U.S. patent number 3,607,625 [Application Number 04/698,633] was granted by the patent office on 1971-09-21 for headbox.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Beloit Corporation. Invention is credited to Richard E. Hergert, Lester M. Hill, Joseph D. Parker.
United States Patent |
3,607,625 |
Hill , et al. |
September 21, 1971 |
HEADBOX
Abstract
A headbox construction for a papermaking machine which comprises
a slice chamber connected to a preslice flow chamber by means of a
perforate member. The slice chamber contains a plurality of plates
and/or filaments attached to said perforate member and extend in
the direction of stock flow through said slice chamber and define
therein a multiplicity of relatively narrow channels of decreasing
cross-sectional area in the direction of flow.
Inventors: |
Hill; Lester M. (Beloit,
WI), Parker; Joseph D. (Roscoe, IL), Hergert; Richard
E. (Rockton, IL) |
Assignee: |
Beloit Corporation (Beloit,
WI)
|
Family
ID: |
24806053 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/698,633 |
Filed: |
January 17, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
162/343;
162/347 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D21F
1/02 (20130101); D21F 1/028 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
D21F
1/02 (20060101); D21f 001/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;162/336,338,339,343,346,347 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
236,864 |
|
Jul 1925 |
|
GB |
|
1,026,276 |
|
Apr 1966 |
|
GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Friedman; Reuben
Assistant Examiner: Granger; T. A.
Claims
We claim as our invention:
1. In a headbox for delivering stock to a forming surface, the
headbox having a slice chamber and a slice opening, the improvement
comprising a plurality of trailing elements positioned in the slice
chamber, each of said elements extending tranversely of said
headbox, means anchoring said elements only at their upstream ends
at locations spaced generally perpendicular to the stock-flow
stream with their downstream portions unattached and constructed to
be self-positionable so as to be solely responsive to forces
exerted thereon by the stock flowing towards the slice.
2. The structure of claim 1 wherein the transverse cross-sectional
area of said elements decreases in the direction of stock flow.
3. The structure of claim 2 wherein the transverse cross-sectional
area of said slice chamber decreases in the direction of stock
flow.
4. In a headbox for delivering stock to a forming surface, the
headbox having a slice chamber and a slice opening, the improvement
comprising a plurality of rigid plates positioned in the slice
chamber, each of said plates extending transversely of said headbox
and projecting downstream generally in the direction of stock flow,
and trailing elements attached to the downstream ends of said
plates, said elements being attached to said plates only at their
upstream ends with their downstream portions unattached and
constructed to be self-positionable so as to be solely responsive
to forces exerted thereon by the stock flowing towards the
slice.
5. The structure of claim 4 wherein said elements are in the form
of sheets extending transversely of said headbox.
6. The structure of claim 4 wherein said elements are in the form
of flexible rods.
7. The structure of claim 7 wherein the transverse cross-sectional
area of said rods is triangular.
8. The structure of claim 6 wherein the transverse cross-sectional
area of said rods decreases in the direction of flow.
9. The structure of claim 4 wherein the transverse cross-sectional
area of said elements decreases in the direction of flow.
10. In a headbox for delivering stock to a forming surface, the
headbox having a slice chamber and a slice opening, the improvement
comprising a plurality of rigid members positioned in the slice
chamber, each of said members projecting downstream generally in
the direction of stock flow, means supporting said members only at
their upstream ends at locations spaced generally perpendicular to
the stock flow stream, and trailing elements attached to the
downstream ends of said members, said elements being attached to
said members only at their upstream ends with their downstream
portions unattached and constructed to be self-positionable so as
to be solely responsive to forces exerted thereon by the stock
flowing towards the slice.
11. The structure of claim 10 wherein said means comprise
tubes.
12. In a headbox for delivering stock to a forming surface, the
headbox having a slice chamber and a slice opening, the improvement
comprising a trailing element positioned in the slice chamber, said
element extending transversely of said headbox, means anchoring
said element only at its upstream end with its downstream portion
unattached and constructed to be self-positionable so as to be
solely responsive to forces exerted thereon by the stock flowing
towards the slice.
