U.S. patent number 3,585,540 [Application Number 04/745,578] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-15 for flexible waveguide having means to reduce deformation of internal cross section.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Telefunken Patentverwertungsgesellschaft m.b.H. Invention is credited to Gerhard Schickle, Erich Schuttloffel, Heinz Zanzinger.
United States Patent |
3,585,540 |
Schuttloffel , et
al. |
June 15, 1971 |
FLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE HAVING MEANS TO REDUCE DEFORMATION OF INTERNAL
CROSS SECTION
Abstract
A flexible waveguide for the correct transmission of
electromagnetic waves, comprising a relatively thin, seamless metal
waveguide tube having a noncircular internal cross section, the
edges or profile which is free of abrupt changes of direction.
Means are provided, according to the invention, for imparting a
rigidity to the waveguide tube which will reduce to a minimum any
deformation of the internal cross section, when the waveguide is
bent or twisted.
Inventors: |
Schuttloffel; Erich (Backnang
Wurttenberg, DT), Zanzinger; Heinz (Backnang
Wurttenberg, DT), Schickle; Gerhard (Backnang
Wurttenberg, DT) |
Assignee: |
Telefunken
Patentverwertungsgesellschaft m.b.H (Ulm Donau,
DT)
|
Family
ID: |
5687561 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/745,578 |
Filed: |
July 17, 1968 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Jul 20, 1967 [DT] |
|
|
T 34363 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
333/241;
138/177 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01P
3/14 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01P
3/14 (20060101); H01P 3/00 (20060101); H01p
003/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;333/95,95A
;138/177,178,118,137 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Saalbach; Herman Karl
Assistant Examiner: Gensler; Paul L.
Claims
We claim:
1. A flexible waveguide for the correct transmission of
electromagnetic waves comprising: a seamless metal waveguide tube
having a relatively thin wall of constant thickness and a
noncircular internal cross section, the profile of which is
continuous and free of abrupt changes of direction; and means for
imparting a rigidity to said waveguide tube at selected locations
such that when said waveguide is bent or twisted, the deformation
of said internal cross section is reduced to a minimum, said means
including a waveguide jacket made of dielectric material
surrounding the outer surface of said waveguide tube, said jacket
having different thicknesses in profile with the thickness being
smallest in the region of the principal cross-sectional axes of
said waveguide tube.
2. A flexible waveguide for the correct transmission of
electromagnetic waves having a relatively thin walled seamless
metal waveguide tube with a noncircular internal cross section and
with the inner and outer cross-sectional profiles of said wall
being continuous and free of abrupt changes in direction, said
waveguide tube having two principal cross-sectional axes, the wall
of said waveguide tube having different thicknesses in profile and
being thinner in the region of said two axes than in the other
regions thereof so that said wall imparts a rigidity to the
waveguide tube such that the deformation of said internal cross
section is reduced to a minimum when the waveguide is bent or
twisted.
3. The waveguide defined in claim 2, wherein said internal cross
section is symmetrical with respect to said two axes.
4. The waveguide defined in claim 2, wherein said two principal
cross-sectional axes are of differing length.
5. The waveguide defined in claim 4, wherein the ratio of the
shorter to the longer of said two axes is larger than 0.45.
6. The waveguide defined in claim 2, wherein said waveguide tube
has at least one indentation extending parallel to its longitudinal
axis.
7. The waveguide defined in claim 6, wherein said inner
cross-sectional profile of said wall describes a Cassinian
curve.
8. The waveguide defined in claim 2, wherein the thickness of said
wall is chosen so that the bendability of said waveguide in the
plane of said two principal axes is approximately equal.
9. The waveguide defined in claim 2, wherein said waveguide tube is
formed by a drawn aluminum tube.
10. A flexible waveguide for the correct transmission of
electromagnetic waves having a relatively thin walled drawn
aluminum waveguide tube with a noncircular internal cross section,
the inner and outer cross-sectional profiles of said wall being
continuous and free of abrupt changes in direction, the wall of
said waveguide having a varying thickness in profile with a minimum
thickness in the region of the two principal cross-sectional axes,
and a maximum wall thickness in the regions therebetween, whereby
undesirable deformations of said internal cross section are
prevented during bending and/or twisting of said waveguide.
