U.S. patent number 3,586,184 [Application Number 04/800,107] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-22 for control apparatus and method for an excavating shovel.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to Joseph A. Pesavento, Darl C. Washburn, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,586,184 |
Pesavento , et al. |
June 22, 1971 |
CONTROL APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AN EXCAVATING SHOVEL
Abstract
Described is a control system and method for controlling a
powered excavating shovel of the type having a boom extending from
a main frame, and in which a digging bucket is carried at the lower
end of a dipper stick reciprocable transversely of the boom and
pivotable relative to the main frame about an axis at right angles
to the transverse movement paths. More specifically, the invention
described herein relates to a control system in which signals
representing desired horizontal and vertical forces for the digging
bucket are obtained from a single two-axis master switch and
translated into signals for controlling the application to the
bucket of components of said forces through and in line with the
dipper stick and through and in line with a hoist cable secured to
the bucket and passing over a pulley at the outer end of the
boom.
Inventors: |
Pesavento; Joseph A.
(Pittsburgh, PA), Washburn, Jr.; Darl C. (Williamsville,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
25177499 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/800,107 |
Filed: |
February 18, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
414/685;
414/5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E02F
9/2025 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E02F
9/20 (20060101); B66c 001/00 (); B66c 013/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;214/135,136,137,132 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Forlenza; Gerald M.
Assistant Examiner: Oresky; Lawrence J.
Claims
We claim as our invention:
1. In a control system for an excavating shovel of the type having
a main frame, a boom extending from the main frame, a dipper stick
pivotally mounted relative to the main frame, first motor means for
reciprocating the dipper stick in a direction transversely of the
main boom, and second motor means for causing said dipper stick to
swing through an arc about its pivotal connection by means of a
hoist cable which is connected to the lower end of said dipper
stick and passes around a sheave at the outer end of said boom; the
improvement comprising a single two-axis master controller movable
along a first course and along a second course at right angles to
the first course for controlling horizontal and vertical force
components on a digging bucket at the lower end of said dipper
stick, means for producing a first electrical signal proportional
to the desired horizontal force component on said bucket and which
varies as a function of the position of said controller along said
first course, means for producing a second electrical signal
proportional to the desired horizontal force component on said
bucket and which varies as a function of the position of said
controller along said first course, means for producing a second
electrical signal proportional to the desired vertical force
component on said bucket and which varies as a function of the
position of said controller along said second course, and circuit
means responsive to said first and second electrical signals for
controlling the horizontal and vertical force components on said
bucket and the position of said bucket.
2. The improvement of claim 1 wherein the forces on the bucket in
horizontal and vertical directions are determined by the amount of
movement of the master controller along said first and second
courses, respectively.
3. The improvement of claim 1 wherein the master controller is of
the type comprising a control handle which can be rotated about a
first axis on either side of a central position and rotated about a
second axis on either side of the central position, said first axis
intersecting the second axis.
4. The improvement of claim 1 wherein said circuit means includes
means for producing a third electrical signal proportional in
magnitude to the angle between said hoist cable and vertical, and
means for producing a fourth electrical signal proportional in
magnitude to the acute angle between said dipper stick and
vertical.
5. The improvement of claim 4 wherein said shovel is of the
knee-action type having a stiff leg pivotally connected at its
opposite ends to the upper and lower ends of said dipper stick and
boom respectively, and a crows handle pivotally connected to the
upper end of said stiff leg and dipper stick, said circuit means
including means for producing a fifth electrical signal
proportional in magnitude to the angle between said crowd handle
and stiff leg, and means for producing sixth electrical signal
proportional in magnitude to the angle between said stiff leg and
said dipper stick.
6. The improvement of claim 5 wherein the first motor means is
operatively connected to said crowd handle and controlled by a
seventh electrical signal proportional to:
where F.sub.X and F.sub.Y are quantities proportional to movement
of said controller along its first and second course, respectively,
.alpha. is the angle between said dipper stick and vertical, .beta.
is the angle between said hoist cable at its connection to the
dipper stick and vertical, .theta..sub.1 is the angle between said
stiff leg and crowd handle, and .theta..sub.2 is the angle between
said stiff leg and dipper stick.
7. The improvement of claim 6 including means for producing eighth
and ninth electrical signals proportional to (F.sub.X cos .beta. -
F.sub.Y sin .beta. ) sin .theta. .sub.2 and C sin (.alpha. +
.beta.), respectively, where C is proportional to the magnitude of
said seventh electrical signal controlling said first motor means,
and a servosystem responsive to said eighth and ninth signals for
actuating said first motor means except when:
(F.sub.X cos .beta. - F.sub.Y sin .beta. ) sin .theta. .sub.2 - C
sin .theta. .sub.1 sin (.alpha. + .beta.)= O.
