U.S. patent number 3,608,662 [Application Number 05/002,810] was granted by the patent office on 1971-09-28 for air cushion vehicle.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Air Cushion Vehicles, Inc.. Invention is credited to Hugo S. Ferguson.
United States Patent |
3,608,662 |
Ferguson |
September 28, 1971 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
AIR CUSHION VEHICLE
Abstract
A single propeller mounted toward the front of the vehicle
provides both propulsion and air cushion. Two-point steering is
provided by front and rear steering vanes with air channels on each
side which direct a portion of the downstream flow of air, under
the control of the front vanes, to the rear vanes. The air channels
shield the operator from the propeller airblast, and produce air
curtains on either side of the operator to shield him from spray
and dust. Joint steering of front and rear vanes is provided, with
means for changing the relative vane angles to counter crosswinds
and side slope on hills.
Inventors: |
Ferguson; Hugo S. (Averill
Park, NY) |
Assignee: |
Air Cushion Vehicles, Inc.
(Poestenkill, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
21702613 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/002,810 |
Filed: |
January 14, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
180/117; 180/126;
180/120; 180/116 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B60V
1/14 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B60V
1/14 (20060101); B60V 1/00 (20060101); B60v
001/16 (); B60v 001/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;180/117,120,126,122 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Levy; A. Harry
Claims
I claim:
1. An air cushion vehicle including a body, and means for
propelling and supporting said body on an air cushion including air
propelling means mounted toward the forward end of said body and
adapted to produce a downstream flow of air in the rearward
direction of the vehicle, in which the improvement comprises
a. front steering means for changing the direction of said
downstream flow of air to lateral angles on either side of the
vehicle,
b. rear steering means positioned toward the rear of the vehicle on
each side thereof and adapted to divert downstream flow of air
supplied thereto to lateral angles on either side of the
vehicle,
c. and air-channeling means spaced downstream of said front
steering means for receiving portions of said downstream flow of
air under the control of said front steering means and directing
the flow of air therethrough to said rear steering means.
2. A vehicle in accordance with claim 1 in which the outer lateral
boundaries of said air-channeling means and the spacing thereof
downstream of said front steering means are predetermined so that
for at least larger lateral angles within the range of the front
steering means a substantial portion of the downstream flow of air
is directed laterally outside the air-channeling means.
3. An air cushion vehicle which comprises a body platform,
b. means for producing an air cushion support for said body
platform,
c. air propeller means mounted on said body platform toward the
forward end thereof for producing a propelling downstream flow of
air in the rearward direction thereof,
d. upwardly extending front steering vanes mounted in the
downstream flow of air near said propeller means,
e. upwardly extending rear steering vanes mounted near the rear of
the vehicle on each side thereof,
f. steering means for turning said front and rear steering vanes to
change the direction of airflow therefrom to respective lateral
angles on either side of the vehicle,
g. and air-channeling means mounted on said body platform between
said front and rear steering vanes having upwardly and rearwardly
extending inner laterally spaced walls with a front joining
section, and upwardly and rearwardly extending outer walls
laterally spaced from respective inner walls, said walls forming
respective open-ended laterally spaced channels for receiving
portions of said downstream flow of air under the control of the
front steering vanes and directing the flow of air therethrough to
the rear steering vanes on the respective sides of the vehicle.
4. A vehicle in accordance with claim 3 in which the spacing
between said front steering vanes and the outer walls of said
channels and the lateral spacing of the outer walls are
predetermined so that for at least larger lateral angles within the
turning range of the front steering vanes a substantial portion of
the downstream flow of air is directed outside the channel which is
on the side of the vehicle toward which the air is diverted.
5. A vehicle in accordance with claim 4 including a shroud over at
least the upper portion of said propeller means, and top members
extending over said channels between respective inner and outer
walls thereof, said top members extending to said shroud, whereby
downstream flow of aid from said propeller means above said top
members is substantially prevented.
6. A vehicle in accordance with claim 5 in which said top members
are inclined downward from front to rear and said air propeller
means is inclined backward to produce a downstream flow of air to
the rear steering vanes which is inclined downward from the
horizontal, and the height of the upper ends of the rear steering
vanes is substantially less than the height of the upper ends of
the front steering vanes.
7. A vehicle in accordance with claim 6 in which said steering
means includes joint control means for simultaneously turning said
front and rear steering vanes in opposite direction, and including
variable ratio means coupling said joint control means to said
front and rear steering vanes for changing the ratio between the
turning angles of the rear and front vanes from smaller values at
small turning angles to larger values at large turning angles
within the turning range, and means for changing the relative
angles of the front and rear steering vanes controlled by said
joint control means.
8. A vehicle in accordance with claim 7 in which said means for
producing the air cushion includes an opening in said body platform
behind the lower portion of said air propeller means for directing
air from said lower portion to the space beneath said body
platform, and vane means in said opening for directing a portion of
the air flowing therethrough to the forward part of said space.
