U.S. patent number 3,595,982 [Application Number 04/784,809] was granted by the patent office on 1971-07-27 for superconducting alternating current cable.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Siemens Aktiengesellschaft. Invention is credited to Wilhelm Kafka.
United States Patent |
3,595,982 |
Kafka |
July 27, 1971 |
SUPERCONDUCTING ALTERNATING CURRENT CABLE
Abstract
A superconducting alternating current cable has a space for
conducting a fluid of insulating helium and a carrier member for
conducting a fluid of cooling helium. The carrier member maintains
the insulating helium separate from the cooling helium, the
insulating helium being kept at a pressure different from that of
the cooling helium.
Inventors: |
Kafka; Wilhelm (Tennenlohe,
DT) |
Assignee: |
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
(Berlin and Munich, DT)
|
Family
ID: |
5684112 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/784,809 |
Filed: |
December 18, 1968 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Dec 20, 1967 [DT] |
|
|
P 16 40 750.4 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
174/15.5; 174/29;
174/99R; 174/125.1; 174/28; 174/37; 174/113R; 335/216 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01B
12/14 (20130101); Y02E 40/645 (20130101); Y02E
40/60 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01B
12/14 (20060101); H01b 007/34 (); H01b
009/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;174/15,16,28,29,126,99,998,13 ;335/216 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
Garwin, R. L. & Matisoo, J., Superconducting Lines For
Transmission Of Large Amounts Of Electrical Power Over Great
Distances, Proceedings of the IEEE Vol. 55, No. 4, April 1967, pp.
538--548 (copy in 174-SC) .
Wilcox, G. L., Transmission Distribution...The Future Look,
Electrical World, Vol. 164, No. 8, Aug. 23, 1965, pp. 124--127
(copy in 174-SC).
|
Primary Examiner: Myers; Lewis H.
Assistant Examiner: Grimley; A. T.
Claims
I claim:
1. A superconducting alternating current cable comprising first
tubular electrical conductor means a second tubular electrical
conductor means surrounding said first conductor means so as to
define a space therebetween a fluid of insulating helium in said
space, a fluid of cooling helium inside said first tubular
conductor means and separated from said insulating helium by said
first conductor means, said cooling helium being colder than said
insulating helium and being at a pressure different from that of
said insulating helium, said first conductor means and said second
conductor means each consisting at least partially of a
superconductive material.
2. In a cable according to claim 1, said insulating helium being
liquid and being at a pressure greater than that of said cooling
liquid.
3. In a cable according to claim 1, said insulating helium being
gaseous and being at a pressure lower than that of said cooling
helium.
4. A cable according to claim 1, comprising pressure means at each
end of the cable for maintaining a difference in pressure between
said insulating helium and said cooling helium.
5. A cable according to claim 1, comprising pressure means at
predetermined locations along the length of said cable for
maintaining a difference in pressure between said insulating helium
and said cooling helium.
6. A cable according to claim 1, said first conductor means and
said second conductor means together forming a coaxial conductor
pair and an outer enclosure surrounding said coaxial conductor pair
so as to define a space therebetween for conducting additional
cooling helium in surrounding relation to said coaxial conductor
pair.
7. A cable according to claim 1, said first conductor and said
second conductor means both being annular members of metal, a layer
of superconductive material being disposed on each of said annular
members so as to be coaxial therewith
8. In a cable according to claim 1, said first conductor means
comprising an annular member of insulating material, said second
conductor means comprising a tubular member of insulating material
surrounding said annular member so as to define a space
therebetween for said insulating helium, a layer of superconductive
material being disposed on said annular member so as to be coaxial
therewith, and another layer of superconductive material being
disposed on said tubular member so as to be coaxial therewith.
9. A cable according to claim 1, said first conductor means being
at a potential different than that of said second conductor means,
and a spacer of insulation material disposed intermediate said
first conductor means and said second conductor means for
maintaining the former separate from the latter, said spacer having
a volume substantially less than that of said space.
10. In a cable according to claim 9, said spacer being a spiral
spring consisting of a thread of synthetic material spirally wound
about said conductor means.
11. In a cable according to claim 9, said spacer being a plurality
of conical sleeve members each consisting of synthetic material,
each of said sleeve members having a slot and openings in its wall
and being slidably mounted on said first conductor means.
12. A cable according to claim 9 a wrap of insulating material
having a low dielectric loss factor being disposed between said
spacer and said second conductor means.
13. A cable according to claim 1, said first conductor means and
said second conductor means together constituting a conductor pair,
said cable comprising a plurality of said conductor pairs, a pipe
wherein said conductor pairs are disposed, said pipe containing
additional cooling helium surroundings said conductor pairs, and a
conduit, said pipe being disposed within said conduit so as to
define an annular heat-insulating space therebetween.
14. A cable according to claim 13 comprising a foil of synthetic
material having a layer of reflecting metal, said foil being
disposed intermediate said pipe and said conduit.
