U.S. patent number 3,601,618 [Application Number 04/841,286] was granted by the patent office on 1971-08-24 for refrigerator unit used for a freight container.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Daikin Kogyo Co.. Invention is credited to Tetsuji Arai, Akira Goto, Katsumasa Hatamoto, Joji Ochi, Toshiyuki Toyonaka.
United States Patent |
3,601,618 |
Toyonaka , et al. |
August 24, 1971 |
REFRIGERATOR UNIT USED FOR A FREIGHT CONTAINER
Abstract
A refrigerator unit used for a freight container which may be
operated at various places where the line voltages of available
power are different, for example, 200 v. class and 400 v. class,
said unit comprising electric loads rated for the dual voltages,
switches for selecting appropriate power input terminals or relays
for detecting the voltage of the connected power line, switches for
changing connections of the electric loads so as to match the rated
voltage of said loads with the power voltage, the above switches
and relays being all interconnected to ensure safe operation.
Inventors: |
Toyonaka; Toshiyuki (N/A),
Goto; Akira (N/A), Ochi; Joji (N/A), Hatamoto;
Katsumasa (N/A), Arai; Tetsuji (N/A, JA) |
Assignee: |
Co.; Daikin Kogyo (JA)
|
Family
ID: |
27276129 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/841,286 |
Filed: |
July 14, 1969 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Jul 20, 1968 [JA] |
|
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43/62233 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
307/9.1;
318/770 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H02P
4/00 (20130101); F25B 49/025 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F25B
49/02 (20060101); H02P 4/00 (20060101); H02G
003/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;307/10,11,18,19,43,17,64,75,80 ;318/225,226 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Schaefer; Robert K.
Assistant Examiner: Hohauser; H. J.
Claims
What we claim is:
1. A refrigerator unit for use in a freight container which may be
commonly connected to available power lines of at least two classes
of line voltage, said unit comprising:
at least one dual-rated electric motor constructed so as to be
adaptable to either of two classes of line voltages by simply
changing electric connections of said motor,
a first means which is connectable to electrical power lines for
discriminating between said two classes of line voltages,
a second means for changing said electric connections of said
motor, and
a third means for interlocking said first means with said second
means so as to match the rated voltage of said motor with the
voltage of said electrical lines with which said refrigerator unit
maybe connected.
2. A refrigerator unit as in claim 1, wherein:
said first means comprises two power input branches,
each branch including a power plug of a particular formation which
does not fit a receptacle prepared for the other plug and a switch
is interlocked with a switch of the other branch so as to operate
contrari-wise, and
said first means, second means and third means comprise a single
gang switch.
3. A refrigerator unit as in claim 2, wherein:
said gang switch includes an additional pair of component switch
means connected in a control circuit of an electromagnetic
contactor for selecting a terminal which insures that the rated
voltage of said contactor matches with the line voltage,
main contacts of said contactor being provided on the power side of
said second means, and
said additional pair of switches being arranged in said gang switch
in such a manner that each of said pair of switches is opened
before or closed after the other component switches of the
corresponding operation are opened or closed respectively.
4. A refrigerator unit as in claim 1, wherein:
said second means comprises a group of electromagnetic
contactors,
said first means comprises a voltage detecting means connected with
the power lines of the unit, and
said third means comprises an appropriate number of relays for
controlling energization of exciting coils of said electromagnetic
contactors according to the result of the detection by said first
means.
5. A refrigerator unit as in claim 4, wherein said voltage
detecting means comprises:
a transformer connected with the power lines of the unit for
providing two classes of secondary voltages corresponding to said
two classes of line voltages,
a quick-acting relay connected with lower voltage secondary
terminals of said transformer for acting quickly when the
refrigerator unit is connected with a power line of a higher
voltage class but which will not act when the unit is connected
with a power line of a lower voltage class, and
a slow-acting relay connected with higher voltage secondary
terminals of said transformer for acting slowly whenever the
refrigerator unit is connected with either power line,
said quick-acting relay and said slow-acting relay being
interlocked so as to prevent the opposite relay from operating when
activated.
6. A refrigerator unit as defined in claim 4, wherein said voltage
detecting means comprises a static voltage relay of a semiconductor
type.