11. A flexible waveguide as defined in claim 2 wherein the outer
cross-sectional profile of the waveguide wall is nonlinear.
12. A flexible waveguide as defined in claim 11 wherein the outer
cross-sectional profile of the waveguide wall curves inwardly in
the regions of said two principal cross-sectional axes.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a flexible waveguide for the
correct transmission of preferably linearly polarized
electromagnetic waves. This waveguide possesses a noncircular
effective internal cross section, the edge of which is free of
abrupt changes of direction, and is formed from a relatively thin
seamless metal tube.
With electromagnetic energy transmission lines which are formed
from rigid rectangular or circular waveguide sections, it is
necessary to employ numerous flanges to interconnect the individual
sections. The use of these flanges not only increases the cost, but
also produces undesirable reflections within this type of waveguide
train at the various points of connection.
As is now known, it is possible to realize a practical endless
waveguide train without the interposition of waveguide flanges by
producing the waveguide from a corrugated metal tube. This type of
energy conductor has already been on the market for some time and
has proven advantageous in the construction of transmitting
stations in the decimeter and the centimeter wave region.
This type of waveguide, which may be reeled on a drum, possesses an
approximately elliptical cross section; compared to analogous
rectangular waveguides, it exhibits a lower damping factor.
However, the manufacture of these waveguides is relatively
time-consuming and expensive, since, at the present, it is
necessary to first provide the copper tube employed for the
waveguide with a very particular corrugation and then to deform the
circular cross section of the tube into an approximate ellipse.
To protect the waveguide from physical damage, the metal tube,
which has been shaped in the manner described above, is provided,
in addition, with a suitable dielectric protective jacket.
A waveguide constructed in this manner, however, is not
unqualifiedly suited for all installations. This is especially true
when it is employed as an antenna feed line at permanent microwave
stations, since the ability of the waveguide to be reeled on
relatively small cable drums-- made possible by the corrugations--
is practically not utilized at all. When the long waveguide
sections are reeled on suitable drums at most only when transported
from the factory to the microwave station, but after installation
no longer need to be moved, the expense required for the
manufacture of the elliptical corrugated tube waveguide described
above is not justified. In particular, under these circumstances,
the very advantage of this type of corrugated tube waveguide-- that
it can be reeled on a drum several hundred times without impairing
its electrical characteristics-- is not effectively utilized.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention, therefore, is to provide a new
type of flexible waveguide, the electrical properties of which are
as good or better than that of the waveguides known in the prior
art, which waveguide may also be employed in permanent
installations at reduced cost.
When a waveguide is employed as a feedline for a permanent antenna
installation, it is only subjected to a bending and/or twisting
when the installation is assembled. A change of waveguide position
during operation of the installation will practically never
occur.
The object described above, as well as other objects which will
become apparent in the discussion that follows, is achieved,
according to the present invention, by providing means for
imparting a rigidity to the waveguide so that when it is bent or
twisted the deformation of the internal cross section-- which would
change its electrical characteristics-- is reduced to a
minimum.
The present invention makes use of the knowledge of what occurs
when a thin metal tube is bent. Such knowledge comes into play, for
example, with the metal shields or jackets of coaxial cables.
It is a prerequisite for the employment of a thin metal tube as a
waveguide, that the waveguide be dimensioned to avoid a damaging
deformation of its internal cross section. There are a number of
ways in which the deformation of the internal cross section may be
kept to a minimum. First, it is possible to provide the outer
surface of the waveguide with longitudinally extending dielectric
strips. These strips make it possible to reduce the deformation of
the waveguide's internal cross section, when the waveguide is bent
or twisted, to such a slight degree that the waveguide may still be
employed for the distortion-free and correct transmission of the
electromagnetic waves.