15. A cable according to claim 14, comprising a plurality of said
foils disposed intermediate said pipe and said conduit, and
intermediate shield disposed between two adjacent ones of said
foils, and a supply of liquid nitrogen in operative proximity to
said shield for cooling the same.
16. In a cable according to claim 13, said pipe being
longitudinally disposed in said conduit so as to have a snakelike
configuration.
17. In a cable according to claim 16, said conduit being
longitudinally disposed in a snakelike configuration and having a
height of curvature, at a given transverse section, less than that
of said pipe at the same section.
18. In a cable according to claim 13, a number of said conductor
pairs penetrating said annular heat-insulating space along the
length of the cable.
19. A superconducting cable according to claim 18 for
interconnecting a power station with feeder points of a
distribution network, having said number of conductor pairs
connected to said feeder points at one end and to the power station
at the other end.
20. A cable according to claim 1, wherein said first conductor
means and said second conductor means are both annular members, a
layer of superconductive material being disposed on each of said
annular members so as to be coaxial therewith, said cable
comprising a pipe wherein said annular members are disposed, said
pipe and said annular members all consisting of material having
substantially the same coefficient of heat expansion. 2l. In a
cable according to claim 20, said annular members consisting of
metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper
and lead. 22. A cable according to claim 1 comprising solid
insulation
members disposed in said space at the ends of the cable. 23. A
cable according to claim 1, said first conductor means and said
second conductor means together constituting a transmission line,
the cable comprising a plurality of aid transmission lines, a
portion of said lines being divided into groups of three, each of
said groups constituting a three-phase system, a pipe wherein said
lines are disposed, a conduit in which said pipe is disposed so as
to define an annular heat-insulating space therebetween, a number
of said three-phase systems penetrating said
annular heat-insulating space along the length of the cable. 24. A
superconducting cable according to claim 23 for interconnecting a
power station with feeder points of a distribution network, having
said number of said three-phase systems connected to said feeder
points at one end and
to the power station at the other end. 25. A superconducting
current cable comprising a tubular electrical conductor means a
fluid of cooling helium inside said conductor means, a tubular
member of synthetic material concentric with and enclosing said
conductor means and defining a space therebetween, a fluid of
insulating helium in said space, and an outer enclosure surrounding
said tubular member of synthetic material and defining a second
space therebetween, and additional cooling helium in said second
space, said conductor means consisting at least partially of a
superconductive material. 26. A cable according to claim 15,
wherein said conductor means is a plurality of tubular electrical
conductors and comprising a plurality of said tubular members each
one of said tubular members being concentrically disposed with
respect to and surrounding a corresponding one of said conductors,
and said enclosure surrounding said tubular members so as to define
a space between said enclosure and tubular members for conducting
said additional helium in surrounding relation to each of said
tubular members.
Description
My invention relates to superconducting cables and more
particularly to superconducting cables wherein helium is used as a
cooling as well as an insulation medium. Superconducting
alternating current cables are known in various configurations one
of which has superconductors with an electrical insulation of solid
dielectric material between the conductors of different voltage.
The heat insulation is disposed outside the electrical insulation.
Cooling is effected by liquid helium which removes the heat
resulting from alternating current losses in the conductor and eddy
current losses in normal-conducting metals insofar as they occur
within the heat insulation as well as losses developed by
mechanical alternating forces and dielectric losses which appear
within the electrical insulation. Also removed in this way is the
heat which penetrates the heat insulation. At the present state of
the cooling art, 1 Watt of heat output occurring at the temperature
of liquid helium (4.2.degree. K.) requires a cooling output of
approximately 500 Watts at room temperature. The cost of cooling
and the great expense of cooling means involved still make this
type of design uneconomical.
In another configuration each current conductor is provided with a
tubular carrier equipped with a thin outside layer of niobium and
is cooled from within by liquid helium. The current conductor is
surrounded by heat insulation and then enclosed by an electrical
insulation of solid insulating materials, the latter being at room
temperature. With this arrangement, the dielectric losses are
dissipated directly to the surrounding. The heat insulation must
transmit the magnetic forces between the conductors, and because of
its less than ideal elasticity, certain losses will be produced by
the alternating forces and will occur, for the most part, at low
temperatures. Because the heat insulation must be more stable than
in the first referred to configuration in order to transmit the
magnetic forces, it has a relatively high heat conductivity.
However, this configuration too has other disadvantages which have
heretofore prevented its practical utilization. For example, the
heat insulation requires substantial space which makes the
electrical insulation expensive. Also, the capacitance of such
cables is very high while the wave propagation velocity is small
which renders its use in transmitting over great distances
impractical.
In still another known arrangement, a three-phase cable has four
tubular conductors coaxially disposed with respect to each other
and each conductor comprises a carrier tube having a niobium layer.