8. The improvement of claim 4 wherein the second motor means is
operatively connected to said hoist cable and controlled by a fifth
electrical signal proportional to:
where F.sub.X and F .sub.Y are quantities proportional to movement
of said controller along its first and second courses,
respectively, .alpha. is the angle between said dipper stick and
vertical, and .beta. is the angle between said hoist cable at its
connection to the dipper stick and vertical.
9. The improvement of claim 8 including means for producing sixth
and seventh electrical signals proportional to F.sub.X cos .alpha.
+ F.sub.Y sin .alpha. and H sin (.alpha. + .beta.), respectively,
where H is proportional to the magnitude of said fifth electrical
signal controlling said second motor means, and a servosystem
responsive to said sixth and seventh signals for actuating said
second motor means except when:
(F.sub.X cos .alpha.+F.sub.Y sin .alpha.)-H sin
(.alpha.+.beta.)=0.
10. The improvement of claim 1 including means responsive to the
currents through said first and second motor means for producing
third and fourth signals, the third signal being proportional to
the force on said digging bucket in the horizontal to direction and
the fourth signal being proportional to the force on said digging
bucket in the vertical direction, means responsive to the third
signal for producing restraining forces on said controller as it is
moved along one of said courses, and means responsive to the fourth
signal for producing restraining forces on said controller as it is
moved along the other of said courses.
11. The combination of claim 4 wherein said circuit means includes
means for producing a fifth signal, and means responsive to said
fifth signal for controlling said first motor means, said fifth
signal being proportional to
where F.sub.X and F.sub.Y are quantities proportional to movement
of said controller along its first and second courses respectively,
.theta. is the angle between said dipper stick and vertical, and
.beta. is the angle between said hoist cable and vertical at the
dipper stick.
12. The combination of claim 11, wherein said circuit means
includes means for producing a sixth signal, and means responsive
to the sixth signal for controlling said second motor means, said
sixth signal being proportional to
13. The combination as in claim 5 wherein said circuit means
comprises means for producing a seventh signal proportional to
means responsive to the seventh signal for controlling said first
motor means, means for producing an eighth signal proportional
to
and means responsive to the eighth signal for controlling said
second motor means, F.sub.X and F.sub.Y being quantities
proportional to movement of said controller along its first and
second courses, respectively, .alpha. being the angle between said
dipper stick and vertical, .beta. being the angle between said
hoist cable and vertical at its connection to the dipper stick,
.theta..sub.1 being the angle between said stiff leg and crowd
handle, and .theta..sub.2 being the angle between said stiff leg
and
dipper stick. 14. The method of controlling an excavating shovel of
the type having a main frame, a boom extending from the main frame,
a dipper stick pivotally mounted relative to the main frame and
having a bucket at its lower end, first motor means for
reciprocating the dipper stick transversely of the main boom, and
second motor means for causing said dipper stick to swing through
an arc about its pivotal connection by means of a hoist cable which
is connected to the lower end of said dipper stick and passes
around a sheave at the outer end of said boom, said method
comprising the steps of controlling said first motor means in
accordance with the relation
and controlling said second motor means in accordance with the
relation
F.sub.X and F.sub.Y being quantities proportional to desired
horizontal and vertical movements respectively, of said bucket,
.alpha. being the angle between said dipper stick and vertical, and
.beta. being the angle between
said hoist cable and vertical at its connection to the dipper
stick. 15. The control system of claim 1 wherein said circuit means
responsive to said first and second electrical signals translates
said first and second signals proportional to the desired
horizontal and vertical force components into third and fourth
signals which vary as a function of the instantaneous desired force
components in line with said dipper stick and in line with said
hoist cable respectively, means for applying said third signal to
said first motor means to control the same, and means for applying
said fourth signal to said second motor means to control the same.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Conventional control systems for such excavating shovels provide
separate controlling levers for the hoist, the swing, and the crowd
motion of the shovel. The separate control components must be added
vectorially by the operator by continually varying the positions of
three separate master levers.
With reference to the dipper stick, a swing force that causes the
dipper to move to the left or right is usually controlled by the
feet of the operator. A crowd motion, causing the dipper to move
either forward or away from a bank of material which is being dug,
is controlled by the back or forward movement of one hand of the
operator. The hoist motion causes the dipper to move up or down
through an arc, as controlled by the back or forward movement of
the other hand of the operator. With such a conventional
arrangement, the shovel operator must vectorially add the separate
required hoist, swing and crowd control components in order to, for
example, move the dipper in a straight line from a dump position
back to a point to continue digging.
It is readily apparent that an acute sense is necessary to
coordinate the hoist, swing and crowd control components so that no
time will be lost in the dipper travel from one position to
another. Since the coordinating ability of shovel operators may
vary greatly, the difference in the work output for a given shovel
will also vary greatly.
