U.S. patent number 3,584,194 [Application Number 04/827,228] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-08 for fluid heating techniques.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Aro Corporation. Invention is credited to Wilbert G. Kautz, Jens D. Larsen.
United States Patent |
3,584,194 |
Kautz , et al. |
June 8, 1971 |
FLUID HEATING TECHNIQUES
Abstract
Apparatus and method for heating fluid under pressure. The
apparatus aspect of the disclosure includes a member that defines a
chamber in which a source of heat and a radiator are located. The
outer surface of the radiator defines pathways through which the
fluid flows in the apparatus in order to be heated. A gap is
provided between the radiator and the member so that fluid disposed
in the gap partially insulates the fluid flowing in the pathways.
Insulation is provided around the member and a thermostat is
mounted in a cavity defined by a housing attached to the radiator
so that the fluid is uniformly heated to a constant, predetermined
temperature. A filter is held in an outlet assembly that
automatically retains fluid in the chamber when the filter is
removed for cleaning.
Inventors: |
Kautz; Wilbert G. (West Unity,
OH), Larsen; Jens D. (Defiance, OH) |
Assignee: |
The Aro Corporation (Bryan,
OH)
|
Family
ID: |
25248636 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/827,228 |
Filed: |
May 23, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
392/484; 239/135;
165/156; 210/234; 392/494 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B05B
9/002 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B05B
9/00 (20060101); F24h 001/10 (); H05b 001/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;219/296,299,302,303,304,305,306,308,328 ;165/156 ;210/234
;239/134,135,139 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
949,892 |
|
Mar 1949 |
|
FR |
|
1,158,943 |
|
Feb 1958 |
|
FR |
|
674,809 |
|
Apr 1939 |
|
DD |
|
303,356 |
|
Nov 1932 |
|
IT |
|
Primary Examiner: Bartis; A.
Claims
What We claim is:
1. In a system designed to heat fluid under pressure, apparatus
comprising:
a member that defines a chamber having a first end portion and a
second end portion;
a source of heat;
radiator means coupled to said source of heat and located in the
chamber for defining a first spiral pathway by which fluid flows
along the exterior of the radiator means from the first end portion
toward the second end portion of the chamber, said radiator means
being displaced from said member by a predetermined gap that forms
a second cylindrical pathway in which fluid flows, whereby the
fluid flowing in the first spiral pathway is partially
insulated;
inlet means for receiving fluid under pressure and for conducting
said fluid to said first and second pathways;
outlet means for expelling heated fluid from said chamber;
a housing connected to the radiator means, said housing defining a
cavity;
a temperature-sensitive control means mounted in said cavity for
controlling the energization of the source of heat; and
insulating means for insulating the member so that the temperature
gradient across the first pathway is minimized and so that the
temperature to which the fluid in the first pathway is heated
remains substantially constant.
2. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating means
comprises:
a fibrous layer of material that substantially surrounds the
member;
a metal member that substantially surrounds the fibrous layer;
and
a jacket that substantially surrounds the metal member for creating
closed air spaces between the metal member and the jacket.
3. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gap is at least
0.010 inches wide.
4. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gap is about 0.014
inches wide.
5. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said outlet means
comprises:
a body underlying the chamber that defines a cavity;
a first passageway for connecting the cavity with the chamber;
a second passageway for connecting the cavity with the exterior of
the outlet means;
a filter adapted to be inserted in the cavity;
a vertical stem mounted in said first passageway;
closure means attached to the top end of the vertical stem, said
closure means having a first position in which the first passageway
is closed and a second position in which the first passageway is
open;
bias means for normally biasing the closure means in its first
position so that fluid is held in the chamber if the filter is
removed; and
operating means for moving the closure means to its second position
if the filter is inserted in the cavity so that heated fluid flows
from the chamber to the exterior of the outlet means through the
filter.
6. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 5, wherein the operating means
comprises a spring and a gasket that hold the closure means in its
second position and that simultaneously hold the filter in the
cavity.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention primarily relates to techniques for heating fluid,
and is more specifically directed to techniques for heating
varnish, lacquers, enamels, and the like for use in hot spraying
systems.