The inner and the outer tubular conductors each serve as a
conductor for one phase of the three-phase current and the third
three-phase current is guided across the other tubular conductors
which are positioned between the inner and the outer conductors and
are separated by a vacuum chamber which provides a thermal
insulation. In order to electrically insulate the individual
alternating current phases, liquid helium is provided which is
simultaneously used to cool the tubular conductors. The helium is
conducted into the space between the inside conductor and the
adjacent first conductor for the third phase in one direction along
the cable axis and returned in opposite direction via the
intermediate space between the second conductor for the third phase
and the outer conductor which surrounds the second conductor.
During the operation of this cable, great care must be taken to
ensure that no gas bubbles will occur in the helium while the heat
is being removed which impair the effect of the insulation, or if
gas bubbles do occur, that the helium will withstand the full peak
voltage between the tubular conductors. This requires a very high
helium throughput or a very high pressure in the helium. However,
this has associated with it the disadvantage of requiring a
considerable expenditure for cooling and a costly construction of
the cable. Moreover, the vapor-cooling method which is preferable
in connection with helium cannot be employed.
It is an object of my invention to provide a superconducting
alternating-current cable wherein helium is used as a cooling as
well as an insulating medium.
It is another object of my invention to provide a superconducting
alternating current cable wherein the dielectric losses are reduced
and vaporative cooling occurs without impairment to the
effectiveness of the electrical insulation.
To achieve these objects and in accordance with a feature of my
invention, I provide a cable wherein the helium which serves as an
insulating medium and the helium which serves as a cooling medium
are separated from each other and are maintained at different
pressures.
In this manner, the dielectric losses in the insulation are reduced
when compared with cables using solid insulating means. In
addition, evaporative cooling is made possible without impairing
the effectiveness of the electrical insulation.
Liquid helium in particular can be used as an insulation means and
subjected to higher pressures than the helium which serves as a
coolant. The higher pressure in the insulation space prevents
evaporation of the liquid helium which serves as an insulation
means and also prevents the formation of gas bubbles therein.
Consequently, the insulation has a high dielectric strength. Due to
the somewhat higher temperature in the insulation chamber
containing the liquid helium, the difference in pressure should be
appropriately great, and may amount, for example, to 0.5 to 5
atmospheres. To maintain the pressure difference between the
cooling helium and the insulating helium, the spaces provided for
receiving the insulating helium are connected at the cable ends or
at several places along the cable to pumps or pressure bottles
equipped with reducing valves.
In cases, where a smaller dielectric strength of the insulation
suffices, gaseous helium may be used as an insulating medium which
is under a lower pressure than that of the flowing, liquid and
evaporating helium which serves as a coolant. The lower pressure in
the insulation space prevents a condensation or droplet formation
of the gaseous helium which serves as an insulating medium. Since
the latter may not be colder than the helium which serves as a
coolant, condensation of the gaseous helium is impossible. This
type of insulation is especially preferred in superconducting
communication cables in which condensation and droplet formation
can cause undesirable changes of line constants along the length of
the cable.
Since a gaseous or liquid insulation cannot maintain the conductors
separate, spacers of solid insulating material are provided between
conductors of different potentials for maintaining the intermediate
space filled with the insulating helium.
The space holders are preferably made of synthetic material having
a low dielectric loss factor and are so spatially arranged that
their volume constitutes only a small fraction of the entire
intermediate space which serves as an insulator. Suitable plastics
are, for example, polyethylene, polytetrafluoride-ethylene and
polystyrol. A preferred construction for a space holder disposed
between a tubular outer conductor or a tubular sleeve which
encloses the insulating helium and a concentrically positioned
inner conductor is a thread of plastic having a low dielectric loss
factor, such as polytetrafluoride-ethylene. The plastic is shaped
as a screw spring and is wound around the inside conductor in the
shape of a spiral. The pitch of the thread in the screw spring
preferably approximates or is equal to the diameter of the screw
spring. This space holder affords the advantage that after it is
wound, the screw spring can be compressed to such an extent, during
the installation of the outside conductor or the outside sleeve,
that it does not become loose following the cooling process and
does not experience any excessive tensile stress. Another advantage
of this space holder is afforded by the fact that the flow of
insulating helium is hardly impaired in the direction of the cable
axis. Since the plastic threads of the screw spring are for the
most part positioned diagonally and never fully in the direction of
the electrical field force and since their dielectric constant is
larger than that of the gaseous or liquid helium, the electrical
field intensity in the plastic is on the average smaller than in
the insulating helium thereby lowering the dielectric losses.
Approximately the same advantages are afforded by space holders in
the form of slotted and perforated, conically formed plastic
sleeves which are alternately pushed from several sides upon the
inner conductor.
