U.S. patent number 3,603,675 [Application Number 04/846,997] was granted by the patent office on 1971-09-07 for motion picture film reproducing apparatus and method with provision for translation of stop-motion coding.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Visual Instruction Systems Inc.. Invention is credited to Charles Woodruff, deceased.
United States Patent |
3,603,675 |
Woodruff, deceased |
September 7, 1971 |
MOTION PICTURE FILM REPRODUCING APPARATUS AND METHOD WITH PROVISION
FOR TRANSLATION OF STOP-MOTION CODING
Abstract
A copy of a motion picture film is prepared and provided with
stop-motion coding in the form of a strip along the sprocket edge
which includes emulsion-free segments. To accomplish this, an
auxiliary light source is focused on the sprocket edge, and a
shutter is moved into and out of blocking position to produce
alternate emulsion-free and emulsion-covered segments along that
edge. The shutter is operated by a solenoid under control of a
relay. When the copy film is reproduced from a master film having
stop-motion indicia in the form of successive notches indicating
the start and finish respectively of a stop-motion segment, the
relay embodies a push-push type of movement and is under the
control of a microswitch which senses the notches and pulses the
relay at the start and finish.
Inventors: |
Woodruff, deceased; Charles
(LATE OF New York, NY) |
Assignee: |
Visual Instruction Systems Inc.
(New York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
25299524 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/846,997 |
Filed: |
July 28, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
352/56; 352/92;
355/40 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03D
15/00 (20130101); G03B 17/245 (20130101); G03B
2217/243 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03D
15/00 (20060101); G03B 17/24 (20060101); G03b
021/52 (); G03b 027/52 () |
Field of
Search: |
;352/56,92,130,169,236
;355/4D |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Swisher; S. Clement
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In apparatus for reproducing master motion picture film having
indicia thereon positioned in predetermined relation to the
beginning and end respectively of a stop-motion segment on said
master film, said apparatus including means for simultaneously
advancing both said master film and a copy film and projecting the
sequences of frames of said master film for reproduction upon said
copy film; the improvement comprising:
strip-exposing means including a light source arranged for exposing
a fixed point which traces a longitudinal strip on said copy film
as said copy film advances;
means operable for selectively enabling and disabling said
strip-exposing means whereby to obtain a selected sequence of
alternate exposed and unexposed segments along the length of said
longitudinal strip;
an electrically controlled actuator arranged to operate said
enabling and disabling means between the enabling and disabling
conditions thereof;
and means for controlling said actuator, including an electrical
circuit for energizing said actuator, means for sensing said master
film stop-motion indicia, and electrical switching means responsive
to said sensing means for respectively opening and closing said
energizing circuit upon the occurrence of successive indicia
detection events.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein:
said strip-exposing means is arranged in relation to said frame
projecting means so that the boundaries between said exposed and
unexposed strip segments are located in predetermined relation to
the reproduction son said copy film of respective frames of said
stop-motion segment.
3. Apparatus as in claim 2 wherein:
said strip-exposing means is arranged to expose said strip at a
location 11/2 frames of said copy film in advance of the location
at which said frame projecting means reproduces said master film
frames.
4. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein:
said enabling and disabling means is a shutter mechanism operable
between respective positions for selectively blocking and
unblocking the light from said strip-exposing source;
and said actuator is arranged to operate said shutter mechanism
selectively between said blocking and unblocking positions.
5. Apparatus as in claim 4 wherein:
said actuator is a solenoid arranged to drive said shutter
mechanism to one of said positions when energized.
6. Apparatus as in claim 5 wherein:
said solenoid is arranged to release said shutter mechanism when
deenergized;
and said apparatus includes means for returning said shutter to the
other position upon its release.
7. Apparatus as in claim 6 wherein:
said switching means comprises a relay connected to energize and
deenergized said solenoid in response to said sensing means,
8. Apparatus as in claim 7 wherein:
said sensing means comprises means for detecting stop-motion
indicia in the form of notches on said master film, and means
connected to energize said relay in response to each
notch-detecting event;
and said relay is of the type which energizes said shutter actuator
solenoid when said relay is energized one time by said sensing
means and deenergizes said shutter actuator solenoid when said
relay is energized the following time by said sensing means,
whereby one stop-motion indicating notch on said master film opens
said shutter to begin exposing said longitudinal strip on said copy
film and the following notch on said master film closes said
shutter to stop exposing said longitudinal strip on said copy
film.
