U.S. patent number 3,602,001 [Application Number 05/034,779] was granted by the patent office on 1971-08-31 for thermoelectric heating and ventilating device.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army. Invention is credited to Siegfried F. Bauer, Andrew M. Bernard, Leonard J. Fox, Leo A. Spano.
United States Patent |
3,602,001 |
Bauer , et al. |
August 31, 1971 |
THERMOELECTRIC HEATING AND VENTILATING DEVICE
Abstract
A self-powered, heating and ventilating device for ventilating
the interior f an impermeable garment which utilizes an
electrically powered fan to propel heated or ambient air within the
garment. The electrical energy is produced by a thermoelectric
generator which converts thermal energy, produced by the combustion
of a liquid fuel, to electrical energy. The heated air utilized to
heat the interior of said garment is obtained from heat rejected by
finned elements on the cold side of the generator.
Inventors: |
Bauer; Siegfried F. (Lima,
OH), Bernard; Andrew M. (McMurray, PA), Fox; Leonard
J. (Lima, OH), Spano; Leo A. (Cumberland, RI) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Army (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
21878544 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/034,779 |
Filed: |
May 5, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/3.5; 607/107;
165/46; 219/212 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A41D
13/0051 (20130101); A62B 17/005 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A41D
13/005 (20060101); A62B 17/00 (20060101); F25b
021/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;62/3 ;165/46 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wye; William J.
Claims
WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A portable self-powered, heating and ventilating device which
provides a flow of air to heat or ventilate the interior of an
impermeable suit or garment and is adapted to be carried on the
back of the wearer, which device comprises
a. a liquid fuel reservoir in which liquid fuel is maintained under
a substantially constant pressure despite the attitude of said
reservoir,
b. a burner in which said liquid fuel is converted to thermal
energy,
c. conduit means connecting said reservoir to said burner and
controlling the flow of fuel to said burner,
d. thermoelectric generating means for directly converting thermal
energy to electrical power having an inner hot core through which
the heated products of combination generated by said burner pass
and having an outer cold side,
e. generator air-blower means, electrically powered, for delivering
a flow of air through said burner for combustion and for delivering
a flow of air to the cold side of the thermoelectric generator to
remove heat therefrom,
f. suit blower means, electrically powered, adapted to deliver a
flow of air which is drawn from outside of the system or from the
airflow which has been heated by the cold side of the
thermoelectric generator,
g. an adjustable airflow control means to regulate the desired
mixture of the outside air or heated air which is to be delivered
to the suit and
h. electrical circuit means to deliver electrical power from said
thermoelectric generating means to said generator air blower means
and said suit blower means.
2. A portable self-powered, heating and ventilating device
according to claim 1 having an auxiliary electrical means and
circuit means, to power said generator blower means when said
thermoelectric generating means is not operating.
3. A portable self-powered, heating and ventilating device
according to claim 2 wherein said auxiliary electrical means is a
rechargeable battery and having a rechargeable circuit means to
conduct electrical power from said thermoelectric generating means
to said battery to recharge said battery.
4. A portable self-powered, heating and ventilating device
according to claim 3 having an appropriate switch control means to
select the circuit means desired.
5. A portable self-powered, heating and ventilating device
according to claim 4 wherein the hot core of the thermoelectric
generator has a multipass ducting system through which the hot
combustion gases flow which serves to minimize the temperature
gradient along the hot core of the thermoelectric generator.
6. A portable self-powered, heating and ventilating device
according to claim 5 wherein the cold side of the thermoelectric
generator has finned heat exchanges from which heat is removed by
the airflow produced by the generator airblower.
7. A portable self-powered, heating and ventilating device
according to claim 6 wherein said thermoelectric generator has
venting means associated therewith through which the airflow heated
by the finned heat exchangers can be vented to the atmosphere and
wherein said thermoelectric generator has a duct associated
therewith which can carry air heated by the finned heat exchangers
to the said suit blower means.
8. A portable self-powered, heating and ventilating device
according to claim 7 wherein said thermoelectric generator is a
generally cylindrical device having an inner cylindrical heat
core.
9. A portable self-powered, heating and ventilating device
according to claim 8 wherein said fuel reservoir is divided into
two compartments separated by a flexible impermeable membrane, one
of which compartments contains the liquid fuel and communicates
with said fuel conduit means and the other compartment contains air
under pressure.
Description
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and
licensed by or for the Government for governmental purposes without
the payment to us of any royalty thereon.
This invention relates to a portable, self-powered heating and
ventilating device which provides a flow of air to heat or
ventilate the interior of an impermeable garment, or suit.