7. A refrigerator unit as in claim 1, wherein:
said electric motor comprises a three-phase motor of which each of
three delta-connected windings or star-connected windings comprises
two substantially equal component windings and,
said second means functions to change the connections of said
component windings in each phase between series and parallel
connections so that said refrigerator can be operated with either
of two line voltages, one of which is substantially twice as high
as the other voltage.
8. A refrigerator unit as in claim 1, wherein:
said electric motor comprises a three-phase, motor, and
said second means functions to change the connections of phase
windings of said motor between star connection and delta connection
so that said refrigerator can be operated with either of two line
voltages, one of which is substantially 3 times as high as the
other voltage.
9. A refrigerator unit as in claim 7, wherein an overload detecting
element is connected in series with one of said component windings
in at least two phase windings.
10. A refrigerator unit as in claim 8, wherein an overload
detecting element is connected in series with each of at leas two
phase windings.
11. A refrigerator unit used for a freight container, comprising
electric loads whose rated voltage is equal to one of two classes
of line voltages with either of which said refrigerator unit is to
be operated, a first means as to contributes to select one of said
two classes of line voltages, a transformer to whose secondary
terminals are connected said electric loads and which is
constructed so that the secondary voltage thereof is equal to the
rated voltage of said loads and accordingly to said one of two line
voltages when a voltage equal to the other of said two line
voltages is applied to the primary windings thereof, a second means
for disconnecting said transformer from the power circuit and
making a circuit bypassing said transformer, and a third means for
interlocking said first means with said second means so as to match
the rated voltage of said load with the voltage of the power line
with which said refrigerator unit is connected.
12. A refrigerator unit for use in a freight container which may be
connected to either of different electrical supply lines providing
at least two classes of line voltages without any danger of
mismatching electrical loads with available line voltages, said
unit comprising:
at least one dual-rated electrical load which maybe operated at
either of said two classes of line voltages by changing terminal
connections thereto,
a first means for connecting said unit to available electrical
power supply lines,
a second means connected between said first means and said load for
changing said terminal connections, and
interlock means for preventing the energization of said load unless
said terminal connections are proper for matching the load to the
available class of line voltage.
13. A refrigerator unit as in claim 12 wherein:
said first means includes voltage detecting means for automatically
determining the class of available line voltage connected thereto,
and
said second means and said interlock means comprise electrically
controlled switch means connected to said first means and
automatically controlled thereby.
Description
This invention relates to a refrigerator unit used for a freight
container, particularly to the electric system of such a
refrigerator unit which is adapted for use in places of different
line voltage.
A freight container, in this specification, means an enclosed and
thermally insulated box equipped, or adapted to be equipped, with a
refrigerator including for example a compressor, condenser,
expansion valve and a cooler as well as electric motors and
heaters, which is used for transporting perishable goods, being
carried on board a lorry or ship.
Such a container, as is natural from its object of use, is often
transported to various countries of the world by land as well as by
sea, or periodically transferred between two places. Unfortunately,
however, the line voltage of power distribution systems are not the
same throughout the world. It differs with countries, areas within
a country, ships, railroads and even between firms. The line
voltages are generally divided into two categories, 200 v. class
and 400 v. class. On the other hand, conventional refrigerated
containers are generally rated for a single class of voltage. This
has been hindering refrigerated containers from being conveniently
used in a larger sphere. In certain cases, it has been necessary to
install a special power unit to accommodate refrigerated
containers.
The main object of this invention is to provide a refrigerator unit
for a freight container which can be easily and safely operated
with either of the line voltages of the above-mentioned two voltage
classes.
In order to achieve the above object, the refrigerator unit of this
invention comprises electric motors constructed so as to be
adaptable to either of the two classes of line voltages by simply
changing the electric connections of said motor, a first means
which contributes to discriminate said two classes of line
voltages, a second means for changing said electric connections of
said motors, and a third means for interlocking said first means
with said second means so as to match the rated voltage of said
motors with the voltage of the power line with which said
refrigerator unit is connected.
More specifically, in one aspect of this invention, the
refrigerator unit includes dual-rated electric motors and heaters,
and switches for selecting connections of said electric
apparatuses, power supply circuits and control circuits according
to the class of line voltage, said switches being mutually
interlocked so that no danger will occur even if a wrong power
switch is turned on or the power cable has been connected with a
wrong power outlet, and moreover the refrigerator unit is provided
with two power connectors of different types, each to be connected
with the respective power source of the different voltage classes,
in order to minimize the probability of misconnection.
