U.S. patent number 3,585,434 [Application Number 04/792,652] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-15 for plasma jet generating apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Hitachi, Ltd.. Invention is credited to Shigeru Kajiyama, Yomei Kato, Takashi Omori.
United States Patent |
3,585,434 |
Kato , et al. |
June 15, 1971 |
PLASMA JET GENERATING APPARATUS
Abstract
A plasma jet generating apparatus comprising a cathode formed of
an annular electrode and an anode formed of a cylindrical electrode
inserted at the central portion of said annular cathode wherein an
arc is generated between the electrodes to heat a gas to a high
temperature.
Inventors: |
Kato; Yomei (Hitachi-shi,
JA), Omori; Takashi (Kita-ibaraki-shi, JA),
Kajiyama; Shigeru (Hitachi-shi, JA) |
Assignee: |
Hitachi, Ltd. (Tokyo-to,
JA)
|
Family
ID: |
11565648 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/792,652 |
Filed: |
January 21, 1969 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Jan 24, 1968 [JA] |
|
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3742-68 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
313/161;
219/121.36; 313/231.01 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05H
1/32 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H05H
1/26 (20060101); H05H 1/32 (20060101); H01j
017/14 (); H01j 017/26 () |
Field of
Search: |
;313/161,231 ;315/111
;219/121P |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lake; Roy
Assistant Examiner: Demeo; Palmer C.
Claims
We claim:
1. A plasma jet generating apparatus comprising:
A first cylindrical chamber wall;
A second cylindrical chamber wall having the same inner diameter as
said first cylindrical chamber wall and being concentric
therewith;
An annular cathode disposed between said first and said second
cylindrical chamber walls so as to form a chamber therewith, the
minimum inner diameter and the width along the axial direction of
said annular cathode being smaller than the inner diameters and the
widths of said first and said second cylindrical chamber walls,
respectively, so that said annular cathode projects inwardly from
the surfaces of said cylindrical chamber walls;
Sealing means attached to one end of said first cylindrical chamber
wall for sealing the end of said chamber;
A cylindrically shaped anode coaxially disposed in said chamber and
positioned to form an annular discharge gap between said annular
cathode and said cylindrically shaped anode, the end of said
cylindrically shaped anode being placed axially at the intermediate
portion of said annular cathode, said cylindrically shaped anode
being supported by said sealing means; and
A working gas inlet being arranged in said sealing means for
introducing gas to said discharge gap.
2. A plasma jet generating apparatus as defined in claim 1, further
comprising field generating means for generating a magnetic field
in said chamber to rotate an arc formed in said annular discharge
gap including first and second coil members arranged outside of
said first and second cylindrical chamber walls, respectively.
3. A plasma jet generating apparatus as defined in claim 2, wherein
said first cylindrical chamber wall and said first coil member form
a first unit, and said second cylindrical chamber wall and said
second coil member form a second unit, and further including means
for detachably mounting said first and second units to each
other.
4. A plasma jet generating apparatus as defined in claim 3, further
including at least one feed gas inlet provided in said annular
cathode on the side of said second cylindrical chamber wall to
supply feed gas to said chamber in a direction transverse to the
axis of said chamber.
5. A plasma jet generating apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein
said annular cathode is nozzle-shaped.
6. A plasma jet generating apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein
the end of said cylindrically shaped anode positioned within said
annular cathode has an end surface which is transverse to the axis
of said anode, and the surface of said cathode facing said anode is
arcuately curved.