The protection of individuals, exposed to a wide range of hostile
environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes or toxic
agents, ideally requires complete isolation of the individual from
that hostile environment. If the individual is to be unrestrained
and mobile, he must be inclosed within a personal protective system
which provides the requisite hospitable internal environment. A
protective system, which would least interfere with the activity of
the wearer, should be a lightweight garment, or suit, which
completely incloses the individual and is both liquid and gastight.
Lightweight, impermeable garments and protective helmets are
available to provide the required isolation and protection, and
filter devices are available to remove the toxic agents from air
drawn into the internal environment. The heretofore unavailable
component for such a protective system has been a lightweight
portable device, capable of generating a flow of air to heat or
ventilate the interior of the protective clothing system for a
reasonable period of time. Substantial quantities of air are
required to flow through such impermeable, protective garments to
keep the wearer in thermal balance by removing therefrom moisture
given off by the body, and excess body heat when operating under
high environmental temperatures or by adding needed heated air when
operating under low environmental temperatures.
A device capable of supplying a flow of air to heat or ventilate
the entire impermeable protective suit or garment must of necessity
be portable, i.e., susceptible of being carried about by the
wearer, lightweight so as not to unduly fatigue or hinder the
activity of the wearer, and selfpowered to maintain a source of
power or energy to perform its function for reasonable lengths of
time. The device of this invention meets the foregoing requirements
while supplying a flow of air of a least 18 c.f.m. at standard
temperature and pressure against 4.0 inches water column static
pressure. The fan which supplies the flow of air is driven by
electrical power generated by a thermoelectric device which
converts thermal energy directly into electrical energy.
Thermoelectric power generation, referred to as the Seebeck effect,
requires a closed circuit containing two dissimilar thermoelectric
materials in contact, with the junction of each material maintained
at different temperatures. Thermoelectric materials, which are
preferably semiconductors, such as bismuth telluride and lead
telluride, are of two different types, the "P" type which receives
electrons and the "N" type which gives up electrons. Such
thermoelectric materials are well known in the art.
The features of this invention will become apparent from the
following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the fuel, air and heat flow of the
present invention;
FIG. 2 is a view in side elevation of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the device shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the same device;
FIG. 5 is a view partially in section taken along the line 5--5 of
FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the electrical circuit of this
invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a flow diagram which
functionally depicts the fuel flow, combustion, heat flow, and
airflow of the system which will be described in detail
hereinafter, when the operation of the device is disclosed.
FIG. 2 depicts a preferred embodiment of the heating and
ventilating device of this invention wherein the device is inclosed
within an outer, rigid, protective shell 10 which can be
disassembled to allow access to the components of the device. The
source of energy to power the device is a volatile hydrocarbon
fuel, such as gasoline or kerosene, which is contained within a
fuel reservoir or tank 20. Located at the upper end of the tank 20
is a threadably removable, filler cap 21 which covers the opening
through which the fuel is introduced into the tank. A flexible
rubber diaphragm 22 divides the fuel tank into two compartments, an
upper compartment 23 which contains the fuel and a lower
compartment 24 which contains air under pressure. Fuel
pressurization is accomplished with a manually operated air pump 25
which pressurizes the air compartment. The rubber diaphragm 22
being a flexible member transmits the pressure within the air
compartment to the fuel and maintains the fuel under a
substantially constant pressure despite any change in the attitude
of the tank. A miniature pressure gage 26 in communication with the
air compartment, is provided to monitor the internal pressure of
the tank. An air bleed valve 27 contained in the filler cap permits
the air to be moved from the fuel compartment after pressurization
and a bleed valve 28 within the air compartment relieves the
pressure in that compartment prior to refilling.
Fuel flows from the pressurized fuel tank 20 through a fuel
metering system which regulates the fuel pressure and meters the
fuel flow to the burner 40. As shown in FIG. 2, a hollow fuel tube
30 communicates with and proceeds from the upper compartment 23 of
fuel tank 20 and carries the fuel to a high-pressure regulator 31
and then to a low-pressure regulator 32 which is manually
adjustable. The two stage pressure regulation system functions to
provide a constant fuel flow to the burner. Adjustments are made in
the low-pressure regulator to compensate for changes in fuel
viscosity to insure a constant fuel flow rate. A shutoff valve 33
is also provided on the fuel line to permit positive fuel shutoff.
The fuel then flows through a flexible tube 34 to the burner 40 and
the fuel is metered to the burner through a capillary tube (not
shown in the drawing) to insure proper fuel metering for the low
fuel flow involved (approximately 0.22 lbs. per hr.).