In another modification of this invention, the above-mentioned
switches are further interlocked with electromagnetic contactors
through which the loads are controlled, to prevent the switches
from dealing with heavy current at the start and stop of the
motors.
In still another modification of this invention, the refrigerator
unit is provided with a transformer which is inserted into the
power line or bypassed by means of a switch depending on the class
of the line voltage, so that the unit can be operated with either
of the line voltages.
In a further modified type of this invention, the refrigerator unit
includes an automatic switching device in the control circuit,
which detects the class of the line voltage and makes appropriate
connections of the electric apparatuses or loads according to the
voltage class, it being only necessary for the operator to connect
the unit with the power source.
In a still further modification of this invention, the refrigerator
unit includes current detecting elements for protecting a motor
from overload, which are connected in a manner that the same
detecting elements are equally effective for an operation under
either of two classes of line voltage.
Other objects and features of this invention will be clarified in
the following description given in connection with embodiments of
the invention and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in
which;
FIG. 1 is a connection diagram of an embodiment of this invention
in which the switching of the electric connections are performed
with manual switches;
FIG. 2 is a connection diagram of an embodiment of a simpler type
of the refrigerator unit of this invention, of which the manual
switches can be integrated into a compact cam switch;
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the operational sequence of the cam
switch which may be used in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a connection diagram of an automatic type of embodiment
of this invention;
FIG. 5 is a connection diagram of another automatic type of
embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the static voltage relay which is used
in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5;
FIGS. 7a and 7b are connection diagrams of windings in a dual-rated
three-phase induction motor used in this invention, FIG. 7a being
for use with a 400 v. class line voltage and FIG. 7b for use with a
200 v. class voltage;
FIGS. 8a and 8b are connection diagrams of windings in a dual-rated
single-phase induction motor used in this invention, FIG. 8a being
for the use in a 400 v. system and FIG. 8b for the use in 200 v.
system; and
FIG. 9 is a connection diagram of an embodiment of this invention
in which a transformer is used for adapting the loads to the line
voltage of the different voltage classes.
In the above drawings, it should be noted that the motors shown in
FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5 have been assumed to have the connections as
shown in FIGS. 7a and 7b, and that single-phase motors and heaters
are not shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 just for simplification of the
explanation. Also, in FIG. 2, heaters are omitted for the same
reason.
Throughout the drawings, the whole connection diagram of the
refrigerator unit is divided into three sections, that is, input
section, load section and control section, respectively being
indicated by characters A, B and C. Generally, characters R, S, T
indicate power input terminals; particularly R.sub..sub.1, S.sub.1,
T.sub.1 being such terminals which are to be connected with 200 v.
class power lines, while R.sub.2, S.sub.2, T.sub.2 are for 400 v.
class power lines.
Referring to FIG. 1, P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 indicate plugs connected
with the input terminals R.sub.1, S.sub.1, T.sub.1 and R.sub.2,
S.sub.2, T.sub.2 respectively through appropriate cables. Plugs
P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 have respectively different formations so as
not to allow misconnection. That is to say, plug P.sub.1 is adapted
only to a 200 v. receptacle, while plug P.sub.2 only to a 400 v.
receptacle. Reference character CB indicate a circuit breaker. The
refrigerator includes a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve
and a cooler which constitute the known refrigerating cycle. In
other words, the electric load includes a compressor motor M.sub.1,
fan motors M.sub.2 and M.sub.3 for the condenser, and fan motors
M.sub.4 and M.sub.5 for the cooler. The compressor motor M.sub.1 is
a dual-voltage three-phase induction motor and has delta-connected
stator windings. Each branch of the delta consists of two windings
which are to be connected in series for use in 400 v. lines as
shown in FIG. 7a or connected in parallel for use in 200 v. lines
as shown in FIG. 7b. The fan motors M.sub.2, M.sub.3, M.sub.4 and
M.sub.5 are single-phase induction motors. For 400 v. operation,
windings of the single-phase motor may be connected as shown in
FIG. 8a. That is, the main coil (u.sub.1 -v.sub.1 ) is connected in
parallel with the series connection of the auxiliary coil (u.sub.1
-y) and a capacitor, and an additional coil (u.sub.2 -v.sub.2 ) is
connected in series with the above parallel connection. FOr 200 v.