13. In a headbox for delivering stock to a forming surface, the
headbox having a slice chamber and a slice opening, the improvement
comprising a rigid plate positioned in the slice chamber, said
plate extending transversely of said headbox and projecting
downstream generally in the direction of stock flow, and a trailing
element attached to the downstream end of said plate, said element
being attached to said plate only at its upstream end with its
downstream portion unattached and constructed to be
self-positionable so as to be solely responsive to forces exerted
thereon by the stock flowing towards the slice.
14. In a headbox for delivering stock to a forming surface, the
headbox having a slice chamber and a slice opening, the improvement
comprising a rigid member positioned in the slice chamber, said
member projecting downstream generally in the direction of stock
flow, means supporting said member only at its upstream end and
trailing elements attached to the downstream end of said member,
said elements being attached to said member only at their upstream
ends with their downstream portions unattached and constructed to
be self-positionable so as to be solely responsive to forces
exerted thereon by the stock flowing towards the slice.
Description
This invention relates generally to a headbox for a papermaking
machine, and more particularly to a headbox construction in which
the slice chamber includes a plurality of passages formed by
elements in the direction of stock flow to uniformly direct stock
towards the slice opening at the downstream of said slice
chamber.
In the Fourdrinier papermaking process, the principal difficulty in
achieving uniform formation of a paper web is the natural tendency
of the fibers to flocculate. An important feature of all
Fourdrinier machine designs therefore is a means to disperse the
fiber networks during the period of sheet formation. At the present
time, dispersion of the fiber network is effected by generating
turbulence, used in the broad sense, in the fiber suspension both
in the headbox, frequently through the use of rectifier rolls, and
on the Fourdrinier table as a consequence of the reaction of the
free surface of the stock to the variable acceleration over table
rolls and foils. The dispersing activity that occurs on the
Fourdrinier table is an important supplement to the turbulence
generated in the headbox and as a rule, the drainage on a
Fourdrinier table is deliberately retarded to allow sufficient
treatment of the undrained suspension to obtain uniform formation.
On a Fourdrinier in which the table rolls have been replaced by
suction boxes, on the other hand, the fiber suspension is drained
comparatively much more rapidly with considerably less activity
generated in the undrained suspension. It follows that the
formation of the sheet formed on a suction box or flat box
Fourdrinier is much more sensitive to the characteristics of the
headbox discharge that that of a conventionally formed sheet.
A basic limitation in headbox design has been that the means for
generating turbulence in fiber suspensions in order to disperse
them have been comparatively large-scale devices only. With such
devices, it is possible to develop small scale turbulence by
increasing the intensity of turbulence generated. Thus the
turbulence energy is transferred naturally from large to small
scales and the higher the intensity, the greater the rate of energy
transfer and hence, the smaller the scales of turbulence sustained.
However, a detrimental effect also ensued from this high-intensity
large-scale turbulence namely the large waves and free surface
disturbance developed on the Fourdrinier table. Thus a general rule
of headbox performance has been that the degree of dispersion and
level of turbulence in the headbox discharge were closely
correlated; the higher the turbulence, the better the
dispersion.
In selecting a headbox design under this limiting condition then,
one could choose at the extremes, either a design that produces a
highly turbulent, well-dispersed discharge, or one that produces a
low-turbulent, poorly dispersed discharge. Since either a very high
level of turbulence or a very low level (and consequent poor
dispersion) produces defects in sheet formation on the Fourdrinier
machine, the art of headbox design has consisted of making a
suitable compromise between these two extremes. That is, a primary
objective of headbox design up to this time has been to generate a
level of turbulence which was high enough for dispersion, but low
enough to avoid free surface defects during the formation period.
It will be appreciated that the best compromise would be different
for different types of papermaking furnishes, consistencies,
Fourdrinier table design, machine speed, etc. Thus a universal
headbox design with presently available devices and techniques
would be difficult, if not impossible to establish. Furthermore,
because these compromises always sacrifice the best possible
dispersion and/or the best possible flow pattern on the Fourdrinier
wire, it is deemed that there is a great potential for improvement
in headbox design today.