The burner assembly shown in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5 consists of a burner
40, an axial flow blower 41, referred to hereinafter as the
generator blower and a swivel base 42, or support. The swivel base
allows the burner assembly to be removed away from its operative
position against the thermoelectric generator 50 so that the
fuel-air mixture may be ignited. The swivel base has a U-shaped
configuration with the base being attached to the outer shell and
having spaced-apart, upstanding, parallel sides 43 which support
the burner assembly. A pair of spaced-apart pins 44 on either side
of the assembly are supported in spaced-apart slots 45 on each
upstanding side of the swivel base with the slots being configured
so as to allow the burner assembly to be directed away from the
thermoelectric generator and to be rotated upwardly to facilitate
ignition.
The burner is a lightweight, low-pressure multifuel device, such as
the burner described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,324,921 to Fox et al. Fuel
is fed through the fuel line to the center of the burner where the
fuel is absorbed on a feltlike refractory or ceramic wick 46 and
transported to the outer periphery of the wick. Air from the
generator blower 41 passes through openings in the burner and exits
with the fuel as it vaporizes with the wick. Openings at the
periphery of the burner allow additional air to mix with the richly
burning fuel-air mixture at the wick periphery. A baffle plate 47
located a short distance in front of the wick holds the flame front
at the burner head and provides a heat source to hasten
vaporization of the fuel. After the burner is ignited and is
operating properly, the burner assembly is returned to its position
against the thermoelectric generator and is held in place under
tension by means of tension springs 48 on either side of the
assembly.
The thermoelectric generator 50 consists of 16 individual
thermoelectric modules 51 positioned around an octagonal core. Each
module consists of 22 "P" and "N" type bismuth telluride and lead
telluride pellets which are electrically connected in series. The
modules are also connected in series to obtain the required voltage
(12 volts). Finned heat exchangers 52 are used to remove heat at
the cold side of the modules. Ambient air is forced by the
generator blower 41 across the finned heat exchangers to remove
heat from the cold side of the thermoelectric modules. This
airflow, in picking up heat from the finned heat exchangers,
provides the clean, heated, airflow required for the heating
function of this device. The generator is inclosed within a
cylindrical housing 53 and the upper end of the housing is covered
with a circular plate 54 having a plurality spaced-apart openings.
A shutter plate 55, rotatably mounted above the circular plate, as
shown in FIGS. 3 and 5 has a plurality of similarly spaced openings
56 which may be placed in register in the openings of said circular
plate. With the openings in register, the airflow from the modules
can be vented to the atmosphere. When the openings are closed, the
heated air is forced to travel along a hot air duct 57 to a point
where it may be pumped into the impermeable protective garment. The
electrical power generated by the thermoelectric generator drives
the generator blower, the suit blower 60 and as will be described
later, also recharges a battery and provides a source of electrical
power which may be utilized for some external requirement.
The hot core of the generator surrounds a cylindrical combustion
chamber 58 which is shown in FIG. 5. The heat required by the
thermoelectric generator is derived from the hot gases produced by
the combustion process which gases flow through a three-pass
ducting system, identified as 58, 58' and 58", which minimizes the
temperature gradient along the hot core. After passing through the
ducting system, the combustion gases are vented through the
atmosphere through an exhaust tube 59 shown in FIG. 2.
A centrifugal fan or blower, hereinafter referred to as the suit
blower 60, provides the flow of air which is used to ventilate the
interior of the impermeable suit. Clean atmospheric air can be
taken in directly from an air inlet opening 61 shown in FIG. 4, and
propelled by the blower out through an air outlet opening 62. In
operation, the air outlet opening would be connected with a
flexible conduit (not shown) which would deliver the flow of air to
an opening in the suit. When desired, heating air from the cold
side of the thermoelectric generator is delivered through a hot air
return duct 57 to the suit blower. The temperature of the air
delivered to the air outlet opening by the suit blower is
controlled manually by means of an air temperature adjustment knob
63. This knob controls by mechanical linkage 68 the shutter valve
at the top of the thermoelectric generator and also simultaneously
controls a second air valve which controls the air inlet opening.
When cool air is required, the valve controlling the air inlet
opening is opened permitting atmospheric air to be drawn into the
suit blower and simultaneously the shutter valve is opened wide to
permit the heated air from the cold side of the generator to pass
directly out to the atmosphere. When warmer air is required, the
air inlet opening is gradually restricted and the shutter valve
simultaneously gradually closed until the proper temperature is
achieved. As shown in FIG. 3, control over the shutter opening is
achieved by means of thin cords 64 attached to diametrically
opposite points on the shutter plate 55 which cords are drawn over
spaced-apart pulleys 65 and attached to opposite ends of a pivot
bar 67. As the pivot bar is turned in one direction, the cords
cause the shutter to rotate in one direction to close the openings
and when the pivot bar is turned in the opposite direction, the
shutter turns causing the shutter opening to register with the
plate openings. A mechanical linkage 68 connects the pivot bar to
the shaft 69 bearing the temperature adjustment knob 63 so that by
turning the temperature control knob, the mechanical linkage causes
the pivot bar to be pivoted upwardly or downwardly, thereby closing
the shutter.