operation, the connection should be as shown in FIG. 8b, the
additional coil also being connected in parallel with the
above-mentioned parallel connection. Electromagnetic contactors
MS.sub.1 controls the compressor motor M.sub.1 and the condenser
motors M.sub.2 and M.sub.3 ; while electromagnetic contactor
MS.sub.2 controls the fan motors M.sub.4 and M.sub.5 of the cooler.
Reference character WS indicates a water switch. The refrigerator
unit further includes a heater h.sub..sub.1 for defrosting the
cooling coils and heating air, a second heater h.sub.2 for a drain
pan and a third heater h.sub.3 for a drain tube. These heaters
h.sub.1, h.sub.2, h.sub.3 also are prepared for connection to
either of 200 v. and 400 v. lines. An electromagnetic contactor
MS.sub.3 controls the heater load.
Reference character SS indicates a gang switch such as a multistage
cam switch or a rotary switch, which is manually operated. The
switch traversed by a dot-and-dash line in the Figure are all
included in this gang switch SS, of which switch contacts indicated
with H are ones to be closed in the 400 v. operation, whereas those
marked with L are closed in the 200 v. operation, interlock means
being provided lest a H contact and a L contact should be closed at
the same time. A transformer Tr is provided for supplying a control
circuit with electric power. The secondary winding of the
transformer Tr is provided with a midtap. In operation with a 200
v. source, the switch contact L is closed to connect one of the
output terminals T.sub.0 and S.sub.0 of the transformer with one
end of the secondary winding; while in the operation with a 400 v.
source, the midtap is connected with said one of the output
terminals through the switch contact H. Thus, under either line
voltage, the same voltage 24 v. appears across the output terminals
T.sub.0 and S.sub.0 to which is connected the control circuit of
the electromagnetic contactors.
Operation of the above-described control system will be explained
hereunder. Assuming that a 400 v. power line is now available, the
input terminals R.sub.2, S.sub.2, T.sub.2 are connected with the
power line or the input plug P.sub.2 is inserted to a mating power
receptacle after the gang switch SS is turned so as to close the H
contacts, and then the circuit breaker CB is closed, which is
followed by closing the electromagnetic contactors MS.sub.1,
MS.sub.2, MS.sub.3 through adequate control means (not shown).
Thus, a 400 v. power is applied to the loads which have all been
prepared for operation under 400 v. In this case, if it happens
that the gang switch SS is mistakenly turned to make the L
contacts, thereby changing the connections in the loads to a 200 v.
rating, none of the electric apparatuses will be damaged, since the
400 v. input also is cut off by the gang switch SS itself (H
contacts in A section).
Next, assuming that a 200 v. power is available, , the input
terminals R.sub.1, S.sub.1, T.sub.1 or the input plug P.sub.1 is
connected with the power line, after the gang switch SS is turned
so as to close the L contacts. Then the circuit breaker CB and the
electromagnetic contactors MS.sub.1, MS.sub.2, MS.sub.3 are closed
in the same manner as in the previous case. Thus, the operation
will start, 200 v. power being applied to the load adapted for the
same voltage. If the gang switch SS is mistakenly operated to make
the H contacts, no damage will occur as the power input is also cut
off by the same gang switch SS.
Further, by using the power plugs P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 which have
electrodes of different formations from each other and mate only
with the proper receptacles, any damage or fault due to a
misconnection of the power or a misoperation of the switches is
absolutely eliminated.
Now, another embodiment of this invention will be described
hereunder with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. The control system shown
in FIG. 2 is substantially the same as that shown in FIG. 1, except
that some of the single-phase motors and the heaters are omitted in
FIG. 2 in order to simplify the description of the operation of the
gang switch in connection with FIG. 3. A transformer TR.sub.1 for
supplying electric power to the control circuits of the
electromagnetic contactors MS.sub.1, MS.sub.2 is provided with a
midtap in the primary winding. In 400 v. operation, the power lines
should be connected across both ends of the primary winding; while
in 200 v. operation the power lines should be connected to the
midtap and one end of the primary winding, so that a constant 24 v.
secondary voltage is always maintained between the terminals
R.sub.0 and S.sub.0. It will be understood that this dual voltage
arrangement can be made in the secondary side of the transformer as
in the first embodiment.