When such shovels are powered by means of direct current electrical
motors, speed or voltage regulators with current limit are
ordinarily employed. With such a control, the operator is able to
rely on a given constant speed for a specific position of a
controller master switch. When digging in the bank, however, the
machinery is forced to operate on the slope of the volt-ampere
curve so that for a given master switch position, the restraining
effort exerted by the material in the bank will have a direct
effect on the speed of the dipper. Thus, the dipper speed, when
digging, which is a combination of hoisting and crowding, is not
governed solely by the controller setting. The operator is required
to constantly change the hoist and crowd controlling switches with
relation to each other to follow the digging path desired and to
counteract for changing resistive loads while going through the
bank. Needless to say, the problem of coordination is quite
complex.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
As an overall object, the present invention seeks to provide a new
and improved system and method for operating an excavating shovel,
which system and method eliminate much of the physical coordination
and skill required of the operator by prior art control systems for
such equipment.
More specifically, an object of the invention is to provide a
control for dipper stick-type excavating shovel in which the
horizontal and vertical force signals for the digging bucket are
derived from a single two-axis master switch. In this manner,
instead of manipulating two levers as in prior art control systems,
the operator simply has a single lever which he can move toward and
away from himself and also up or down.
Another object of the invention is to provide a control system of
the type described above in which movement of the two-axis control
lever produces signals which are proportional to the desired force
components of the digging bucket. In this manner, the further the
operator moves the control lever from its central or null position,
the greater will be the force applied to the bucket in the desired
direction.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a single
two-axis master switch control arrangement of the type described
above in which resistive torques proportional to actual forces in
the X and Y direction on the digging bucket are imposed on the
master switch. This permits the operator to "feel" a restraint
against any master switch movement in proportion to the drive motor
outputs for each motion.
In accordance with the invention, there is provided a single
two-axis master switch or controller movable in a first direction
and in a second direction at right angles to the first direction
for controlling the vertical and horizontal forces imparted to the
digging bucket, respectively. Means are provided for producing a
first electrical signal which varies as a function of the position
of the controller along said first direction, further means are
provided for producing a second electrical signal which varies as a
function of the position of the controller along the second
direction, and circuitry is connected to the switch and responsive
to the first and second signals for controlling the crowd and hoist
forces imparted to the shovel.
Further, in accordance with the invention, the current
(proportional to torque) through the drive motors is sensed and
utilized to generate signals which are fed to torque motors on the
two-axis master controller to develop counteracting restraining
forces on the controller proportional to the forces imparted on the
digging bucket. Thus, if the bucket is moving through loose
material in a bank, for example, and very little restraining force
is encountered, the operator can "feel" this by virtue of the fact
that very little restraining force will be imparted to the control
handle. On the other hand, if the digging bucket encounters great
resistance, the operator will "feel" this by virtue of a greater
restraining force on the handle.
The above and other objects and features of the invention will
become apparent from the following detailed description taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings which form a part of this
specification, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the invention as
applied to a knee-action power shovel having a stiff leg and crowd
handle;
FIG. 2 is a line diagram of the trigonometric relationships between
the various components of the shovel shown in FIG. 1, together with
force diagrams showing the forces imparted on various components of
the shovel of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a partial schematic diagram illustrating an alternative
embodiment of the invention wherein the dipper stick of the shovel
is actuated directly rather than through a stiff leg-crowd handle
arrangement; and
FIG. 4 comprises a block diagram of circuitry necessary to produce
resistive forces on the two-axis master switch of FIG. 1
proportional to the forces exerted on the digging bucket in the X
and Y directions.
With reference now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, the
power shovel schematically shown includes a main frame 10 mounted
on cats 12; however the shovel could also be mounted on shoes or,
for that matter, be permanently positioned. Extending outwardly
from the main frame 10 is a main boom 14 which carries, at its
outer extremity, a sheave 16. The boom 14 is formed from two
identical laterally spaced elongate members, only one of which,
member 15, is visible in the drawing, and which members form a
guideway for a dipper stick 20 slidably disposed in the space
between these members and constrained to move within the generally
vertical plane in which the longitudinal axis of the boom lies. The
dipper stick 20 carries, at its lower end, a digging bucket 22;
while bucket 22 is connected to cable 24 which passes around sheave
16 to a winch or drum 26 on the main frame 10 driven by means of
motor 28. The motor 28, in turn, is controlled by motor control
circuitry 30 which may be of any conventional type.
Pivotally connected to the upper end of the dipper stick 20 at a
pivot point P is a stiff leg 32 which, at its lower end, is
pivotally connected to the main frame 10 at the base of boom 14
such that the leg 32 can rotate about an axis identified as 0,0.
The upper end of the stiff leg 32 and the dipper stick 20 are also
pivotally connected at pivot point P to a generally horizontally
extending crowd handle 34 provided with a rack 36 which engages a
gear 38. Gear 38, in turn, is driven by means of a motor 40
controlled by motor control circuit 42.