As a final step in most manufacturing processes, protective and
decorative fluids such as paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and
the like are frequently applied to articles. The paint industry has
long recognized that heating such fluids offers the advantages of
reduced viscosity, reduced thinner requirements, and shorter
application and drying times. In addition, heating the fluids
improves coverage and the overall appearance of the finished
article.
In light of these considerations, prior art systems adapted to
apply protective and decorative fluids by spraying have typically
included a fluid heater. However, each of the prior art fluid
heaters has exhibited certain deficiencies that have limited its
usefulness.
One of the deficiencies exhibited by prior art fluid heaters
relates to their ability to heat fluid uniformly without "hot"
spots. Prior art heaters generally have a relatively small heater
area facing the fluid so that there is considerable danger of
scorching the fluid if the heat flux-density is more than about 7
watts per square inch. Another problem exhibited by prior art
heaters is their inability to control the maximum temperature to
which the fluid is heated as the heater is turned on. In addition,
certain prior art heaters have exhibited a considerable temperature
gradient across the pathways taken by the fluid through the heater,
so that some portions of the fluid are excessively heated, while
other portions do not receive sufficient heat.
Prior art heaters are also deficient in their ability to control
the temperature "bandwidth" of the fluid, that is, the temperature
range between the highest and lowest temperatures to which the
fluid is heated. More specifically, prior art fluid heaters are
basically incapable of consistently heating fluid to a uniform,
predetermined temperature over a sustained period of time. The
inability of prior art fluid heaters to control the temperature
bandwidth of the fluid is a serious problem since many new lacquers
may be adversely affected unless the temperature to which they are
heated is limited within a narrow range.
Another disadvantage of prior art fluid heaters is that they
generally comprise drilled or cast-in holes through which the fluid
travels as it is being heated. The nature of the holes is such that
they are difficult, if not impossible, to clean when the heater
receives periodic service. The servicing of prior art fluid heaters
is also complicated by the filter arrangements used therein.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a
fluid heater that heats fluid uniformly without creating "hot"
spots and without scorching the fluid.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a fluid
heater that can control the maximum temperature to which the fluid
is heated as the fluid heater is turned on.
Another specific object of the present invention is to control the
temperature gradient across the fluid as it is being heated.
Yet another object of the present invention is to enable fluid to
be heated within a narrow range of temperatures over a sustained
period of time, that is, to reduce the temperature bandwidth of a
fluid heating system.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide
improved means for servicing and cleaning a fluid heating
system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In order to overcome the deficiencies of prior art fluid heaters,
the present invention, in its principal apparatus aspect, comprises
a member that defines a chamber. The chamber contains a source of
heat and a radiator means having an outer surface that defines
pathways through which fluid flows as it is being heated. By
properly arranging the pathways and distributing fluid therein, the
fluid is heated to the desired temperature by applying a minimum
heat flux-density so that the possibility of scorching is virtually
eliminated.
In order to control the temperature gradient and the temperature
range in which the fluid is heated (i.e., the temperature
bandwidth), the present invention also provides a
temperature-sensitive control means that controls the operation of
the source of heat and insulation that surrounds the member.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the control means is
mounted in a cavity defined by a housing that is connected to the
radiator means so that it can accurately determine the temperature
to which the fluid is being heated. By employing the foregoing
techniques, the temperature bandwidth and gradient of the system
may be reduced to values unattainable by prior art methods and
apparatus. As previously mentioned, this feature is vital for the
proper heating and application of many fluids, such as lacquers,
that may deteriorate unless the temperature to which they are
heated is held within close tolerances.
Another aspect of the present invention that significantly
increases the ability of the system to control its temperature
gradient and bandwidth relates to the displacement of the radiator
means from the member in order to form a gap. According to this
feature, fluid flowing in the gap partially insulates the fluid
flowing in the pathways from the member. As a result, the fluid
flowing in the pathways is heated uniformly throughout, and the
temperature gradient and bandwidth of the system may be precisely
controlled.
In addition to the foregoing advantages and features, the radiator
means is preferably supported at only one end portion of the
chamber so that the radiator means may be easily removed from the
chamber for cleaning purposes. Moreover, since the pathways defined
by the radiator means are located to the exterior thereof, the
entire radiator means may be easily cleaned and serviced.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to apparatus for
conveniently mounting a fluid filter in connection with the fluid
heater assembly. The apparatus includes a unique means for closing
the chamber so that fluid is retained therein when the filter is
removed for cleaning. When the filter is replaced, the means are
automatically reset so that fluid is again allowed to flow freely
through the chamber.
