U.S. patent number 3,599,216 [Application Number 04/848,810] was granted by the patent office on 1971-08-10 for virtual-wall slot circularly polarized planar array antenna.
Invention is credited to N/A, T. O. Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Paine, Arthur F. Seaton.
United States Patent |
3,599,216 |
Paine , et al. |
August 10, 1971 |
VIRTUAL-WALL SLOT CIRCULARLY POLARIZED PLANAR ARRAY ANTENNA
Abstract
A circularly polarized planar array antenna is provided by a
multimode waveguide with alternately displaced transverse slots
over virtual walls for one component, and conventional series or
shunt slots between virtual walls for the other component of a
circularly polarized beam. Actual walls may be inserted in the
place of the virtual walls for unbalanced excitation of the array
with a quarter-guide wavelength choke under each wall slot.
Inventors: |
Paine; T. O. Administrator of the
National Aeronautics and Space (N/A), N/A (Palos Verdes
Estates, CA), Seaton; Arthur F. |
Family
ID: |
25304340 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/848,810 |
Filed: |
August 11, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/771;
343/853 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
21/24 (20130101); H01Q 21/005 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
21/00 (20060101); H01Q 21/24 (20060101); H01q
013/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/770,771,853,854 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Claims
What we claim is:
1. A circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
comprising:
a rectangular waveguide having a multiple order transverse electric
wavemode of operation in one dimension virtually forming a
plurality of parallel traveling wave channels therein;
means for coupling a high frequency signal to all channels of said
waveguide in parallel for operation in said mode;
virtual-wall slots in one broad wall of said waveguide astride
virtual walls between said channels, said virtual-wall slots being
of a type selected from a group of two types, a first type being
one in which the longitudinal axis of each slot is rotated from a
position perpendicular to a virtual wall to interrupt transverse
current for radiation, and a second type being one in which the
longitudinal axis of each slot is perpendicular to a virtual wall
and in which the center of the slot is displaced from a position
over the virtual wall to interrupt longitudinal currents for
radiation, and
conventional slots in said one broad wall, said conventional slots
being of a type selected from a group consisting of series slots
and shunt slots, said conventional slots being disposed in every
one of said wave channels.
2. An antenna as defined in claim 1 wherein said virtual walls are
formed with actual walls dividing said waveguide channels, said
actual walls having a section cut out under each virtual wall
slot.
3. An antenna as defined in claim 1 wherein said virtual-wall slots
are selected to be of the second type and said virtual-wall slots
astride a given virtual wall have their centers alternately
displaced from a null position over said given virtual wall by a
predetermined amount which establishes the amplitude of inphase
excitation of said wall slots desired for one component of a
circularly polarized beam.
4. An antenna as defined in claim 3 wherein a second component of
said beam is provided by conventional slots selected to be of the
shunt-type, one centered on each end of each of said virtual-wall
slots.
5. An antenna as defined in claim 3 wherein a second component of
said beam is provided by conventional slots selected to be of the
series-type, one on each side of every pair of adjacent
virtual-wall slots along a given virtual wall, and the centers of
said series slots are displaced from said virtual-wall slots a
quarter-guide wavelength in the direction of wave travel through
said channels, where said quarter-guide wavelength is measured for
a given series slot along a line perpendicular to a row of
virtual-wall slots perpendicular to said virtual walls.
6. An antenna as defined in claim 1 wherein each slot of said
virtual-wall slots is centered over a virtual wall and alternate
ones along a direction parallel to said virtual walls and also
along a direction perpendicular to said virtual walls are rotated
through a given angle from a position perpendicular to said virtual
walls to determine the amplitude of inphase excitation of said
slots desired for one component of a circularly polarized beam.
7. An antenna as defined in claim 6 wherein a second component of
said beam is provided by conventional slots selected to be of the
series-type, one on each end of each of said virtual-wall slots,
and the centers of said virtual-wall slots are in line with the
centers of said series slots.
8. An antenna as defined in claim 6 wherein a second component of
said beam is provided by conventional slots selected to be of the
shunt-type, one on each side of every pair of adjacent wall slots
along a given virtual wall, and said shunt slots are displaced from
said virtual-wall slots a quarter-guide wavelength in the direction
of wave travel through said channels, where said quarter-guide
wavelength is measured for a given shunt slot along a line
perpendicular to a row of virtual-wall slots perpendicular to said
virtual walls.
9. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
having a waveguide operating in a TE.sub.n,o mode, where n is an
arbitrary integer greater than one to provide a plurality of
traveling wave channels separated by virtual walls, the combination
comprising:
means for coupling a high frequency signal to each channel of said
waveguide;
a plurality of virtual-wall slots in one broad wall of said
waveguide, said virtual-wall slots being astride said virtual walls
between said channels, with virtual-wall slots along a given
virtual wall spaced half a guide wavelength apart and oriented for
inphase coupling of radiation with a desired magnitude for one
component of a circularly polarized beam; and
a plurality of standard slots in said channels on each side of each
of said virtual walls, said standard slots being oriented for
inphase coupling of radiation with a desired magnitude for a second
component of said circularly polarized beam.
10. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
having a waveguide operating in a TE.sub.n,o mode, where n is an
arbitrary integer greater than one to provide a plurality of
traveling wave channels separated by virtual walls, the combination
comprising:
means for coupling a high frequency signal to all channels of said
waveguide;
a plurality of virtual-wall slots in one broad wall of said
waveguide, said virtual-wall slots being astride said virtual walls
between said channels, with virtual-wall slots along a given
virtual wall spaced half a guide wavelength apart, all of said
virtual-wall slots being orthogonal to said given virtual wall, and
alternate ones of said slots along said given virtual wall being
alternately offset from a centered position over said given virtual
wall by a predetermined amount which establishes the amplitude of
inphase excitation of said virtual-wall slots desired for one
component of a circularly polarized beam; and
a plurality of shunt slots, one centered on each end of each of
said virtual-wall slots, said shunt slots disposed in a given
channel of said multimode waveguide being alternately offset from a
center line of said given channel by a predetermined amount which
establishes the amplitude of inphase excitation of said shunt slots
for a second component of said circularly polarized beam.
11. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
as defined in claim 10 including mode suppressing pins in line with
said virtual walls, one pin between a given pair of virtual-wall
slots.
12. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
as defined in claim 11 wherein a mode suppressing pin is placed
between every pair of said virtual-wall slots.
13. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
having a waveguide operating in a TE.sub.n,o mode, where n is an
arbitrary integer greater than one to provide a plurality of
traveling wave channels separated by virtual walls, the combination
comprising:
means for coupling a high frequency signal to all channels of said
waveguide;
a plurality of virtual-wall slots in one broad wall of said
waveguide, said virtual-wall slots being astride said virtual walls
between said channels, with virtual-wall slots along a given
dividing line spaced half a guide wavelength apart, all of said
virtual-wall slots being centered over said given virtual wall, an
alternate ones of said virtual-wall slots along said given virtual
wall being alternately rotated from an orthogonal position over
said given virtual wall by a predetermined amount which establishes
the amplitude of inphase excitation of said virtual-wall slots
desired for one component of a circularly polarized beam; and
a plurality of shunt slots, one centered on each end of each of
said wall slots, said shunt slots disposed in a given channel of
said multimode waveguide being alternately offset from a center
line of said given channel by a predetermined amount which
establishes the amplitude of inphase excitation of said shunt slots
for a second component of said circularly polarized beam.
14. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
as defined in claim 13 including mode suppressing pins in line with
said virtual walls, one pin between a given pair of virtual-wall
slots.
15. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
as defined in claim 14 wherein a mode suppressing pin is placed
between every pair of said virtual-wall slots.
16. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
having a waveguide operating in a TE.sub.n,o mode, where n is an
arbitrary integer greater than one to provide a plurality of
traveling wave channels separated by virtual walls, the combination
comprising:
means for coupling a high frequency signal to all channels of said
waveguide;
a plurality of virtual-wall slots in one broad wall of said
waveguide, said virtual-wall slots being astride virtual walls
between said channels, with virtual-wall slots along a given
virtual wall spaced half a guide wavelength apart, all of
virtual-wall slots being orthogonal to said given virtual walls and
alternate ones of said virtual-wall slots along said given virtual
wall being alternately offset from a centered position over said
given virtual wall by a predetermined amount which establishes the
amplitude of inphase excitation of said virtual-wall slots desired
for one component of a circularly polarized beam; and
a plurality of series slots one on each side of a pair of adjacent
virtual-wall slots and centered on a line orthogonal to said given
dividing line at a midpoint between virtual-wall slots, said series
slots disposed in a given channel of said multimode waveguide being
centered on a center line of said given channel and rotated from a
longitudinal position through an angle which establishes the
amplitude of inphase excitation of said series slots for a second
component of said circularly polarized beam.
17. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
as defined in claim 16 including mode suppressing pins in line with
said virtual walls, one pin between a given pair of virtual-wall
slots.
18. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
as defined in claim 17 wherein a mode suppressing pin is placed
between every pair of said virtual-wall slots.
19. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
having a waveguide operating in a TE.sub.n,o mode, where n is an
arbitrary integer greater than one to provide a plurality of
traveling wave channels separated by virtual walls, the combination
comprising:
means for coupling a high frequency signal to all channels of said
waveguide;
a plurality of virtual-wall slots in one broad wall of said
waveguide, said virtual-wall slots being astride virtual walls
between said channels, with virtual-wall slots along a given
virtual wall spaced half a guide wavelength apart, all of said
virtual-wall slots being centered over said given virtual wall and
alternately rotated from an orthogonal position over said given
virtual wall by a predetermined amount which establishes the
amplitude of inphase excitation of said virtual-wall slots desired
for one component of a circularly polarized beam; and
a plurality of series slots one centered on each side of the center
of each of said virtual-wall slots and rotated from a longitudinal
position along the center of the channel in which disposed through
an angle which establishes the amplitude of inphase excitation of
said series slots for a second component of said circularly
polarized beam.
20. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
as defined in claim 19 including mode suppressing pins in line with
said virtual walls, one pin between a given pair of virtual-wall
slots.
21. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
as defined in claim 20 where a mode suppressing pin is placed
between every pair of said virtual-wall slots.
22. In a circularly polarized beam antenna of the planar array type
having a multichannel waveguide, each channel isolated from other
channels by internal conductive walls:
means for coupling a high frequency signal to each channel of said
waveguide;
a plurality of wall slots in one broad wall of said waveguide, said
wall slots being astride said internal conductive walls, with wall
slots along a given internal conductive wall spaced half a guide
wavelength apart and oriented for inphase coupling of radiation
with a desired magnitude for one component of a circularly
polarized beam;
a plurality of quarter-wavelength chokes in said internal
conductive walls, one under each of said wall slots; and
a plurality of standard slots in said channels on each side of each
of said internal conductive walls, said standard slots being
oriented for inphase coupling of radiation with a desired magnitude
for a second component of said circularly polarized beam.
Description
ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION
The invention described herein was made in the performance of work
under a NASA contract and is subject to the provisions of Section
305 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Public Law
85-568 (72 Stat. 435; 42 USC 2457).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to circularly polarized antennas of the
planar array type.
The best known prior art of this type antenna is the planar array
used on the Surveyor spacecraft for lunar to earth communications.
The planar array occupies the smallest volume of all antennas, it
lends itself readily to flush mounting and to structural
reinforcements on the back, and it can be easily designed for
uniform illumination of the aperture for maximum gain. A further
advantage is that tapered illumination functions can be used if
desired. A disadvantage of this type of antenna is that special
slot patterns must be used to obtain circular polarization, and
broadband operation is difficult to achieve.
Several slot configurations will yield circular polarization. The
Surveyor spacecraft used a combination of crossed slots and complex
slots in alternate rows, the slots of the crossed slots being
oriented at a 45.degree. angle from the axis of wave propagation.
The complex slots were provided in pairs, one pair for each crossed
slot, each of the complex slots consisting of a slot parallel to
one of the crossed slots. This arrangement provided an antenna with
a measured gain of 27 db. That represents an overall efficiency of
70 percent. However, the slot configuration alone does not provide
adequately small interelement slot spacing in all directions of the
aperture to suppress endfire lobes that tend to be generated in the
quadrants. That disadvantage can be overcome by the use of
dielectric or periodic elements in the waveguide to reduce the
guide wavelength, .lambda..sub.g. In the Surveyor antenna, a
corrugated bottom or rear wall was used to reduce .lambda..sub.g by
approximately 25 percent. This reduction proved adequate for the
suppression of the endfire beams and did not require an excessively
high corrugation. It would be desirable to provide a circularly
polarized antenna of the planar array type which does not require
dielectric or periodic loading of the guide to reduce the guide
wavelength, i.e. without the necessity of using a slow wave
structure in the waveguide. This invention provides a solution to
that problem.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A circularly polarized antenna of the planar array-type is provided
using a waveguide having a multiple order transverse electric
wavemode of operation in one dimension virtually forming a
plurality of parallel traveling wave channels and transverse slots
astride parallel lines over virtual walls therein. These slots are
referred to as virtual wall slots. Successive slots astride a given
virtual wall are displaced or rotated in alternate directions by
amounts which determine the amplitude of inphase excitation of the
slots. They have an interelement spacing of .lambda.g.sub./2 and
can be used to efficiently generate one component of a circularly
polarized beam. Shunt or series slots in ordinary configurations
are used to generate the second component of the circularly
polarized beam. In alternate embodiments, virtual walls are formed
with actual walls dividing the waveguide into a plurality of
traveling waveguide channels by cutting a section (which may be in
the form of a quarter-wavelength choke under each virtual wall slot
so that the actual wall will not short out the slot while still
maintaining a high degree of isolation between adjacent waveguide
channels.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a first embodiment employing shunt and displaced
virtual-wall slots on a multimode waveguide for a circularly
polarized planar array antenna.
