U.S. patent number 3,585,998 [Application Number 04/717,258] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-22 for disposable diaper with rupturable capsules.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The National Cash Register Company. Invention is credited to Donald E. Hayford, Georg Horger.
United States Patent |
3,585,998 |
Hayford , et al. |
June 22, 1971 |
DISPOSABLE DIAPER WITH RUPTURABLE CAPSULES
Abstract
This invention is directed to disposable baby diapers and baby
diaper liners, viz., disposable baby diaper components containing
encapsulated baby oil.
Inventors: |
Hayford; Donald E.
(Centerville, OH), Horger; Georg (Steppach, DT) |
Assignee: |
The National Cash Register
Company (Dayton, OH)
|
Family
ID: |
24881320 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/717,258 |
Filed: |
March 29, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
604/359; 604/360;
604/372; 604/370 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61F
13/8405 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61F
13/15 (20060101); A61f 013/16 () |
Field of
Search: |
;128/156,260,261,268,284--285,287,290,296 ;424/16,19,28 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Rosenbaum; Charles F.
Claims
What we claim is:
1. A disposable baby diaper comprising a centrally located
absorbent, porous, fibrous core section; a moisture-impermeable
exterior liner positioned on one side thereof; and a
moisture-permeable interior liner positioned on the other side
thereof, said interior liner having on its inner surface an array
of generally spherically shaped, pressure-rupturable capsules
ranging in size from about 5 to 300 microns and containing from
about 50 to about 99 weight percent liquid baby oil, based on total
capsule weight.
2. A disposable baby diaper comprising a centrally located
absorbent, porous, fibrous core section; a moisture-impermeable
exterior liner positioned on one side thereof; and a
moisture-permeable interior liner positioned on the other side
thereof, said interior liner comprised of a fibrous matrix
containing an array of pressure-rupturable, generally spherically
shaped capsules uniformly distributed and retained therein, said
capsules ranging in size from about 5 to about 300 microns and
containing from about 50 to about 99 weight percent liquid baby
oil, based on total capsule weight.
Description
For some time it has been considered desirable to incorporate baby
oil into disposable fibrous, esp., absorbent paper, baby diapers.
While some conventional prior art absorbent paper baby diapers can
be provided with minor amounts of solids, e.g., disinfectants,
deodorants, etc.; it has been difficult to incorporate liquids into
such baby products. The reason for this is that the liquid tends to
be degraded upon exposure to the atmosphere; and when liquid baby
oil is incorporated as a liquid onto these porous paper diapers,
the oil frequently spoils not only resulting in discoloration but
also generating unpleasant odors in such paper diapers. Another
objection to direct liquid incorporation is that it tends to
restrict the porosity and softness of the baby diaper and make it
oily and unpleasant rather than porous and fluffy. Consequently, no
satisfactory way has been arrived at prior to the present invention
to actually incorporate liquid baby oil formulations into
disposable porous absorbent paper diapers.
The present invention incorporates encapsulated liquid baby oil
formulations into or coated onto the absorbent, porous, fibrous
disposable diapers or diaper liners and in large part overcomes the
previously mentioned prior art problems. The baby oil, being
encapsulated with a readily pressure rupturable cell wall material,
is provided in a condition whereby it is protected from the
degradative influences of air until the time it is desired to be
used. Consequently, the encapsulated baby oil formulations when
incorporated on and/or into the absorbent fibrous, e.g., paper,
diapers are present in a condition having a much longer shelf life.
Each individual capsule constitutes a generally spherically shaped
container having an external phase, viz., cell wall material, and a
liquid internal phase, viz., baby oil formulation. Moreover, since
the capsules do not significantly alter the soft and porous
structure of the paper absorbent diaper core, the overall porosity
of the disposable paper diaper is not deleteriously altered from
that of articles containing no encapsulated baby oil.
Six typical diaper or diaper liner structures embodying the present
invention will be discussed below in conjunction with FIGS. 1 to 6
of the accompanying drawings.