The defects in sheet formation as a result of these extremes in
headbox design, i.e., very high or very low turbulence, are even
more marked when an a Fourdrinier is used wherein all table rolls
and foils are replaced by suction boxes. Thus when the turbulence
is very low, as for example in the discharge from a conventional
rectifier roll-type headbox, the formation of the sheet formed by
the rapid drainage over suction boxes in the absence of the table
roll activity directly reflects the poor dispersion in the
discharge jet. On the other hand, when the turbulence is very high,
a wave pattern is generated in the free surface of the flow on the
wire as a consequence of the turbulence. With rapid drainage of the
suspension in this case, the formation of the sheet reflects the
mass distribution pattern of these waves. In addition to the free
surface wave patterns, excessive turbulence may also entrain air
and disrupt the thickened fiber mat which had been deposited
earlier and cause formation defects.
Thus not only are the present extremes of headbox characteristics
unsuitable, but it is also difficult to find a suitable compromise
for a suction box Fourdrinier application.
The unique and novel combination of elements of the present
invention provide for delivery of the stock slurry to a forming
surface of a papermaking machine having a high degree of fiber
dispersion with a low level of turbulence in the discharge jet.
Under these conditions, a fine scale dispersion of the fibers is
produced which will not deteriorate as the turbulence decays away;
at least it will not deteriorate to the extent that occurs in the
turbulent dispersions which are produced by conventional headbox
designs. It has been found that it is the absence of large-scale
turbulence which precludes the gross reflocculation of the fibers
since flocculation is predominately a consequence of small scale
turbulence decay and the persistence of the large scales.
Sustaining the dispersion in the flow on the Fourdrinier wire then,
leads directly to improved formation.
The method by which the above is accomplished, that is, to produce
fine scale turbulence without large scale eddies, is to pass the
fiber suspension through a system of parallel channels of uniform
small size but large in percentage open area. Both of these
conditions, uniform small channel size and large exit percentage
open area, are necessary. Thus the largest scales of turbulence
developed in the channel flow have the same order of size as the
depth of the individual channels and by maintaining the individual
channel depth small, the resulting scale of turbulence will be
small. It is necessary to have a large exit percentage open area to
prevent the development of large scales of turbulence in the zone
of discharge. That is, large solid areas between the channel's
exits, would result in large-scale turbulence in the wake of these
areas.
In concept then, the flow channel must change from a large entrance
to a small exit size. This change should occur over a substantial
distance to allow time for the large-scale coarse flow disturbances
generated in the wake of the entrance structure to be degraded to
the small-scale turbulence desired. The walls defining the channels
immediately following the entrance structure should be stiff enough
to resist distortion and fluctuation by these coarse flow
disturbances and consequent dynamic pressure variations. For this
reason, it is important for the entrance to have a reasonably large
open area to avoid unreasonably large downstream pressure
fluctuations. Thus the more the coarse turbulence in the flow
channel is degraded toward a fine scale, the less stiff the channel
walls need be to resist distortion. A simple way of achieving
stiffness is by increasing the thickness of the channel wall and
this is the type of construction used at present as will be
hereinafter described in detail. Since it is therefore desirable
for the channel walls to progress from stiff thick members at their
upstream ends to thin members at their downstream ends, the
structure for conditioning the flow should consist of gradually
converging channels defined by walls which simultaneously slowly
converge and gradually decreases in stiffness. Thus the
simultaneous convergence of the channel size and the walls defining
the channels are complementary effects. Because of the diminishing
channel depth, the pressure fluctuations are reduced to smaller
scale and hence lower intensities which allows thinner walls to be
used to define the channel. Because of the diminishing wall
thickness, the area between channels approaches the small dimension
that it must have at the exit end. This concept of simultaneous
convergence is deemed to be an important concept of design of this
invention. While the downstream channel walls are thin they may
also be, and preferably are, flexible for the following
reasons:
1. the flexibility allows the training members to seek
hydrodynamically stable positions, which is a uniform spacing;
and
2. the flexibility where the channels are small in cross-sectional
area allows large fiber chunks and foreign matter to pass
freely.