FIG. 2 illustrates displaced virtual-wall slots coupling to
longitudinal wall currents in a TE.sub.2,0 mode waveguide.
FIG. 3 illustrates a graph of displaced virtual-wall slot coupling
as a function of slot displacement in the waveguide of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention employing
shunt slots and angled virtual-wall slots.
FIG. 5 illustrates angled virtual-wall slot coupling to transverse
wall currents in a TE.sub.2,0 mode waveguide.
FIG. 6 illustrates still another embodiment of the present
invention employing series slots and displaced virtual-wall
slots.
FIG. 7 illustrates yet another embodiment employing series slots
and angled virtual-wall slots.
FIG. 8 illustrates that, for a planar array slot anywhere in the
plane of an aperture plate, polarization is everwhere normal to the
plane regardless of its orientation.
FIG. 9 illustrates a "collapsing" process by which the phase of
second-order beams can be determined for analysis.
FIG. 10 illustrates a collapsed linear array broken into two
separate arrays of elements for analysis.
FIG. 11 illustrates far-field patterns of separate arrays of a
"collapsed" linear array.
FIG. 12 illustrates two isotropic element patterns spaced less than
.lambda.o.sub./2 apart and fed 180.degree. out of phase.
FIG. 13 illustrates phase and amplitude characteristics of
second-order beams generated by shunt slots and virtual-wall slots
in the configuration of FIG. 1.
FIG. 14 illustrates a variant of the present invention comprising a
wall slot over an actual conductive wall in the position of a
virtual wall in a multimode transverse electric waveguide.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 illustrates a first embodiment of the present invention for
circular polarization in a slot antenna 10 employing shunt slots,
such as slots 11, 12 and 13 and virtual-wall slots, such as slots
14, 15 and 16 in a multimode waveguide 17 for transverse electric
waves. The virtual walls straddled by the virtual-wall slots are
indicated by dotted lines which effectively divide the multimode
waveguide 17 into six waveguides, all terminated by a suitable load
18 and each having its own group of longitudinally displaced shunt
slots. The centers of both the virtual-wall slots and the shunt
slots are displaced alternately to opposite sides of the respective
virtual walls and center lines of the effective waveguides formed
by the virtual walls in order that proper coupling be achieved.
The coupling achieved by the shunt slots for one component of the
circularly polarized beam is described in chapter 9 of the "Antenna
Engineering Handbook" edited by Jasik, McGraw-Hill (1961). Coupling
for the second component is illustrated in FIG. 2 where
instantaneous wall currents are shown for a section of TE.sub.2,0
mode waveguide 20 at the instant of time at which longitudinal
currents are tending to excite a virtual-wall slot 21. It should be
noted that currents on opposite sides of a virtual wall 22 tend to
excite the slot 21 in phase opposition.
When perfectly centered on the virtual wall 22, the excitation
coupled by the slot 21 is balanced by out-of-phase excitation on
each side of the virtual wall 22. Therefore, no radiation takes
place. However, when the center of the slot 21 is displaced to
either side of the virtual wall 22, excitation is coupled by the
slot 21 most heavily to the currents in the region toward which it
is displaced. In that manner, the phase of excitation for each
virtual-wall slot is controlled by displacement. For example, to
achieve inphase radiation by the slot 21 with a slot 23, which are
spaced a distance .lambda.g.sub./2, the displacement of the slot 23
over the virtual wall 22 must be in the opposite direction of the
displacement of the slot 21 as shown in the FIG. 2.
Slot coupling data taken on an experimental fixture has shown that
the coupling achieved by a virtual-wall slot is a function of the
displacement as shown in FIG. 3 where displacement is plotted in
inches along the abscissa and normalized series resistance along
the ordinate for a TE.sub.2,0 mode waveguide which is equivalent to
adjacent sections of the multimode waveguide of FIG. 1.
The virtual-wall slot operation is very similar to the ordinary
shunt slot operation which has long been used for waveguide linear
and planar arrays. The major differences are that the virtual-wall
slot is oriented at 90.degree. to the usual shunt slot as shown in
FIG. 1, and that it couples to the longitudinal component of wall
current while the shunt slot couples to the transverse components.
These two differences make a combination of the two types of slots
ideal for radiating a circularly polarized wave from a planar
array. Being orthogonal, each furnishes one component of the
circularly polarized wave, and since each couples to only one of
the major components of wall current in the waveguide, phase
quadrature excitation results.
