U.S. patent number 3,603,382 [Application Number 04/873,260] was granted by the patent office on 1971-09-07 for radial heat flux transformer.
Invention is credited to Algerd Basiulis, Robert J. Buzzard, N/A, Thomas O. Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Paine.
United States Patent |
3,603,382 |
Paine , et al. |
September 7, 1971 |
RADIAL HEAT FLUX TRANSFORMER
Abstract
A radial heat flux transformer adapted to be employed in the
transfer of thermal energy, particularly suited for use in
delivering energy radially and characterized by two concentric
cylinders interconnected by a network of groups of radially
extended capillary channels having vapor spaces defined
therebetween, a particular feature of the transformer being the
capability of radially delivering vapor as well as its condensate
in opposite radial directions between the concentric cylinders,
whereby the device may be employed interchangeably as a flux
concentrator or a flux radiator.
Inventors: |
Paine; Thomas O. Administrator of
the National Aeronautics and Space (N/A), N/A (Palo
Alto, CA), Buzzard; Robert J. (Palo Alto, CA), Basiulis;
Algerd |
Family
ID: |
25361281 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/873,260 |
Filed: |
November 3, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
165/104.26 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F28D
15/046 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F28D
15/04 (20060101); F28d 015/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;165/105 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Davis, Jr.; Albert W.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A radial heat flux transformer comprising:
A. a first tubular shell;
B. a second tubular shell concentrically related to said first
shell and radially spaced therefrom;
C. a tubular wicking member interposed between said first and said
second tubular shells comprising a plurality of longitudinally
registered, unitary wafers of a similar configuration, each
including a center ring, means defining a multiplicity of channels
radially extended from said ring, and an annulus integrally related
with the distal ends of said means defining said radially extended
channels; and
D. a working fluid disposed within said channels.
2. The transformer of claim 1, wherein said means defines said
channels is fabricated from a woven screenlike material.
Description
ORIGIN OF INVENTION
The invention described herein was made in the performance of work
under a NASA contract and is subject to the provisions of Section
305 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Public Law
85-568 (72 stat. 435; 42 U.S.C. 2457).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to heat pipes and more particularly to a
radial heat flux transformer wherein thermal energy is delivered
radially between concentric cylinders for use in heating and
cooling processes.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A heat pipe essentially is a closed, evacuated chamber whose inside
walls are lined with capillary structure saturated with a volatile
fluid. Normally, a heat pipe includes an evaporator section located
at an energy input end of the pipe and a condenser section located
at an energy output end of the pipe.
Energy in the form of heat is delivered from the evaporator section
to the condenser section by a working fluid employing vapor heat
transfer processes, while capillary action serves to deliver the
liquid condensate to the evaporator section, for thus providing a
closed circuit for the working fluid as it repeatedly is evaporated
and condensed for purposes of transferring heat from the evaporator
to the condenser sections.
The purpose and functions of heat pipes are well known. It should
be appreciated that heat pipes have been made to operate at various
temperatures spanning significantly wide ranges extending from
below the freezing temperature of water to an excess of
3,600.degree. F. In achieving an operative condition, various types
of working fluids have been employed including methanol, acetone,
water, fluidated hydrocarbons, mercury, idium, cesium, potassium,
sodium, lithium, lead, bismuth and a range of inorganic salts,
depending upon the working temperatures. The containment vessels
have been made of glass, ceramic materials, various copper alloys,
stainless steel, and the like, while capillary channels have been
formed of sintered porous matrixes, woven mesh, fiber glass,
longitudinal slots and various combinations of these
structures.
The evaporation and condensation functions of a heat pipe are
essentially independent operations connected only by streams of
vapor and liquid condensate. The patterns and areas of evaporation
and condensation are independent. Thus, the process occurring at
one end of the pipe can take place uniformly or nonuniformly over a
large or small surface area without significantly influencing what
is occuring at the opposite end. This separation of functions is
particularly significant since it permits the heat pipe to be
employed to concentrate or dispense thermal energy. This property
often is called "heat flux transformation." If energy in the form
of heat is introduced into the heat pipe at a slow rate over a
large surface area, the same total amount of working fluid can be
evaporated as when energy is introduced at a high rate over a small
surface area. Similarly, vapor can be condensed rapidly over a
small area or slowly over a large area. It is the ratio of the
surface area of the evaporator to the area of the condenser that
determines the rate at which the energy is concentrated or
dispersed at a constant temperature.
Heretofore, it has been common to employ heat pipe principles for
delivering heat by establishing a flux field extending
longitudinally of the heat pipe with radial delivery being merely
incidental to the operation of the heat pipe.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention employs a new approach to heat flux transformation,
in that it utilizes heat pipe principles to move heat radially from
a shell of a small diameter to a shell of a large diameter, or from
a large diameter outer shell to a small diameter inner shell with a
negligible temperature drop adapted to be employed in those
environments where it is desirable to achieve a heating or a
cooling of concentrically arranged materials, substances and
structures.
Accordingly, an object of the instant invention is to provide an
improved radial heat flux transformer.
Another object is to provide a simplified device capable of being
employed for heating or cooling concentrically arranged
substances.
Another object is to provide a heat transfer device which may
interchangeably be employed as a heat flux radiator or a heat flux
concentrator.
Another object is to provide a simplified radial heat flux
transformer employing a plurality of registered wafers to provide a
cylindrical member having radially extended bundles of capillary
channels and interposed vapor spaces formed of a multiplicity of
registered wafers of a similar configuration and particularly
adapted to utilize heat pipe principles for achieving heat flux
transformation.
