U.S. patent number 3,594,610 [Application Number 04/815,569] was granted by the patent office on 1971-07-20 for display panel with corona discharge control.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to Paul F. Evans, Harold D. Lees, Martin S. Maltz.
United States Patent |
3,594,610 |
Evans , et al. |
July 20, 1971 |
DISPLAY PANEL WITH CORONA DISCHARGE CONTROL
Abstract
An electroluminescent display panel having solid state storage
layers, an excitation current source and an ion generating source.
When excitation current is applied to the panel luminescence is
induced. A corona discharge created by addressing a matrix of
conductors with a coincident voltage injects ions into the
semiconductor control layer of the panel and alters the impedance
state thereof. The change in the impedance state of the control
layer alters the current flow through the panel resulting in a
corresponding change in the state of panel luminescence. By
selectively writing into an addressed matrix element either
sequentially or simultaneously a pattern or image is formed on the
panel face. The panel may be selectively erased by the addressing
voltage source or by a separate erasing voltage source.
Inventors: |
Evans; Paul F. (Pittsford,
NY), Lees; Harold D. (Rochester, NY), Maltz; Martin
S. (Fairport, NY) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Rochester,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
25218189 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/815,569 |
Filed: |
April 14, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
315/119; 313/483;
257/93; 315/169.3; 345/76 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
33/12 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H05B
33/12 (20060101); H01j 001/62 (); H05b
043/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;315/169,169TV
;313/108.1 ;340/173 ;346/74 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lake; Roy
Assistant Examiner: Campbell; C. R.
Claims
What we claim is:
1. An electroluminescent panel display device comprising:
a first layer of electroluminescent material,
a second layer of semiconductor material adapted to change its
impedance state upon the injection of ions therein said second
layer overlying said electroluminescent material,
a plurality of parallel conductors in overlying relation with said
first layer,
means for supplying a current flow through said first and second
layers and through alternate ones of said parallel conductors to
cause said electroluminescent material to glow, and
means for generating ions to be injected into said second layer for
altering the impedance thereof whereby said panel luminance can be
controlled.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising:
a support member for supporting said conductor and said first and
second layers and said ion generating means.
3. The apparatus claim 2 comprising a layer of insulating material
between said support and said first layer, said insulating layer
having said plurality of spaced parallel conductors embedded
therein.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 comprising:
strips of electroluminescent material overlying each of said
plurality of parallel conductors.
5. In a panel display device having a layer of electroluminescent
material overlying a layer of semiconductor material said
semiconductor adapted to change its impedance state when subjected
to ion injection, means for passing an excitation current through
said layers causing said panel to luminesce and means for
generating ions to be injected into said semiconductor material
whereby said panel changes its state of luminescence.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said ion generating means is
formed into a grid configuration of conductors and includes means
to select points on said panel whereby said points change their
state of luminescence.
7. An electroluminescent panel display device comprising:
a support member,
a layer of electroluminescent material overlying said support
member,
a layer of semiconductor material overlying said first layer,
means for passing an excitation current through said first and
second layers causing said panel to luminesce,
a plurality of parallel first conductors spaced from but in
overlying relation with said second layer, and
a plurality of parallel second conductors spaced from and
perpendicular to said first conductors, said second conductors in
cooperation with said first conductors creating a corona discharge
generating ions for injection into said second layer when a
coincident voltage is applied to said first and second conductors
whereby said panel luminance changes at the points of ion injection
because of the increased or decreased impedance of said second
layer.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 comprising:
a plurality of parallel third conductors interdigitated between
said first conductors adapted to create a corona discharge
generating ions for injection into said second layer when a voltage
of a first polarity is applied thereon and a voltage of a second
polarity is applied to said first and second conductors whereby the
luminance of said panel is changed.