9. A vehicle in accordance with claim 8 including a peripheral wall
adhered to said body platform to form a unitary structure therewith
and extending outwardly and downwardly thereof, said body platform
being formed primarily of a foamed, closed-cell, rigid plastic and
said peripheral wall being formed primarily of a foamed,
closed-cell, semirigid plastic.
10. A vehicle in accordance with claim 3 including a shroud over at
least the upper portion of said propeller means, and top members
extending over said channels between respective inner and outer
walls thereof, said top members extending to said shroud, whereby
downstream flow of air from said propeller means above said top
members is substantially prevented.
11. A vehicle in accordance with claim 10 including an operator
position located behind said front joining section of the
air-channeling means and laterally between the laterally spaced
channels provided thereby, whereby air flowing through said
channels to the rear steering vanes on respective sides of the
vehicle provides air curtains on either side of an operator in said
operator position.
12. A vehicle in accordance with claim 10 in which said top members
are inclined downward from front to rear thereof to produce a
downstream flow of air to the rear steering vanes which is inclined
downward from the horizontal.
13. A vehicle in accordance with claim 12 in which the height of
the upper ends of the rear steering vanes is substantially less
than the height of the upper ends of the front steering vanes.
14. A vehicle in accordance with claim 12 in which said air
propeller means is inclined backward from the vertical to produce a
downstream flow of air approximately parallel to said top
members.
15. A vehicle in accordance with claim 14 in which said means for
producing the air cushion includes an opening in said body platform
behind the lower portion of said air propeller means for directing
air from said lower portion to the space beneath said body
platform, and vane means in said opening for directing a portion of
the air flowing therethrough to the forward part of said space.
16. A vehicle in accordance with claim 3 including a peripheral
wall adhered to said body platform to form a unitary structure
therewith and extending outwardly and downwardly thereof, said body
platform being formed primarily of a foamed, closed-cell, rigid
plastic and said peripheral wall being formed primarily of a
foamed, closed-cell, semirigid plastic.
17. A vehicle in accordance with claim 16 in which said rigid
plastic is polyurethane with a tough skin formed thereover, and
said semirigid plastic is polyethylene.
18. A vehicle in accordance with claim 3 in which said steering
means includes joint control means for simultaneously turning said
front and rear steering vanes in opposite directions, and means for
changing the relative angles of the front and rear steering vanes
controlled by said joint control means.
19. A vehicle in accordance with claim 3 in which said steering
means includes joint control means for simultaneously turning said
front and rear steering vanes in opposite directions, and variable
ratio means coupling said joint control means to said front and
rear steering vanes for changing the ratio between the turning
angles of the rear and front vanes from smaller values at small
turning angles to larger values at large turning angles within the
turning range.
20. A vehicle in accordance with claim 3 in which said means for
producing the air cushion includes means for directing a portion of
the air from said air propeller means to the space beneath said
body platform.
21. An air cushion vehicle which comprises
a. a body,
b. means for propelling and supporting said body on an air cushion
including air propelling means mounted toward the forward end of
said body and adapted to produce a downstream flow of air in the
rearward direction of the vehicle,
c. front steering means for changing the direction of said
downstream flow of air to lateral angles on either side of the
vehicle,
d. rear steering means positioned toward the rear of the vehicle on
each side thereof and adapted to divert downstream flow of air
supplied thereto to lateral angles on either side of the
vehicle,
e. a pair of laterally spaced air channels positioned rearwards of
said front steering means for receiving portions of said downstream
flow of air under the control of said front steering means and
directing the flow of air therethrough to said rear steering
means,
f. the space between said front steering means and said air
channels opening laterally to the ambient air,
g. the rearward position and lateral spacing of said air channels
being predetermined so that, over a substantial portion of the
steering range of the front steering means, an increasing lateral
angle of the downstream flow of air from the front steering means
on either side of the vehicle produces an increasing airflow
laterally outside the air channel on the respective side and a
decreasing airflow to the air channel on the other side while
maintaining airflow to the air channel on said respective side.
22. An air cushion vehicle which comprises
a. a body,
b. means for propelling and supporting said body on an air cushion
including air propeller means mounted toward the forward end of
said body and adapted to produce a downstream flow of air in the
rearward direction of the vehicle,
c. upwardly extending front steering vanes mounted in the
downstream flow of air near said propeller means for changing the
flow of air to lateral angles on either side of the vehicle,
d. upwardly extending rear steering vanes mounted near the rear of
the vehicle on each side thereof for diverting downstream flow of
air supplied thereto to lateral angles on either side of the
vehicle, and
e. a pair of laterally spaced air channels positioned rearwards of
said front steering vanes for receiving portions of said downstream
flow of air under the control of said front steering vanes and
directing the flow of air therethrough to the rear steering vanes
on respective sides of the vehicle,
f. the space between said front steering vanes and said air
channels opening laterally to the ambient air,
g. the rearward position and lateral spacing of said air channels
being predetermined so that, over a substantial portion of the
steering range of the front steering vanes, an increasing lateral
angle of the downstream flow of air from the front steering vanes
on either side of the vehicle produces an increasing airflow
laterally outside the air channel on the respective side and a
decreasing airflow to the air channel on the other side while
maintaining airflow to the air channel on said respective side.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to air cushion vehicles. Although
particularly directed to a relatively small and inexpensive vehicle
capable of carrying one or two passengers, some of the features may
be applied to larger and more elaborate vehicles.
