetic or magnetizable particles flowing through the
magnetic field are attracted from the first flowing stream into the
second flowing stream and are carried out of said first tube
through the concentrate discharge passage with the wash fluid in a
fourth flowing stream, and whereby the other particles are carried
out of the first tube through the tailings discharge passage in a
third flowing stream.
34. Apparatus as in claim 33, further comprising:
h. said first tube being arranged with its longitudinal axis
vertical.
35. Apparatus as in claim 33, further comprising:
i. said means (f) applying a magnetic force to said magnetic or
magnetizable particles in a direction substantially perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis of the first tube.
36. Apparatus as in claim 33, further comprising:
j. said first, second and third tubes each having a circular
transverse cross section,
k. said second and third tubes each being mounted to said first
tube coaxially therewith.
37. Apparatus as in claim 36, further comprising:
l. said means (f) generating a magnetic force substantially
uniformly at a plurality of symmetrically spaced points around the
transverse periphery of the first tube.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates broadly to apparatus and method for
separating magnetic or magnetizable particles from nonmagnetic, or
relatively nonmagnetic, particles. More specifically this invention
relates to apparatus and method for separating magnetic or
magnetizable particles from nonmagnetic, or relatively nonmagnetic,
particles in a fluidized stream of a mixture of said particles by
means of a radially applied magnetic field established about said
fluidized stream.
The prior art does not embody the features nor offer the advantages
of the present invention as enumerated below:
1. The particular magnetic field geometry having, within the
applied field region, radial and angular components and no
longitudinal components, tending to outwardly accelerate the
magnetic or magnetizable particles, thereby to prevent, or at least
minimize, flocculation of said magnetic or magnetizable particles
and consequent entrapment of nonmagnetic particles.
2. Suitability for gaseous as well as liquid media.
3. Flow pattern of fluid stream having no net radial outward
component, and preferably a net radial inward component tending to
confine nonmagnetic particles to a central area.
4. No moving parts in the separation zone.
5. High capacity.
6. Minimum space requirements.
7. Adjustability of magnetic and fluid forces, allowing a wide
range of materials to be treated in any one machine.
8. Ability to treat ferromagnetic or weakly magnetic particles.
9. Adaptability for use with cryogenic magnets, superconductor
magnets, more conventional AC and DC electromagnets, as well as
permanent magnets.
10. Feed and wash fluid inlets at one end of device, and
concentrate and tailings discharges at opposite end of device.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One of the objects of this invention is to provide improved method
and apparatus for separating magnetic or magnetizable particles
from nonmagnetic particles or from relatively nonmagnetic
particles.
Another of the objects of this invention is to provide improved
method and apparatus for continuously and efficiently separating
magnetic or magnetizable particles from nonmagnetic, or relatively
nonmagnetic, particles in a stream of a mixture of said
particles.
Other and further objects of this invention will become apparent
during the course of the following description and by reference to
the accompanying drawings and the appended claims.
We have discovered that the foregoing objects can be attained by
continuously passing a fluidized stream of feed material into a
central circular inlet passage of a separating tube, by
continuously passing a stream of wash fluid into an annular
circular inlet passage surrounding the feed inlet, by establishing
either a static, pulsating or alternating magnetic field about a
separating zone in the separating tube to attract magnetic or
magnetizable particles from the feed stream into the wash stream,
by withdrawing tailings from a central circular discharge and by
withdrawing magnetic or magnetizable concentrate from an annular
circular discharge surrounding the tailings discharge.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 represents a view in perspective of the separating column
and three of the four pole pieces of the surrounding magnet, the
magnet being partially broken away to show the separating column,
and the wall of the separating column being partially broken away
to show the interior construction thereof, the magnet windings
being omitted for purposes of clarity, and the fluid streams within
the separating column being indicated diagrammatically by
arrows.