The switch contacts L.sub.1 -L.sub.6 and H.sub.1 -H.sub.4 are
incorporated into a single cam switch. The arrangement of the
contacts are shown in FIG. 3. In FIGS. 2 and 3, L.sub.1 and H.sub.1
indicate contacts for selecting the power input between a 200 v.
line and a 400 v. line; L.sub.2, L.sub.3 and H.sub.2 contacts for
changing connection of the windings of the compressor motor M.sub.1
; L.sub.4, L.sub.5 and H.sub.3 for changing connection of the
windings of a single-phase motor M.sub.2 ; and L.sub.6 and H.sub.4
for selecting the primary terminal of the transformer Tr.sub.1.
In the case where 200 v. power is available, the cam switch SS is
turned to the position of notch No. 1 after the power plug P.sub.1
is fitted to a mating power outlet. Thus, the contacts L.sub.1
-L.sub.6 are closed and H.sub.1 -H.sub.4 are opened, thereby
supplying 200 v. power to the loads that are adapted for the same
voltage. . When the available power is 400 v. the cam switch SS is
turned to notch No. 4 after the plug P.sub.2 is fitted to a 400 v.
power outlet. This time the contacts H.sub.1 -H.sub.4 are closed
and L.sub.1 -L.sub.6 are opened, and the 400 v. power is supplied
to the motors M.sub.1, M.sub.2 and the transformer Tr.sub.1 which
are all adapted to receive 400 v. power. The cam switch SS is
provided with locking indents at the positions of notches No. 1 and
No. 4, but such a locking means is not provided at the other
positions, No. 2, No. 3 and the neutral point 0. The contacts of
the switch SS are disposed in such a manner that in turning the
switch SS by means of a lever from the notch No. 1 to notch No. 4
through notches No. 2, 0, No. 3, the contact L.sub.6 is opened
immediately after the switch lever departs from the notch No. 1,
while the other L contacts are opened only after the leer passes
the notch No. 2. Further, the contacts H.sub.1 -H.sub.3 are closed
at the position of the notch No. 3, but the contact H.sub.4 is
closed only after the lever reaches the notch No. 4. In a reverse
operation, similarly, only the contact H.sub.4 is opened when the
lever leaves the notch No. 4 and the other contacts H.sub.1
-H.sub.3 are opened after the notch No. 3 is passed. Further, the
contacts L.sub.1 -L.sub.5 are closed at the notch No. 2, whereas
the contact L.sub.6 is closed only after the lever reaches the
notch No. 1. It should be noted that the switch SS is constructed
in a manner that the lever cannot be turned from the notch No. 1
directly to No. 4 not passing the notches No. 2, 0, No. 3, and vice
versa.
By the above-described structure of the cam switch SS is ensured
safety in the operation relating to the selection of power voltage.
Further, the current interrupting capacity of the contacts in the
cam switch can be greatly reduced, which results in such a switch
of being constructed a much smaller size and having a longer life.
That is, if the lever of the cam switch happens to be turned during
operation of the refrigerator unit, the contact H.sub.4 (or
L.sub.6) is opened prior to opening of the other contacts H.sub.1
-H.sub.3 (or L.sub.1 -L.sub.5), and therefore the electromagnetic
contactors MS.sub.1, MS.sub.2 which are designed to properly handle
the respective load currents and which are energized from the
transformer Tr.sub.1 are opened prior to opening of the contacts
H.sub.1 -H.sub.3 (or L.sub.1 -L.sub.5). Moreover, in starting the
refrigerator unit, the contacts H.sub.1 -H.sub.3 (or L.sub.1
-L.sub.5) will always be closed prior to closing of the
electromagnetic contactors. Thus, the contacts of the cam switch SS
are assuredly exempted from dealing with heavy currents during the
starting and the stopping periods of the operation. It should be
noted, however, that it is usual practice in starting the
refrigerator unit to energize the electromagnetic contactors
MS.sub.1, MS.sub.2 manually by a pushbutton or automatically after
the cam switch SS is set at the notch No. 1 or No. 4. Further, it
should be understood that the cam switch SS may be remotely
operated by means of a pilot motor incorporated therein. Other
merits with this embodiment are the same as those described in
connection with the previous embodiment.