9. A method of producing a motion picture copy film with
stop-motion coding in the form of a longitudinal strip of alternate
emulsion-covered areas and nonemulsion-covered areas, from a master
film having a different form of stop-motion coding, comprising the
steps of:
simultaneously advancing both said master film and said copy film
while projecting the sequence of frames of said master film upon
said copy film;
directing a light beam at a fixed point which traces the desired
longitudinal strip on said copy film as said copy film is advanced,
said point having a predetermined position relative to the location
at which said frames are projected on said copy film;
detecting said stop-motion coding on said master;
controlling said light beam in accordance with said detected
stop-motion coding of said master so that said copy film is exposed
to said light beam from the time a first frame in a stop-motion
segment is projected until the first frame following said
stop-motion segment is projected, and only during that time;
and thereafter developing said copy film to remove the emulsion
therefrom in the areas which were exposed to said light source.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to motion picture equipment; and
is particularly concerned with apparatus for copying a master
motion picture film having one form of stop-motion indicia, and
converting it to another form on a copy film.
THE PRIOR ART
A known form of audiovisual instruction system displays a motion
picture film, usually of 8 millimeter size, by means of a projector
having a drive motor connected through an electrically
disengageable clutch to a film-advancing mechanism. The sound track
for the audiovisual presentation is synchronized with the motion
picture film, but recorded on a separate magnetic tape, and the
system is integrated in such a way that the motion picture film and
the magnetic tape recording cooperate to achieve single-frame film
advance when required.
Single frame operation is initiated by stop-motion coding in the
form of a longitudinal strip on the sprocket edge of the motion
picture film which is divided into alternate emulsion-covered and
emulsion-free segments. An emulsion-free segment of the code strip
indicates that film frames associated therewith are to be projected
in the single-frame mode. An optical system incorporated in the
film projector detects the presence of such an emulsion-free
segment, and triggers an electrical device which disengages the
projector clutch and stops the film at the desired frame.
Since the motion picture film is now stopped, there is no way that
coding information which appears at a subsequent location on the
film strip can be read and used by the projector for the purpose of
restarting the film. Therefore this function is relegated to the
magnetic tape upon which the sound track is recorded, because that
tape continues to move and reproduce the audio portion of the
presentation even during single frame operation of the film
projector. An appropriate signal, which does not interfere with the
sound track, is recorded upon the magnetic tape and sensed by the
audio playback device, which sends a signal to reengage the
projector clutch, restarting the motion picture film.
As long as an emulsion-free stop-motion coding segment is sensed by
the optical system, the projector will go right back into the
single-frame mode with each succeeding film frame. It then advances
the film on a frame-by-frame basis, each successive frame being
released in response to the audio tape. Finally, when the next
advance of the motion picture film brings the end of the
emulsion-free stop-motion coding segment past the optical sensing
device, the projector thereafter remains in the normal motion mode,
displaying the film at a conventional rate such as 16 frames per
second, until the next emulsion-free stop-motion-coding segment
appears.
Eight millimeter motion picture films of this type are sometimes
prepared by optical copying, with appropriate size reduction, from
a 16 mm. master film which has a stop-motion and conventional
motion pictorial frames printed thereon, together with appropriate
indicia for distinguishing the two. Since it is the usual practice
in the industry for a master film to be used only for printing
copies and never for ordinary projection, the stop-motion indicia
on the master film may be in a form which would not be suitable for
ordinary projection, e.g. notches cut into the sprocket edge of the
master film. One such notch indicates the beginning of a
stop-motion segment, and a following notch indicates the end of
such a segment.
During copying of the master film some technique must be employed
for translating the notch type stop-motion indicia on the master
film into coding in the form of alternate emulsion-free and
emulsion-covered edge segments. In the past this has been done by
mechanically scraping the photographic emulsion from the sprocket
edge of the copy film in those areas where stop-motion coding is
required. This is an undesireable practice, time consuming if
performed by hand, difficult to accomplish by means of automatic
machinery, and dangerous in the sense that the scraping tool
consuming accidentally scrape off some of the content of the copy
film or catch one of the sprocket holes and tear the film.