FIG. 2 represents a view in plan of the magnet showing the
disposition of pole pieces, the magnet windings being omitted for
purposes of clarity, further showing a transverse cross section of
the separating column taken along the line 2-2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 represents a view in vertical section of the separating
column and magnet, taken along the line 3-3 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 represents diagrammatically a system employing the
separating column and the surrounding magnet.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Magnetic separator 1 is seen as comprising separating column 2
surrounded intermediate its ends by magnet 3.
Separating column 2, having inlet end 4 at the top thereof and
outlet end 5 at the bottom thereof, comprises an elongated tubular
element 6 having a circular transverse cross section and arranged
with its longitudinal axis vertical. A solid rod 7, having a
circular transverse cross section, is suitably mounted (by means
not shown) within the tubular element 6, and extends downwardly
from inlet end 4, terminating in a conically tapered portion 8 in
the region of magnet 3, the longitudinal axis of said rod 7
coinciding with the longitudinal axis of the tubular element 6.
A first tubular baffle 9, having a circular transverse cross
section, is suitably mounted (by means not shown) within the
tubular element 6, coaxial with said tubular element 6 and the rod
7. Baffle 9 extends downwardly from inlet end 4, and terminates
above magnet 3, the lower end of baffle 9 being tapered inwardly
towards the inner diameter thereof as shown by the numeral 10. It
will be seen, then, that two circular coaxial annular passages are
formed at the inlet end 4 of the separating column 2, one a feed
inlet passage 11 and the other a fluid inlet passage 12 surrounding
the feed inlet passage 11.
A second tubular baffle 13, having a circular transverse cross
section, is suitably mounted (by means not shown) within the
tubular element 6, coaxial with said tubular element 6, said baffle
9 and said rod 7. Baffle 13 extends upwardly from outlet end 5, and
terminates in the region of magnet 3, the upper end of baffle 13
being tapered outwardly toward the outer diameter thereof as shown
by the numeral 14. It will be seen, then, that two coaxial passages
are formed at the outlet end 5 of the separating column, one a
circular tailings discharge passage 15, and the other a circular
annular concentrate discharge passage 16 surrounding the tailings
discharge passage 15.
The space inward of magnet 3 between tubular element 6 and the
inner ends of baffles 9, 13 define a separating region. Here
particle and fluid pathways are permitted to intermingle and cross
over each other between feed and fluid inlet passages 11, 12 and
tailing and concentrate discharge passages 15, 16.
Tubular element 6, and the other components of separating column 2
including tubular pipes 9 and 13 and rod 7, are constructed from
nonmagnetic materials such as copper, brass, certain stainless
steels, glass, resins, etc.
Ideally, the magnetic field generated by magnet 3 should have the
following characteristics:
1. In the applied field region (viz, the region lying between the
top and bottom surfaces of magnet 3), the magnetic force field will
be substantially uniform at any fixed radius about the longitudinal
axis of separating column 2. In other words, the strength of the
force on a magnetic particle caused by the magnetic field at
various points each located the same radial distance from the
longitudinal axis of the separating column 2 (or from the vertical
axis of magnet 3) will be substantially the same, regardless of the
position of said points along the separating column 2, within the
applied field region of magnet 3.
2. In the applied field region, the magnetic field pattern will be
two dimensional (i.e., planar) and either static, pulsating or
alternating, and substantially without components longitudinally
disposed relative to separating column 2, except that with an
applied field region of less than infinite length there will be
some longitudinal components adjacent and beyond the edges of the
applied field region (i.e., adjacent and beyond the top and bottom
surfaces of magnet 3). The force on a magnetic particle will thus
also have no longitudinal components in the applied field
region.
3. In the applied field region, the strength of the magnetic field
will increase as the perpendicular distance from the longitudinal
axis of separating column 2 (or from the vertical axis of magnet 3)
increases. This increase in magnetic field strength may, for
example, be linear with the increase in the above-mentioned
distance.