Large air cushion vehicles capable of carrying many passengers, or
equivalent cargo, are now in use. Small vehicles capable of
carrying one or two passengers are also commercially available.
However, the smaller vehicles are quite expensive and have certain
drawbacks in performance.
In general, air cushion vehicles utilize an arrangement for
producing a cushion of air under pressure beneath the vehicle so as
to raise the vehicle a short distance from the supporting surface
in operation. The supporting surface may be water, ground, snow,
ice, etc. Two principal types of structures are commonly employed
for producing the air cushion. One type employs an open plenum
chamber beneath the vehicle with a relatively large volume of
low-pressure air supplied thereto. The plenum chamber usually is
formed by a downwardly extending peripheral wall or skirt which,
together with the bottom of the vehicle, forms a chamber which is
open at the bottom. The other principal type employs a peripheral
slot or jet which procedures a downwardly and inwardly sloping
curtain of air under relatively high pressure. The open plenum
chamber has the virtue of simplicity. The air curtain type is in
general more efficient, in that less air is lost, but involves a
much more complicated structure. In either case, sufficient air
must be continuously furnished to maintain the pressure under the
vehicle to raise it from the supporting surface, and to replace the
air exhausted around the bottom periphery of the vehicle.
When raised from the ground in operation, an air cushion vehicle is
essentially floating on air and the propelling and steering means
must be designed to take this into account. Many means have been
provided in the past for creating thrusts in different directions
to propel the vehicle forwards, to brake forward motion or produce
rearward motion, and to turn the vehicle. In some arrangements
vanes in the peripheral skirt are controlled to change the
direction of the air issuing therefrom. In others, a supply chamber
for delivering pressurized air to a peripheral air curtain is
provided with vanes on the sides thereof, and at the front and
rear, and the vanes are controlled to produce movement of the
vehicle in the desired direction. Vanes inside a plenum chamber
have also been suggested for propulsion and control. In vehicles
using propellers in the open air, rudders have been used for
steering. With a single propeller the rudder is commonly at the
rear. With propellers and respective engines mounted fore and aft
on the vehicle, individual rudders may be located behind each
propeller for steering purposes.
In many vehicles, separate sources of air are employed for the
cushion and for propulsion. They may be driven by separate engines,
or by a single engine with suitable belting or gearing.
It is highly desirable for proper control of an air cushion vehicle
to provide steering forces at both front and rear of the vehicle.
This greatly facilitates quick turning about a small radius,
reduces skidding, and permits proper control in crosswinds.
Although means affording such control have been suggested, in
general they require fore and aft propellers with associated
rudders, or vanes at various peripheral regions of pressure
chambers, etc.
The present invention provides an air cushion vehicle which
requires only a single engine and propeller for producing the air
cushion, propulsion and steering, while providing both fore and aft
steering control, and which has other advantageous features which
will be described hereinafter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the invention, air propelling means is mounted
toward the forward end of the vehicle. For the relatively small
vehicles particularly contemplated, a single propeller and engine
suffice. Means for producing an air cushion under the vehicle is
provided, and preferably a portion of the air from the air
propelling means is used for the purpose.
In order to provide both fore and aft steering control with a
downstream flow of air originating at a forward part of the
vehicle, front steering means are provided for changing the
direction of the downstream flow of air to lateral angles on either
side of the vehicle, thereby providing a steering force toward the
front of the vehicle. Air-channeling means spaced downstream of the
front steering means is provided for receiving portions of the
downstream flow of air, under the control of the front steering
means, and directing the flow of air therethrough to the rear of
the vehicle. Rear steering means is positioned toward the rear of
the vehicle on each side thereof to receive the downstream flow of
air from the air-channeling means and divert the air supplied
thereto to lateral angles on either side of the vehicle, thereby
providing a steering force toward the rear of the vehicle.
In forward travel over a horizontal surface without a crosswind,
the downstream flow of air is generally longitudinal of the vehicle
and propels the vehicle forward. In turning, a portion of the
downstream flow of air is diverted outside the air-channeling means
to provide a turning moment, the amount diverted depending on the
sharpness of the turn. The remainder of the air is directed by the
air-channeling means to the rear steering means to provide a
turning moment thereat. The air-channeling means is designed and
spaced from the front steering means so that, under all normal
steering conditions, a sufficient amount of air is directed to the
rear steering means for adequate control. For normal turns the
lateral angles of the front and rear steering means are in opposite
directions so that both turning moments are effective and the
center of turning is between the two steering means, and
advantageously near the center of the vehicle.