THE INVENTION
The present invention avoids these pitfalls by the elegantly simple
expedient of optically printing the stop-motion coding on the edge
of the copy film. Subsequently, during conventional development of
the copy film, the emulsion is removed from the exposed areas by
the usual chemical means, leaving the sprocket edge of the film
with the desired pattern of alternate emulsion-free
stop-motion-coded and emulsion-covered noncoded areas.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The single FIG. of the drawing is a schematic representation of a
16 mm. master film and an 8 mm. copy film as they pass through a
conventional film copier device (not illustrated); together with
mechanism in accordance with this invention for optically
translating stop-motion indicia, in the form of notches in the
master film, to emulsion free stop-motion coding segments along the
sprocket edge of the copy film.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
This invention is practiced in conjunction with a film copier
device of a type which is conventional and in the main need not be
illustrated. The copier simultaneously advances a 16 mm. master
film 10 and an 8 mm. copy film 12 in the direction indicated by
arrows 14 and 16 by means of a drive mechanism 17. As the two films
pass through a copier, a conventional projection lamp and optical
projector system incorporated in the copier prints a frame-by-frame
copy of the 16 mm. master film 10 upon the 8 mm. copy film 12, with
appropriate optical size reduction. Specifically, in the
illustrated example a typical segment of the 16 mm. master film
comprises consecutive ordinary motion frames M1, M2 and M3,
stop-motion frames S1, S2 and S3, and additionally ordinary motion
frames M4, M5 and M6 which are reduced in size but otherwise
identically reproduced upon the copy film 12 as ordinary motion
frames M1', M2' and M3', stop-motion frames S1', S2' and S3', and
additional ordinary motion frames M4', M5' and M6'
respectively.
The copy film 12 is intended to be displayed to an audience in such
manner that frames through M3' are shown in a continuing motion
mode, i.e. displayed at 16 frames per second or any other
free-running projection speed, after which the stop motion frames
S1', S2' and S3' are shown one by one. After each of the
stop-motion frames has been this displayed, the next segment of the
film starting with M4' is once again displayed in the ordinary
motion mode. In order to control the switchover from motion mode to
stop-frame and back again, a known form of stop-motion coding
comprising an emulsion-free segment 18 appears along the same edge
of the copy film 12 near which the sprocket holes 20 appear. It
will be appreciated that all other portions of a longitudinal strip
22, which runs along the sprocket-bearing edge of the film, are
covered by a conventional coating or photographic emulsion 24,
except for particular areas from which the emulsion is removed for
stop-motion coding, as in the case of segment 18 of the
longitudinal strip 22.
In the past, in order to create such an emulsion-free island 18 on
edge strip 22, the industry employed a sharp tool for mechanically
scraping off the emulsion 24. According to the present invention,
however, the same result is achieved in a far simpler and safer
manner by employing an auxiliary lamp 26 and an appropriate optical
system (schematically represented by a single lens 28) to expose
the desired stop-motion coding area 18 so that subsequent chemical
development thereof will wash away the emulsion 24 from appropriate
segments of the longitudinal strip 22 as well as from appropriate
areas within the boundaries of pictorial frames M1' through M6'
etc.
In order to start and stop the exposure at the required places
along the length of the edge strip 22, there is provided a shutter
30 which normally rests in a disabling position indicated by the
dashed line representation, but which can be swung into an exposing
position indicated by the solid lines. The disabling position
causes the shutter 30 to interrupt a light beam 34 which emanates
from the auxiliary lamp 26, thus preventing exposure of the edge
strip 22. On the other hand, movement of the shutter 30 into the
exposing position, which is accomplished by a solenoid 36, permits
the optical printing of a stop-motion coding region such as 18.
The 36 must be energized to move the shutter 30 into the exposing
position and thus enable the stop-motion-coding exposure system.
Such energization occurs under control of a relay 38 which connects
solenoid 36 to power terminal 40. Relay 38 in turn is under the
control of a microswitch 42 equipped with a feeler arm 44 for
sensing the passage of stop-motion indicia notches 46 and 48 cut
into the sprocket edge of the 16 mm. master film 10.