As is often the case, ideal conditions may be difficult, if not
impossible, to attain in every respect. It has been found, in
practice, that a magnet 3 which generates a satisfactory magnetic
field having substantially the foregoing characteristics may be of
the quadrupole type comprising a square iron yoke 17 and four
symmetrically arranged iron pole pieces 18, the faces of the said
pole pieces 18 lying parallel to the longitudinal axis of
separating column 2 along equipotential surfaces of the magnetic
field. It will be understood that magnet coils are wound on the
pole pieces 18, these coils having been omitted for purposes of
clarity. These magnet windings or coils are so disposed on the pole
pieces 18 and suitably interconnected that, when the windings or
coils are connected to a source of either direct, pulsed, or
alternating current as noted below, adjacent pole pieces 18 acquire
opposite polarity. Thus, in the illustrated quadrupole magnet 3,
two opposite pole pieces 18 will be North or N poles, and the other
two opposite pole pieces 18 will be South or S poles. This opposing
polar arrangement remains unchanged regardless of the character of
current used to excite magnet 3 windings or coils. However, it
should be understood that when using alternating current, the
polarity of the N poles will alternately become S poles and the S
poles, N poles.
Preferably, the faces of pole pieces 18, as viewed in plan, will be
hyperbolic and extend longitudinally parallel to each other.
However, the hyperbola may be approximated by a circular arc for
ease of fabrication. Such a magnet 3 is available from Pacific
Electric Motor Co. of Oakland, California, their Model No.
4SF-4-18L1. Although this magnet is designed mainly for direct
current excitation, it has also been found satisfactory for
particle separation when connected to pulsed and alternating
current sources.
As shown in the several figures, vertically arranged separating
column 2 extends through the center of horizontally disposed magnet
3 and is surrounded by pole pieces 18, the longitudinal axis of
separating column 2 registering with the vertical axis of magnet
3.
Other geometries of magnetic field may be suitable and permit a
satisfactory separation in separating column 2. Also, other means
of obtaining a satisfactory magnetic field may be employed in lieu
of the wound-core electromagnet 3, depending upon the strength of
the magnetic field required, such as:
1. Permanent magnets,
2. Superconducting magnets,
3. Conductor windings arranged to establish the desired magnetic
field and operated in or out of a cryogenic environment, with or
without iron pole pieces.
Magnets, permanent or electrically energized, may be bipolar or may
have more than the four poles of the illustrated quadrupole magnet
3. It will be understood that the greater the number of poles
(i.e., the closer the number of poles approaches infinity), the
more rapidly will the magnetic force field increase radially from
the center of the magnet. For example, in a quadrupole magnet, the
force on a magnetic particle increases linearly with the radius
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. In a sextupole magnet, the
force field increases as the cube of the radius. In an octupole
magnet, the force field increases as the fifth power of the radius
and so forth as additional poles are added.
A system utilizing magnetic separator 1 is shown diagrammatically
in FIG. 4. Hopper 19 holds the material to be fractionated into
magnetic or magnetizable and nonmagnetic fractions. The said
material should be in a form capable of flowing through various
conduits as hereinafter described, that is to say, the said
material should be fluidized. This may be done by mixing such
material in comminuted form with a fluid such as water to form a
suspension or slurry, mixer 20 being installed in hopper 19 and
operated to prevent the said material from settling in the hopper
19.
Conduit 21 communicates between the bottom of hopper 19 and feed
inlet passage 11 at the inlet end 4 of separating column 2. Pump 22
is installed in conduit 21, taking suction from that portion of
conduit 21 connected to hopper 19 and discharging to that portion
of conduit 21 leading to separating column 2. Suitable valve means,
such as gate valve 23, is installed in conduit 21 whereby to open
or close the said conduit 21. Conventional flowmeter 24 may also be
installed in conduit 21.