The multimode waveguide 17 for the array 10 of FIG. 1 is fed by a
waveguide 25 folded down and under the waveguide 17 in order to
show slots in the waveguide 25 such as slots 26 and 27, each of
which is aligned with one channel of the waveguide 17 formed by the
virtual walls. Alternatively, the array 10 may be fed by what is
commonly referred to as a "corporate feed" using a plurality of
excitation elements, one for each channel of the waveguide 17, and
a coaxial line feeding each element. Adjacent coaxial lines are fed
in pairs by separate coaxial lines in a second level. The coaxial
lines in the second level are then similarly paired in a third
level and so on until only one coaxial line remains for feeding all
channels. In that manner, the feedpath for all channels is the same
length.
An experimental model of a circularly polarized planar array with
virtual-wall slots and shunt slots was built with mode suppressing
pins placed in line with the virtual walls, one pin between every
pair of virtual-wall slots, such as pins 28 and 29. These pins must
extend and be connected to opposing walls, but need not pass
through the aperture (upper wall as illustrated in FIG. 1). For
some applications and operating conditions, fewer mode suppressing
pins may be sufficient, such as every other one of the pins
illustrated in FIG. 1. For larger arrays, these mode suppressing
pins will greatly assist in maintaining the proper effective
b-dimension between the broad walls, particularly at the center of
the array.
Data obtained from the experimental model indicate an axial ratio
of 1.4 db. and patterns with beam widths very near the expected
values. The principal advantage found was the relative simplicity
of the slot design which lends itself readily to simple
manufacturing techniques since all slots are parallel to one of the
principal axes of the array. Coupling coefficients of the slots are
readily controlled (to reasonable limits) by linear displacement of
the slots from the center lines of the waveguide channels in the
case of the shunt slots or from the virtual walls in the case of
the virtual-wall slots.
The limit of control by linear displacement of the slots is imposed
by the physical interference that exists between the shunt slots
and the virtual-wall slots. Accordingly, this interference would
limit application of this first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 to
fairly large arrays which do not require large slot coupling
factors. It should be noted that this displacement limitation
minimizes second-order beam problems because the magnitude of
second-order beams is a function of slot offset.
A disadvantage of this first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 is
that there will always be one more channel center line than there
are virtual walls in a multimode waveguide. Consequently, there
will be one less row of virtual-wall slots than of shunt slots.
This difference would show up as a large beam width in the
transverse plane for the component supplied by the virtual-wall
slots as compared with the shunt slot component. Heavier coupling
for these slots could compensate for the resulting loss of gain,
but only at the expense of a loss in net gain for the overall
circularly polarized array. However, this disadvantage diminishes
with larger arrays. The problem mainly concerns small arrays on the
order of two to three wavelengths on a side.
A second embodiment of the present invention will now be described
with reference to FIG. 4 which shows displaced shunt slots as in
the embodiment of FIG. 1, such as shunt slots 30 and 31, and angled
virtual-wall slots, such as slots 32 and 33 arranged on an aperture
plate 34 of an array which is fed and terminated as in the
embodiment of FIG. 1. In this embodiment, both types of slots
couple to the transverse wall currents and quadrature excitation is
obtained by spacing virtual-wall slots at .lambda.g.sub./2
intervals, but shifted down the line from the shunt slots a
distance .lambda.g.sub./4.
FIG. 5 illustrates the coupling of an angled virtual-wall slot 35
to transverse wall currents. If the slot is perfectly centered on
the virtual-wall 36, it can theoretically be made to couple to the
transverse currents on the waveguide wall by rotation of the slot
35 about its center. In this respect it is similar to the ordinary
series slot which is positioned on a waveguide channel center line
and rotated for coupling to the longitudinal wall current. Thus the
angled virtual-wall slot can be used in conjunction with the
standard shunt slot to generate a circularly polarized beam.
Although heavier coupling can be used in the embodiment of FIG. 4
without physical interference of the slots than in the embodiment
of FIG. 1, quite heavy coupling of the slots cannot be used because
of the physical interference of the angled virtual-wall slots
rotated about their center and the shunt slots laterally displaced
for greater coupling. However, an advantage is that the slots can
be placed on the aperture 34 as shown with a column of angled
virtual-wall slots at each end of the rows of shunt slots. In that
manner, there will always be one column of virtual-wall slots more
than there are rows of shunt slots. The additional column of
virtual-wall slots helps compensate for the fact that there will
always be one less row of virtual-wall slots than there are rows of
shunt slots. For a square array of shunt slots, the total number of
virtual-wall slots will then be only one less than the total number
of shunt slots.