For forward travel over a horizontal surface in the presence of a
crosswind, or along a sloping surface, the front and rear steering
means may be turned to lateral angles in the same direction, so as
to prevent skidding. For turning under such conditions, the normal
turning lateral angles may be modified to take into account the
tendency to skid.
In the specific embodiment described hereinafter, the lower portion
of the downstream air from the propeller is supplied to the open
plenum chamber beneath the vehicle through an opening in the floor
of the body, and the propeller axis is inclined somewhat downwards
and rearwards to facilitate supplying air to the open plenum
chamber. Fixed vanes are provided in the opening to divert a
portion of the air toward the front of the underside of the
vehicle, thereby approximately equalizing air pressure over the
bottom surface. A set of generally vertically extending vanes is
provided immediately behind the propeller and controllable to
direct downstream flow of air generally longitudinally of the
vehicle or to lateral angles on either side of the vehicle. A
centrally located body structure is provided behind which the
operator sits, and suitable controls are placed therein. This body
structure is designed to divert the downstream flow of air along
the sides thereof. Side members spaced from this body structure on
either side thereof, together with top members, form air channels
open at front and rear so that the portions of the downstream flow
of air entering the channels under the control of the front vanes
is directed rearwards. At the rear of the vehicle a set of
generally vertically extending vanes is provided on each side of
the vehicle to receive air passing through the respective
channel.
With both front and rear steering vanes in their midposition, the
downstream flow of air from the propeller passes through the front
vanes and is diverted around the central body section and through
the side channels to the two sets of rear steering vanes in
approximately equal proportions. Thus, forward propulsion is
obtained.
For turning, the angle of the front vanes is changed in the
direction of the desired turn, and the angle of the rear vanes is
changed in the opposite direction. This changes the ratio of the
air flowing through the two side channels to the respective rear
vanes, but sufficient air flows through the channel on the outside
of the turn to reach the rear vanes so that an adequate turning
thrust is produced, as will be explained hereinafter, in turning
the front vanes produce a tilting moment tending to tilt the
vehicle into the turn. The rear vanes produce an outward tilting
moment which is considerably smaller, so that the net result is to
tilt the vehicle into the turn, as is desirable.
In the case of a side wind, both front and rear vanes may be turned
in the same direction so as to produce a counteracting side thrust
which opposes the side wind.
Due to the channeling of the downstream flow of air to either side
of the central body section, the operator is protected from spray,
dust, etc. since, in effect, there is a moving air barrier on
either side of the operator.
In the specific embodiment the vehicle body is constructed largely
of foamed plastic material which provides a simple, inexpensive
structure having many desirable qualities including lightweight,
rigidity, flotation, bumper protection and vibration
absorption.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1 and 2 are perspective views of an aircushion vehicle in
accordance with the invention, from side front and side rear,
respectively;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are plan and side elevation views of the vehicle;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are longitudinal and lateral cross sections taken
along the lines 5--5 and 6--6 of FIG. 3, respectively,
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic showing of the steering controls, and FIG.
7a shows a partial modification thereof;
FIGS. 8-11 are schematics illustrating steering vane positions and
airflow under different operating conditions;
FIG. 12 illustrates a variable ratio pulley construction for the
rear steering vanes and FIG. 12a is a graph showing the
relationship between front and rear steering vane angles as a
function of the steering wheel angle;
FIGS. 13-15 illustrate a modified steering arrangement, FIGS. 14
and 15 being cross sections taken along lines 14--14 and 15--15 of
FIG. 13.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIGS. 1-6, the vehicle has a body platform 10,
advantageously of foamed plastic providing sufficient buoyancy to
support the vehicle and passengers in water, even if the vehicle is
overturned. Mounted on the body platform toward the front end
thereof is an air propeller 11 driven by an engine 12 (FIGS. 4,5).
A shroud 13 around the propeller is designed in accordance with
known aerodynamic principles to form a short duct which improves
the propeller efficiency. In general, the shroud is designed as a
ring airfoil. However, the downstream portion of a true airfoil is,
in effect, cut off to reduce the length of the shroud.
Immediately behind the propeller is a set of upwardly extending
front steering vanes 14 mounted for rotation about upwardly
extending axes 15 (FIGS. 4,5) so that, by turning the vanes in
either direction, the downstream flow of air from the propeller is
directed to lateral angles on either side of the vehicle. Upwardly
extending rear steering vanes are mounted near the rear of the
vehicle on each side thereof, and are here shown as two sets of
vanes 16 and 16', mounted for rotation about upwardly extending
axes 17 (FIG. 6). In addition to enabling front steering control,
front vanes 14 also serve to reduce the rotation of the air from
the propeller.