These together with other objects and advantages will become more
readily apparent by reference to the following description and
claims in light of the accompanying drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a partially exploded perspective view of a transformer
illustrating the arrangement of the wafers employed in forming the
wicking member of the transformer embodying the principles of the
instant invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view taken generally along the
longitudinal axis of the transformer of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional end view of the transformer of FIG. 1,
taken along a transverse axis.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Turning now to FIG. 1, the transformer embodying the principles of
the present invention includes a first cylinder 10 about which is
concentrically arranged a second cylinder 12. The cylinders 10 and
12 serve as inner and outer shells which together define the
elongated housing for the transformer.
About the cylinder 10 there is arranged a plurality of waferlike,
planar screens 14 formed of a similar configuration and registered
in a manner such that between the cylindrical shells there is
provided a cylindrical body 16. The body serves as a wicking member
for a transformer.
The wafers 14 are stamped or otherwise formed of any convenient
material capable of establishing capillary channels. As presently
employed, the wafers are formed of moly screen stamped to provide
waferlike screen members. The specific materials employed in the
fabrication of the wafers is dictated by the intended operating
temperature of the transformer. Various materials can be employed
such as, for example, stainless steel, molybdenum, or other
refractory materials. Since the material employed may be selected
from various types of materials normally employed in wicking
members, a detailed description thereof is omitted.
Each of the wafers 14 is so stamped as to provide an inner ring
portion 20 having extended therefrom radial portions 22. These
portions terminate in a circumscribing annulus 24 whereby capillary
channels are established between the inner surface of the portion
20 and the outer surface of the annulus 24. Between adjacent radial
portions 22 there is defined a plurality of voids serving as vapor
spaces 26 through which a vapor is radially propagated employing
the well-known principles of the heat pipe.
The wafers 14, which define the body 16, are stacked in
registration so that the capillary portions define axially
elongated and radially extended bridges operatively coupling the
annulus 24 with the ring 20.
Within the transformer, there is deposited a premeasured quantity
of working fluid 30. The specific quantity of working fluid
employed is not deemed critical. However, it is to be understood
that a quantity sufficient to completely saturate the capillary
channels is provided. Therefore, as illustrated, the working fluid
is deposited in the interstices of the wafers 14 and, in operation,
is displaced through the capillary channels from the cooled to the
heated surfaces of the transformer employing capillary action.
As best illustrated in FIG. 3, the working fluid 30 progresses, in
a liquid form, between the cylinders 10 and 12 through the
capillary portions 22 and is returned, in vapor form, through the
vapor spaces 26. Solid lines serve to illustrate the path of the
working fluid, when the transformer is employed as a radiator,
while the dotted lines serve to illustrate the paths of the working
fluid when employed as a concentrator.
In assembling the transformer embodying the principles of the
instant invention, the first, or inner cylinder 10, is placed
within the outer cylinder shell 12. The two shells are then
connected by means of an end plate 40, welded in place with an
electron beam welder, in a manner such that a concentric
relationship is established. The wafers 14, having been stamped to
a desired configuration, such as that shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, are
inserted into the resulting structure in a manner such that the
ring 20 is in sliding engagement with the external surface of the
first cylinder 10, and the external surface of the annulus 24 is in
engagement with the internal surface of the second cylinder 12.
With the transformer thus assembled a premeasured quantity of
working fluid is placed in the openings or vapor spaces 26. If the
working fluid is of a very high purity, then it is distilled into
the housing employing high temperature degassing and processing
techniques which form no specific part of this invention. The
resulting structure is then closed by a second cover plate 42
seated at the opposite end of the transformer from the plate 40,
and welded in place. It is to be understood that the entire
fabrication is performed in a vacuum so that a vacuum is
established within the transformer. As a practical matter, the
process may be carried out in an argon atmosphere so that an inert
atmosphere is established within the transformer.
OPERATION
It is believed that in view of the foregoing description, the
operation of the device will be readily understood and it will be
briefly reviewed at this point. With the transformer assembled in a
manner heretofore described, the capillary portions 22 provide a
myriad of capillary channels arranged in groups and extending
radially from the ring 20 to the annulus 24, while the voids
between the groups serve to provide vapor spaces through which are
established paths for the flow of vaporized working fluid. It is to
be understood that the term "radially" is intended to encompass any
disposition having a sufficient radial component to permit the
capillary heat pipe transfer of thermal energy and is not intended
to mean precise radial disposition even though efficiency is
normally enhanced by relatively closely approaching precise radial
disposition.
When the transformer is to be employed as a radiator, thermal
energy first is transferred through the first cylinder 10, so that
this cylinder functions as an evaporator, for driving the
evaporated working fluid radially toward the annulus 24, where the
energy is given up, as indicated by solid lines in FIG. 3. As the
vapor traverses the vapor space, condensation occurs at the annulus
24, whereupon capillary action is employed to deliver the cooled
working fluid along a plurality of return paths to the ring 20,
also as best illustrated in solid lines in FIG. 3.
When the transformer is used as a flux concentrator, that is for
concentrating thermal energy at the internal surface of the
cylinder 10, energy is applied to the external surface of the
cylinder 12, which now serves as an evaporator for establishing a
flow of vapor toward the cylinder 10, as illustrated in the dotted
lines in FIG. 3. In such instances, heat applied to the external
surface of the cylinder 12 evaporates and drives the working fluid
toward the cylinder 10 whereupon the working fluid is condensed and
caused to return toward the cylinder 12 through capillary
attraction in the manner consistent with the principles of the heat
pipe. When the transformer is employed as a flux concentrator, the
outer shell becomes the evaporator and the inner shell becomes a
condenser. The flux concentration ratio can be expressed as a ratio
of diameters or DI/DO where DI and DO are the inner and outer
diameters, respectively, of the the heat flux transformer.
Although the invention has been herein shown and described in what
is conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it
is recognized that departures may be made therefrom within the
scope of the invention.
* * * * *