The average, relative dielectric constant .epsilon. of the
electrical insulation is important for calculating the cable
capacitance. The calculation is made from the values for the helium
and the synthetic material of the space holder in relation to the
volume portions. At a plastic portion of 5 percent, a value of
.epsilon.=1.06 is obtained for gaseous helium and
polytetrafluoride-ethylene and .epsilon.=1.11 for liquid helium and
for polytetrafluoride-ethylene. The dielectric losses may be
calculated in a similar manner with a median dielectric loss factor
tan .delta.. The dielectric loss factor for liquid helium is not
exactly known, but it may be assumed to be less than 10.sup..sup.-6
. Polyethylene probable has the smallest losses of all synthetic
materials, however, it is not certain whether it maintains enough
elasticity at 4.degree. to 5.degree. K. The usage of
polytetrafluoride-ethylene is preferred, the material not being
brittle even at low temperatures. The dielectric loss factor, tan
.delta., for gaseous helium and polytetrafluoride-ethylene is
smaller than 5.times.10.sup..sup.-6 and for liquid helium and
polytetrafluoride-ethylene, tan .delta. smaller than
5.95.times.10.sup..sup.-6 . Approximately 5 percent of the volume
of polytetrafluoride-ethylene is assumed to have a dielectric loss
factor of about 10.sup..sup.-4 . In estimating the economy of a
cable, the primary factor to be considered is the ratio of the
dielectric loss to the rated output. The rated output P.sub.n
cannot be arbitrarily increased beyond the natural output of the
cable when energy is transmitted across a distance of more than 5
percent of the wave length of the current to be transmitted,
because otherwise, the inductive voltage drop along the cable will
become too great. Therefore, the ratio of the dielectric losses to
the natural output P.sub.d /P.sub.Nat can be considered to be a
criteria of economy. P.sub.d /P.sub.Nat is proportional to (f) (
.epsilon.) (tan .delta.). At a given frequency, f=50 Hz., it is
sufficient, therefore, to compare the product ( .epsilon.) (tan
.delta.) for various configurations.
Typical of a cable which uses gaseous helium as an insulation
medium and spacers of polytetrafluoride-ethylene is a product
5.15.times.10.sup..sup.-6 . For a cable using liquid helium as an
insulating medium and polytetrafluoride-ethylene spacers the
product is 6.3.times.10.sup..sup.-6 , and for a cable using a solid
polytetrafluoride-ethylene insulation, the product is
1.48.times.10.sup..sup.-4 . In the latter instance, it is therefore
23 times larger than when liquid helium is used to form the
insulation and 29 times larger than when gaseous helium is used.
The difference may be further increased if it becomes possible to
produce the space holders of polyethylene with tan
.delta.<10.sup..sup.-5 . This polyethylene having a small loss
factor seems to be unsuited for use as a solid insulation because
of cracks which form during the cooling process.
The voltage reliability of the cable using a helium insulation
against short term voltage peaks can be further increased by
providing, in addition to the helium insulation, a solid insulation
comprised of a synthetic material with a small dielectric loss
factor, which during normal operation, takes over only a small
portion of the voltage and thus has only small dielectric losses
but which has the capability of taking over the full voltage peak
for a short period during a breakdown of the helium insulation.
After a disappearance of the voltage peak, the breakdown through
the helium too disappears and the cable has again the same low loss
as before. An additional insulation of this type may be arranged
directly below the outer conductor, when a pair of coaxial
conductors is involved. A number of thin plastic foils, for
example, of polytetrafluoride-ethylene are wound with overlapping
edges upon the spacer, and only then is the outer conductor
applied. Since the dielectric strength of the
ploytetrafluoride-ethylene foils is essentially greater than that
of the gaseous or the liquid helium, a thin layer suffices, which,
due to its greater dielectric constant, takes over only a small
fraction of the voltage during operation and causes only small
losses.
The magnitude of the cooling device depends not only on the
dielectric losses but also on the influx of heat and, thus, on the
diameter of the cable. In coaxial conductor pairs, the ratio
d.sub.o /d.sub.i determines the wave resistance and the capacitance
of the cable and can therefore not be arbitrarily reduced. (d.sub.o
= diameter of the outer conductor, d.sub.i = diameter of the inner
conductor.) The outer cable diameter therefore depends on the
diameter d.sub.i of the inside conductor. Two different conditions
determine the minimum magnitude of d.sub.i :
FIrst, so that the critical magnetic field strength at the inner
conductor will not be exceeded, d.sub.i must be larger than
where I.sub.max is the highest current at which the superconductor
does not yet become normal conducting and H.sub.k is the critical
field strength of the superconductor.
Second, so that the maximum permissible electric field strength is
not exceeded, d.sub.i must be greater than
where U.sub.n is the rated voltage and E.sub.max constitutes the
maximum permissible field strength.
When gaseous helium is used as an insulation medium, E.sub.max is
smaller than for liquid helium. At least when niobium is used as a
superconductor, the second condition will be determining and
d.sub.i would have to be greater than when liquid helium is used as
an insulating medium. Consequently, the cable would be thicker and
costlier and the cooling device for removing the heat influx would
have to be larger. Therefore, insulation by means of liquid helium
is generally preferable for high-current cables.