Air-channeling means is mounted on the body platform 10 between the
front and rear steering vanes. An inner member has upwardly and
rearwardly extending laterally spaced walls 18 and 18' which are
joined at the front thereof as indicated at 18". The upper portion
of the front end or nose 18" is rounded to promote a smooth flow of
air. The lower portion may be flat to provide room for engine
12.
Upwardly and rearwardly extending outer walls 19 and 19' are
laterally spaced from respective inner walls 18, 18' to form
respective open-ended laterally spaced channels 20, 20' (FIGS.
8-11) which receive respective portions of the downstream flow of
air from the propeller, under the control of the front steering
vanes 14, and direct the flow of air therethrough to respective
sets 16, 16' of the rear steering vanes. The channels are provided
with top members 21, 21' which extend to the upper part of the
shroud 13 over the propeller, thereby preventing rearward flow of
air from the propeller above the top members. As will be noted from
FIGS. 1 and 4, the space between the front steering vanes and the
air channels is open laterally to the ambient air and the
functioning thereof will be described later.
A steering wheel 22 is mounted on a panel 23 attached to the
sidewalls 18, 18' of the inner channel member, and a seat 30 is
provided for the operator. A gasoline tank, storage battery, etc.
may be mounted under the seat, as indicated in FIG. 5. A
compartment 24 provides a backrest for the operator and support for
the rear vane structure, and is advantageously hollow with a hinged
cover for storage purposes. A pair of horizontal airfoils 25, 25'
are mounted on horizontal axles 26, 26', and may be manually angled
upwards or downwards by respective handles 27, 27' to serve as
stabilators which take into account different weights of the
operator. Detents are provided to retain the stabilators in any
position of adjustment, but are not shown in detail.
A railing 28 may be provided in front of the operator's position,
and a hand throttle 29 mounted thereon. The latter is spring biased
to its closed position.
As best seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, the body platform 10 is provided
with a downwardly extending peripheral wall 31 forming an open
plenum chamber 32 beneath the vehicle. Air from the lower portion
of the propeller 11 is admitted to the plenum chamber through a
slotlike opening 33. Curved fixed vanes 34 are provided to direct a
portion of the air to the forward part of the plenum chamber 32, so
as to approximately equalize the air pressure in various parts of
the plenum chamber.
For a skillful operator, provision may be made for separately
controlling the front and rear steering vanes, as by using a
steering wheel for the front vanes and a foot treadle for the rear
vanes, or vice versa. However, for ease of control, particularly
with less skillful operators, it is desirable to link the front and
rear steering vanes for joint control. In such case it is
advantageous to provide means permitting the relative orientation
of the front and rear vanes to be changed at will, so as to take
care of crosswinds, sidehills, etc.
In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-6, a joint steering control is
provided, including override means for changing the relative
orientation of front and rear vanes. A connecting link 41 (FIGS. 5
and 7) is pivotally connected to the rear ends of each of the front
steering vanes 14, and flexible steering cables 42, 42' are
connected to each end of the connecting link 41, or to suitably
spaced points therealong. Pulleys 43 are provided for guiding the
steering cables, as indicated in FIG. 7, but are not specifically
illustrated in FIG. 5 to avoid confusion in the drawing. Cables 42,
42' are led back through suitable guide means to a pulley 44
attached to a shaft in the steering wheel column 45, and the ends
suitably affixed to the pulley. The steering wheel 22 is attached
to the end of the shaft. Similarly, connecting links 47 and 47' are
pivotally connected to the rear ends of each of the set of rear
steering vanes 16, 16' and a rigid member 48 connects the links.
Flexible steering cables 49, 49' are connected to respective links
47, 47' and are connected at their ends to a pulley 51 on the
steering wheel shaft. Guide pulleys such as indicated at 52, 52'
are provided as required.
Instead of using a rigid connection 48, the arrangement of FIG. 7a
may be employed. Here a pair of pulleys 53, 53' are mounted on the
vehicle. A flexible cable 54 is attached at each end to respective
links 47, 47' so that both links move simultaneously in the same
direction.
For normal turning, the front and rear steering vanes will be
rotated in opposite directions, as indicated by the arrows in FIG.
7. However, when traveling in a crosswind it may be desired to turn
both front and rear steering vanes in the same direction. To
facilitate this, as well as to provide for other maneuvers, pulley
44 is designed as an overriding clutch, and a pair of foot-operated
pedals 55, 55' are pivoted intermediate their ends about a
horizontal axis and their upper ends attached to respective cables
42, 42' leading to the front steering vanes. Thus, by holding the
steering wheel in any given position, and operating the foot
pedals, the relative angles of the front and rear steering vanes
may be changed. Conveniently, the foot pedals are attached to short
tubes which encircle a shaft mounted between the inner walls 18,
18' of the body structure.
