U.S. patent number 3,583,759 [Application Number 04/866,914] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-08 for molded chair shell.
This patent grant is currently assigned to American Desk Manufacturing Co.. Invention is credited to Gideon A. Kramer.
United States Patent |
3,583,759 |
Kramer |
June 8, 1971 |
MOLDED CHAIR SHELL
Abstract
An ell-shaped i.e. L-shaped, molded plastic shell comprising a
seat portion and a back portion, both joined by an integral
concavoconvex nonflanged waist portion is provided with stiffening
structure medial of the waist portion.
Inventors: |
Kramer; Gideon A. (Seattle,
WA) |
Assignee: |
American Desk Manufacturing Co.
(Temple, TX)
|
Family
ID: |
43060071 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/866,914 |
Filed: |
October 16, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
297/451.1;
297/452.14; 297/452.23; 297/452.31; 297/452.15; 297/DIG.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A47C
5/06 (20130101); A47C 7/029 (20180801); A47C
7/16 (20130101); A47C 5/12 (20130101); A47C
3/12 (20130101); Y10S 297/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A47C
5/06 (20060101); A47C 7/02 (20060101); A47C
5/00 (20060101); A47c 007/00 (); A47c 007/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;297/445,447--452,458,459 ;248/22--26,188 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Nunberg; Casmir A.
Claims
What I claim is:
1. In a chair, comprising:
an ell-shaped chair shell of fiberglass-reinforced molded plastic
material having a seat portion and a back portion integrally joined
thereto by a flexible concavoconvex waist portion;
said shell being secured by resilient mounts to supporting frame
structure at two points laterally spaced apart and located beneath
the seat portion and at one centrally located point behind the back
portion;
the resilient mounts as said points permitting the concavoconvex
waist portion to cup as the relative positions of the seat and back
portions change under loading; and
the improvement, comprising: flexible means separated from said
frame by said mounts and in close proximity to said shell;
said flexible means extending between said one centrally located
point and each of said two laterally spaced apart points and
imparting to said shell, medial of said waist portion, a flexural
rigidity appreciably greater than the flexural rigidity of the
margins of said waist portion.
2. A chair according to claim 1 in which said flexible means
comprises a metallic member positioned closely adjacent the back
and bottom surfaces of said shell.
3. A chair according to claim 1 in which said flexible means
comprises fiberglass-reinforcing structure incorporated integrally
in said shell and thickening the same medial of said waist portion
relative the margins thereof.
4. A chair according to claim 3 in which said shell, medial of said
waist portion has a molded thickness in the range between about
0.175 inch to about 0.250 inch and the margins of said waist
portion have a molded thickness in the range between about 0.090
inch and about 0.120 inch.
5. A chair according to claim 4 in which said shell, medial of said
waist portion has a molded thickness of about 0.190 inch and the
margins of said waist portion taper therefrom to a thickness of
about 0.100 inch.
6. A chair according to claim 1 in which said frame structure
includes stop means operable to limit downward deflection of the
forward seat portion.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE
U.S. Pat. No. 3,133,765, Gideon A. Kramer, issued May 19, 1964.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In ell-shaped chair shells, where the seat and back portions are
integrally joined by a cupped waist portion, the common practice
has been to reinforce the margins of the waist portion by providing
edge flanges or thickened structural edge reinforcements. It has
been observed that when such a shell is nonrigidly mounted and is
subject to flexural and torsional stresses and strains during use,
whereby the waist portion is more or less than normally cupped,
surface fractures have occurred at the waist margins tending to
shorten the life of the shell. The ordinary solution to such a
problem would be to rigidly mount the shell against or onto a rigid
substructure or additionally reinforce and to build up the edges of
the waist to resist expected forces, particularly those tending to
elongate the waist surfaces. Since the functional requirement of
self-adjustability demands that the shell be permitted to flex and
distort from its "at rest" form, this invention is concerned with
overcoming the attendant problem. It has been discovered that by
proceeding in opposition to the prior art, that is by providing
relatively thin waist margins and by appreciably building up or
reinforcing the medical waist area between the waist margins,
substantial and unexpected resistance to otherwise damaging
flexural and torsional forces can be provided, thus extending and
prolonging the useful life of the chair shell. A further object has
been to overcome such problems with respect to chairs in which such
a shell is flexibly secured in a frame at two laterally spaced
points under the seat portion and at a single central point behind
the middle of the back portion that permit the desired distortion
of the shell relative the rigid under structure.