Conduit 25 communicates between a source of wash fluid (which may,
for example, be the same as the fluid employed to fluidize the
material being fractionated, viz, water), and the fluid inlet
passage 12 at the inlet end 4 of separating column 2. Pump 26 is
installed in conduit 25 to pump the fluid to the separating column
2. Suitable valve means, such as valve 27, is installed in conduit
25 to open or close the same, and a conventional flowmeter 28 may
also be installed in conduit 25.
Adjustable power supply 29 is provided to energize magnet 3 from a
source having a predetermined current characteristic of either
direct current, pulsed current or alternating current. Power supply
29 preferably includes means for varying magnetic field intensity
and means for varying the frequency of the pulsed or alternating
current up to about 400 Hz. These three current characteristics
will cause magnet 3 to produce either a static, a pulsating, or an
alternating magnetic field, within the separating region of column
2.
The choice of power supply 29 current characteristic, and thus the
magnetic field mode, is based largely on predetermined
characteristics of the magnetic or magnetizable material to be
fractionated and the behavior of particles of such material in the
various magnetic field modes. Generally, when using the same type
of magnet 3 structure, paramagnetic particles are best separated in
a static magnetic field, weak ferromagnetic particles preferably in
a pulsating magnetic field, or alternatively, in a static magnetic
field, and highly ferromagnetic particles in preferably an
alternating magnetic field, or alternatively, in a pulsating
magnetic field. It should be understood that this arrangement is
not inflexible. Other combinations of particle magnetic properties
and magnetic field modes may be used to affect said separation, if
desired. For example, particulate magnetite (highly ferromagnetic)
may be separated from a mixture of magnetite and gangue in a static
magnetic field.
The operation of the preferred embodiment will now be
described.
The material to be fractionated into magnetic or magnetizable and
nonmagnetic or relatively nonmagnetic, fractions is maintained in a
fluidized state in hopper 19. Thus, the said material in comminuted
form is held in suspension or a slurry with a fluid such as
water.
Valves 23 and 27 are opened, magnet 3 is energized, and pumps 22
and 26 are set in operations.
In this manner, a stream of fluidized material is continuously
withdrawn from hopper 19 and pumped into feed inlet passage 11 of
the separating column 2 and, at the same time a stream of wash
fluid (water in the example under discussion) is continuously
pumped into fluid inlet passage 12 of the separating column 2.
Ideally, the streams of fluidized material flowing through
separating column 2 should have no radial components or vectors
directed outwardly and away from the longitudinal axis of
separating column 2.
As the stream of fluidized material travels through the applied
field region of magnet 3, the magnetic or magnetizable particles
are attracted from the centrally moving stream of fluidized
material and, under the influence of magnet 3, these particles
travel outwardly of the longitudinal axis in the separating region
of column 2 into the annular moving stream of wash fluid which
carries the said magnetic or magnetizable particles longitudinally
of separating column 2. The radial outwardly directed magnetic
forces outwardly radially accelerate the magnetic or magnetizable
particles from the longitudinal axis of separating column 2,
thereby tending to mitigate or prevent flocculation of the magnetic
particles, and consequent entrapment of other particles. The
centrally moving stream of fluidized material, containing
substantially only nonmagnetic, or relatively nonmagnetic
particles, leaves the separating column through the tailings
discharge passage 15. The magnetic or magnetizable particles
comprising the concentrate are carried by the wash fluid out of the
separating column through concentrate discharge passage 16. In the
foregoing manner the material under treatment is fractionated into
magnetic and nonmagnetic, or relatively nonmagnetic, fractions.
It may be desirable, under some circumstances, to establish flow
conditions within separating column 2 such that the stream of wash
fluid has a radial component or vector directed inwardly and
towards the longitudinal axis of separating column. This tends to
improve the efficiency of separation by more positively confining
the nonmagnetic or relatively nonmagnetic, fraction to the central
stream of fluidized material, thereby preventing the same from
being scattered into the stream of wash fluid and concentrate
discharge passage 16 because of collisions between the solid
particles or erratic movement in the fluid caused by the shape of
the nonmagnetic, or relatively nonmagnetic, particles. This flow
condition may be obtained, for example, by maintaining tailings
discharge passage 15 at a lower pressure than concentrate discharge
passage 16, as by connecting tailings discharge passage 15 to the
suction side of a pump while concentrate discharge passage 16 is
not so connected, or by connecting tailings discharge passage 15 to
the suction side of a pump taking greater suction than another pump
having its suction side connected to the concentrate discharge
passage 16.