In the operation of the shovel shown in FIG. 1, rotation of the
winch 26 by motor 28 will cause the bucket 22 to swing through an
arc about the pivotal connection P. Rotation of the gear 38, on the
other hand, will cause the dipper stick 20 to move transversely of
the boom, while the stiff leg 32 rotates through an arc about the
axis 0,0. As will be understood, a combination of movements of the
crowd handle 34 and drum 26 will be required to manipulate the
digging bucket 22 in the desired manner.
The spatial relationship of the various elements of the shovel of
FIG. 1 are shown in FIG. 2. The position of the axis of sheave 16
is fixed and identified as point (X.sub.B,Y.sub.B); while the
position of the digging bucket is identified as point
(X.sub.D,Y.sub.D). This position, of course, will vary. The
connection of the boom 14 and crowd handle 32 to the frame 10 is
again identified by the point (0,0). The angle between the crowd
handle 34 and stiff leg 32 is identified as .theta..sub.1 ; the
angle between dipper stick 20 and stiff leg 32 is identified as
.theta..sub.2 ; and the angle between the stiff leg 32 and vertical
is identified as .theta..sub.3. The angle between the hoist cable
24 and vertical is identified as the angle .beta.; while the angle
between vertical and the dipper stick 20 is identified as .alpha..
The forces imparted by the hoist cable 24 and the dipper stick 20
are identified as H and D, respectively, the resultant or total
force on the digging bucket 22 being identified as F. This force F,
in turn, can be resolved into its X and Y components identified as
F.sub.X and F.sub.Y. These are the forces which must be determined
by the operator in moving a single two-axis master switch,
hereinafter described, in the X (horizontal) or Y (vertical)
direction. Similarly, the force on the crowd handle and that on the
stiff leg are identified as C and S, respectively.
In the force diagram of FIG. 2, it can be seen that the following
trigonometric relationship exist:
1. F.sub.X =D sin.alpha. +H sin.beta. ;
2. F.sub.Y =-D cos.alpha. +H cos.beta. ; and
3. C sin.theta. .sub.1 =D sin.theta. .sub.2
If we multiply Equations (1) and (2) above by cos.alpha.and
sin.alpha., respectively, the following equations result:
4. F.sub.X cos.alpha.=D sin.alpha. cos.alpha.+H sin.beta.
cos.alpha.
5. F.sub.Y sin.alpha.=-D cos.alpha. sin.alpha.+H cos.beta.
sin.alpha.
By adding Equations (4) and (5) above, the following equation
results:
6. F.sub.X cos.alpha.+F.sub.Y sin.alpha.=H (sin.beta.
cos.alpha.+cos.beta.sin.alpha.) or
7. F.sub.X cos.alpha.+F.sub.Y sin.alpha.=H sin(.alpha.+.beta.).
Similarly, Equations (1) and (2) above can be multiplied by
cos.beta. and sin.beta., respectively, to derive the following:
8. F.sub.X cos.beta.=D sin.alpha. cos.beta.+H sin.beta. cos.beta.;
and
9. F.sub.Y sin.beta.=-D cos.alpha. sin.beta.+H cos.beta.
sin.beta..
Subtracting Equation (9) from equation (8) results in:
10. F.sub.X cos.beta.-F.sub.Y sin.beta.=D (sin.alpha.
cos.beta.+cos.alpha. sin.beta.) or
11. F.sub.X cos.beta.-F.sub.Y sin.beta.=D sin (.alpha.+.beta.).
From Equation (3) above, however, it can be seen that:
12. D=C sin.theta..sub.1 /sin.theta..sub.2.
Substituting for D in Equation (11) above results in:
13. (F.sub.X cos.beta.-F.sub.Y sin.beta.) sin.theta..sub.2 c
sin.theta..sub.1 sin(.alpha. +.beta.)
In an electrical servocontrol system wherein electrical signals
from a single master controller proportional to desired F.sub.X and
desired F.sub.Y must be balanced against electrical signals
proportional to the forces H and C to produce a zero or null
output; Equations (7) and (13) above may be rewritten as
follows:
14. F.sub.X cos.alpha.+F.sub.Y sin.alpha.-H sin(.alpha. +.beta.)=0
and
15. (F.sub.X cos.beta. -F.sub.Y sin.beta. ) sin.theta. .sub.2 -C
sin.theta. .sub.1 sin(.alpha. +.beta.)=0.
Thus, by developing signals proportional to the desired force on
the bucket along the X-axis (i.e., F.sub.X) and along the Y-axis
(i.e., F.sub.Y), signals proportional to desired H and desired C
for driving motors 26 and 40 can be derived, assuming that the
angles .alpha., .beta., .theta..sub.1 and .theta..sub.2 can be
derived.
Circuitry for accomplishing the foregoing is shown in FIG. 1 and
includes a two-axis master switch or controller, under the control
of the operator, and identified generally by the reference numeral
44. It includes a generally horizontal handle 46 (shown vertical in
the drawing for purposes of explanation) secured to a shaft 48
mounted for rotation on a ring member 50. The ring member 50, in
turn, is mounted for rotation on shafts 52 and 54. In this manner,
up and down movement of the handle 46 will cause the shafts 52 and
54 to rotate; while movement of the handle forward or reverse will
cause shaft 48 to rotate.