The electrical circuits for this invention are shown schematically
in FIG. 6. The components in the circuit consist of a three-deck,
single-pole switch 70 which controls the various circuits, a
rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery 71, a thermoelectric generator
72, a generator blower 73, a suit blower 74, a voltage regulation
device consisting of a 13 volt Zener diode 75, and a 75 ohm
resistor 76. Each of the three decks has six switch positions which
are numbered from one to six in the diagram. In position No. 1, the
Off position, only the thermoelectric generator 72 is connected to
the generator blower 73 to facilitate cooling of the system during
shut down. When set in position No. 2, the Ignition position, the
generator blower is energized by the battery at reduced voltage
because of the 75 ohm resistor in the circuit. Position No. 3, the
Battery-Powered position, the generator blower is energized by the
battery at full battery voltage. Position No. 4, referred to as the
Self-Powered position, causes the generator blower to be energized
by the thermoelectric generator and the excess thermoelectric
generator power to be dissipated by the voltage regulating Zener
diode. In this position, the battery may also be charged from an
external source by connecting said source to the battery terminal
77 and the common negative terminal 78. Position No. 5 on the
switch, the Suit Blower position, causes the generator blower and
the suit blower to be energized by the thermoelectric generator and
the battery to be charged and the voltage regulated by the Zener
diode. In position No. 6, the External Load position, power is
supplied to external load connection terminals 79 and 78 and to the
generator blower by the thermoelectric generator, the battery is
charged and the voltage is limited by the Zener diode.
Particular reference is now made to FIG. 1 in connection with the
following description of the operation of the present invention.
The device is first positioned so that the fuel tank 20 is upright.
The air bleed valve 28 is opened to relieve the pressure within the
air compartment of the fuel tank. The bleed valve 27 on the filler
cap 21 is then opened and air forced within the fuel compartment to
cause the diaphragm 22 to be forced to the bottom of the fuel tank.
The filler cap is removed and the tank compartment 23 filled with
fuel. When the cap has been replaced, both bleed valves are closed
and the air compartment is pressurized with the hand pump 25 to 50
p.s.i.g. Air within the fuel compartment is removed by opening the
bleed valve in the filler cap and allowing the air to escape and
thereafter closing the valve. The manually adjustable low pressure
regulator 32 is adjusted to provide the proper fuel flow rate by
compensating for changes in fuel viscosity caused by ambient
conditions such as temperature, humidity and wind conditions.
The burner assembly is withdrawn from its position against the
thermoelectric generator and pivoted upwardly. The Shut-Off valve
is opened allowing the fuel to flow to the burner and after an
approximately 60 second delay, to permit the fuel to wet the
ceramic felt wick, the electrical switch 70 is turned from the Off
position to position No. 3, held there momentarily and then turned
to position No. 2. The fuel-air mixture at the head of the burner
is ignited with a match or lighter. Following ignition, the switch
is returned to position No. 3. The air temperature adjustment knob
is turned to the extreme cool position and after observing that the
burner is operating satisfactorily, the burner assembly is returned
to its position against the thermoelectric generator. After
operating for several minutes, during which the products of
combustion and heating gases flow through and heat the hot core of
the thermoelectric generator, the electrical switch is placed on
position No. 4 which cuts out the battery and allows the
thermoelectric generator to power the generator blower. The
generator blower provides air for the burner which ultimately
leaves the system as combustion exhaust gases. The generator blower
also provides a flow of air which passes across the finned heated
exchange generator along the cold side of the thermoelectric
modules and is either vented as heated air or is conducted to the
suit blower. Heat generated by the burner passes through the
three-pass ducting system and heats the hot side of the
thermoelectric modules. Some of this heat escapes with the
combustion gases and some of the heat flows across the module
junctions and is rejected by finned heat exchangers. After several
more minutes of operation to allow the thermoelectric generator to
come to full power, the switch is advanced to position No. 5 or 6,
depending on whether the power is to be used to drive the suit
blower or to supply some external requirement. When operating in
position No. 5, the air valves are adjusted to obtain the desired
amount of heated and ambient air. To shut down the device, the
shutoff valve 33 is closed, the switch 70 turned to position No. 1
which allows the generator blower to cool down the device.
The foregoing description has been set forth only to illustrate the
principles of the invention. Accordingly, it is desired that the
invention be not limited by the embodiment described, but, rather,
that it be accorded an interpretation consistent with the scope and
spirit of its broad principles.
* * * * *