7. A plasma jet generating apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein
the surface of said cathode facing said anode is conically shaped
and inclined toward said second cylindrical chamber wall.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a plasma jet generating apparatus and
more particularly to a plasma jet generating apparatus comprising
an annular electrode and a cylindrical electrode disposed at the
central portion of the annular electrode wherein an arc is
generated between the electrodes to heat the working gas to a high
temperature.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventionally, a plasma jet generating apparatus is composed of an
annular anode and a cylindrical cathode disposed centrally. It is
also common practice to use tungsten which is a thermal electron
emitting material as cathode and to use copper which is nonmagnetic
and has good thermal conductivity as anode. With such structure,
the apparatus can operate without significant defects when the
working gas is composed of an inert gas such as argon, helium or
nitrogen, or of pure hydrogen. However, when nitrogen or hydrogen
which contains some amount of carbon and/or oxygen, air, carbon
dioxide, hydrocarbon or a mixture thereof is used as working gas,
the rate of corrosion of the cathode is extremely large and the
device is far from practical. In order to overcome this problem, it
is proposed to use a carbon black cathode which is continuously
supplied to compensate for the expended amount. But this type is
also hard to be produced on an industrial basis because of
manufacturing costs and the requirement of stopping the operation
to exchange the cathode as well as the problems of the feeding
mechanism.
Also, a water-cooled type metal electrode has been developed
recently which uses copper, silver, iron, etc. as the cathode
material and a system is proposed which uses an annular copper
electrode as anode and a cylindrical electrode disposed coaxially
and made of the aforementioned water-cooled type metal electrode as
the cathode, and in which an arc generated between the electrodes
is made to rotate by the Lorentz force due to the crossing of the
arc with a magnetic field when a magnetic field is applied in the
axial direction.
By such a system, however, according to the experimental results of
the inventors, the apparatus can operate normally with a monatomic
rare gas such as helium, argon, etc. or with nitrogen which is
diatomic and a stable plasma jet is obtained with the cathode
region spread in the axial direction. (In this specification, the
region where the cathode spot moves will be referred as the
"cathode region.") But among diatomic molecules when hydrogen gas
is used as the working gas, the behavior of the cathode spot varies
and the cathode region is focused on the same circular periphery
with little spread. Thus a part of the cathode surface is
intensively corroded by the arc with the result that a groove is
formed. Then, the cathode spot becomes stable in the groove thus
formed to corrode the groove deeper and deeper. Accordingly, the
life of the cathode is very soft and the apparatus of this type is
also far from practical.
Further, if a hydrocarbon is contained in the working gas, local
corrosion decreases but there arises another problem, namely the
arc is extremely unstable and liable to break when the amount of
the working gas varies even to a small extent. Thus, the apparatus
of this type is also impracticable.
General properties of the arc found by the inventors' experiments
are as follows:
1. The cathode and anode spots of an arc move by the application of
outer force. Specifically, the anode spot moves easily, but the
cathode spot is relatively hard to move.
2. Thus, the stability of an arc is determined by the cathode
spot.
3. The behavior of the cathode spot is also dependent on the gas
atmosphere. In the case of an inert gas such as argon, nitrogen,
etc., the cathode spot is relatively easy to move but in the case
of hydrogen, hydrocarbon or a mixture gas thereof, the cathode
region is strongly focused and hard to move.
As is understandable from the above properties, the basic defect of
the conventional plasma jet generating apparatus lies in the
immovability of the cathode spot. Even if the arc is rotated in a
circle by the Lorentz force due to the application of a magnetic
field, especially when an active gas such as hydrogen, hydrocarbon,
etc. is used as the working gas, the axial spread of the cathode
region is very small and consequently the rate of corrosion of the
cathode is very large. Thus, a long continuous operation of the
apparatus is impossible.
Nonexistence of a reliable plasma jet generating apparatus,
especially when an active gas is to be used as the working gas, has
been the main reason forestalling the production on an industrial
basis of such chemical reaction apparatus as a thermal cracking
reactor for hydrocarbons or the like which is to be realized
utilizing a plasma jet generating apparatus as described here
above. Therefore, the realization of a reliable apparatus is
requested also for the above reason.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present inventors have found after long years of research that
the above-mentioned defects can be eliminated by a plasma jet
generating apparatus which has a polarity opposite to the
conventional one.
The object of this invention is to provide a plasma jet generating
apparatus comprising cathode means and centrally disposed
cylindrical anode means whereby the apparatus operates normally and
effectively even when the working gas is an active gas such as
hydrogen, hydrocarbon, air, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, etc.
as well as when the working gas is an inert gas.