The use of the apparatus and method aspects of the present
invention results in techniques by which fluid may be heated with a
degree of control and accuracy unattainable by prior art apparatus.
In addition, the present invention results in a system that is easy
to assemble, service, and clean so that the overall cost of
employing the techniques is significantly reduced.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other objects, advantages, and features of the present
invention will hereinafter appear for purposes of illustration, but
not of limitation, in connection with the accompanying drawings in
which like numbers refer to like parts throughout, and in
which:
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of the exterior of a preferred
form of fluid heater assembly made in accordance with the present
invention, together with fragmentary, schematic illustrations of
additional components with which the fluid heater assembly may be
used in a fluid spraying system;
FIG. 2 is a partially fragmentary, cross-sectional front
elevational view of the fluid heater assembly shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary, cross-sectional view taken along line 3-3
of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4-4 of FIG.
2;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5-5 of FIG.
2;
FIG. 6 is a schematic electrical diagram illustrating the manner in
which certain of the parts shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 are
interconnected;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 7-7 of FIG. 2;
and
FIG. 8 is a perspective, fragmentary view of a portion of the
radiator means shown in FIG. 2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIG. 1, a preferred form of a fluid heater assembly 10
made in accordance with the present invention is shown in
connection with a system that sprays protective and decorative
fluid, such as paint. The system includes a main line 12 that
supplied fluid to a pump 14. The pump applies pressure to the fluid
in a well-known manner so that fluid is forced through a supply
line 16 to heater assembly 10. After the fluid is heated, it flows
through one portion of a coaxial line 18 to a spray gun 20. The
spray gun operates in a well-known manner to apply fluid to any
article requiring decoration or protection. Unused fluid is
continually returned to the heater assembly through another portion
of coaxial line 18. The unused fluid is then returned through a
regulator line 22 to another portion of pump 14. The entire system
is controlled by regulators (not shown). The regulators
automatically adjust the pressure in the coaxial and regulator
lines so that an even flow of fluid is continually provided to the
spray gun.
Referring to FIGS. 2--8, a preferred form of fluid heater assembly
10 made in accordance with the present invention comprises a
cylindrical member 24, a radiator assembly 36, a heat source 66, a
housing assembly 74, a control assembly 94, an inlet assembly 122,
a distributing assembly 128, an outlet assembly 104, and an
insulating assembly 186.
As best shown in FIGS. 2, 5, and 7, member 24 preferably comprises
a stainless steel tube having an inner wall 25, an outer wall 26, a
top end 27 and a bottom end 28. The tube has an outside diameter of
31/4 inches and an inside diameter of 2 63/64 inches. The inner
wall of the member generally defines a chamber 29 having a first
end portion 30, a second end portion 32, and a longitudinal axis
34.
Radiator assembly 36 is generally held within chamber 29 and
comprises an outer surface 38 that includes a threadset 40. The
threads of set 40 include crests such as crest 42 and a groove 43
having a base 44. Threadset 40 defines a pathway 46 that has a
midline arranged midway between the crests and groove base of the
set. One point of the midline is identified by the number 45 (FIG.
2). Radiator assembly 36 also includes another threadset 48 that
includes crests such as crest 50 and a groove 51 having a base 52.
Threadset 48 defines another pathway 54 that has a midline
approximately midway between the crests and groove base of the set.
One point of the midline is identified by the number 53 (FIG. 2).
Threadsets 40 and 48 are identical in size and shape and are cast
from aluminum with about 1 1/2threads per inch. The radiator
assembly 36 has a hollow center 56 that is sealed at the lower end
thereof by a plug seal 58. The crests of threadsets 40 and 48 are
each displaced from the inner wall of member 24 by a gap 60 of
about 0.014 inches. Gap 60 defines a cylindrical pathway 62 through
which fluid may flow adjacent inner wall 25 from the first to the
second end portion of chamber 29. As previously mentioned, the
fluid disposed in gap 60 provides a curtain or barrier that
partially insulates the fluid flowing in pathways 46 and 54 from
the member (the inner wall of which is somewhat cooler than outer
surface 38).