Referring to FIG. 8, the condition of normal forward propulsion on
a level surface is shown, in the absence of any appreciable
crosswind. The front steering vanes 14 are aligned fore and aft and
direct the downstream flow of air from propeller 11 equally to the
two laterally spaced air channels 20, 21, as indicated by the
arrows. The channels direct the airflow to respective sets of rear
steering vanes 16, 16' which are likewise aligned fore and aft.
This produces a forward thrust, as indicated by arrows 61.
FIG. 9 shows the condition for a medium right turn. Here the front
steering vanes 14 are turned so as to direct the downstream flow of
air at a small lateral angle toward the port side of the vehicle. A
portion of the air will be diverted outside the left channel 20 to
the ambient air, as indicated by arrow 62, and consequently will
produce a front steering force toward the right, as indicated by
dotted arrow 63. A considerable portion of the downstream flow of
air will continue to flow through the port air channel 20, and a
somewhat smaller portion will flow through the starboard channel
20'. The portions of the air flowing through the respective
channels impinge on rear steering vanes 16, 16' which are turned at
an angle opposite to that of the front steering vanes so as to
produce a flow of air at a lateral angle to the vehicle as
indicated by arrows 64, 64'. This will produce a rear turning force
component toward the left of the vehicle, as indicated by dotted
arrow 65, and at the same time a propulsion component. As a result,
the vehicle will turn toward the right about a pivot point between
the front and rear steering vanes.
FIG. 10 shows a hard right turn wherein the front and rear steering
vanes are turned at greater angles. In this case the lateral
airflow outside channel 20 to the ambient air, indicated by arrow
66, will be greater, thus producing a greater steering force
tending to force the front end of the vehicle to the right, as
indicated by dotted arrow 67. Considerable airflow will still pass
through the port channel 20 to the rear set of steering vanes 16,
producing a flow of air in the direction indicated by arrow 68.
This will produce a turning component 69, as well as a propulsion
component. The airflow in the starboard channel 20' will be still
further reduced and, depending upon the detailed design and the
angle of vanes 14, may be negligible. However, sufficient air will
still flow through the port channel 20 to produce adequate steering
control at the rear.
FIG. 11 shows a condition where it is desired to move the vehicle
forward along a straight line, in the presence of a crosswind from
the right, as indicated by arrow 71, or to travel along a sidehill.
Here the front and rear steering vanes are angled in the same
direction so as to provide front and rear thrusts indicated by
arrows 72 and 73, 73'. The components of these forces acting
laterally are indicated by dotted arrows 74, 75, and are in the
same direction to oppose the crosswind 71.
In turning, the side thrust produced by the front steering vanes
will be greater than that produced by the rear steering vanes since
a portion of the downstream flow of air will have been diverted
laterally of the vehicle. The point about which the vehicle turns
will depend on a number of factors including the center of gravity
of the vehicle (including the operator), wind conditions,
uniformity of the air cushion, etc., in addition to the balance
between the turning moments produced by front and rear vanes. In
the embodiment shown, the resultant turning point is usually in the
vicinity of the center of the vehicle, much closer to the front
steering vanes than to the rear steering vanes. Thus, the effective
lever arm for the rear steering vanes is considerably greater than
that for the forward steering vanes, so that the effective turning
moment of the rear steering vanes is comparable to that of the
front steering vanes for at least moderate turns. Indeed, in the
particular embodiment illustrated, for small steering angles the
rear steering vanes provide a more sensitive control, that is, the
rear steering vanes are more effective in producing a turning force
than the front steering vanes. Consequently, it has been found
desirable to vary the ratio between the angles of the front and
rear steering vanes as a function of the turning angle desired.
In the embodiment here shown, this is accomplished by providing a
variable ratio pulley 51 for the rear steering vanes as is shown in
FIG. 12. The pulley includes two spaced discs 81, only one of which
is shown, between which are four posts 82-85. Cables 49, 49' from
the rear steering vanes pass over a guide pulley 86 and around
posts 83, 85 to post 82 where their ends are secured at 87.
As the pulley is rotated from the position shown, say clockwise,
the initial arcuate movement is as though the pulley had a radius
equal to the radial distance of the outer surfaces of posts 83, 85
from the center 88. When the pulley reaches the position shown by
the dotted lines, post 84 has reached a position denoted 84', and
thereafter remains in contact with cable 49'. Shortly after post 84
contacts cable 49', cable 49 lifts off post 83, and thereafter the
cable movement depends on the positions of both posts 82 and 84,
yielding the effect of a variable ratio pulley. By graphical
methods, the angles of rear vanes 16 produced by the movement of
cables 49 for various angles of pulley 51 (and steering wheel 22)
can be plotted. With the specific dimensions shown in FIG. 12,
curve 91 in FIG. 12a shows the result.