FIGS. 1 to 6 of the drawings are cross-sectional views of various
disposable diaper and diaper liner structures incorporating the
present invention.
In FIG. 1 there is shown a disposable paper diaper comprised of a
centrally located disposable porous, absorbent paper or other
fibrous core 1 having moisture-permeable, woven or nonwoven fibrous
interior liner 2 (closest liner to the baby's skin) on the outer
surface which are located a layer 3 of an array of profusion of
pressure-rupturable capsules 4 containing baby oil formulation. An
optional moisture-impermeable exterior liner 5 can be used to
retain most of the moisture in the core section. A flexible coating
binder 6, which is optional, e.g., polyethylene, polyvinyl
chloride, etc., can be present to aid in adhering the capsules to
the upper portion of the interior liner and providing a partial
retaining matrix therefor.
FIG. 2 depicts a similar diaper but wherein the baby oil-containing
capsules are located predominantly within the matrix provided by
the interior liner, e.g., by inclusion of the capsules on a uniform
distribution basis during formation of said liner. The diaper
structure of FIG. 2 possesses an additional advantage over that of
FIG. 1, viz., it virtually eliminates any source of local
irritation due to capsule chaff (broken pieces of capsule cell
wall) due to the fact that said chaff is substantially softened and
retained by the interior liner which serves as a retaining
matrix.
Alternative ways to accomplish this are shown in FIGS. 3 and 6. In
FIG. 3 the capsules are located between the interior liner
(optional) and the core section with the interior liner protecting
against capsule chaff irritation. In the structure of FIG. 6 the
baby oil-containing capsules 4 are located predominantly within the
upper region of the core 1, e.g., by addition of the capsules
during formation of the upper portion of the core section, e.g.,
using the basic procedure of South African Pat. No. 63/231. Hence
the upper core region acts as a capsule chaff softening and
retaining matrix in a manner very similar to interior liner 2 shown
in FIG. 2. The capsule-containing core structures as shown in FIG.
6 can be used with or without interior and/or exterior liners.
FIG. 4 illustrates a disposable diaper liner having the same basic
capsule-interior liner arrangement as in FIG. 1. Such disposable
liners are usually used in conjunction with conventional cloth
diapers being located on the inside (next to the baby's skin). FIG.
5 illustrates an alternative disposable liner having the same
structure as interior liner 2 in FIG. 2. The variations of FIGS. 2,
3, 5 and 6 are useful for babies with overly tender skin.
The individual capsules are in effect individual generally
spherically shaped containers which can vary in size (diameter)
from about 5 to about 300 microns. Usually, however, the capsules
range in size from about 5 to 200+ microns and more usually from
about 10 to about 100 microns. The thickness of the capsule cell
wall can range from about 0.1 to about 100 microns, but usually
ranges from about 0.3 to about 20 microns. Each individual capsule
is comprised of an external phase (cell wall) and an internal phase
(baby oil formulation). Clusters or aggregates of capsules can also
be used and these clusters or aggregates can have diameters ranging
from about 50 to 1,500 microns, usually from about 100 to about
1,500 microns and more usually from about 150 to 1,200 microns.
Both the capsules and capsule clusters (or aggregates) are dry to
the touch (until broken) as the baby oil is contained within the
capsule cell walls. The capsules can contain a liquid pay load,
viz., a weight concentration of liquid baby oil formulation,
ranging anywhere from about 50 to about 99 weight percent. Usually,
however, the liquid baby oil pay load ranges from about 60 to 95
percent and more usually from about 70 to about 95 percent based on
total capsule weight (viz., liquid baby oil formulation plus
capsule cell wall).