Heat source 66 comprises a 2,000 watt, 230 volt electrical element
having a centerline 68 that is coincident with longitudinal axis
34. Power is supplied to heat source 66 through conductors 70 and
72. As best seen in FIG. 2, the heat source extends substantially
along the entire length of the radiator assembly, and, likewise,
the radiator assembly extends substantially along the entire length
of chamber 29. As a result, a relatively large, evenly heated
surface area is available in order to heat fluid flowing through
the assembly so that hot spots and nonuniform heating is
avoided.
Housing assembly 74 comprises a lower portion 76 that is preferably
integrally formed with radiator assembly 36. Housing assembly 74
also includes sidewalls 78--85 that form an explosion-proof cavity
88. The cavity is enclosed by a cover 90. Member 24 is securely
aligned to lower portion 76 by a gasket 92 so that the first end
portion of the chamber is effectively sealed.
Control assembly 94 is held within cavity 88 and basically includes
a temperature-sensitive control device comprising a thermostat 98
that is mounted on a bracket 96. Thermostat 98 controls the
operation of heat source 66 in a well-known manner based on the
temperature in cavity 88. The thermostat is connected through a
sleeve 100 to a knob 102 by which the setting of the thermostat may
be manually regulated. When the apparatus is operating properly,
light from a neon lamp 106 is diffused by a lens 110 and is
projected onto a perforated dial 104. Lamp 106 is connected in
series with a resistor 108 that increases its effective life. The
thermostat is also connected in series with a fusible heat limiter
112 that automatically disconnects heat source 66 when the
temperature in cavity 88 exceeds a predetermined limit. Power is
supplied to the control assembly from a 230 volt source through
conductors 114 and 116 that extend through a threaded conduit hole
118.
Inlet assembly 122 comprises a fitting 124 that is adapted to be
connected to supply line 16 (FIG. 1).
Distributing assembly 128 comprises drilled channels 130 and 132
that are interconnected with fitting 124, and a ring channel 133
that includes a wall 134. As best shown in FIGS. 2, 7 and 8, the
threadsets are arranged so that a first volume of fluid flowing in
ring channel 133 follows the path marked by the set of arrows
identified by the letter A and then proceeds along pathway 46. More
specifically, the first volume flows on top of crest 42 and
adjacent wall 134 until it flows over a lip 136 into pathway 46. A
second volume of fluid flowing in ring channel 133 follows the path
marked by the arrows identified by the letter B and then proceeds
along pathway 54. More specifically, the second volume flows on top
of crest 42 and under a lip 138 until it enters pathway 54. As a
result of the unique structure of the distributing and radiator
assemblies, the volumes of fluid flowing in pathways 46 and 54 are
always equal. Moreover, since threadsets 40 and 48 are shaped and
spaced in an identical manner, the fluid in each pathway is heated
to exactly the same extent so that "hot" spots and uneven heating
are completely avoided. A quantity of the fluid flowing in ring
channel 133 also follows pathway 62 defined by gap 60 so that the
fluid in pathways 46 and 54 is partially insulated from inner wall
25. However, pathways 46 and 54 are considerably larger than
pathway 62 so that only a relatively small percentage of the fluid
flowing in ring channel 133 proceeds along the gap. As a result,
most of the fluid flows along threadsets 40 and 48 where it is
heated uniformly to a predetermined temperature.
Outlet assembly 140 includes a gasket 141 that seals bottom end 28
of member 24. The outlet assembly also comprises a casting body 142
that defines a cavity 144. The cavity communicates with chamber 29
through a passageway 146. Passageway 146 includes a valve seat 148.
Outlet assembly 140 also includes a passageway 150 that comprises a
tube 152, a barb 154, a fitting 156 that is connected to coaxial
line 18, and a fitting 158 that is connected to regulator line 22.
A filter 162 is adapted to fit inside cavity 144. The passage of
fluid through passageway 146 is controlled by a valve 164
comprising a biasing ball 166 that fits in valve seat 148. The
biasing ball has sufficient mass so that it is moved onto the valve
seat by gravity when the filter is removed for cleaning and
servicing. Valve 164 also comprises a stem 168 that is attached to
ball 166 and passes through the center of filter 162.