It is therefore an important object of the present invention to
provide for a stock-delivery system in the form of a headbox for
delivering papermaking stock to the forming surface of the
papermaking machine under conditions of maximum dispersion with a
minimum of turbulence in the discharge jet.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a headbox for
a papermaking machine which produces a fine-scale dispersion of the
fibers which dispersion will not deteriorate excessively as the
turbulence decays away.
Additional objects, advantages and features of the present
invention are apparent from the preceding description and will
become more apparent as this specification proceeds with reference
to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is an elevational sectional view showing a headbox
construction for use in the practice of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an elevational sectional view showing another embodiment
of a headbox construction for use in the practice of the present
invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the lines III--III of
FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the lines III--III of
FIG. 2 and showing a modification of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along the lines III--III of
FIG. 2 and showing a further modification of the present
invention;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged elevational view of an essential element of
the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along the lines VII--VII of
FIG. 6; FIG. 8 and 8a is a cross-sectional view taken along the
lines VII--VII of FIG. 6 and showing a different form of the
element shown in FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 is a plan view of the element shown in FIG. 6;
FIG. 10 is a plan view showing the element of FIG. 6 in somewhat
different form;
FIG. 11 is an elevational sectional view showing yet another
embodiment of a headbox construction for use in the practice of the
present invention;
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view taken along the lines XI--XI of
F. 11;
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view taken along the lines XII--XII of
FIG. 11;
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an essential element of the
structure shown in FIG. 11;
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional elevational view of a different
embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an essential element of the
structure shown in FIG. 15.
As shown on the drawings:
As the terms are used herein, transverse refers to the
cross-machine direction whereas longitudinal refers to the
so-called machine direction.
In FIG. 1, it will be seen that there is shown a forming wire F
traveling around a breast roll 10 to define a conventional forming
surface onto which papermaking stock is fed through a slice opening
indicated generally at S. The slice S is mounted at the forward end
f a headbox indicated generally at 11, such headbox being what
constitutes a slice chamber 11a and a preslice flow chamber 11b in
that it aligns the stock for flow toward the slice S.
In a conventional stock inlet the stock is generally fed to the
headbox, such as the one here employed, from a fan pump or other
suitable source of stock in a relatively small high-speed conduit
which is indicated in FIG. 1 by the reference numeral 12 as a
tapered cross-machine header having an inlet 12a at the side of the
headbox 11 from which it is viewed in FIG. 1 and an outlet 12b of
diminished cross-sectional area at the backside of the chamber 12
for flow of stock in a generally transverse direction through the
tapered inlet header 12. Any of a number of known stock-inlet
devices may be provided to present a transverse flow of stock into
the chamber 12 under a substantially uniform pressure in the
general area of the barrier or perforated mounting plate indicated
at 13. The perforated plate 13 extends transversely of the stock
inlet 12 and it is provided with a plurality of apertures 13a, 13b,
13c, etc. which are generally parallel and which are spaced
tranversely to define a multiplicity of generally parallel
apertures extending across the entire plate 13. The plate 13
carries a multiplicity of diffuser nozzles 14a, 14b, 14c, etc. each
of which is received in one of the multiplicities of apertures 13a,
13b, 13c, in the plate 13. At their downstream end the diffuser
nozzles communicate with a preslice flow chamber 11b. The chamber
11b, in the direction of stock flow, is defined by the downstream
end of the diffuser nozzles 14a, 14b, 14c, etc. and a perforated
plate 15 extending transversely of the headbox 11.
The plate 15 contains a multiplicity of perforations 15a, 15b, 15c,
etc. distributed between land areas 16a, 16b, 16c, etc.
The perforations 15a, 15b, 15c, etc. extend in generally horizontal
rows thus leaving continuous land areas 16a, 16b, 16c, etc. between
the rows.