The "baby oil" which constitutes the internal phase of the
capsules, usually is comprised of a water-white (colorless) mineral
oil which is comprised chiefly of paraffins, refined lanolin with
or without perfume(s), deodorant(s), silicone oil(s),
disinfectant(s), and other adjuvant materials. The oil and lanolin
are characteristically always present in such baby oil formulations
with the perfume(s), silicone oil(s), disinfectant(s), and
deodorant(s) being optional components thereof. In place of a
mineral oil base, other conventional oils, lubricants or emollients
can be used, e.g., isopropyl myristate. A typical baby oil
formulation suitable for use in accordance with this invention can
contain the following component materials in the below noted weight
concentrations. ##SPC1##
The concentration of baby oil capsules, expressed as weight percent
capsules, based on total weight of capsules plus disposable
absorbent diaper component, will vary widely, e.g., from about 1 to
about 80 weight percent, depending upon the particular structure
being prepared. Thus, for example, when making baby diaper liners,
e.g., for use with cloth diapers, the capsule concentration can
range from 1 to 50 weight percent, but more usually ranges from 20
to 45 weight percent. On the other hand, when making the structures
wherein the encapsulated baby oil is incorporated onto or into the
absorbent disposable porous paper baby diaper cores; the
encapsulated baby oil concentration can range from about 10 to 80
weight percent, and more usually from about 20 to 45 percent, based
on total weight of capsules plus core.
These conventional baby oil formulations can be encapsulated in
accordance with a wide variety of encapsulation procedures, such
as, for example as indicated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,800,457 and
2,800,458, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by
reference. While these encapsulation procedures are chemical in
nature, it should be understood that both chemical and mechanical
encapsulation procedures can be employed to encapsulate the baby
oil formulations in accordance with this invention. A comprehensive
discussion of detailed encapsulation procedures which can be used
to encapsulate the baby oil to produce the size capsules noted
hereinabove can be found in "Microencapsulation" by Anderson et al.
(Harvard MBA Candidate's Report), published by Management Reports,
Boston, Mass. (1963), the disclosure of which is also incorporated
herein by reference.
In similar manner a wide variety of external phase (cell wall)
materials can be used to encapsulate the above-mentioned and other
conventional baby oil formulations. Suitable exemplary
encapsulating materials which can be used in accordance with the
invention include, but are not limited to: gelatin and gum arabic;
polyethylene; ethyl cellulose; polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinylidene
chloride; urea-formaldehyde and other aminoplast condensates;
phenol-formaldehyde and other phenolic condensates; etc. The use of
gelatin-gum arabic material is frequently preferable, especially in
structures of the type shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, as it has less
tendency to irritate a baby's tender skin, e.g., as when the
capsules are in substantially direct contact therewith.
One typical procedure which can be employed to encapsulate
conventional baby oil formulations employs gelatin-gum arabic as
the capsule cell wall material. The procedure for forming the
capsules is as follows: aqueous solutions of 11 percent by weight
gum arabic and 11 percent by weight high bloom strength pigskin
gelatin are prepared and held at 55.degree. C. The liquid baby oil
formulation is emulsified with the gelatin solution and additional
water to give 10-- 40 microns droplets. This emulsion is added to
the gum arabic solution with additional warm water so that the
aqueous phase contains 1.2 to 2.2 weight percent gelatin and 1.2 to
2.2 weight percent gum arabic and the weight ratio of oil to
gelatin and gum arabic combined is from 1:1 to 20:1. The slurry is
cooled with good agitation from above 40.degree. C. to below
25.degree. C. at a rate not greater than 0.1.degree. C./minute.
A wide variety of absorbent, porous paper or other cellulosic
fibrous stock materials can be used to constitute the absorbent
paper core upon which or into which the encapsulated baby oil
capsules are incorporated. The two essential features which must be
present in such absorbent porous paper cores is that they must be
nonirritating with respect to the baby's skin, and they must absorb
a sufficient amount of fluid, e.g., between about 15 and 20 fluid
ounces, so that they will be satisfactory for use. Usually these
materials are considered disposable. Also natural or synthetic
organic fibrous materials can be used alone or in conjunction with
cellulosic fibers.