Another possible means for imparting the necessary rigidity to the
waveguide is to surround the outside surface of the waveguide tube
with a dielectric jacket which, in profile, exhibits a variable
thickness. The thickness of the jacket is increased at those points
of the cross section of the waveguide which would be deformed to
the greatest extent if the waveguide were bent.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the desired
effect of the present invention is achieved by making the wall of
the metal waveguide tube itself of variable thickness when the tube
is viewed in profile. This can be realized, for example, by adding
longitudinally extending metal strips to the outer surface of the
waveguide to give the waveguide the desired rigidity. For technical
reasons which arise in the production of the waveguide, it is
practical, in this embodiment, to make the cross-sectional edge of
the external surface with a continuous derivative; that is, free of
abrupt changes of direction. In order to reduce the forces
necessary to bend the waveguide, the thickness of the waveguide
walls, preferably in the region of the principal axes, is made
thinner than at the remaining points on the cross section.
The effective internal cross section of the waveguide constructed
according to the present invention with a smooth internal wall, can
be made with various shapes. For example, this internal cross
section can be symmetrical to the principal axes of the waveguide
cross section. It is possible, in addition, to make the internal
cross section symmetrical with respect to only one of the principal
axes. The length of the two aforementioned principal axes is always
different; however, the ratio of the minor to the major principal
axis is preferably made greater than 0.45.
The cross-sectional shape of the waveguide, according to the
present invention should be rectangular, in the first
approximation, to obtain the greatest possible bandwidth. It is
possible, depending on the requirements, to arch the waveguide
walls either inward or outward; that is, to make them concave or
convex. For particularly broad bandwidths, the waveguide should be
constructed, similar to a ridge waveguide, with at least one
indentation running parallel to its longitudinal axis.
The waveguide, according to the present invention, can be
advantageously produced by the seamless extrusion of a metal tube
in a suitable cable-making machine. Aluminum is an especially
suitable metal to use for the metal tube.
Corrugated metal tubes of copper have been used in the prior art as
flexible antenna leads. The corrugation effects a physical
elongation of the waveguide, however; furthermore, it leads to
undesirable reflections and affects the damping.
Even when aluminum is used as the waveguide material, the waveguide
constructed with the smooth wall according to the present invention
produces no greater damping than the corrugated tube. An aluminum
waveguide of this type has the additional advantages that it is
softer and, therefore, more flexible than a copper waveguide and
has a greater resistance to corrosion.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a waveguide according to a
first preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a waveguide according to a
second preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a waveguide according to a
third preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a waveguide according to a
fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a waveguide according to a
fifth preferred embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a preferred embodiment
of the present invention. In this embodiment, the wall of the
waveguide tube 1 is of uniform thickness. The two principal axes of
the cross section of the waveguide are designated by the letters D
and d. In order to achieve the desired broad bandwidth, the shape
of the internal cross section is made to approximately correspond
to a rectangle having sharply rounded edges and outwardly curved
sides.
In order to avoid undesirable variations in the internal cross
section of this waveguide when it is bent or twisted, the outer
surface of the waveguide tube is surrounded with dielectric jacket
2 which, unlike the waveguide tube itself, does not exhibit a
constant thickness along its cross-sectional edge.
In the embodiment shown in the illustration, the thickness of the
wall of the jacket is the smallest in the region of the principal
axes of the waveguide. The outer contour of the dielectric jacket
forms a rectangle with sharply rounded edges and with inwardly
arched sides.
FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention,
wherein the internal cross section of the waveguide is symmetrical
about only a single principal axis. The wall thickness of the
waveguide tube 4 is constant along the cross-sectional edge. Four
metal strips 5, 6, 7 and 8, are attached to the wall of the
waveguide tube 4 in the region of the four "corners" thereof.
Because of their shape and position, these metal strips, which
extend in the longitudinal direction of the waveguide, prevent the
effective internal cross section of the waveguide from changing to
an undue extent when the waveguide is bent and/or twisted.
The strips 5, 6, 7 and 8 may, for example, be made of the same
material as the waveguide tube 4 and welded onto the outer tube
surface. The exact position and thickness of these longitudinal
strips is dependent upon the particular cross section of the
waveguide tube 4 and the material of which the tube is made.