9. In a panel display having a layer of electroluminescent material
overlying a layer of semiconductor material said semiconductor
material adapted to change its impedance state when subjected to
ion injection, means for passing an excitation current through said
layers causing said panel to luminesce, a plurality of parallel
first conductors spaced from but in overlying relation with said
semiconductor layer, a plurality of parallel second conductors
spaced from and positioned angularly in relation to said first
conductors, a first array of switches connected to a voltage source
for applying a voltage to said first conductors, a second array of
switches connected to a voltage source for applying a voltage to
said second conductors said second conductors in cooperation with
said first conductors creating a corona discharge generating ions
for injection into said semiconductor layer when a coincident
voltage from said voltage sources is applied to said first and
second conductors whereby said panel luminance changes at the
points of ion injection because of the increased or decreased
impedance of said semiconductor.
Description
This invention relates to panel display devices. More particularly,
this invention relates to an electroluminescent panel display
device wherein an area of the panel may be written upon or erased
by the application of a coincident control voltage to selected
cross-points of a conductive wire grid.
The panel type display is a flat device in that its depth is
usually a much smaller dimension than its square area dimension.
The display device may be considered a transducer which converts an
electrical input into an optical output adapted for human
observation. There has been much interest in display panel devices
of this type since they may afford the answer to a workable flat
screen television which permits large information displays and
which are observable by many individuals simultaneously such as for
example air traffic controllers. Other uses or applications may be
in radar plotting, reproduction of photographs and readout of
computer data.
The electroluminescent panel display has certain distinct
advantages over the conventional cathode ray tube. Among these are
it obviates the need for deflection coils and associated circuitry.
It is also capable of being constructed in large sizes such 3
.times.4 feet, 4.times.5 feet and up to 20 .times.40 feet and it
may be made to give high light outputs with good contrast and high
resolution. The device is relatively insensitive to vibration and
shock and the space required with regard to depth is small.
In the conventional electroluminescent panel display device a layer
of luminescent material is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes
and the combination deposited on a substrate such as glass. See for
example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,932,770 to Livingston. Generally, the
electroluminescent material is made of phosphors which give off
light when a changing electric field is applied to the electrodes.
Where an X-Y addressable panel is desired the electrodes may be set
up in a grid configuration. For example, positioned on one side of
the phosphor layer there may be placed a first group of parallel
conductors and on the other side of the layer a second group of
parallel conductors perpendicular to the first group of conductors,
forming a series of cross-points where the first and second groups
of conductors intersect. Thus, a specific area of the phosphor
layer may be caused to luminesce by applying a voltage
simultaneously to selected conductors of the first and second
group.
In these prior art devices the excitation source and the addressing
source are the same. This feature has distinct disadvantages, among
which is the problem of providing the panel with good storage
capability. Where the same source is used for both exciting and
addressing the panel, storage capability may be sacrificed in order
to achieve rapid addressing. Another problem with prior art devices
was in finding a way to provide total isolation between adjacent
cross-points of the matrix system. A further problem encountered in
prior art devices was in controlling the luminescent intensity or
brightness. Brightness of the excited phosphor depends among other
factors on the level and the frequency of the applied voltage. It
is evident that where the addressing voltage and the excitation
voltage emanate from the same source, control of the brightness of
electroluminescent layer is limited and inflexible.
The disadvantages of the aforementioned devices have been overcome
by the present invention wherein a separate means is provided for
exciting the electroluminescent layer and for addressing the matrix
cross-points. The electroluminescent display device of the present
invention provides a flat panel having a depth of approximately
one-half inches which has high storage capabilities, isolation
between selected and unselected cross-points and the capacity to be
made into large sizes. More particularly, the present invention
provides a solid state storage electroluminescent display panel in
which a first plurality of parallel conductive lines are mounted
upon a substrate and are insulated from each other by a
nonconductive material. Overlying the conductive lines there is a
layer of electroluminescent material. Above the electroluminescent
layer there is a control layer semiconductor material with
electrically controllable impedance. Spaced from and in a plane
parallel to the solid state layers is a wire grid network by means
of which a point on the control layer may be addressed. A time
varying excitation current is applied to alternate conductive lines
of the panel to cause a current to flow in a path form one
conductive line through the phosphor and control layers to an
adjacent conductive line, thereby causing the panel to luminesce.