Conventional disposable baby diapers usually contain an absorbent
layer(s) of intermingled wood pulp fibers prepared by depositing
the fibers in the form of a sliver on a facing or collecting web
and then cutting the web and the sliver at spaced intervals to
provide diaper pads of a predetermined length. Usually, the wood
pulp fibers in the pad are stabilized in some way to prevent them
from becoming dislocated in the pad in use and in handling.
Suitable absorbent porous paper cores which can be employed in
accordance with this invention are those referred to in U.S. Pat.
No. 3,065,751.
Such diapers contain a thin, water-permeable facing (liner) sheet
covering the interior side of the diaper, viz., the side which is
to contact the baby's skin in use, and a thin (usually
moisture-impermeable) backing sheet covering the exterior side of
the diaper, remote from the baby's skin, with the porous, highly
absorbent paper core (pad) being located between the interior and
exterior facing (liner) sheets. Usually, the core pad itself ranges
in thickness from about 25 to 100 mils and has a bulk density
between about 25 and 50 grains per cubic inch and a Gurley
stiffness of less than about 20 milligrams per grain of weight. In
general, any cellulose tissue assemblage having a basis weight of
about 8 to 10 lbs. per ream (five hundred 24 inches .times. 36
inches sheets) or multi-ply composite of a plurality of tissues for
greater absorption can be employed in accordance with this
invention as the porous, absorbent disposable diaper core
section.
The moisture-permeable interior diaper liner can be a nonwoven
fabric produced according to the procedures indicated in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 2,039,312, or 2,788,003, or 2,705,688, the disclosure of which
is also incorporated herein by reference. In certain cases, it is
desirable to prepare both the interior facing sheet and the backing
sheet of the same material, but in such cases usually the backing
sheet is provided with a moisture-impermeable coating or layer.
Also, both the interior liner and exterior backing sheets can be
prepared from soft tissue paper, such as a 13-pound tissue, having
a weight of 13 lbs. per ream (four hundred 24 inches .times. 36
inches sheets). The disposable core can likewise be faced
interiorly and/or exteriorly with the thin, but strong nonwoven top
sheet described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,039,312. Other woven and
nonwoven materials can be used for the interior and exterior liners
as well be apparent to those skilled in the art.
The capsules can be incorporated into the disposable diapers or
diaper liners by a variety of procedures including the four
procedures described hereinbelow:
A. the capsule aqueous slurry containing the encapsulated liquid
baby oil formulation can be continuously roll-coated onto a portion
of or the entire surface of the fibrous paper or nonwoven fabric
used to form the diaper liner, or the diaper core for the
disposable diaper. This procedure is suitable for applying a rather
high concentration of small diameter capsules.
B. the capsule slurry can be sprayed onto the paper or fabric
substrate which is subsequently air or oven dried. This procedure
is suitable for applying a light to medium concentration of small
to medium size capsules.
C. the capsule slurry can be mixed with the paper or other fibrous
slurry prior to formation of the paper web or nonwoven fabric
substrate, e.g., in accordance with the procedure of South African
Pat. No. 63/231. This method is suitable for incorporating a light
to heavy concentration of small to medium capsules. The capsules
are entrapped within the matrix of the web structures (as a filler
therein) during formation of the web.
D. the capsule slurry can be sprayed onto the wood pulp fibers used
to form the disposable diaper core either during or after mat
formation. This procedure is suitable for applying a light to heavy
concentration of small to large size capsules.