The radial positions of posts 82-85 and the distance from the
center 88 of the pulley to the point 89 where the cables pass
around guide pulley 86 are selected so that the combined lengths of
cables 49, 49' from post 82 to point 89 is approximately constant
as pulley 51 rotates through 90.degree. in either direction from
that shown. With the dimensions shown, there is some variation in
the combined lengths, but the overall length of cables 49, 49' to
the rear vanes provides sufficient elasticity to accommodate the
variation. More perfect results could be obtained with properly
shaped cam surfaces, but would be more expensive.
The effective radius of the pulley 44 which controls the front
vanes may be selected to yield the desired relative vane angles for
each position of the steering wheel. In this specific embodiment
the radius was 13/8 inches, lying between the minimum and maximum
effective radii of pulley 51. The dotted line 92 in FIG. 12a shows
the front vane angle as a function of steering wheel angle. As will
be observed from the slopes of the lines, for small steering wheel
angles the front vanes turn more rapidly than the rear. As the
steering wheel angle increases, the rate of turning of the rear
vanes increases until it equals and then exceeds that of the front
vanes. Thus, the ratio between the turning angles of the rear and
front vanes varies from smaller values at small turning angles to
larger values at large turning angles within the turning range.
The particular relative relationship selected will depend on other
design factors, and may be chosen to yield the most satisfactory
control under all operating conditions expected to be encountered.
It may be mentioned that in high-speed travel on a straight course,
the lower rate of turning of the rear steering vanes promotes
stability.
Referring to FIGS. 13-15, a modified steering arrangement is shown.
Here a steering wheel 101 is attached to an inner steering tube
member 102. Variable ratio pulley 51, for the rear steering vanes,
has a hub 103 which is affixed to tube 102 by clamp 104. Pulley
105, for controlling the front steering vanes, has a hub 106
attached to an outer steering tube member 107 by clamp 108. A hub
109 is rotatably mounted on tube 102, and is part of or affixed to
the outer tube member 107. A spacer tube 111 encircles the outer
tube 107 and a short tubular section 112 is clamped to tube 107 by
clamp 113. Grommet 114 is mounted in a suitable opening in panel 23
and allows the steering tubes to turn therein. Another grommet 115
is mounted in a structural member 116 to allow rotation of the
steering tube 102.
Hub 109 has a pair of wings 117 between which a detent 118 is
pivoted at 119. An inner plate 121 of the steering wheel has slots
122 formed therein at suitable angular intervals. Detent 118 is
biased by spring 123 so that a projection 124 thereof enters one of
slots 122. By pressing downwards on detent 118, and rotating it,
the detent may engage in any one of slots 122. Inasmuch as the
detent is mounted on hub 109, which in turn is affixed to the front
control pulley 105 via tube 107, the relative angles of the front
steering vanes with respect to the rear steering vanes may be
manually adjusted to counteract crosswinds, sideslip on the slope
of a hill, etc.
In performing a turn, it is desirable for the vehicle to lean into
the turn. In the embodiment illustrated, it will be appreciated
that the downstream flow of air from the propeller toward the rear
of the vehicle is inclined somewhat downward from the horizontal.
Thus the height of the rear steering vanes may be less than that of
the front steering vanes, and will still intercept substantially
all of the air directed thereto through the channels 20 and 20'.
When the vanes are turned for steering, the front steering vanes
produce a force component to the right, as indicated by arrow 63 in
FIG. 9. On the other hand, the rear steering vanes will produce a
force component to the left, as indicated by arrow 65.
Both forces will be effective to tilt the vehicle, force 63 tending
to tilt the vehicle inwards of the turn and force 65 outwards.
However, the effective point of application of the force 63 will be
higher on the vehicle than the effective point of application of
force 65, yielding a greater lever arm for the tilting moment
(force times distance). Also, the force 63 will be larger than
force 65, since all the downstream flow of air traveling above the
vehicle platform will pass through the front vanes 14, whereas in a
turn only a portion will reach the rear vanes, and that portion
will become smaller as the turn becomes more severe. This is
because the front vanes divert more and more air outside the air
channels, as has been explained in connection with FIGS. 8-10.
Consequently the net result will be a tilting moment tending to
tilt the vehicle into the turn, and that of the front vanes will
predominate more and more as the turn becomes more severe.
As will be observed from FIGS. 2 and 3, with the operator position
located behind the front joining section or nose 18" of the air
channeling means and laterally between the inner walls 18, 18', and
with the tops 21, 21' of the channels extending to shroud 13, the
operator is fully protected from the downstream flow of air from
the propeller, the velocity of which may exceed 100 m.p.h. For
example, in the illustrated embodiment air velocities of 115 m.p.h.
from the propeller and 70 m.p.h. at the rear steering vanes have
been measured. Further, in travelling on a straight course as in
FIG. 8, airflow through the channels passes on either side of the
operator, thereby providing air curtains which reduce or prevent
water spray, dust, etc. from reaching the operator. On turns, the
air curtain may be reduced on the inside of the turn, but will
still be effective on the outside of the turn where it is usually
most needed.