When a coincident address voltage is applied to the grid conductors
negative or positive ions are generated by corona discharge and are
injected into the control layer below the selected cross-points,
thereby either increasing or decreasing the control layer impedance
in this area of the panel. The panel luminance in the selected area
may, in this way be set to any desired level.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an
electroluminescent display device which has high storage
capability.
Another object of this invention is to provide a separate source
for exciting the phosphor layer and a separate source for
addressing the matrix cross-points.
Another object of this invention is to provide means of addressing
the display devices which eliminates interference with unselected
cross-points.
Yet another object of this invention it to provide an
electroluminescent display device which is not limited as to
size.
These and further objects of the present invention will be more
fully understood by reference to the description which follows and
the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates a plan view of the electroluminescent display
device,
FIG. 2 is a side view of FIG. 1 along the lines 2-2 showing in
detail the layers of the panel,
FIG. 2a is a view similar to FIG. 1 showing in addition the
excitation current source for the panel,
FIG. 3 is a plan view similar to FIG. 1 showing a third or corona
grid, and
FIG. 4 is a side view of FIG. 3 along the line 4-4 showing details
of the panel layers.
Turning now to FIG. 1, there is shown generally at numeral 10 a
section of the electroluminescent panel of the invention. Above and
spaced from panel 10 in a plane parallel to the panel there are
shown a plurality of metal horizontal wires X.sub.1 through
X.sub.4. Above and spaced from wires X.sub.1 and X.sub.4 in a plane
parallel to the X wires there are a plurality of vertical wires
Y.sub.1 through Y.sub.4.
In FIG. 2 there is shown in enlarged detail the layers of a section
of the display panel. Reference numeral 11 is a substrate or
support means which may be glass, Mylar or any suitable
nonconductor. Overlying substrate 11 are a plurality of conductive
lines 13. The conductive lines are insulated from each other and
bound to substrate 11 by an epoxy 12 or other adhesive. Each
conductive line is coated with an insulating layer 14 and has been
abraded to expose the conductive material. A portion of the
conductive material has been etched away so that each wire line is
contained in a trough made up of the insulating material 14. The
area above the conductive material in the trough is filled with an
electroluminescent material 18 which is capable of emitting
radiation under the action of a strong electric field below its
breakdown potential. Alternately, material 18 could be formed in a
continuous layer overlying the conductive lines. The
electroluminescent surface is flat and the control layer of
semiconductive material 15 evenly overlies the electroluminescent
material 18.
The conductive material of conductive line 13 may be any good
electrically conductive material such as copper, silver, platinum,
brass or steel alloys. Insulating material 14 should be selected so
that it is capable of withstanding the etching agents used to form
the trough. Although zinc sulfides may be used as a suitable
electroluminescent material, a mixture of copper fluoride and
magnesium activated zinc sulfide in an epoxy binder will yield
similar results. Moreover, any of the well known electroluminescent
phosphors may be utilized and tailored to furnish the desired
response and spectral output.
For the semiconductor control layer material zinc sulfide, lead
oxide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium oxide, germanium, zinc sulfide,
zinc oxide and the like may be employed. The control layer should
have the properties of a field effect semiconductor. A field effect
semiconductor in this context refers to materials capable of
conducting current through the body thereof. However, the
conduction of such material is modified by applying an electric
field perpendicular to the current flow of the material creating a
region that effectively changes the cross-sectional conducting area
of the material or the conductivity of the material itself. Some of
the semiconductor materials listed may not perform efficiently as a
field effect semiconductor. In some of these instances a dielectric
used with the semiconductor may give satisfactory results.