The operation of valve 164 is controlled by an operating assembly
170. The operating assembly includes a rider 172 that is releasably
attached to stem 168, and a gasket 174 that fits on the rider and
engages the lower end of filter 162. The operating assembly also
includes a spring 176 and a threaded cap 178 that can be screwed
onto threads 180 of the outlet assembly. The operating assembly is
sealed by a gasket 182 so that all of the fluid flowing through
passageway 146 passes through the filter before it is expelled
through passageway 150.
Insulating assembly 186 comprises a 1 -inch thick, cylindrical
insulating tube 188 that is fabricated from glass fiber. As best
shown in FIG. 2, the insulating tube extends from the lower portion
76 of housing assembly 74 to the upper portion of casting body 142.
The insulating tube is surrounded by a cylindrical metal member 190
that is fabricated from aluminum. The outer portion of the
insulating assembly is formed by a 0.032-inch thick steel jacket
192 that is arranged to define closed air spaces 194--197.
The entire heater assembly is held together by bolts 198--201. The
bolts are held in position at the top end of the heater assembly by
hex nuts 203--206, respectively, and at the lower end of the
assembly by hex nuts 208, 211, and two additional hex nuts not
shown. Four acorn nuts positioned above hex nuts 203--206 hold
cover 90 in place. The entire assembly has an overall length of
about 21 inches.
The operation and method aspect of the preferred embodiment will
now be described. The fittings of the heater assembly are connected
to appropriate lines of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in the manner
previously described. In addition, conductors 114 and 116 are
connected to a source of 230 volt electrical power (110 volt power
may also be used if the values of the components in the control
assembly are appropriately chosen). When the heater assembly is
connected in the manner described, fluid under pressure flows
through fitting 124 and channels 130, 132, into ring channel 133,
and the upper portion of the radiator assembly basically divides
the fluid into two quantities. A first quantity of the fluid is
propelled in a space adjacent the radiator assembly (i.e., along
pathways 46 and 54). Of course, in the preferred embodiment, the
first quantity is divided into equal volumes of fluid that are
propelled along pathways 46 and 54, respectively. The first
quantity of the fluid is substantially surrounded by a second
quantity of the fluid that is confined in a cylindrical space along
inner wall 25 in gap 60. The space extends from the first to the
second end portion of chamber 29. The first quantity of the fluid
is substantially greater than the second quantity of the fluid. As
a result of this method of operation, the temperature gradient
across pathways 46 and 54 is substantially reduced, and the fluid
is uniformly heated to the same temperature with a degree of
precision unattainable by the use of prior art methods.
After fluid is heated in the manner described, it is expelled
through the outlet assembly and filter 162 in an obvious
manner.
The temperature to which the fluid is heated may be regulated by
operating knob 102 of control assembly 94. As previously mentioned,
many lacquers require heating to a predetermined temperature that
is maintained constant within very close tolerances. Applicants
have found that use of the techniques described herein enable
control assembly 94 and heat source 66 to consistently heat a fluid
to a predetermined temperature with a degree of accuracy heretofore
unattainable. Applicants have found that the arrangement of parts
shown herein not only reduces the temperature gradient across
pathways 46 and 54, but also reduces the system bandwidth.
Radiator assembly 36 may be easily cleaned by removing hex nuts
203--206 and the corresponding acorn nuts. The radiator assembly
may then be lifted out of chamber 29. Since the radiator assembly
is secured only at the first end portion of the chamber, it may be
removed easily and conveniently. Once the radiator assembly is
removed, the threadsets are exposed to the operator and may be
easily cleaned.
Filter 162 may be conveniently cleaned by removing cap 178, spring
176, and rider 172. As the filter is removed from cavity 144,
biasing ball 166 is lowered by gravity into contact with valve seat
148, thereby effectively preventing fluid in chamber 29 from
flowing through the outlet assembly. When the filter is replaced
and the rider, spring and threaded cap are repositioned as shown in
FIG. 2, the biasing ball is moved above the valve seat so that
fluid may flow throughout the outlet assembly in the manner
previously described.
A thermometer may be inserted in a hole in casting body 142 in
order to continuously monitor the temperature at which the fluid is
being heated.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention
has been described in connection with a particular embodiment
thereof, and that various structural changes and modifications of
the mode of operation may be affected without departing from the
spirit and scope thereof.
* * * * *