The flow condition mentioned in the preceding paragraph may also be
obtained by operating pump 26 at a higher pressure than pump 22.
Moreover, this method may be combined with the method of the
preceding paragraph to obtain the said desired flow condition.
When separating weakly magnetic or magnetizable fractions from
nonmagnetic fractions, it may be desired to use a longer applied
field region (i.e., longer vertical dimension of magnet 3) than
when separating strongly magnetic fractions from other fractions.
The longer applied field region permits the weakly magnetic
particles to remain under the influence of the magnetic field for a
longer period of time and to be displaced sufficiently for
separation despite their reduced radial acceleration and
velocity.
When separating weakly magnetic or magnetizable fractions from
nonmagnetic fractions, it may also be desired to use stronger
magnetic fields than when separating strongly magnetic fractions
from other fractions. This method may also be combined with the
method of the preceding paragraph to obtain the desired
separation.
When separating higher ferromagnetic or stronger magnetizable
fractions from weaker ferromagnetic or nonmagnetic fractions, it is
desirable to increase the frequency of the alternating or pulsating
magnetic field as ferromagnetic susceptability decreases. For
example, a frequency of about 5-10 Hz. may be used for powdered
metallic iron, about 10-25 Hz. for magnetite, and so or up to about
400 Hz. for the weakest ferromagnetic material. This method may
also be combined with any of the methods of the preceding
paragraphs to obtain the desired separation.
It will be understood that instead of the water hereinabove
mentioned as the fluidizing medium and wash fluid, other liquids
and gases may likewise be employed for the same purpose.
It may be desired, for certain materials to make adjustments to the
flow rates as well as to the strength and/or frequency of the
magnetic field, thereby to adjust fluid drag forces and magnetic
forces to effect a desired separation.
It will be noted that, along the vertical axis of magnet 3, the
field strength and magnetic force on a particle are zero,
regardless whether the field is static, pulsating or alternating.
Also, as heretofore mentioned, the field strength closely adjacent
the vertical axis of magnet 3 will be less than the field strength
further removed therefrom and closer to pole pieces 18. The
function of rod 7 is dual in that it prevents the incoming stream
of fluidized material from entering the separating column 2 along
the vertical axis of the magnetic field and also brings the said
incoming stream of fluidized material to a region of greater
magnetic force strength.
In the following examples, reference to material percentages shall
be understood to mean percent by weight, unless expressed in other
terms.
EXAMPLE 1
The following example illustrates the efficiency of the
above-described embodiment in effecting a separation of particulate
magnetite from an ore slurry in an alternating magnetic field.
Pertinent dimensions of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 were:
Inside diameter of separating column 2 3.5 inches Inside diameter
of baffle 9 1.75 inches Inside diameter of baffle 13 2.25 inches
Diameter of rod 7 0.625 inches Height of magnet 3 16 inches
Diameter of central openings in magnet 3 4 inches Distance between
baffles 9 and 13 2 inches Rod 7 terminating at baffle 13 Top edge
of magnet 3 was 0.5 inches below baffle 9.
A feed slurry of water and 25 percent ore solids comprising 42.5
percent magnetite and 57.5 percent silica as discharged from a
classifier, 70 percent minus 325 mesh, was fed through the
separator magnetic field at a velocity of 6 ft./sec. (39g.p.m.).