At least one portion of the electroluminescent material forms part
of the electrical circuit between the electrodes with the
successive part of the electrical circuit being formed by a storing
portion of the semiconductor material. The semiconductor material
is capable of conducting current therethrough without substantially
altering the charge pattern on the charge retaining surface. When
an alternating current beyond a threshold level is applied to the
spaced electrodes, electroluminescence will be induced, assuming
that the semiconductor material is in a low impedance state. It can
be demonstrated that the deposition and retention of an
electrostatic charge on the retaining surface of the
electroluminescent panel can be used to control the flow of current
through the panel. When a negative electrostatic charge is
deposited upon the panel, the impedance of the semiconductor is
increased with a concomitant reduction or interruption of current
flow in adjacent areas. The dimunition of current flow will result
in a corresponding dimunition in light output from the
electroluminescent layer resulting in contrasting areas of light
and dark on the panel or half-toned response. Further reduction in
current flow below a threshold value will cause that portion of the
panel to cease luminescence altogether and that portion of the
panel will appear dark. Conversely, the impedance of the
semiconductor material is lowered and current flow increased as the
charges are neutralized or removed from the panel surface.
Accordingly, by selectively depositing and maintaining a charge
pattern on the surface of the electroluminescent panel an image can
be produced and stored by the device.
FIG. 2a depicts the layers of the solid state storage panel.
Current flow through the solid state layers is from current source
9, lead 7 to conductive line 13, through the electroluminescent
phosphor 18 through control layer 15 to adjacent conductive line 13
to lead 8 and thence back to source 9. The excitation voltage may
range between 300 volts to 800 volts. The control layer 15 conducts
a current without altering the charge pattern on the charge
retaining surface. This current flow will cause the phosphor to
luminesce and the control layer will determined the brightness
emitted. If the control layer is in its high impedance state very
little current will be permitted to flow. Conversely, when this
control layer is in its low impedance state, current will flow
freely thereby causing the panel to glow brightly. The degree of
brightness will of course depend upon the level and the frequency
of the applied voltage, as well as the impedance of the control
layer.
In order to vary the impedance state of the control layer, ions
generated by a corona discharge are injected into the control
layer. The injection of positive ions into the control layer will
lower the impedance state of the control layer while the injection
of negative ions in the control layer will increase the impedance
of the control layer. When ions are injected into the control layer
at selected points as will be discussed in greater detail
hereinafter, a pattern or image which may be stored is formed on
the panel.
Turning again to FIG. 1, if a sufficiently high voltage is applied
between the fine wires and a conducting surface parallel to it the
air near the wires will become ionized and the ions created will be
swept to the conducting surface. This movement of ions is called
corona current. The voltage necessary to create this current is a
function of the wire diameter. Corona emission begins to appear at
a fairly well-defined threshold voltage. This threshold voltage is
a function of the electric gradient at the surface. To inject
negative ions at a single grid cross-point the selected X or
control conductor wire passing over the selected point is set to a
negative potential of approximately 200 volts from power supply 80
via switch S1d. The selected corona or Y conductor is driven to a
negative value of approximately 7000 volts from power supply 81 via
switch S2. If, in particular, cross-point X.sub.4, Y.sub.4 is to be
addressed, control conductors X.sub.1 through X.sub.3 are set at a
positive potential of approximately 100 volts by way of switch arms
S1a, S1b, and S1c connected to the positive terminal of power
supply 80. Y.sub.4 is driven sufficiently negative by operation of
S2 to generate a corona discharge at the intersection of X.sub.4,
Y.sub.4, causing negative ions to be injected into the control
layer below the intersection. Any negative ions created by the
corona discharge at the other cross-points are attracted to the
positive X wires preventing negative ions from reaching the control
layer at these points. However, negative ions are permitted to get
through to the control layer at the selected cross-point. The
injection of these negative ions into the control layer will
increase the impedance of the control layer at the point of ion
injection and will result in dimunition or cessation of
luminescence at that point. A similar system may be used for
injecting positive ions. It is noted that points on the panel may
be addressed where the X-Y conductors are displaced from each other
at angles other than at right angles and such displacement of the
X-Y conductors are within the scope of the invention. Moreover, the
panel may be erased point by point or overall by the use of the
addressing voltage power supply or from a separate erase voltage
source.