Still another embodiment of this invention will be described with
reference to FIG. 4. In this third embodiment, the switching of the
connections is achieved automatically using electromagnetic
contactors which are mutually interlocked in the operation. A
transformer Tr which supplies control power is provided a center
tap b.sub.2 in the secondary winding. The transforming ratio of the
transformer is such that if 400 v. is applied to the primary
winding, 48 v. appears between both end b.sub.1 and c of the
secondary winding, while 24 v. appears between the end c and the
center terminal b.sub.2. Between terminals b.sub.2 and c is
connected a quick-acting auxiliary relay MR.sub.1 which is rated
for 24 v. Another auxiliary relay MR.sub.2 of slow-acting type is
connected between the terminals b.sub.1 and c . The latter relay
MR.sub.2 also is rated for 24 v., but it can be operated at 48 v.
for a short time. Switch contacts indicated by MS.sub.H are
make-contacts of an electromagnetic contactor whose coil is
indicated by MC.sub.H, and switch contacts marked with MS.sub.L are
actuated by coil MC.sub.L. On the other hand, contacts MS.sub.H '
AND MS.sub.L ' ARE break-contacts, i.e., normally closed contacts
respectively associated with coils MC.sub.H and MC.sub.L. Further,
contacts mr.sub.1 and mr.sub.2 are normally open contacts of the
relays MR.sub.1 and MR.sub.2 respectively, and contacts mr.sub.1 '
and mr.sub.2 ' are normally-closed contacts of the relays.
Operation of this embodiment will be described hereunder. Assuming
that the input terminal R, S, T are connected with three-phase 400
v. power lines and that circuit breaker CB is closed, voltage of
400 v. is applied to the transformer TR and a voltage of 48 v.
appears between terminals b.sub.1 and c while 24 v. appears between
b.sub.2 and c. Accordingly, 24 v. is applied to the relay MR.sub.1
and 48 v. to the relay MR.sub.2. Though both relays start to
operate at the same time, the relay MR.sub.1 acts faster than the
other. It should be restated here that the relay MR.sub.1 is of a
quick-acting type whereas the relay MR.sub.2 is a slow-acting
relay. Therefore, a normally-closed contact mr.sub.1 ' of the relay
mr.sub.1 cut off the power to the relay MR.sub.2 before the latter
can make any significant move. Thus, only the relay MR.sub.1 is
actuated, while the relay MR.sub.2 remains unenergized.
Accordingly, the coil MC.sub.H of the electromagnetic contactor is
energized through two normally-open contacts mr.sub.1 and two
normally-closed contacts mr.sub.2 ' to close contacts MS.sub.H and
to open the contact MS.sub.H ' connected in series with coil
MC.sub.L. Meanwhile, the inactivity of the electromagnetic
contactor MC.sub.L is ensured by two normally-closed contacts
mr.sub.1 ' of the relay MR.sub.1 and a normally-closed contact
MS.sub.H ' of the contactor MC.sub.H, and therefore the contacts
MS.sub.L remain open. Thus, the compressor motor M.sub.1 is
prepared for operation under 400 v., and upon closing
electromagnetic contactor MS.sub.1, the motor M.sub.1 will start
safely.
If the line voltage is 200 v., that voltage is applied to the
transformer Tr upon closing the circuit breaker CB. In the
secondary side of the transformer, 24 v. and 12 v. will appear
between terminals b.sub.1 and c, and between terminals b.sub.2 and
c, respectively. Therefore, 12 v. is applied to the relay MR.sub.1
and 24 v. to the relay MR.sub.2. As the relay MR.sub.1 is designed
to operate under 24 v. optimum voltage, it will not operated now
with a voltage as low as 12 v. Thus, only the relay MR.sub.2 is
actuated, and the coil MC.sub.L of the contactor is energized to
close the contacts MS.sub.L, WHILE the coil MC.sub.H is prevented
from being energized, thereby to keep the contacts MS.sub.H opened,
in a similar manner as previously described. Therefore, the motor
M.sub.1 is adapted for 200 v. operation and will start safely upon
closing the contactor MS.sub.1.