The conditions are reversed for communication cables. Due to low
voltage and low-current value, the electric field strength and the
magnetic field strength are below the aforementioned critical
limits. Because of accuracy requirements d.sub.i cannot be made so
small that the aforementioned limits can be attained. Thus, for
communication cables, lead may be chosen as the superconductor and
gaseous helium as the insulation, these constituting the most
practical materials. Below the critical frequency of soft
superconductors, which is about 10.sup.8 Hz., damping values are
still obtained below 10.sup..sup.-2 Neper/km. At higher
frequencies, ohmic losses will also occur in the superconductor and
the attenuation will increase. Nonetheless, these cables are much
more preferably than cables with conductor pairs which are at room
temperature.
Preferably, the cable comprises on or several conductor pairs
having an inner conductor and a tubular outer conductor which
encloses the inner conductor. When the cable is in use, the space
between the inner conductor and the outer conductor is filled with
helium which serves as insulation, while at the outside of the
tubular outer conductor, helium is circulated which serves as a
coolant. The inner conductor may be shaped as a wire, for example,
but a tubular design is preferable, so that it can conduct liquid
helium serving as a coolant.
The cable may also be built up of several parallel, cylindrical
conductors, rather than coaxial conductor pairs. In this type of
construction, each conductor is concentrically arranged in a tube
of poorly conducting metal or plastic material which encloses the
conductor so as to be spaced a determined distance therefrom. The
distance is maintained by spacers as in the case of coaxial
conductor pairs. During the operation of the cable, the
intermediate space between conductor and tube is filled with helium
which serves as an insulating medium while liquid helium surrounds
the outside of the tube and serves as a coolant. In this type of
construction, the conductors are preferably tubular in shape so
that they can conduct liquid helium acting as a coolant. Three such
conductors can form a three-phase current system.
The superconductor is preferably provided only in form of a thin
layer disposed on a carrier comprised of metal or insulating
material. At 50 Hz., soft superconductors such as niobium or lead
have no alternating current losses. At the temperature of liquid
helium (4.2.degree. K.), the current penetrates only to a depth of
approximately 10.sup..sup.-4 cm. When hard superconductors are
used, the alternating current losses in the superconductor material
can only be kept small by limiting the magnetic field intensity to
several kA./cm. In this instance, the hard superconductors are only
used in the form of very thin layers or loaded to a value far below
their critical current density. Thin layers of superconductors may
be produced by vapor disposition, galvanic precipitation and other
known methods. They may be applied on a foil which is then placed
around a conductor carrier or the spacer without pitch. In
communication cables whose superconductors comprise lead,
superconductors may be in the form of lead wires or tubes, a
separate carrier not being required.
In coaxial conductor pairs, the current distribution is completely
homogeneous in straight conductor paths. In coaxial conductor pairs
having curvatures and in noncoaxial conductors the field and
current distribution which is obtained is irregular across the
periphery and hence forces are exerted upon the spacers between the
conductors giving rise to losses caused by the incomplete
elasticity of the spacers. Therefore, coaxial conductor pairs are
the most desirable with respect to such losses, and curvatures
should be avoided if possible.
With high-current cables as well as with communication cables,
several conductor pairs or three-phase systems can be combined into
a single cable. They are enclosed in a pipe which holds the cooling
helium. Outside of this pipe is the heat insulation which is
comprised of an evacuated chamber which may be filled with a
plurality of synthetic foils having reflecting metal layers, known
as super insulation, for the purpose of reducing the heat
irradiation. In order to reduce further the influx of heat into the
cooling medium, an intermediate metal shield is provided within the
heat insulation. The metal shield is maintained by liquid nitrogen
at at a temperature of about 77.degree. K. The evacuated chamber is
enclosed by a vacuum-tight conduit which must withstand the outside
air pressure. Since the heat insulation must not be compressed, it
is advantageous when laying the cable to divide the outer,
vacuumtight pressure conduit along its length and to insert the
pipe for the cooling helium together with the heat insulation and
the intermediate shield from above into the lower portion of the
pressure conduit. The pipe is held within pressure conduit by wires
having a poor thermal conductivity. The upper portion of the
pressure conduit is subsequently applied and a tight vacuum is
ensured by welding or soldering an outer skin of, for example,
steel, placed around the pressure conduit. The conductor pairs or
the three-phase systems may be pulled into the pipe through which
the cooling helium passes at the site where the cable is to be
situated.
When such a cable is cooled to 4.2.degree. K., mechanical tensions
occur between materials having dissimilar coefficients of
expansion. It is therefore imperative that the carriers for the
superconducting layers and the pipes for passing the cooling helium
and nitrogen are fabricated from materials having approximately the
same expansion coefficients. It is most efficacious to use the same
material for all these parts. Because of its easy workability and
the good electrical conductivity at low temperatures, highly pure
aluminum or lead are particularly suitable materials. Copper too
can be used as a material for these portions of the cable. Within a
range of 300 and 4.2.degree. K., the contraction of aluminum is
approximately 0.4 percent, whereas the contraction of a niobium
layer is about 0.2 percent. Thus, during cooling, the niobium layer
is compressed by 0.2 percent, however this is not
disadvantageous.