Extending through the land areas are plates 19, 20, 21, etc. These
plates extend tranversely of the slice chamber 11a and
longitudinally towards the slice S. It will further be noted that
the plates 19, 20, 21, etc. also longitudinally extend through the
plate 15 in an upstream direction and have mounted thereto at their
upstream ends transversely extending rods 22, 23, 24, etc. This
unique and novel combination of perforations 15a, 15b, 15c, etc.
land areas 16a, 16b, 16c, etc. plates 19, 20, 21, etc. extending
upstream of the perforated plate 15 and rods 22, 23, 24, etc.
permits a substantial increase in open area of the perforated plate
15 the desirability of which will be hereinafter described in
detail.
With an increase in open area of the plate 15 the area of the lands
between the perforations will be substantially reduced. These
narrow land areas will tend to collect fibers which collection will
gradually increase and may result in large chunks of fibers being
released into the slice chamber 11a causing disruption of the
papermaking process. In order to avoid the stapling of fibers to
the land areas of plate 15 the plates 19, 20, 21, etc. are extended
in an upstream direction with respect to the land areas. To prevent
stapling of fibers to the upstream ends of the plates, rods 22, 23,
24, etc. are mounted to the plate ends. The rods are large enough
in diameter to prevent stapling of fibers thereto. Of course, the
rods may have various shapes such as flat, blunt or teardrop.
As shown in the drawings the slice chamber 11a gradually decreases
in cross-sectional area in the direction of flow towards the slice
opening S and its longitudinal boundaries are defined by the
perforated plate 15 and the slice opening S. Plates or trailing
members 25, 26, 27, etc. extend from the plate 15 to the slice
opening S and divide the slice chamber into a multiplicity of
approximately vertically spaced longitudinally extending channels
29, 30, 31, etc. The channels also extend transversely of the slice
chamber 11a. The trailing members are anchored only at their
upstream ends to the perforated plate 15 and are free floating
downstream. It is therefore desirable that the trailing members are
reasonably close to neutrally buoyant to allow positioning by the
hydrodynamic effects of stock flow between the trailing members. It
has also been found desirable for the trailing members to progress
from stiff thick members at their upstream ends to thin relatively
flexible members at their downstream ends. To accomplish this, as
shown on the drawing, the trailing members defining the converging
channels are simultaneously slowly decreasing in stiffness in the
direction of stock flow.
In a practical embodiment of the present invention the spring C of
the individual channels between trailing members preceding the
slice opening S should be in the order one eighth inch or smaller
and the size of the solid areas between the channels at their exits
should be much smaller than the size of the channels themselves.
The exit open area should therefore be preferably in the order of
at least 80 - 95 percent. However, open areas in the order of 50
percent and larger are conceivable. In order to prevent plugging of
the entrance portion of the slice chamber it is desirable to
maintain the vertical dimension of each of the channels 29, 30 and
31, etc. at the upstream end in the order of 1 inch and the overall
open area of the perforated plate 15 should preferably be greater
than 30 percent. However, as a general rule the openings in the
distributor should be as small as possible for maintaining the flow
pattern small but large enough to avoid plugging. These criteria
will vary with the particular application and stock
characteristics.
It has further been found desirable to impart some flexibility to
the downstream end of the trailing members 25, 26, 27, etc. This
flexibility provides a convenient way to achieve the small uniform
spacing of the members across the width of the slice chamber at the
downstream end since this uniform spacing is a hydrodynamically
stable condition for this particular structure as indicated by
experiments. Thus, flexibility allows the trailing members to be
positioned by the dynamic forces of flow; that is, to conform to
the streamlines. Alternatively, it would be difficult to achieve
uniformly spaced rigid trailing members without mounting the
members to the sides of the slice chamber and even then it would be
difficult.
It is also desirable to impart some flexibility to the trailing
members to allow the passage of large particles which are
inevitably present in a commercial stock-flow system. It is
therefore a feature of the present invention not to have the
trailing members attached to the sides of the slice chamber since
this simplifies the construction and avoids a thin rigid channel
which would be conductive to plugging by fibers and foreign
matter.
In operation, papermaking stock is introduced into the tapered
inlet 12 through entrance opening 12a. A portion of the stock
enters orifices 13a, 13b, 13c, etc. while the remaining portion
exits the tapered inlet 12 through opening 12b for recirculation.