When a first stop motion notch 46 engages the switch feeler arm 44
during advance of the master film 10, a first closure of the
microswitch 42 occurs and pulses the relay 38, causing the relay to
energize the solenoid 36, and to keep it energized until the next
actuation of the microswitch 42. During the interval of solenoid
energization the shutter 30 occupies its solid line position,
permitting the auxiliary lamp 26 and optical system 28 to expose
the stop-action coding region 18 of the longitudinal edge strip
22.
The end of the region 18 is determined by sensing of the next
stop-motion notch 48 of the master film 10 by the switch feeler arm
44. This results in a second actuation of the microswitch 42, and a
second pulsing of the relay 38. This relay incorporates a push-push
switch movement of the type which energizes solenoid 36 upon
receiving one pulse from the switch 42, and thereafter keeps the
solenoid energized until the next pulse is received from the switch
42, whereupon it deenergizes the solenoid. Deenergization of the
solenoid 36 allows shutter 30 to return under the influence of a
conventional biasing spring 31, moving in the direction of arrows
32 to its dashed line position.
When in the latter position, shutter 30 once again disables the
optical stop-motion-coding system by blocking light beam 34. As a
result, the following segment of edge strip 22 is not exposed, and
retains its photographic emulsion 24 upon subsequent chemical
development.
It should be clearly understood that the master film 10 and copy
film 12 are both advanced continuously in the direction indicated
by arrows 14 and 16 during the entire time that the optical copying
and size reduction process is in progress. The mere fact that some
of the frames being copied are intended for display in the
single-frame mode during projection for the benefit of an audience
does not require the films to be stopped during copying. Thus the
copying process simply proceeds from start to finish without
interruption, regardless of the content of the audiovisual
presentation being copied. As a result, the stop-motion-indicating
notches such as 46 and 48 on the master film 10 are presented in an
on going sequence to the switch feeler arm 44. Each time a first
stop-motion notch such as 46 is detected, the switch 42, relay 38
and solenoid 36 cause the shutter 30 to enable the optical
stop-motion code-printing apparatus 26, 28; and the next succeeding
stop-motion notch such as 48 disables it and terminates the
printing of a stop-motion code segment in the manner described.
Later on, when the copy film 12 is displayed for the benefit of an
audience as part of an audiovisual educational presentation, frames
through M3' are displayed in the ordinary motion mode, frames S1'
through S3' are displayed in the stop-motion mode, due to the
presence of the code area 18 of a particular length and in a
particular location relative to frames S1' through S3'.
The conventional synchronization spacing between stop-motion
indicia such as 46, 48 and 18 and their associated frames S1
through S3 and S1' through S3' respectively is 11/2 frames. Thus,
the stop-motion starting notch 46 on the master film 10 appears
11/2 frames in advance of its associated first stop-motion frame
S1, and the stop-motion terminating notch 48 appears 11/2 frames in
advance of the first ordinary motion frame M4 which follows the
last stop-motion frame S3 of that sequence. Similarly, a leading
edge 18.1 of the stop-motion coding region 18 appears 11/2 frames
in advance of the associated first stop-motion frame S1 on copy
film 12, while the trailing edge 18.2 of the stop-motion coding
region appears 11/2 frames in advance of the first ordinary motion
frame M4' following the last stop-motion frame S3' in that
particular segment of the copy film 12.
It will now be readily appreciated that the present invention
provides an elegantly simple method and apparatus for optically
translating stop-motion notch indicia into emulsion-free coding
during the process of motion picture film reproduction and that the
approach of this invention is distinctly safer and less troublesome
than the prior art approach of mechanical emulsion-scraping. The
stop-motion coding is printed in latent form by optical means,
following which the conventional step of film development, which is
required in any event to bring out the pictorial content of the
film, is sufficient to remove the emulsion from the stop-motion
code areas.
Since the foregoing description and drawings are merely
illustrative, the scope of protection of the invention has been
more broadly stated in the following claims; and these should be
liberally interpreted so as to obtain the benefit of all
equivalents to which the invention is fairly entitled.
* * * * *