Since the outside pressure conduit is not subjected to a
temperature change and does not contract, tensions or longitudinal
displacements occur between this conduit and the inner pipes. This
condition can be avoided by arranging the inner pipe which holds
the liquid cooling helium into a snakelike shape which stretches to
form an almost straight line during the cooling off process. The
outside pressure conduit must then provide room for these snakelike
configurations. It is particularly preferred to also arrange the
outer pressure conduit into a snakelike form having a high up
curvature less than that of the pipe holding the cooling helium at
room temperature, that is, prior to the cooling process.
It is advantageous to use the heat insulation and cooling
arrangement of a high-current cable of the present invention with
communication cables. The high-current conductors do not influence
the communication conductors at all, if they are built up as
coaxial conductor pairs of soft superconductors and the outer
conductor is grounded. Since the diameters of the communication
conductors are considerably smaller than the diameters of the
high-current conductors, they may be pulled into the spaces between
the high-current conductors. Although the intermediate spaces offer
less room for the cooling helium, no disadvantage is presented,
rather, this affords an advantage because along hilly terrain where
the cable will be inclined which prevents the cooling helium is
prevented from flowing away rapidly.
At the cable ends, that means at those locations where a transition
from the superconductors to normal conductors must be made at room
temperature, a solid insulation is substituted for the insulating
helium. At such locations, the superconductors are connected with
normal conductors of adequate cross section. This results in a
relatively large cross section for high-current cables. To limit
the influx of heat from the outside into the cable end, this
enlargement of cross section can take place along a predetermined
length, either continually or in stages. In coaxial conductor
pairs, the enlarged cross section takes the form of a funnel-shaped
expansion extending for a length of several meters.
In a superconducting alternating current or three-phase cable with
helium insulation, the expenditure associated with superconductors,
carrier metal, helium and heat insulation is approximately the
same, irrespective of whether the required efficiency is
transmitted via a single conductor pair or a plurality of
conductors provided that all conductors are enclosed in one single
heat insulation. The expenditure for the heat insulation increases
approximately with the square root of the transmitted load. The
production difficulties are reduced if the pipes used as carriers
for superconductors have a smaller diameter. Therefore, for larger
loads, it is preferable to use a plurality of partial cables in the
form of conductor pairs or three-phase systems.
These partial cables can then be terminated at selected points
along the cable path and can be led out of the heat insulation of
the cable. This is advantageous, for example, when electric power
is to be supplied to a big city from a remote power plant. The
cable is subdivided into as many three-phase subsystems as there
are feeding points provided in the distribution network. The ends
of the partial cables lying at one end of the cable are connected
with the power installation and the other ends of the partial
cables are connected with spatially distributed feeding points of
the distribution network to be supplied by the power plant.
Supplying a network via a superconducting cable subdivided into a
plurality of partial cables, affords the advantage that the
inductance of the system parts which are connected to the spatially
distributed feeding points may be utilized to limit the short
circuit power within the network. For each feeding point one
obtains the short circuit power which results from the inductivity
of each subsystem. Since the superconducting cables have no ohmic
loss, the rated current can be increased above the natural current
to the extent that the inductive voltage drop will permit. By
compensating the network to cos .phi.=1 or a preceding value of cos
.phi. and an appropriate dimensioning of the subsystem, the short
circuit current can be reduced, for example, from 3 to 5 times the
value of the rated current of each subsystem. A network fed by a
power station having a capacity of 1000 MW., the short circuit
power would have an order of magnitude of 10,000 MVA., if the
central feeding is via conventional cables. By subdividing the
cable of the invention into 10 subconductor systems, it is possible
to reduce the short circuit power at each feed point to 400 MVA.
The low transmission voltages of the cable of the invention make it
possible to operate only with, for example, 20--30 kv., without
transformation, from the generator of the power plant to the
network being supplied. The transmission constants of such cables
resemble more those of a multiple overhead line than those of
conventional cables. The line resistance is however zero and the
leakage is slight. Therefore, the cables of the invention are well
suited for transmission over great distances.
By using a superconducting cable subdivided into a plurality of
subcables, the customarily difficult problem of limiting the short
circuit power at individual feeding points of a network is resolved
in a simple manner. To effect such a limitation of the short
circuit power, not only the superconducting cables with helium
insulation can be conveniently used, but also superconducting
cables provided with alternate forms of insulation, for example,
with solid insulating material. These cables are comprised of a
plurality of subcables each having one end connected with a feeding
point of the network being supplied and the other end connected
with the power plant.