The shaft 48 is connected to the wiper brush of a rheostat 56
having its opposite ends connected to a source of alternating
current voltage 58 having a grounded center point. A center tap on
the rheostat 56 is grounded as shown. Thus, when the handle 46 is
in its center position, zero output voltage will be applied from
source 58 to lead 60. However, it will be appreciated that the
voltage from the alternating current source 58 applied to lead 60
will vary in magnitude as the handle 46 is moved further away from
its center position, either forward or reverse. As the handle 46
moves forward from center, the output signal F.sub.X increases.
Similarly, when the handle 46 is moved backwardly from center, the
output signal F.sub.X increases, but its phase is reversed. The
output signal F.sub.X is utilized for control of the bucket
movement along the X-axis. Movement of bucket 22 along the Y-axis
is effected in a somewhat similar manner. That is, shaft 54 is
connected to the wiper brush of a second rheostat 62 energized by
source 64 and having a grounded center tap. In this manner, up and
down movement of the handle 46 will cause the alternating current
voltage on lead 66 to change in magnitude, the further the handle
46 is moved from its center position, the greater the magnitude of
the alternating current signal. Furthermore, when the wiper brush
of rheostat 62 is on one side of the grounded center tap, the
signal applied to lead 66 will be 180.degree. out of phase with
respect to that when the wiper brush is on the other side of the
center tap.
A signal proportional to the angle .theta..sub.1 is derived by
means of a Selsyn transmitter 68 connected through lead 70 to a
Selsyn receiver 72. The stator and rotor of transmitter 68 are
mechanically coupled to elements 32 and 34, respectively, in such
manner that relative rotation between elements 32 and 34 around
pivot point P provides corresponding relative rotation between the
stator and rotor of transmitter 68. As is known, a Selsyn
receiver-transmitter arrangement is such that rotation of the shaft
of the transmitter 68 through a given arc will cause the shaft of
the receiver 72 to also rotate through that arc. In a similar
manner, a signal proportional to the angle .theta..sub.2 is derived
by means of a Selsyn transmitter 74 which, in turn, is connected
through lead 76 to Selsyn receivers 78 and 80. The stator and rotor
of transmitter 74 are mechanically coupled to elements 32 and 20,
respectively, in such manner that relative rotation between
elements 20 and 32 around pivot point P provides corresponding
relative rotation between the rotor and stator of transmitter 74.
Finally, the angle .theta..sub.3 is derived by means of a third
Selsyn transmitter 82 connected through lead 84 to Selsyn receiver
86. The stator and rotor of transmitter 82 are mechanically coupled
to elements 10 and 32, respectively, in such manner that relative
rotation between elements 10 and 32 around pivot point (0,0)
provides corresponding relative rotation between the stator and
rotor of transmitter 82.
The shafts of Selsyn receivers 78 and 86 are connected to two gears
of a mechanical differential, generally indicated by the reference
numeral 88. The operation of the differential 88 is such that the
number of degrees of rotation of bevel gear 90 is equal to the
number of degrees of rotation of bevel gear 92 minus the number of
degrees of rotation of bevel gear 94. In this case, the gear 92 is
rotated through a number of degrees proportional to the angle
.theta..sub.2 ; while the gear 94 is rotated through a number of
degrees proportional to .theta..sub.3. Hence, gear 90 will be
rotated through a number of degrees proportional to .theta..sub.2
-.theta..sub.3. By reference, again, to FIG. 2, it can be seen that
the angle .alpha. is equal to (.theta..sub.2 -.theta..sub.3).
Consequently, the angular position of the gear 90 represents the
angle .alpha..
The gear 90, in turn, rotates the rotor of a resolver, generally
indicated by the reference numeral 96. The resolver 96 may, for
example, be of the type manufactured by the Ford Instrument
Company, Long Island City, New York and includes a pair of windings
98 and 100 mounted at right angles to each other on a rotor element
connected to the gear 90. One or more stator windings are included
in the resolver 96, only one winding 102 being utilized in the
present instance.
The basic operation of a resolver is exemplified by its computation
of the sine and cosine of an angle. For this computation, the
stator winding 102 is supplied with an alternating current voltage
D' of constant amplitude which is proportional to the fixed length
of the dipper stick 20. When the rotor of the resolver 96 rotates,
the two rotor windings 98 and 100 provide output voltage whose
amplitudes are proportional to the product of the signal applied to
stator winding 102 times the sine and cosine, respectively, of the
angle to which the rotor was turned. Thus, two output signals are
derived, the one from winding 98 being identified in FIG. 1 as D'
cos.alpha. , and that from winding 100 being identified as D' sin
.alpha..