From the orifices 13a, 13b, 13c, etc. the stock enters the
diffusers 14a, 14b, 14c, etc. by means of which the stock is
uniformly distributed across the full width of the preslice chamber
11b. The distribution of stock across the width of the preslice
chamber is of a coarse nature having a scale of turbulence or
variations in the order of a few inches. The coarsely distributed
stock is then forced through the perforations in plate 15 by means
of which the scale of turbulence is somewhat reduced but remains
far above the desired level for formation of a web. The stock then
enters the channels 29, 30, 31, etc. under conditions of relatively
coarse and intense turbulence. The upstream ends of the trailing
members are supported by the plate 15 and they are strong enough to
accommodate the relatively large scale and intensity of the
turbulence in the stock. As the stock progresses through the
channels, the cross section of which decreases gradually, the
intensity and degree of turbulence is likewise decreased. At the
downstream end and near the slice portion S the channels are narrow
and bounded by flexible walls. At this end the scale of turbulence
has been diminished to acceptable papermaking standards. This
diminishing turbulence is accomplished by reducing the channel size
while still allowing coarse particles to pass by reason of the
flexibility of the trailing members defining the channels. The
turbulence of the stock, therefore, in the channels is continually
degraded from a coarse intense condition to a fine-scale low level.
The walls of the channels are graduated in thickness and stiffness
accordingly. The ultimate scale of turbulence in the flow from the
channels is governed by the size of the channels near the
downstream end, and the intensity is determined by the velocity of
flow through the channels which in turn is determined by the number
of channels. In this manner the scale and intensity of the
discharge flow can be independently controlled.
FIGS. 2 through 12 show additional details and other forms of the
present invention.
As shown in FIG. 2 a headbox 40 of a somewhat simplified design
comprises a tapered inlet header 41 having an inlet opening 42 and
an overflow opening 43. The front wall of the header 40 comprises a
perforated plate 44 having a multiplicity of perforations 45, 46,
etc. therein. These perforations are preferably in the form of
orifices and provide for open communication between the inlet
header and a slice chamber generally designated by the numeral 47.
The slice chamber 47 comprises top 48 and bottom 49 walls
converging in the longitudinal or machine direction and terminating
at a slice portion S2. Appropriate transversely spaced sidewalls
are provided at the front and rear end of the slice chamber.
Extending longitudinally within the slice chamber 47 are a
plurality of trailing elements 50, 51, 52, etc. One end of each of
these trailing elements is attached to the perforated plate 44 at
the upstream end of the slice chamber 47. The trailing elements
extend for approximately the full length of the slice chamber and
are not attached to any other part of the chamber other than at the
perforated plate 44.
The trailing elements are thus permitted to float freely within the
slice chamber with the exception of their restriction at the point
of attachment to the perforated plate 44. With papermaking stock
flowing through the slice chamber the trailing elements will form a
multiplicity of longitudinally extending flexible channels through
which the papermaking stock will flow thereby gradually reducing
large-scale turbulence in the papermaking stock while maintaining a
high degree of fiber dispersion. The thus-conditioned papermaking
stock exits through the slice opening S2 and is deposited on the
Fourdrinier wire 53 or on any other appropriate web-forming
surface. The Fourdrinier wire 53 is supported immediately beneath
the slice by a roll 54, commonly referred to as a breast roll.
As shown in FIGS. 3 through 10, the trailing members may have
different forms each of which can be readily adapted to suit a
particular operating condition. For example, as will be readily
apparent to those skilled in the art it may be more convenient to
have the flexible members 50, 51, and 52, etc. extend transversely
of the slice chamber in the form of a full-width sheet, as
described in connection with FIG. 1, where the transverse dimension
of the preslice flow chamber is relatively narrow. On the other
hand, it will be apparent that in extremely wide headboxes it may
be more practical to have a plurality of relatively narrow sheets
extending in the transverse direction of the slice chamber.
Accordingly, FIG. 4 shows the flexible trailing elements extending
transversely of the slice chamber with the flexible elements having
approximately the same transverse dimension as the slice
chamber.