In a plasma jet generating apparatus according to this invention,
the cathode region of the arc has a far larger spread in the axial
direction than that of the conventional one, thus the rate of
corrosion of the cathode is very low and long continuous operation
is possible.
Further, as an application of this invention, there can also be
provided a thermal cracking reactor which effectively performs
chemical reactions of hydrocarbon, etc., utilizing a plasma jet
generating apparatus having a low rate of corrosion of the cathode
and a stable arc atmosphere.
Now, embodiments of the invention will be described in detail
hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal cross section of a plasma jet generating
apparatus according to this invention;
FIGS. 2 to 4 show various arrangements of the cathode according to
this invention;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged schematic view of the electrodes portion for
explaining the behavior of an arc;
FIG. 6 is a longitudinal cross section of a thermal cracking
reactor for hydrocarbons applying a plasma jet generating apparatus
according to this invention; and
FIG. 7 is a plan view of the cathode portion of the reactor shown
in FIG. 6 .
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 shows a plasma jet generating apparatus. Arc discharge is
caused by high frequency spark or the like between a centrally
disposed cylindrical anode 1 of nonmagnetic metal which is cooled
by water and an annular cathode 2 which is also cooled by water.
The working gas is introduced from a working gas inlet 3 into the
arc to form plasma by the heat energy of the arc. The outer
diameter of the cylindrical anode is smaller than the inner
diameter of the annular cathode 2. The annular cathode 2 is formed
to have a certain width in the direction of the gas flow and the
anode is supported to place the end thereof at the middle portion
of the cathode.
The cylindrical anode 1 is forcedly cooled by introducing and
exhausting water through conduits 4 and 5, and the annular cathode
2 is likewise cooled through conduits 6 and 7.
DC exciting coils 8 and 9 are wound around walls 10 above and below
the annular cathode 2 to produce an axial magnetic field to give
rotational force to the arc current. A strong flux density is
obtained by this Mirro field. Electrical insulation between the two
electrodes is achieved by a insulating flange 11 which also serves
as a gas seal.
Various shapes are possible for the two electrodes 1 and 2. For
example, in the construction of FIG. 1, the cross section of the
inner portion of the cathode 2 is formed to have an arcuate shape.
Alternatively, it may be formed parallelly linear as shown in FIG.
2, in divergent nozzle shape as shown in FIG. 3 or in convergent
nozzle shape as shown in FIG. 4. Also as relative disposition of
the two electrodes, various arrangements are possible. The end
portion of the cylindrical anode need not be inserted in the inner
periphery of the annular cathode. If it is inserted, there are also
several possibilities such as that where it is positioned at the
middle portion of the cathode 2 in the axial direction, that where
it is aligned with the lower end of the cathode 2, or that where it
projects a certain length below the lower end of the cathode 2.
However, the construction in which the end of the anode is
positioned approximately at the middle portion of the cathode is
most preferable according to our experimental results. In this
construction, it is found that the arc is very stable even when an
active gas such as hydrogen, hydrocarbon, etc. is used as working
gas and that the rate of corrosion is very low. Thus this
construction is considered as the best to spread the cathode region
of the arc in the axial direction, appropriately utilizing the
properties of an arc as clarified by the inventors. That is, by
this disposition the velocity of the working gas flow suddenly
decreases at the middle portion of the cathode 2 due to a sudden
increase of the flow path. When voltage is applied between the
electrodes 1 and 2 and an axial magnetic field of suitable strength
is produced by the DC exciting coils 8 and 9, the arc first
generated at a point a (FIG. 5) is blown by the fast gas flow in
the region where two electrodes are opposed and is moved to a point
b at once. Here, the velocity of the gas flow becomes suddenly low.
Thus, the arc becomes temporarily stable along a line b--d.