A third embodiment of the present invention illustrated in FIG. 6
employs displaced virtual-wall slots, such as wall slots 40 and 41
similar to the displaced wall slots of the embodiment of FIG. 1,
but used in conjunction with standard series slots, such as slots
42 and 43, in an aperture plane 44 for a circularly polarized
planar array antenna. Both types of slots couple to the
longitudinal component of the current. Therefore, in a manner
similar to the embodiment of FIG. 4, the virtual-wall slots spaced
.lambda.g.sub./2 apart are displaced a quarter wavelength
(.lambda.g.sub./4) from the series slots to obtain the quadrature
excitation necessary for circular polarization. The primary
advantage of this arrangement is that extremely heavy coupling can
be used, if needed, without any physical interference of slots. For
instance, slots 40 and 41 may be displaced to their extreme while
series slots 42 and 43 may be rotated to their extreme without any
physical interference. However, if very heavy coupling is used,
large second-order beams will be generated. Another advantage is
that, as in the embodiment of FIG. 4, the total number of
virtual-wall slots will be more nearly equal to the number of
series slots in the aperture plate 44.
A fourth embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7 employs the series slots
of the embodiment of FIG. 6, such as slots 50 and 51, with the
angled virtual-wall slots of the embodiment of FIG. 4, such as the
wall slots 52 and 53 in an aperture plate 54. The two types of
slots used together to generate a circularly polarized beam are
predominately orthogonal; one type couples to the transverse
component of current while the other couples to the longitudinal
component. Since the slots lie in the same transverse plane, they
will be excited in phase quadrature and the condition for circular
polarization is satisfied.
In this embodiment, as in the embodiment of FIG. 6, very heavy
coefficients of coupling can be obtained because each of the slots
of the two types can be rotated about its center as far as is
necessary without interferring with rotation of adjacent slots. For
light to medium coupling, the slots will not come even close to
each other so that no weak spots will be present in the slotted
aperture plate 54 which could cause trouble in a high vibration
environment. As in the embodiment of FIG. 6, if very heavy coupling
is employed, there is a possible loss of a sizeable amount of power
into second order beams. However, since large rotation of the slots
is not needed with large arrays, this loss of power would be a
problem only with very small arrays.
An analysis of second-order beam generation will now be described
with reference to FIGS. 8 to 13. Most planar array slot
configurations lose power through the generation of spurious beams
that are commonly called second-order beams. These beams arise
because of certain asymmetrics in the geometry of the slot pattern.
Once a particular slot configuration is chosen, the slot location
is dictated by the phase and amplitude of coupling required by the
aperture distribution of the array and the beam pointing angle.
Because heavy coupling coefficients can cause an unacceptably large
amount of power to be lost in second-order beams, the four
embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 1, 4, 6 and 7 were
analyzed for determination of their second-order beam
characteristics.
Destructive interference between second-order beams generated by
the two separate types of slots in each configuration is, in
theory, at least partially possible because the polarization of any
slot in the plane of the array is everywhere normal to that plane
regardless of its orientation in the plane as shown in FIG. 8,
which shows a slot 60 on an aperture plate 61, and the amplitude of
the slot radiation pattern in the plane of the array represented by
circles 62 and 63 drawn on the plate 61. The arrows on those
circles indicate the polarities of interest. Determination of any
suppression of second-order beams by such interference was of
particular interest in the analysis.
For analysis, the circularly polarized array is considered as two
orthogonal, interlaced, linearly polarized arrays fed in time
quadrature. Each of these linearly polarized arrays consists of all
the slots of a particular type in the configuration and will have
certain second-order beam characteristics as determined by the
geometry of the arrangement. In the types of arrays being
investigated here, the second-order beams have their peak
amplitudes in the plane of the array at an angle of 45.degree. off
the principal planes. The beam is fan-shaped and extends up towards
the main beam a number of degrees depending on the size of the
array. Small arrays will have a large fan beam and large arrays
will have a small fan beam. The polarization starts to rotate as
the point of observation moves up from the plane of the array. The
rate of rotation is slow, however; and if the second-order beam
could extend up to the main beam, the polarization vector would
rotate only far enough to bring it into line with the polarization
vector of the main beam of the linearly polarized array. With such
a slow rate of rotation of the polarization vector it can be said
that, to a first-order approximation at least, the polarization for
all second-order beams studied is normal to the plane of the
array.
It is necessary that the phase of the second-order beams be
established in relationship to some standard. For convenience, the
component of the main beam contributed by the ordinary slots (shunt
or series, as the case may be) has been chosen as the reference.