It is not necessary to give the superconductors such a dimension
that they can withstand the full short circuit current in the
superconducting state. It is satisfactory that the superconductors
do not yet pass from the superconducting into the normal conducting
state at such current values which are expected of the cable
without disconnecting that is, at currents which exceed the rated
current by approximately 50 percent. Still larger currents will be
cut off, as soon as possible in view of the other parts of the
distribution network. The cable can be constructed, without any
particular enlargement, so that the short circuit current is
received by the normal conducting carrier of the superconducting
layers for the time prior to disconnection. It is preferable to
fabricate these carriers from relatively pure metal because then
the resistivity will then be especially low at a low temperature
and the short circuit current will cause fewer losses. In case of
frequent short circuits and rapid reclosing, an enlargement of the
cooling plant for the recycled helium may be required.
The invention will be further elucidated with reference to the
embodiments illustrated by way of example on the accompanying
drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a side view, partially in section, of an embodiment of a
transmission line of the invention equipped with a spiral spring
spacer.
FIG. 2 is a view partially in section of the transmission line of
FIG. 1 taken along the line II-II.
FIG. 3 is a side view, partially in section, of an embodiment of a
transmission line of the invention equipped with conical sleeve
spacers.
FIG. 4 is a view partially in section, of the transmission line of
FIG. 3 taken along the line IV-IV.
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a cable having six coaxial conductor
pairs.
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a three-phase system having three
parallel, noncoaxial conductors.
FIG. 7 is a longitudinal section through an outer pressure conduit
in which a pipe for the cooling helium is mounted, the pipe being
illustrated having the snakelike configuration when being
mounted.
FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of a city feeder system fed
from a distant power installation having short circuit power which
is limited.
FIG. 9 is a side view, partially in section, of an embodiment of
the cable according to the invention wherein the tubes carrying the
superconductors are made of insulating material.
FIG. 10 is a view partially in section of the transmission line of
FIG. 9 taken along the line IX-IX.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show a coaxial pair of conductors wherein reference
numeral 1 designates the inside conductor. The coaxial pair
consists of a thin superconducting layer 8 of pure niobium on a
tape-shaped foil 9 of 99.9 percent pure aluminum. This tape-shaped
foil is placed around the carrier pipe 2 of pure aluminum or wound
around it in turns of very high pitch with the superconducting
layer facing outwardly. Helices of a spiral spring 3 are wound
about the inside conductor to form a spacer. The spiral spring is
comprised of threads of polytetrafluoride-ethylene. The outside
conductor 4 is wound about the spacer in the form of an aluminum
band 10 having a superconducting layer 11 disposed so that the
superconducting layer faces inwardly. A tube 6, preferably of
extruded aluminum, provides a tight seal for the insulation space
5. The space 5 formed by the inner and outer tubes constitutes a
conducting means for helium which serves as an insulating agent.
The liquid helium which acts as the coolant passes through the
inside chamber 7 of the carrier pipe 2 and surrounds the outer side
of the tube 6.
A configuration similar to that shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is shown in
FIGS. 9 and 10 wherein the numerals correspond to the same
materials as in FIGS. 1 and 2 except that the carrier pipe 6 and
the tube 2 of the latter are depicted as made of insulating
material and have the reference numerals 71 and 72
respectively.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate another form of the spacer. Slotted,
conically formed sleeves 13 made of synthetic material are
alternately pushed upon the inside conductor 1 from different
sides. To reduce the space taken by the synthetic material and to
facilitate the axial flow of the insulating helium in the space 5,
openings 14 have been provided in the sleeves. The spacer is
provided with a slot 15 which is used for mounting the spacer upon
the inside conductor 1. These spacers can contract freely during
cooling in tangential and axial direction and will not suffer
critical strains. The spacers are easy to produce since they are
not required to absorb any electrical forces. Rather, the spacers
support only the weight of the inside conductor 1 and the carrier
pipe 2 with the cooling helium contained therein. A thin wrap 16 of
insulating material having a low dielectric loss factor is disposed
between the spacer 13 and the superconducting layer 11.
FIG. 5 illustrates the cross section of a cable with six coaxial
conductor pairs 21 which are of the same construction as the
conductor pairs shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 or FIGS. 3 and 4. The six
pairs of conductors are located in an aluminum tube 22. Around this
tubing a first heat insulation 23 of plastic foils with reflecting
metal layers is places. An intermediate aluminum shield 24 is
placed over the insulation 23. The shield 24 is in heat-conductive
relation with aluminum tubings 25 which transport liquid nitrogen.
A second heat insulation 26 also comprised of plastic foils with
reflecting metal layers is placed over the shield 24 and tubings
25. The entire configuration is located in a longitudinally divided
reinforced concrete pipe 27 which absorbs the outside atmospheric
pressure. After the tube 22 and the heat insulation as well as the
intermediate shield are embedded, the tube 22 is supported with
respect to the pressure pipe 27 by thin threads 30 and the lid 28
is applied.