In addition to being connected to the differential 88, the Selsyn
receiver 86 is connected to a second resolver 104 which again has
two rotor windings 106 and 108 at right angles to each other. In
this case, a signal S' whose amplitude is proportional to the
length of stiff leg 32 is applied to the stator winding 110. Thus,
the output from rotor winding 106 is an electrical signal whose
amplitude is proportional to S' cos.theta. .sub.3 while that from
rotor winding 108 is proportional to S' sin.theta. .sub.3.
The signal from resolver 104 proportional to S' cos.theta. .sub.3
is applied to summing point 112 along with the signal from resolver
96 proportional to D' cos.alpha. and a fixed signal proportional to
Y.sub.B which is the fixed distance along the Y-axis between the
origin (0,0) of FIG. 2 and the position (X.sub.B, Y.sub. B) of the
sheave 16. The signals proportional to D' cos.alpha. and Y.sub.B
are applied to the summation point 112 in additive relation or plus
(+) sense; while the signal proportional to S' cos.theta. .sub.3 is
applied to summing point 112 in subtractive relation or minus (-)
sense. Hence, the output signal on lead 114 is proportional to:
Y.sub.B +D' cos.alpha. -S' cos.theta. .sub.3.
By reference again, to FIG. 2, it can be seen that:
16. -Y.sub.D =-S cos.theta. .sub.3 +D cos.alpha. .
Consequently, the signal on lead 114 is proportional to:
Y.sub.B -Y.sub.D.
In a somewhat similar manner, the signal from resolver 104
proportional to S' sin.theta. .sub.3 is applied to the summation
point 116 along with the signal from resolver 96 proportional to D'
sin.alpha. and a fixed signal proportional to X.sub.B which is the
distance along the X-axis between the origin (0,0) of FIG. 2 and
the position (X.sub.B,Y.sub.B) of sheave 16. The signal
proportional to X.sub.B is applied to the summation point 116 in
the plus (+) sense, while the other two are applied in the minus
(-) sense. Hence, the output of summation point 116 on lead 118
is:
X.sub.B -S' sin.theta. .sub.3 -D' sin.alpha. .
With reference, again, to the diagrams of FIG. 2, we find that:
17. -X.sub.D =-S' sin.theta. .sub.3 -D sin.alpha. .
Consequently, the signal on lead 118 is proportional to:
X.sub.B -X.sub.D.
The signals on leads 114 and 118 are applied to a polar resolver
120 which, in accordance with the equation:
18. .beta.=tan.sup.-.sup.1 X.sub.B -X.sub.D /Y.sub.B -Y.sub.D
produces rotation in shaft 122 proportional to the angle .beta..
This is applied to one bevel gear of a second mechanical
differential 124 and to the rotor of resolver 130. The opposite
bevel gear is connected to gear 90 of differential 88 and, hence,
its angular position is equal to the angle .beta.. The angle
assumed by the third bevel gear 126 of differential 124, therefore,
is equal to .alpha.+.beta.. The shaft of gear 126 is connected, as
shown, to the rotors of two resolvers 128 and 132.
Reverting again to the gear 90, its shaft, whose angular position
represents the angle .alpha., is connected to the rotor of a
resolver 134 having two stator windings 136 and 138. The winding
136 is connected to lead 66 whereby a signal proportional to
F.sub.Y will be applied thereacross. Similarly, winding 138 is
connected to lead 60 whereby a signal proportional to F.sub.X will
be applied thereacross. The output signal from rotor winding 140 of
resolver 134, therefore, will be proportional to:
F.sub.X cos.alpha. +F.sub.Y sin.alpha. .
This signal is applied via lead 142 to operational amplifier 144.
Operational amplifier 144, in turn, actuates a servomotor 146
connected to the movable tap of a potentiometer rheostat 148 having
its center point grounded as shown and its opposite ends connected
to a source of alternating current supply voltage 150 having a
grounded electrical center. The output from the movable tap on
rheostat 148 is a signal proportional to the force H; and this
signal is applied to the motor control circuit 30 for motor 28. The
signal proportional to H, however, is also applied to the stator
winding 152 of the resolver 128. In this manner, an output signal
from rotor winding 154 of resolver 128 will be proportional to:
H sin (.alpha. +.beta.).
This is applied to the input of operational amplifier 144 in
opposing relationship with the signal on lead 142 such that the
output of the operational amplifier will be zero and the servomotor
146 will be stopped only when
F.sub.X cos.alpha. +F.sub.Y sin.alpha. =H sin(.alpha. +.beta.).
Any change in F.sub.X or F.sub.Y will unbalance the equation, and
the servomotor 146 will be rotated until the equation is again
brought back into balance.