The phase of the second-order beams is determined by a "collapsing"
of all the elements of a linearly polarized planar array onto a
line that points in the direction of the maxima of the second-order
beam. In illustration of this process, a linearly polarized array
consisting of the shunt slots of the embodiment of FIG. 1 is shown
in FIG. 9 with the slots collapsed onto a line running diagonally
across the array. The linear array thus formed determines the
amplitude and phase characteristics of the second-order beams.
Close examination of the "collapsed" linear array (as shown in FIG.
10) reveals certain symmetries in the apparently asymmetrical
distribution. First, all of the element positions that lie to the
right side of the .lambda.o.sub./2 marks form an array with
interelement spacing of .lambda.o. The amplitude distribution is
given by the number of slots which were "collapsed" to each point
and is listed in the following Table. ##SPC1##
Because of the symmetrical nature of this array inspection will
show that its phase center will coincide with element No. 4; and
further, because of the .lambda.o interelement spacing three
principal maxima will exist (one in the broadside direction and one
each in the endfire directions). The far field pattern of this
array can be sketched as in FIG. 11. It can be shown that an array
of seven elements of this type will have endfire lobes that are in
phase with the broadside lobe, with five sidelobes of alternating
phase between each principal maxima. Since the sidelobes will be
very small because of the triangular amplitude distribution on the
array, they will be ignored.
The second symmetry to be noted is that all of the element
positions lying to the left side of the .lambda.o.sub./2 marks also
form an array with an interelement spacing of .lambda.o. The
amplitude distribution is given in the following Table.
##SPC2##
This array is also symmetrical and the center of phase lies halfway
between elements 3 and 4. Again, three principal maxima will exist
with sidelobes in-between. Because there are only six elements in
this array, the endfire lobes will be 180.degree. out-of-phase with
the broadside lobe with four sidelobes in-between. Again the
sidelobes will be very small because of the triangular amplitude
taper and will be ignored. The farfield pattern of this array is
also sketched in FIG. 11.
The total pattern of all thirteen elements is the sum of the two
patterns shown in FIG. 11 when their respective locations are at
the centers of phase as noted in FIG. 10. It can be seen that the
two centers of phase are not superimposed; if they were, the
endfire lobes would cancel and there would be no second-order
beams. It can also be seen that, for this example at least, the
centers of phase are less than .lambda.o.sub./2 apart. A
.lambda.o.sub./2 spacing would result in no suppression of endfire
lobes and the second-order beams would have the same magnitude as
the main lobe. The broadside lobes add to become the main lobe of
the array and in the farfield are unaffected by the positions of
the phase centers of the two patterns. For convenience, the
broadside lobe can be ignored and the patterns can be considered as
being identical except for the fact that one is 180.degree.
out-of-phase with the other. The endfire patterns can be
effectively added now by an assumption that the source of each is
an element with a pattern as shown in FIG. 11.
The total array of thirteen elements reduces to an array of two
identical elements which are fed 180.degree. out-of-phase and are
separated by some distance less than .lambda.o.sub./2. It can be
shown that such an array has a pattern with phase and amplitude
characteristics as shown in FIG. 12. The phases are in relation to
a broadside lobe which is assumed to be at O.degree. phase. The
phase center of the pair is half way between the elements. When the
element pattern (endfire lobe pattern) is superimposed on this
array pattern by the pattern multiplication principle, the
resulting pattern yields the second-order beams of the planar array
of shunt slots along the diagonal line shown in FIG. 9. These beams
take on the approximate shape and the exact phase shown in FIG. 13.
The center of phase of the second-order beam pattern is the
geometric center of the two-dimensional slot configuration when the
slots are assumed to have infinitely small displacements.
By a line of reasoning similar to that demonstrated for the shunt
slots, it can be shown that the second-order beam pattern generated
by the array of displaced virtual-wall slots has the phase and
amplitude characteristics also shown in FIG. 13. The center of
phase for this pattern is the geometric center of the virtual-wall
slot configuration. In this example the geometric centers and,
hence, the phase centers of the two types of slots coincide.
In the embodiment of FIG. 1 the virtual-wall slot excitation leads
that of the shunt slots by 90.degree.; therefore, compared with the
main beam of the shunt slot array, the second-order beams of the
virtual-wall slot array are at .phi.=+90.degree. for both the
forward and backward looking beams. Since the phases of the forward
and backward beams of the shunt slot array are at +90.degree. and
-90.degree., respectively, it follows that the forward beam will be
reinforced while the backward beam will tend to be cancelled. There
would be no change in the power lost into the second-order beams,
just a redirection of some of that power.