As shown in FIG. 5 the transverse dimension of the individual
trailing elements 60, 61, 62, etc. is reduced to a fraction of the
transverse dimension of the preslice flow chamber which may be a
more practical approach for headboxes having a relatively large
transverse dimension.
FIG. 3 shows a further embodiment of the present invention and it
will be noted that the trailing elements herein consist of a
plurality of flexible rods or wires 63, 64, 65, etc. having a
generally circular cross-sectional area. This embodiment is
particularly useful where stock characteristics require the use of
channels of extremely small cross-sectional area.
As shown in FIG. 6, the longitudinal cross-sectional area of the
trailing elements 50, 51, 52, etc. is preferably made so as to have
its cross-sectional area decrease longitudinally in the direction
of flow. The decrease in cross-sectional area is commensurate with
the decrease in cross-sectional area of the slice chamber 11a of
FIG. 1 and 47 of FIG. 2. In this manner the complementary effects
of simultaneous convergence of the channel size and the flexible
elements are obtained. In the embodiment of FIG. 6 the transverse
cross-sectional area remains substantially rectangular as shown in
FIG. 7.
FIG. 8 shows the cross-sectional area of the trailing elements 50,
51, 52, etc. of FIG. 3 and while this cross-sectional area is
generally indicated as circular, it will be appreciated that such
cross-sectional area may take several forms such as hexagonal
elliptical or triangular, depending on the methods by which the
flexible material is manufactured. The trailing elements of FIGS. 3
and 8 may also decrease in the longitudinal flow direction such as
shown in FIG. 6. FIGS. 9 and 10 are plan views of the flexible
elements 50, 51, 52, etc. and it will be noted that the element 50
may be of uniform width such as shown in FIG. 9 or alternatively
may gradually decrease in width in the longitudinal direction such
as shown FIG. 10.
FIG. 11 shows a further embodiment of the present invention and it
will be noted that the trailing elements 71, 72, 73, etc. have been
given a somewhat modified form in that the upstream ends of the
trailing elements are in the form of relatively stiff plates to the
ends of which are attached flexible trailing elements 74, 75, 76,
etc. FIG. 12 shows the plates 71, 72, 73, etc. in cross section and
it will be noted that they extend for approximately the full width
of the slice chamber. FIG. 13 shows the trailing elements 74, 75,
76, etc. in cross section and indicates their approximate position
with respect to the slice chamber it being understood that the
actual number of such trailing elements in a commercial design
would be substantially larger depending of course on the particular
characteristics of the papermaking stock. FIG. 14 shows a
perspective view of the combination of the plates 71 and flexible
elements 75. The relatively stiff plates 71 may be manufactured of
plastic or sheet metal and their cross-sectional area may be
substantially constant or gradually decreasing in the direction of
flow. The flexible trailing elements 74 are preferable made in the
form of tapering flexible rods but may also be in the form of
constant diameter monofilament threads.
FIG. 15 shows a further embodiment of the present invention and it
will be noted that the perforated plate 55 is somewhat modified in
form in that the perforations are extended in the direction of flow
by means of a short length of pipe 56 protruding through and
extending beyond the perforated plate 55. As shown in detail in
FIG. 16, each of the pipes 56 has attached thereto at its
downstream end a plurality of flexible trailing elements 57. The
elements 57 are in the form of flexible threads one end of which is
attached in a suitable manner to the downstream end of the pipe
56.
Thus it will be seen than an improved headbox has been provided
which achieves the objectives and advantages set forth and
overcomes the disadvantages associated with prior art systems
thereby obtaining a result heretofore unobtainable.
While it is theoretically desirable to construct the aforementioned
trailing members so that they are both flexible and converging it
should be understood that a practical and workable solution may use
relatively rigid and nontapering trailing members or alternatively
flexible nontapering members. The material used for such members
may be metal or nonmetal such as plastics, rubber, epoxy resins
etc.
The drawings and specifications present a detailed disclosure of
the preferred embodiments mentioned and it is to be understood that
the invention is not limited to the specific form disclosure, but
covers all modifications, changes and alternative constructions and
methods falling within the scope and principles taught by the
invention.
* * * * *