However, since the arc is still blown by the gas flow to some
extent, the arc gradually moves to a line c--e. The longer the arc
becomes, the higher voltage is required between the two electrodes
to maintain the arc. When the voltage across the arc becomes larger
than the breakdown voltage between the electrodes at a minimum
distance the arc breaks and reappears at the line b--d. This
process is repeated during the operation. The waveform of the arc
voltage becomes a sawtooth shape and the period of the cycle is
about 10 to 100 .mu.s. The time during which the arc will remain in
the region between a and b is very limited and in almost the whole
period the arc stays in the region between the lines b--d and c--e.
Apparently, the arc rotates around the axis of the apparatus
throughout the period by the Lorentz force due to the magnetic
field.
Thus, the cathode spot of the arc moves longitudinally and along
the periphery of the cathode and the whole surface in which the
cathode spot moves (that is, the cathode region) forms the working
surface for the arc current. Therefore, the virtual current density
on the electrodes surface is reduced and the rate of corrosion of
the electrodes is extremely low even with the use of an active gas
such as hydrogen, hydrocarbon, etc. as working gas, whereby long
continuous operation is possible.
Now, a thermal cracking reactor for hydrocarbons employing the
plasma jet generating device according to this invention will be
explained with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, in which like reference
numerals denote parts similar to those shown in FIGS. 1 to 5. The
basic structure of the reactor shown in FIG. 6 is almost the same
as that shown in FIG. 1. Further, heat-resistible layers 12 and 13
are provided on the inner wall of a reaction chamber 14 of the
thermal cracking reactor for the thermal insulation and the
protection of the inner wall. The upper portion of the layer 13 is
tapered to bring the feed gas from inlet apertures 25 to the
central portion. A cylindrical wall constituting the body of the
reactor is divided into two parts 15 and 16 to support the DC
exciting coils 8 and 9, respectively, each part being individually
detachable. Upper flanges 18 and 19 are detachably mounted on the
walls 15 and 16, respectively. The interior of the lower
cylindrical wall 16 is made in a double structure to allow the
cooling water to flow to protect the coil 9 and the heat-resistible
layer 13. Specifically, the cooling water is introduced from a
conduit 20 provided at a low portion of the wall 16 to the inner
cylindrical chamber which is surrounded by a cylindrical separator
17. Then, the cooling water passes across the upper edge of the
separator 17 to flow into the outer cylindrical chamber outside the
separator 17, and is exhausted from an outlet conduit 21 also
provided at a low portion of the wall 16. The annular cathode 2 is
sandwiched and fixed between the upper structure including the coil
8 and the lower structure including the coil 9 through insulators
22 and 23, respectively. The upper and lower structures are fixed
with bolts 26 and nuts 27. In the unique structure shown in FIG. 6,
feed gas is introduced from a plurality of inlet pipes 24 provided
on the annular cathode 2 and blown obliquely downward through small
apertures 25 provided at the lower periphery of the cathode 2. By
this construction, separate means for supplying the feed gas is
unnecessary and the feed gas can be supplied to the highest
temperature portion without affecting the cathode spot.
In one embodiment of this invention, both electrodes were made of
copper, the diameter of the cylindrical anode was 40 mm., the
minimum inner diameter of the annular cathode was 50 mm., the
effective length of the cathode in the axial direction was 30 mm.,
and the distance of insertion of the anode into the cathode was 15
mm. When this embodiment was operated with hydrogen gas containing
methane gas as working gas, an arc current of 400 A., a field
intensity of about 2000 gauss at the center, a gas flow of 300 to
700 liters/min., and the mixing ratio of methane being varied from
0 to 50 percent by volume, the arc was very stable with the arc
voltage being 200 to 300 v. and the corrosion of the electrodes was
very small. When methane is used as working gas in a conventional
apparatus, the cylindrical cathode having a thickness of 5 mm. is
cut in about 10 minutes. Whereas, when the same gas was used in the
inventive apparatus having a similar structure, the amount of
corrosion of the annular cathode was very small and almost
invisible after a continuous operation of about 90 minutes.
It is confirmed that in the apparatus according to the present
invention, voltage and current characteristics of the arc are
excellent and hardly affected by the variation in gas flow. This
means that this invention is especially advantageous when used to
obtain a high gas enthalpy.
* * * * *