If one unit of power (with one unit of voltage) is assumed in each
of the four second-order beams of each linearly polarized array, a
total of eight units of power is lost. When the two arrays are
combined into a circularly polarized array, the backward beams will
be suppressed while the two forward beams will add. Since the
voltages are added, each forward beam has an intensity of two units
of voltage. The impedance of space does not change so that this
intensity represents four units of power in each beam, for a total
of eight (the same amount of power lost by the two linearly
polarized arrays considered separately).
Two different sizes of each slot configuration were analyzed in a
fashion similar to the qualitative analysis performed for a
seven-by-seven array of the embodiment of FIG. 1. The second-order
beam characteristics of four of the typical arrays investigated are
summarized in the following Table. ##SPC3##
It can be seen from this table that cancellation of both forward
and backward beams never takes place simultaneously, but that one
of them is always reinforced. This occurrence is apparently in line
with the conservation of energy in the second-order beams as noted
above.
A limitation to this analysis results from the implicit assumption
that the second-order beams along both diagonals of the array
behave identically. This behavior is not necessarily so. There is
some reason to believe that one or more of the component beams may
suffer a 180.degree. phase reversal because of the different
orientation. This reversal could cause the resultant second-order
beams to appear to one side of the array instead of both forward or
both backward.
A series of pattern measurements were made on the circularly
polarized planar array of the embodiment of FIG. 1. These results
confirmed the prediction that the forward looking second-order beam
would be reinforced and the rearward looking beam suppressed. In
this particular case the two beams that are reinforced are always
the two pointing forward compared to the direction of travel within
the guide.
A limitation of the slot configurations disclosed derives from the
dependency of each on a higher order mode of propagation. This
dependency implies that within each virtual waveguide an equal
amount of power must flow, and satisfactory symmetry can be
maintained in the structure only by the use of a uniform
illumination of the aperture in a plane perpendicular to the
direction of power flow. It may be desirable to design a circularly
polarized planar array with an amplitude taper in both principle
planes, but that is not possible that virtual walls. Instead,
actual walls must be provided. That may be accomplished as shown in
the variant of the present invention illustrated in FIG. 14 which
shows a solid wall 70 in place of a virtual wall in a TE.sub.n,0
mode waveguide to provide isolated channels, such as channels 71
and 72. A slot 73 is provided with a quarter-wavelength choke 74
cut in the wall 70 that separates the two channels 71 and 72. The
power in the two channels may then be set 180.degree. out-of-phase.
When equal power is sent into each channel, the slot 73 is operated
on by essentially the same field structure as described with
reference to FIG. 2. The only difference is the presence of the
wall 70 with the choke 74 under the slot 73. Control over coupling
of the slot 73 may be effected by displacement of the slot on one
side of the actual wall 70 or the other, in the same manner and to
the same approximate magnitude as with the structure of FIG. 2.
Alternatively, the slot 73 may be rotated for coupling as described
with reference to FIG. 5.
If the power levels in the two channels 71 and 72 are then
deliberately unbalanced by various amounts, the choke 74 will keep
the slot 73 from being shorted and at the same time provide a high
degree of isolation between the two channels 71 and 72 while the
slot 73 is coupled to the two channels. With different power levels
in channels 71 and 72, the coupling established by the displacement
of the slot 73 is effected. For example, assuming the slot is
adjusted for a null position with equal power in the two channels
71 and 72, then when the power levels in the two are deliberately
unbalanced, the slot 73 would no longer be in a null position and
hence would radiate. However, it could always be brought to a new
null position by displacement of its center into the region of the
guide carrying the smallest amount of power. Thereafter, control of
the slot coupling is achieved by displacement of the center of the
slot to either side of this new null position, or rotation about
this point, the phase being determined by the direction of
displacement or rotation and the magnitude being controlled by the
amount of displacement or rotation.
From the foregoing description of FIG. 14, it may be readily seen
that if all of the virtual walls of the four different embodiments
described hereinbefore are replaced by actual walls, each with
chokes cut under wall slots, design of circularly polarized planar
arrays with any desired amplitude taper in both principal planes is
possible by control of power coupled to each of the resulting
isolated channels. Such a design would retain the simplicity of
construction inherent in the virtual-wall designs, and require no
slow-wave structures such as were used in the prior art.
Accordingly, inasmuch as a virtual wall can be replaced by an
actual wall, unless otherwise indicated, the term "wall slot" in
the appended claims is intended to refer to a slot over an actual
wall with a quarter-wavelength choke cut under the slot in the wall
as well as a slot over a virtual wall. Other modifications and
variations falling within the spirit of the invention will occur to
those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is not intended that the
scope of the invention be determined by the disclosed exemplary
embodiments, but rather should be determined by the breadth of the
appended claims.
* * * * *