Wash water was supplied at a rate of 40 g.p.m. Magnet 3 was
energized with 25 Hz. current which generated an r.m.s. field
intensity of 3,500 gauss at the pole face. The following results
were obtained in a single pass separation:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Weight % Magnetite % Magnetite Distribution
__________________________________________________________________________
Solid feed Material 100.0 42.5 100.0 Concentrate 43.1 93.7 95.0
Tailings 56.9 3.7 5.0
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
The following example illustrates the efficiency of the
above-described embodiment in effecting a separation of particulate
ilmenite from an ore slurry in a static magnetic field. Dimensions
of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 were the same as in example 1.
A feed slurry of water and 25 percent ore solids comprising 70
percent ilmenite and 30 percent silica as fed to shaking tables, 65
mesh +325 mesh, was fed through the separator magnetic field at a
velocity of 6.5 ft./sec. (42.2 g.p.m.). Wash water was supplied at
a rate of 40 g.p.m. Magnet 3 was energized with direct current
which generated a static magnetic field intensity of 10,000 gauss
at the pole face. The following results were obtained in a
single-pass separation:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Weight % Ilmenite % Ilmenite Distribution
__________________________________________________________________________
Solid Feed Material 100.0 70.0 100.0 Concentrate 60.5 98.2 85.0
Tailings 39.5 26.5 15.0
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
The following example illustrates the efficiency of the
above-described embodiment in effecting a separation of particulate
magnetite from an ore slurry in a static magnetic field which is
produced by a shorter magnet than in the previous examples, and a
tailings stream velocity which is greater than that of the
concentrate stream. Pertinent dimensions of the apparatus shown in
FIG. 1 are the same as example 1, except that the height of magnet
3 was 4 inches and the distance between baffles 9 and 13 was 3.5
inches.
A feed slurry of 26 percent ore as discharged from a rod mill,
minus 10 mesh plus 0, was fed through the separator magnetic field
at a velocity of 2 ft./sec. (13 g.p.m.). Wash water was fed at 5
ft./sec. (100 g.p.m.). Concentrate stream velocity was 3.8 ft./sec.
(56 g.p.m.). Tailings stream velocity was 4.6 ft./sec. (57 g.p.m.).
Magnet 3 was energized with direct current which generated a static
magnetic field of 5,000 gauss at the pole face. The following
results were obtained in a single pass separation:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Weight % Magnetite % Magnetite Distribution
__________________________________________________________________________
Solid Feed Material 100.0 69.1 100.0 Concentrate 82.7 81.5 97.5
Tailings 17.3 10.0 2.5
__________________________________________________________________________
It will be noted from the above data that a rather precise
separation of the magnetic or magnetizable particles from the other
particles is obtainable. However, in some applications less
precision of separation is acceptable as, for example, in the
removal of iron from a coal-processing stream. In such
installations it may be desired to modify the above-described
embodiment to meet these requirements. This has the added benefits
of reducing overall costs and simplifying construction.
For such purposes, inlet end 4 of magnetic separator 1 may be
modified by removing tubular baffle 9 and preferably rod 7,
although under certain circumstances rod 7 may be retained to
perform its functions as described above. A flowing stream
comprising the feed materials is applied to inlet end 4 of
separator 1. Magnet 3 provides the same type of magnetic field as
noted above. Baffle 13 is also as noted above, that is, it is
located in outlet end 5 to provide tailings discharge passage 15
and concentrate discharge passage 16, the latter preferably having
a cross-sectional area of about 10 percent of the total discharge
area. The wash fluid system 24-28 supplying wash fluid to inlet end
4 is deleted entirely.
The magnetic or magnetizable particles in the feed stream are
attracted into its outer region by the magnetic field as the stream
flows through the magnetic field. Concentrate in the outer region
of the feed stream flows through passage 16 and tailings or the
remaining inner portion of the feed stream, flows through passage
15. Feed stream flow rate, magnetic field intensity including
frequency when using pulsating or alternating fields may be varied
to achieve the degree of separation desired.
* * * * *