To ensure a vacuum tight seal, the pressure pipe 27 is provided on
its exterior with a covering 29 of plastic or metal which is
welded, soldered or cemented along its length. The space between
pipes 22 and 27 is evacuated. The coaxial conductor pairs 21 may be
pulled into tube 22 before or after the latter has been secured in
pipe 27. The free space 31 in tube 22 and the inside spaces 7 of
the inside conductors of the conductor pair 21 serve to receive the
liquid cooling helium. Interwoven wires or fibers of insulating
material between the conductor pairs 21 ensure that the cooling
helium penetrates into all interstices and that the occurring gas
bubbles rise to the top. The tubing 22 which encloses the cooling
helium may be extruded or pulled without a seam or it may be placed
around the conductor pairs in the form of a sheet and thereafter
welded longitudinally. The insulating helium is contained in the
spaces 5 between the conductors of the coaxial conductor pairs
21.
FIG. 6 illustrates an alternating current system comprised of three
parallel noncoaxial conductors 41. Each conductor is made of a tube
of highly pure lead. The spacers 42 are the plastic sleeves
illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. They carry extruded tubes 43 of a
synthetic material, such as, a polyethylene mixture which remains
elastic at low temperatures. The exterior of these tubes may be
provided with a low conductive coating. The insulating material
occupies the space 44 between the tubes 43 and the conductors 41.
The cooling helium lies outside of the tubes 43 and inside the
conductors 41. The three conductors are held together by tapes 45
so that the current forces will not force them apart. Because of
these forces, the spacer 42 must be made stronger than is the case
in coaxial conductor pairs. A star-shaped spacer 46 is provided so
that the space between the three tubes 43 can be traversed by the
cooling helium. A plurality of such three-phase systems may be
combined into a single high-voltage cable and be disposed in a
common helium tube 47 made of aluminum. A disadvantage of this
noncoaxial design is that alternating forces which occur between
the three conductors produce losses in the spacers 42, 46 and
synthetic tubes all having an elasticity less than ideal. This
embodiment is therefore primarily recommended for smaller current
intensities in single conductors.
FIG. 7 shows a longitudinal section through the outer pressure
conduit of a cable in which a pipe is mounted for carrying the
cooling helium. For clarity, the heat insulation and the
intermediate shield are not shown. The helium tube 51 is
illustrated with solid lines to show its position prior to cooling
and with dashed lines to show its position after cooling. The outer
pressure tube is designated by reference numeral 52 and the bracing
between the helium tube 51 and the pressure tube 52 is designated
by reference numeral 53. After cooling the helium tube 51 assumes
only a very slight snakelike configuration. However, the tube 51 is
not completely straight to ensure that it will bend toward the
correct side after being reheated. During the heated state of the
helium tube, the heat insulation is pressed at one side against the
pressure tube 52. This is permissible for super insulation since
the required distance between the individual foils is restored
during the cooling process.
FIG. 8 illustrates a deice wherein superconducting
alternating-current cables having a plurality of three-phase
systems are utilized for limiting short circuits in a spatially
expanded distribution network. The distribution network 61 is fed
by a distant power station 62. Each feeder point 63 of the network
61 is connected via switches 64 to one subsystem 65 of the cable
66. The heat insulation 68 is illustrated by dashed lines. During
short circuits in the vicinity of the feeder points, the short
circuit power flows over the corresponding subsystem, the
inductance of which, limits this flow. If the short circuit is
simultaneously isolated by switch 64 and a corresponding switch 67
at the power plant end of the subsystem, and is also disconnected
in the distribution network by means of mesh-network switches, then
the remaining network will stay in operation. When the load of the
network drops below the natural capacity of the cable 66, some
subsystems 65 can be disconnected by the switches 64 and 67 located
at respective ends of the cable. This does not result in a
capacitive load nor in a voltage increase. At an absolute no-load
operation of the network, a compensation inductance may be
connected to the subsystem which is last to remain in operation.
This subsystem can also be switched over to so low a conductor
voltage with the assistance of two transformers at the beginning
and end of the cable that even the no-load output of the
transformer at the end of the cable is sufficient for compensation.
When the net is reloaded, the remaining subsystems are first
sequentially switched in at full voltage, and with full load, the
first subsystem is finally switched over to the full voltage. FIG.
8 illustrates a so-called one-pole illustration wherein only one
conductor is shown of the three conductors of the three-phase
network 61 and the subcables 65. The individual subcable can
consist, for example, of the three-phase system shown in FIG. 6 or
of three coaxial pairs of conductors, each, as illustrated in FIGS.
1 to 4. The cable shown in FIGS. 5 contains two such three-phase
subcables. Pressure means 69 connected to the spaces for insulting
helium of the subcables 65 are disposed at the ends and along the
length of the cable.
To those skilled in the art it will be obvious upon a study of this
disclosure that my invention permits of various modifications with
respect to structural features and hence that the invention may be
given embodiments other than particularly illustrated and described
herein, without departing from the essential features of the
invention and within the scope of the claims annexed hereto.
* * * * *