The signals proportional to F.sub.X and F.sub.Y on leads 60 and 66
are applied to the two stator windings 156 and 158 of resolver 130,
whose rotor is connected to the output shaft 122 of resolver 120
such that its angular position is equal to the angle .beta.. The
output from rotor winding 160 of resolver 130, therefore, is a
signal proportional to F.sub.X cos.beta. -F.sub.Y sin.beta.
appearing on lead 162. This signal is applied to the stator winding
164 of a resolver 166 whose rotor is connected to Selsyn receiver
80 connected, in turn, to Selsyn transmitter 74. The shaft position
of receiver 80 is equal to the angle .theta..sub.2. Hence, the
output signal from rotor winding 168 of resolver 166 is:
(F.sub.X cos.beta. -F.sub.Y sin.beta.) sin.theta. .sub.2.
This signal is applied via lead 170 to operational amplifier 172,
the output of the operational amplifier 172 being used to drive a
servomotor 174. The servomotor 174, in turn, is connected to the
movable tap on rheostat 176, the center point of the rheostat being
grounded and its opposite ends being connected to a source of
alternating current voltage 178 having a grounded center point.
The output signal on the movable tap of rheostat 176 has an
amplitude proportional to the magnitude of the desired force C and
phase relation according to the direction of the desired force C as
shown in FIG. 1 and is applied to the motor control circuit 42 for
drive motor 40. It is also applied via lead 180 to the stator
winding 181 of resolver 132 having its rotor connected to gear 126
of differential 124 whereby the angular position of the rotor is
equal to the sum of .alpha.+.beta.. The output of the resolver 132
on rotor winding 182, therefore, is proportional to C
sin(.alpha.+.beta.). This signal is applied to the stator winding
184 of a resolver 186 having its rotor connected to Selsyn receiver
72 connected to transmitter 68 whereby the shaft position of the
receiver 72 will be equal to the angle .theta..sub.1. With the
arrangement shown, the signal on rotor winding 188 of resolver 186
is C sin.theta..sub.1 sin (.alpha. +.beta.). This is applied to the
input of operational amplifier 172 in opposing relationship with
respect to the signal on lead 170 such that equation (15) above is
satisfied to derive a null condition. That is, the servomotor 174
will be rotated to cause a change in the output signal proportional
to the force C except when the quantity C sin.theta..sub.1 sin
(.alpha. +.beta.) is equal to the quantity (F.sub.X cos.beta.
-F.sub.Y sin.beta. ) sin.theta. .sub.2.
In the embodiment of FIG. 1, up and down movement of the dipper
stick 20 along its longitudinal axis is effected indirectly by
means of the stiff leg 32 and crowd handle 34. It is, of course,
possible to actuate the dipper stick along its longitudinal axis
directly as shown in FIG. 3 wherein a gear 190 engages a rack 192
on the dipper stick 20. The gear 190, in turn, is driven by means
of motor 193 controlled via motor control circuit 194. In this
case, it is necessary to solve for the quantity D rather than C,
and for this purpose equation (11) above can be used. That is:
D=F.sub.X cos.beta.-F.sub.Y sin.beta./sin (.alpha. +.beta.)
For this purpose, the output of resolver 130 to which signals
proportional to F.sub.X and F.sub.Y are applied, is fed directly to
an operational amplifier 196 which drives a servomotor 198
connected to a pot 200. The signal proportional to force D is then
fed in a feedback loop to a resolver 202. That is, it is fed to the
stator winding of that resolver, and the rotor of the resolver is
rotated through an arc proportional to .alpha.+.beta.. This, of
course, can be obtained from the differential 124. The output from
one of the rotor windings of resolver 202, therefore, is
proportional to D sin (.alpha.+.beta.). This is applied to the
input of operational amplifier 196 in opposing relationship with
respect to the output of resolver 130, whereby Equation (11) above
is solved for D. Derivation of the quantity H, under these
circumstances, will be the same as that shown in connection with
FIG. 1.
In both embodiments disclosed in FIGS. 1 and 3, the following
common denominators are found. The dipper stick 20 is in movable
engagement with the boom 14 in transverse relation thereof for
movement within the vertical plane in which the longitudinal axis
of the boom lies. The dipper stick 20 is pivotable around a pivot
supported by a member carried by the main frame. In FIG. 1, the
pivot P is supported by the member 32 (the stiff leg) which is
carried by the main frame 10. In FIG. 3, the pivot around which the
dipper stick is swingable is supported by the member 14 (the boom)
which is carried by the main frame 10. Thus in both cases, the
dipper stick is pivotable relative about a horizontal axis at right
angles to the transverse movement of the dipper stick and to the
aforementioned vertical plane.
Reverting again to Equation (1) given above, both sides of the
equation can be multiplied by sin.theta. .sub.2 to derive the
following equation:
19. F.sub.X sin .theta. .sub.2 =D sin .alpha. sin .theta. .sub.2 +H
sin .beta. sin .theta. .sub.2
From Equation (3) given above, however, we see that C sin .theta.