In FIGS. 3 and 4 there is illustrated another embodiment of the
invention employing a different grid arrangement. Turning briefly
to FIG. 4 there is shown generally at numeral 10 a side view of the
panel along the line 4-4 of FIG. 3. The details of the panel layers
are the same as discussed above with regard to FIG. 2. FIG. 4 also
shows that the X, Y and C conductors are spaced from each other and
from the panel 10 also in the manner discussed above. The X
conductors are located closest to the panel and the corona or C
conductors are located furthest away from the panel with the Y
conductors between them.
Turning again to FIG. 3 there is schematically illustrated
horizontal conductors X1 through X5 and vertical conductors Y1
through Y4. In addition, there is shown corona conductors C1
through C3 also oriented horizontally and interdigitated between
the X conductors. The X conductors through the ganged switch arms
of switch S3 are connected to the power supply 91. X conductors X1
through X4 are connected to the positive terminal of power supply
91. X5 conductor is connected to the negative terminal of the power
supply 91. The Y conductors through the ganged switch arms of S4
are similarly connected to power supply 91. Y conductors Y1 through
Y3 are connected to the positive terminal of power supply 91 and
conductor Y4 is connected to the negative terminal of power supply
91. Connected to the corona wire at C through switch 55 is a
negative potential from power supply 92.
It is understood that the grid networks and the panel layers of
FIG. 1 through 4 represent only a portion of an a actual panel
display device. In an actual panel display device having a
dimension for example of 5 feet .times. 5 feet or larger the grid
wires would be far more numerous and more closely spaced than shown
schematically in FIGS. 1 through 4. In the contemplated large panel
display device numerous cross-points at the intersection of the
grid would be addressed or scanned sequentially or simultaneously
so as to build visual data information upon the panel. This may be
accomplished by varying the impedance of the semiconductor layer
through ion injection at each cross-point. The contrast between
array elements may also be varied by changes of excitation voltage
or frequency.
It is also understood that the mechanical switches S1 through S6
are shown only for purposed of explanation and the invention is not
intended to be limited thereto. It is within the scope of this
invention that the mechanical switches be replaced by electronic
switches with the necessary control circuits.
Assuming that the control layer 15 is in a low impedance state and
that the excitation current has been permitted to flow, panel 10
will glow brightly since the phosphor has become excited by the
current flowing through it. When a cross-point, for example,
X.sub.5, Y.sub.4 is desired to be selected, conductors X.sub.1
through X.sub.4 are made slightly positive by connection to the
positive terminal of power supply 91 through ganged switch arms
S3a, S3b, S3c and S3d. X5 is made slightly negative by connection
to the negative terminal of power supply 91 by S3e. Simultaneously,
Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.3 conductors are made slightly positive by
connection through the ganged switch arms S.sub.4a, S.sub.4b and
S.sub.4c to the positive terminal of power supply 91 and Y.sub.4
conductor is made slightly negative by connection to the negative
terminal of power supply 91 via S4d of switch S.sub.4. Corona wires
C.sub.1, C.sub.2 and C.sub.3 are driven greatly negative by power
supply 92 when switch S.sub.5 closes at C. A corona discharge is
generated at this time and negative ions will be injected into the
panel only at the intersection of X.sub.5 and Y.sub.4. All other
cross-points will be isolated from the corona discharge because the
ions, being negative will be attracted to the slightly positive X
and Y conductors passing over the unselected array elements. The
injection of negative ions into the control layers at X.sub.5 and
Y.sub.4 will cause the control layer beneath the intersection of
the selected cross-point to increase its impedance. The increase in
impedance at this point will decrease current thereat and will
cause the point to darken. A similar system may be used to
selectively inject positive ions into the panel control layer.
Where a pattern or image is to be formed successive cross-points
will be modulated and a pattern or image will thereby be built up
on the panel as the impedance control layer below these
cross-points is altered. In order to produce contrast between
adjacent areas on the panel the voltages on the X, Y and C
conductors may be varied individually or simultaneously.
From the foregoing disclosure it has been demonstrated that the
invention provides an electroluminescent display panel which is
capable of isolating the selected areas from the unselected areas.
Moreover, the invention provides a panel having good storage and
resolution.
* * * * *