Certain design aspects of the specific embodiment may be described
more fully. The presence of the opening 33 behind the lower part of
the propeller, with the top edge close to the propeller, has an
effect on the vertical velocity profile of the downstream flow of
air above the opening. With counterclockwise rotation of the
propeller as viewed from the front, the velocity on the starboard
side is fairly uniform, but on the port side is less just above the
opening 33 than at the top. Also, in the engine 12 employed, the
head of the engine projects on the starboard side and provides more
of an obstruction to airflow than on the port side. Overall, the
total thrust is somewhat less on the starboard side than on the
port side. To compensate for this, the nose 18" of the inner walls
of the air channels may be moved somewhat toward the port side so
that approximately equal thrusts are obtained on both sides when
traveling in the forward direction. Also, the front vanes 14, 14'
may be turned at a slight angle for the central position of the
steering wheel, to compensate for the difference in thrust on port
and starboard sides in travelling straight ahead.
The lateral spacing of the outer walls 19 and 19' of the air
channels is selected so that the downstream flow of air, with the
front vanes 14 in their midposition, is slightly inside the walls.
The spacing of the outer walls from the front vanes is selected so
that, with the front vanes at an angle of 45.degree. to the
centerline of the vehicle, approximately one-half of the air is
directed outside the channel which is on the side of the vehicle
toward which the air is diverted. Thus, in FIG. 8, the lateral
positioning of outer walls 19, 19' of the channels is such that the
high velocity flow of air is slightly inside the walls. With the
front vanes at 45.degree. as in FIG. 10, the airflow indicated by
arrow 66 is about one-half the total downstream airflow from
propeller 11. The front edges of outer walls 19, 19' may be
positioned closer to, or farther from, vanes 14 to change the
proportion of air directed outside the channels for any given vane
angle, as meets the judgement of the designer for optimum steering
control.
The tilt of the propeller shaft and the cross section of opening 33
may be selected to provide adequate air for the cushion, and angles
of 15.degree. and 111/2.degree. from the horizontal have been
employed with success. For a given area of opening 33, the smaller
tilt gives a greater propulsion thrust.
The height of the rear vanes and horizontal airfoils 25, 25' may be
selected so that the airstream extends somewhat above the airfoils,
thereby enabling effective trim control.
The body platform 10 and the downwardly extending peripheral wall
31 are advantageously formed of foamed material, cemented or
otherwise joined together to form a unitary structure. Thus, in one
specific embodiment platform 10 was molded of foamed, closed-cell,
rigid polyurethane with a tough skin produced by maintaining the
mold at a suitable temperature to form the desired skin thickness,
in accordance with considerations known in the art. A so-called
2-lbs./cu.-ft. "system" using Freon as the foaming agent may be
employed. This yields a density of around 4 lbs./cu. ft. in the
core, and around 30 lbs./cu ft. in the skin. The peripheral wall is
formed of foamed, closed-cell, semirigid polyethylene having a
density of about 2 lbs./cu. ft. The wall is conveniently fabricated
from sheet material adhered by heat, and then cemented to the body
platform. The semirigid wall has sufficient flexibility to avoid
serious damage when travelling over rough terrain, and serves as a
bumper to avoid damage when striking piers, docks, aboveground
objects, etc. Further, the structure has the marked advantage of
absorbing vibration from the motor. The body structures mounted on
the platform, including walls 18, 18', 19, 19', shroud 13, seat 30,
etc., are also advantageously molded of foamed, closed-cell, rigid
polyurethane with a tough skin, similar to platform 10, thereby
yielding a rugged, yet lightweight superstructure.
In the specific embodiment shown, having a length of about 10 feet
and a width of about 51/2 feet, and a 25-horsepower motor, the
overall weight may be kept to about 250-300 lbs. with sufficient
flotation to support 1,000 lbs. or more, and capable of carrying a
load (including operator) of about 300 lbs.
Accordingly, in a relatively simple, inexpensive structure, many
desirable qualities are obtained, including lightweight, low center
of gravity, rigidity, flotation, bumper protection and vibration
absorption.
As will now be appreciated, the invention provides a low-cost air
cushion vehicle capable of carrying one or two people, with a
single propeller providing both air cushion and propulsion, and
with two-point steering control. The steering control can be
apportioned between front and rear vanes as desired. The operator
is protected from the blast of air from the propeller, and air
curtains are formed on either side of the operator to protect
against spray, dust and the like.
It will be understood that certain features of the invention could
be employed while omitting others. For example, a separate source
of air could be employed for the air cushion, and other than plenum
chamber support could be used. Also, the single propeller could be
replaced by two or more propellers at the front of the vehicle,
with suitable changes in the air channels. The detailed structure
may be changed from that shown, as meets the judgement of the
designer.
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