As described above, an automatic switching of the connections in
the load according to the class of line voltage is made possible by
utilizing a combination of two relays which have different
operating characteristics.
In the above embodiment, two relays have been used for detecting
line voltages. These relays can be replaced with a semiconductor
static relay which will be described hereunder referring to FIGS. 5
and 6. In FIG. 5, reference character Tr.sub.2 indicates a stepdown
transformer, RY a voltage relay of a static type and MR.sub.3 an
auxiliary relay with contacts Ta, Tb, Tc. The components of
substantially the same functions as those shown in FIG. 4 are
indicated by corresponding reference characters.
Assuming that the input terminals R, S, T are connected with 400 v.
power lines and the circuit breaker CB is closed, that voltage is
applied to the transformer Tr.sub.2 and a predetermined appropriate
voltage appears between two secondary terminals. The static relay
Ry comprises, for example, a rectifying and filtering circuit, a
voltage detecting circuit, a voltage regulating circuit and a
driving circuit, as shown in FIG. 6. Essential components of the
above circuits are semiconductor elements such as silicon
rectifiers, transistors and SCR. Output of the transformer Tr.sub.2
is converted to a DC voltage through the rectifier and filter 61,
and the DC-converted voltage is compared with a reference voltage
form the voltage regulator 62, in the voltage detector 63. The
resultant signal of the comparison indicating which voltage is
higher, is applied to the power circuit 64, which in turn produces
a constant output or no output depending on the level of the input
voltage. The circuits of the relay are set so that said output is
produced if the line voltage is in the 400 v. class but not if it
is in the 200 v. class. The output from the static relay RY
energizes the auxiliary relay MR.sub.3 to switch its movable
contact T.sub.c from the normally-closed position (T.sub.b ) to
normally-opened position (T.sub.a ). Accordingly, the coil MC.sub.H
is energized to close the contacts MS.sub.H and the coil MC.sub.L
remains inactive to keep the contacts MS.sub.L opened. Thus, the
motor M.sub.1 is prepared for 400 v. operation, and if a pushbutton
(not shown) is depressed to close the contactor MS.sub.1, it will
start safely.
If the line voltage is 200 v., no output will be produced from the
static relay RY as mentioned above. Therefore, the movable contact
T.sub.c of the auxiliary relay MR.sub.3 remains at the
normally-closed position (T.sub.b) and the coil MC.sub.L of the
contactor is energized to close the contacts Ms.sub.L. While, the
contacts MS.sub.H are kept open. The other operations of the system
is the same as those in the preceding embodiment.
In the above embodiments, it will have been noted that overload
detecting elements OC are connected among windings of the
compressor motor M.sub.1 in a particular manner. The conventional
arrangement of overload detecting elements for a motor that is
adaptable to two classes of line voltages, has been to connect two
sets of such elements of different current ratings, each set for
each line voltage, in series with a motor switch or breaker in two
of the power lines or in all of three lines. With such an
arrangement, however, the manufacturing cost involved in said
elements as well as the space in the control box required for them
are duplicated. Further, means for selecting either set of said two
sets of elements according to the line voltage is required.
The above disadvantages have been overcome by the present
invention. With the arrangement of this invention, a single set of
overload detecting elements is equally effective to protect the
motor in either operation under 200 v. or 400 v. Such overload
detecting elements per se are known art such as various types of
combinations of heating elements and temperature-sensitive
bimetallic element or electromagnetic coils with plungers; and it
will be needless to explain that such a detecting element, if an
overload occurs, triggers a normally-closed contact in a control
circuit of the electromagnetic contactor thereby to open the
contactor and to stop the motor.