A still further means for realizing the present invention is
illustrated in FIG. 3. The outer cross-sectional edge of the
waveguide 10 forms a semicircle having rounded corners. The
internal cross section of the waveguide is chosen to give the
waveguide wall various thicknesses along the edge of the waveguide
cross section. The walls of the waveguide thus exhibit various
degrees of rigidity so that the shape of the internal cross section
will be substantially retained when the waveguide is bent and/or
twisted.
To achieve the desired broad bandwidth, the waveguide according to
the present invention may be provided with at least one indentation
extending in the longitudinal direction. The waveguide which is
illustrated in cross section in FIG. 4 is constructed with two such
indentations, symmetrically arranged and extending in the
longitudinal direction. The resulting waveguide is similar to a
ridge waveguide.
The major principal axis of the waveguide 9 of FIG. 4 is designated
with the letter D. The minor axis, which also designates the
distance between the two indentations, carries the letter a, while
the distance between the nonindented portions of the waveguide is
designated with the letter d.
The relationship of the waveguide width d to the separation a
substantially determines the usable bandwidth of this type of
waveguide.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, the wall of the waveguide
is made thinner in the region of the principal axes than in the
remaining regions. The wall thickness around the profile of the
waveguide has a continuous derivative so that both the internal and
the external edges or profiles of the wall are free of abrupt
changes of direction.
The function described by the edge of the effective internal cross
section is preferably made a Cassinian curve; that is, the internal
cross-sectional edge may be described by the equation:
(X.sup.2 +Y.sup.2).sup.2 -2b.sup.2 (X.sup.2 -Y.sup.2) =k.sup.4
-b.sup.4 where the foci F.sub.1 and F.sub.2 are located at (+b, 0)
and (-b, 0), respectively, and b and the constant k are chosen such
that b <k< 2 to obtain an indentation.
In the embodiments of the present invention described above the
particular waveguide cross sections produce a preferred plane in
which the waveguide may be bent. For many applications, however, it
is advantageous if the waveguide may be bent with approximately
equal ease in the planes defined by both the major as well as the
minor principal axes of cross section. If the thickness of the
walls is properly chosen, it is possible, according to still
another embodiment of the present invention, to nearly equalize the
bendability of the waveguide in these two planes.
FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of this type of waveguide which is
equally pliable in the planes of the two principal axes of its
cross section. The effective internal cross section of the
waveguide takes generally the shape of a rectangle with sharply
rounded edges and outwardly arched sides. The ratio of the minor
principal axis of the waveguide, designated with the letter d, to
the major principal axis, designated with the letter D, is made
larger than 0.45.
The thickness of the wall of the waveguide 11 is made thinner in
the region of the two principal axes than in the remaining regions
which include the corners.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the radius of curvature of the
effective internal cross section, designated with the letter r, is
equal to approximately one-fourth of the length of minor principal
axis d. In the region of the so-called "corners" of the waveguide,
the wall thickness f is made approximately 2 to 4 times greater
than the wall thickness e in the region of the major principal axis
of the waveguide cross section. In order to obtain a waveguide
which exhibits approximately the same flexibility in the plane of
the principal axis D as in the axis d, which runs perpendicular
thereto, the wall thicknesses e and c, respectively, in the regions
of these principal axes may be made suitably different. The
transition between the various wall thicknesses around the cross
section of the waveguide is made continuous in the illustrated
embodiment.
In the waveguide cross section illustrated in FIG. 5 the four
rounded outer "corners" lie on a circle with the radius R. This
arrangement makes it possible to make the flanges, which are
necessary to connect sections of the waveguide in the manner known
in the art, as simple coupling nuts. These nuts may be made with an
internal thread which engages with a corresponding external thread
on the waveguide in the region of these external corners.
According to a further modification of the waveguide according to
the present invention, the thickness of the wall may be increased
in such a way that the outer edge of the waveguide cross section is
made circular in the region of the waveguide ends. This embodiment
with reinforced waveguide ends makes it particularly easy to mount
the fittings.
It will be understood that the above description of the present
invention is susceptible to various modifications, changes and
adaptations.
* * * * *