.sub.1 equals D sin .theta. .sub.2. Consequently, Equation (19) can
be rewritten as follows:
20. F.sub.X sin .theta. .sub.2 =C sin .alpha. sin .theta. .sub.1 +H
sin .beta. sin .theta. .sub.2
Similarly, Equation (2) given above can be modified as was Equation
(1) to derive:
21. F.sub.Y sin .theta. .sub.2 =-C cos .alpha. sin .theta. .sub.1
+H cos .beta. sin .theta. .sub.2
By utilizing signals proportional to drive motor currents for the
quantities C and H in the foregoing equations, and since the angles
.theta..sub.1, .theta..sub.2, .alpha. and .beta. are already
derived from the system of FIG. 1, electrical signals proportional
to actual F.sub.X and actual F.sub.Y (actual force components on
bucket) can be derived and applied to torque motors which resist
the movement of the handle 46 of the two-axis switch 44.
Circuitry for accomplishing this is shown in FIG. 4 wherein the
signal C.sub.1 is a direct current signal proportional to the
armature current of drive motor 40 and the signal H.sub.1 is a
direct current signal proportional to the armature current of drive
motor 28. The signal C.sub.1 is converted to an alternating current
signal in inverter 204; and similarly, the signal H.sub.1 is
converted into an alternating current signal in inverter 206. The
output of inverter 206, comprising an alternating current signal
having an amplitude proportional to H.sub.1, is then applied to the
stator winding of a resolver 208, the rotor of this resolver being
connected, for example, to the Selsyn receiver 78 whereby it will
assume the angle .theta..sub.2. The output of the resolver on one
of its rotor windings is, therefore, H.sub.1 sin.theta. .sub.2.
This is applied via lead 210 to a second resolver 212 and, more
specifically, to the stator winding of resolver 212. The rotor of
resolver 212 is connected, for example, to the output of polar
resolver 120 shown in FIG. 1; and output signals are derived from
both of its rotor windings, one of said signals on lead 214 being
proportional to H.sub.1 sin .theta. .sub.2 sin .beta. and the other
output signal on lead 216 being proportional to H.sub.1 sin .theta.
.sub.2 cos .beta. .
In a similar manner, the output of inverter 204 is applied to the
stator winding of a resolver 218, the rotor of the resolver being
connected, for example, to Selsyn receiver 72 of FIG. 1 such that
the rotor will assume the angle .theta..sub.1. The signal derived
from one of the rotor windings of the resolver 218 on lead 220
will, therefore, be proportional to C sin .theta..sub.1. This is
applied to the stator winding of resolver 222 having its rotor
connected, for example, to gear 90 of FIG. 1 such that it assumes
the angle .alpha.. This will produce on one rotor winding a signal
proportional to C.sub.1 sin .theta. .sub.1 sin .alpha. on lead 224
and will produce on its other rotor winding a signal on lead 226
proportional to C.sub.1 sin .theta. .sub.1 cos .alpha. .
The signals on leads 224 ad 214 are applied as inputs to an
operational amplifier 228 which drives a servomotor 230 to cause
rotation of a movable wiper on a rheostat 232. The output of the
rheostat 232, comprising a signal proportional to actual F.sub.X,
is applied to the stator winding of resolver 234 having its rotor
connected, for example, to Selsyn receiver 78 such that it will
assume the angle .theta..sub.2. The output of resolver 234,
therefore, is F.sub.X sin .theta. .sub.2. It can be seen,
therefore, that since the signals on leads 224 and 214 are applied
to the operational amplifier 228 with positive polarity while the
signal from resolver 234 is applied with negative polarity, the
output of the amplifier 228 will be zero only when:
F.sub.x sin .theta. .sub.1 sin .alpha. + H.sub.1 sin .theta. .sub.2
sin .beta. .
In a similar manner, the signals on leads 226 and 216 are applied
to another operational amplifier 236 which drives servomotor 238.
The servomotor 238, in turn, drives rheostat 240, and the output of
the rheostat is a signal proportional to actual F.sub.Y. This
signal is applied to the stator winding of resolver 242 having its
rotor connected, for example, to Selsyn receiver 78 to assume the
angle .theta..sub.2 whereby the output of the resolver is F.sub.Y
sin .theta. .sub.2.
It can be seen that the output of the operational amplifier 236
will be zero only when:
F.sub.Y sin .theta. .sub.2 = -C sin .theta. .sub.1 cos .alpha. +
H.sub.1 cos .beta. sin .theta. .sub.2. The signal proportional to
actual F.sub.X is applied to a torque motor 244 on shaft 48 which
resists movement of the handle along the X-direction; while the
signal proportional to actual F.sub.y is applied to a second torque
motor 246 connected to shaft 54. Hence, as the forces in the X and
Y-directions increase, so also does the retarding force imposed by
the torque motor 244 or 246, thereby giving the operator a "feel"
of the actual forces imparted on the digging bucket of the
shovel.
Although the invention has been shown in connection with certain
specific embodiments, it will be readily apparent to those skilled
in the art that various changes in form and arrangement of parts
may be made to suit requirements without departing from the spirit
and scope of the invention.
* * * * *