In FIGS. 7a and 7b, reference characters R, S, T indicate power
input terminals; U.sub.1, U.sub.2, V.sub.1, V.sub.2, W.sub.1,
W.sub.2, X.sub.1, Y.sub.1, Z.sub.1 terminals of the component
windings of the motor M.sub.1 shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5; and d,
e, f, d.sub.1, e.sub.1, f.sub.1, d.sub.2, e.sub.2, f.sub.2
conductors between windings. In the 400 v. operation of the motor
M.sub.1, as shown in FIG. 7a, the overload detecting elements are
connected in the portions d, e, f, or in either two of said three
portions, in order to detect an overload current in the windings if
it occurs. On the other hand, in a 200 v. operation when the
windings are connected as shown in FIG. 7b, the same detecting
elements with the same current rating are inserted in the portions
d.sub.1 (or d.sub.2), e.sub.1 (or e.sub.2), f.sub.1 (orf.sub.2), or
either two of said three portions, to protect the motor from the
overload. COmparing the above two cases of the operation, the line
currents to the motor are of course different, the current in the
200 v. operation being approximately twice as large as for the 400
v. operation. However, the current flowing through each of the six
component windings are the same in both cases, because in a 200 v.
operation the phase current (i.e. the current between lines) which
is two-fold that of the 400 v. operation is divided between two
component windings as is obvious from FIGS. 7a and 7b. Thus, the
overload detecting elements of the same characteristics can be used
with equal effectiveness in both cases, if they are connected with
the windings in a manner as described above. The above explanation
has been given with regard to a delta-connected motor. However, it
will be obvious that the same is applicable also to a star
(Y)-connected motor.
Further, it will be noted that if the ratio of two anticipated line
voltages is nearly 3, for example, if the power voltage available
on board ship is 200 v., while it is 350 v. at the country of
destination, a three-phase motor can be satisfactorily operated at
both places simply by changing the connection of the component
windings from a delta connection to a star (Y) connection. In such
a case, if the overload detecting means are connected in series
with the component windings as described in the preceding
paragraphs, said detecting means will be equally effective in
protecting the motor both in 200 v. and 400 v. operations, because
the normal current flowing through each component winding is the
same in both cases, though the line currents are different.
Thus, the above-described arrangement of the overload detecting
means in the three-phase motor adds notable merit to the invention
when used in association with the switching systems described in
the above paragraphs.
Finally, still another embodiment of this invention will be
described hereunder with reference to FIG. 9. The control system
shown in FIG. 9 includes a stepdown transformer Tr.sub.3 besides a
small transformer Tr.sub.2 for control circuits. The loads and
other components whose functions are substantially the same as
those in the preceding embodiments are indicated by corresponding
reference characters. Further, in this embodiment, the control
section C of the system is shown to be the same as that in FIG. 5.
However, it should be noted that the motors M.sub.1 ', M.sub.2 ',
M.sub.3 ', M.sub.4 ', M.sub.5 ' and the heaters h.sub.1 ', h.sub.2
', h.sub.3 ' are all rated for 200 v. and may not be provided with
intermediate terminals, unlike in the preceding embodiments.
Assuming that input terminals R, S, T are connected with 400 v.
power lines, the voltage relay RY operates to actuate the auxiliary
relay MR.sub.3 and accordingly to energize the coil MC.sub.H, of
the electromagnetic contactor. Therefore, contacts MS.sub.H is
closed which contacts MS.sub.L is opened, and 400 v. power is
applied to the 400 v./200 v. transformer Tr.sub.3 which supplies
the loads with 200 v. power. On the other hand, if the voltage of
power system connected with the input terminals R, S, T is 200 v.,
then the voltage relay RY will not operate and the movable contact
T.sub.c of the auxiliary relay MR.sub.3 will remain at the
normally-closed position, i.e., at the contact T.sub.b. Therefore,
the contacts MS.sub.L are closed while the contacts MS.sub.H are
kept open. Thus, 200 v. power is supplied directly to the loads
bypassing the transformer Tr.sub.3.
Though the above embodiment has been described as a combination of
a transformer having a bypass means and a voltage detecting system
shown in FIG. 5, it will be understood that combinations with other
voltage detecting or selecting means are possible. Further, it will
be obvious that the above arrangement is applicable to 400 v. loads
provided that a 200 v./400 v. step-up transformer is used for the
power transformer Tr.sub.3.
As described above, according to this invention, a refrigerated
container can be used easily and safely at two places where
available power is of different line voltages.
In the above embodiment, it has been assumed that the lower line
voltage is 200 v. and the higher voltage is mostly 400 v. More
generally, however, the lower voltage may be a voltage between 180
v. and 240 v., and any higher voltage ranging from 340 v. to 480 v.
can be used for the refrigerator unit of this invention.
* * * * *