In all four procedures a flexible binder can be used in conjunction
with the capsules. Such a binder is not required, however, because
the slight tackiness of wet capsule cell walls, e.g., gelatin
capsules, usually provides sufficient adherency. The first two
procedures, A and B, result in a surface coating of capsules which
can be applied to either one or both sides of the paper or nonwoven
fabric diaper core or liner substrate. The capsule-containing paper
or nonwoven fabric resulting from the first three techniques, A, B,
and C can be used as a diaper liner for nondisposable diapers, as a
liner for disposable diapers, or, in the case of a multi-ply
construction, as a core material for disposable diapers. The mat of
wood pulp fibers containing capsules in and/or on the matrix
resulting from the fourth procedure, D, is most suitable for use as
disposable diaper cores. Other deposition procedures for
incorporating the capsules onto or into the fibrous diaper core or
liner portions will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
The invention will be illustrated in greater detail by the examples
which follow. However, it should be understood that the present
invention in its broadest aspects is not necessarily limited to
these specific baby oil formulations, encapsulation procedures;
capsule cell wall materials; capsule diameters; liquid pay load;
capsule incorporation procedures; capsule cluster diameters; paper
stock; liner and facing sheet materials; and concentration of
materials and preparation procedures set forth in the examples
below:
EXAMPLES 1 THROUGH 4
This example illustrates preparation of a baby diaper liner having
encapsulated baby oil coated on the upper, interior surface
thereof. 250 milliliters of Johnson's Baby Oil, which is comprised
of 1 to 5 weight percent lanolin in mineral oil, 250 milliliters of
warm distilled water and 180 milliliters of a warm, 11 percent, by
weight, solution of high bloom strength gelatin were mixed in a
Waring Blender. Ten to 40 micron droplets were formed immediately.
This suspension was then added to a 2-liter beaker containing 550
milliliters of warm distilled water and 180 milliliters of a warm
11 percent by weight solution of spray dried gum arabic. The
mixture was stirred with a 4 inch turbine agitator turning at high
speed. Then 0.7 milliliters of a 20 percent by weight sodium
hydroxide solution was added thereto. The temperature was then
allowed to drop, without application of heating or cooling, from
40.degree. C. to 28.degree. C. in 2 hours. Capsule cell wall
formation on the droplets occurred at about 30.degree. C. At
28.degree. C. capsule cell wall formation was essentially completed
and the capsule slurry was chilled to 7.degree. C. by application
of an ice bath. The chilled capsule slurry was sprayed onto Johnson
& Johnson "Chix" disposable baby diaper liner tissues with a
hand atomizer and the sprayed tissues were allowed to air dry over
night. Each 10 inch .times. 14 inch tissue weighed approximately
1.9 grams (dry weight) and approximately 0.5 grams of dried
capsules per tissue were deposited by spraying in the manner
indicated above. Under 100-power magnification, the capsules
appeared as 600 to 1,000 micron aggregates or clusters of
individual capsules having individual diameters ranging from
approximately 10 to 40 microns. Capsule cell wall thickness ranged
from approximately 0.5 to 2 microns. The liquid pay load was
approximately 85 weight percent based on total of internal phase
(baby oil formulation) plus external phase (cell wall material).
The above procedure is demonstrative of capsule incorporation used
to prepare the structures shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 4. In the case
of the FIG. 1 structure, the interior liner containing the baby oil
capsules coated thereon is layed up on the diaper core 1 with or
without an intermediate adhesive. Exterior liner 5 can be joined to
the core in conventional manner. In the case of FIG. 3 structure,
the procedure of Example 1 is repeated except that the baby oil
capsules are deposited onto core 1 (rather than the interior
liner). The liner 2 is then applied with or without binder 6.
As noted previously the capsules are readily rupturable by
pressure. Slight to moderate pressures will suffice to break most
capsules. Of course, the amount of pressure to break the capsule
cell walls depends primarily upon capsule cell wall thickness, cell
wall material, etc. Usually it is desirable to break a portion of
the capsules prior to placing the capsule-containing diaper on the
baby to release the baby oil. This can be accomplished readily by
use of conventional household items, e.g., rolling pin, hand iron
(unheated), etc. Also the baby's weight will usually break a good
portion of the capsules. As noted above it is also within the
purview of this invention to deposit the capsules on a portion of
the diaper, viz., coat the capsules in a predetermined pattern
corresponding generally to that portion of the baby's anatomy where
the application of oil is most desired.
* * * * *