DRAWINGS DESCRIBED
FIG. 1 is a side view of a chair incorporating a frame and a chair
shell produced according to this invention;
FIG. 2 is a flattened diagrammatic view graphically showing various
formation thicknesses of a preferred form of a molded chair
shell;
FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 are cross-sectional views taken, respectively, in
the planes 3-3, 4-4 and 5-5 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a cross section of the waist portion of the shell of FIG.
1 showing the concavoconvex nature of the shell at the waist
portion;
FIG. 7 is a partial plan view of an alternate construction
according to this invention;
FIG. 8 is a cross section on line 8-8 of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a cross section on line 9-9 of FIG. 7;
FIG. 10 is a schematic sketch illustrating a functional design
principle embodied in the chair shell of this invention;
FIG. 11 is a cross section of the waist portion of a flanged chair
shell of the prior art;
FIG. 12 is a cross section of an alternate edge reinforced waist
section of a prior art chair shell design; and
FIG. 13 is a cross section of an alternate structure stiffening and
reinforcing the shell waist portion.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
It has been found in chair constructions of the type shown in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,133,765, utilizing a material with elongation
characteristics too limited to permit the degree of flexing
required without exceeding the recommended limits thereof, where,
when using any such materials, flexure occurs in the cupped waist
portion of the chair shell between the seat portion and the back
portion during use under loading conditions, that severe strains
have been concentrated in the waist region tending to produce
surface fissures that in time may develop into cracks and fractures
appreciably shortening the useful life of the chair shell. The
prior practice was to provide flanges extending along at the edges
of the waist portion and marginally along the adjacent edge
portions of the seat and back to reinforce and bolster the shell at
this point. Typical of such prior art construction is the flange
16, seen in FIG. 11, at the margin of the waist portion of shell
18. The fissures mentioned generally occurred in the region
indicated 20 in FIG. 11. Their occurrence becomes particularly
apparent when the shell is flexed in directions tending to open the
ell-shaped whereupon the forces applied to the shell tend to close
the ell-shape. In that case the surface 20 is subjected to
compressive forces tending to reduce its surface dimensions. An
alternate solution to the problem is illustrated in FIG. 12 in
which, in lieu of the flange 16, as shown in FIG. 11, the chair
shell 22 at the marginal edges of its waist portion has a thickened
edge 24 materially greater than the medial thickness of the waist
22 to resist the flexural and torsional forces. In the region 26 of
shell 22 it was noted, nevertheless, that the fissures and
fractures mentioned likewise formed too early in the life of the
shell. Extensive study and an analysis has disclosed that in the
structures of FIGS. 11 and 12 under flexure of the seat and back
portion, forces were applied greatly exceeding the practical safe
limits of structural strength of the fiberglass-reinforced molded
material of which the chair was formed. It has been determined that
the practical limits of such material in elongation should not
exceed the range of 3,000 to 4,500 micro inches per inch of surface
which is equivalent to approximately 15 percent of the ultimate
tensile property of said material used. With structures such as
shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, surface elongation has been determined to
be materially greater and exceeding the stated range by two to
three times.
Obviously the chair shell can be made so rigid and be so inflexibly
mounted in a chair frame that no flexure in the waist portion
between the seat and the back portion is permitted. This, however,
defeats the purpose of this chair design which is purposely
flexible. The seat portion and the back portion are mounted in
supporting frame structure at two points laterally spaced apart and
located beneath the seat portion and at a single centrally located
point behind the back portion. Thus, when a person seated normally
erect in the chair tends to straighten his legs with respect to his
back, the forward edge of the seat is deflected downward and the
upper part of the back is deflected up and rearward with a
resultant tendency to increase cupping of the waist portion.
Alternatively, if a seated person tends to sit in a more erect than
normal position, placing the weight of the body more rearward on
the seat, the front of the seat portion tends to rise under his
knees and the upper back tends to move downward and to swing
forward against the shoulders as the normal ell-shape of the chair
shell is somewhat closed. This results in flattening or less
cupping of the waist portions.
Referring to FIG. 1, the chair comprises supporting frame structure
including an upright column 30 having splayed feet 32 to bear on
the floor. Rising above column 30 and extending rearward is an
ogee-shaped arm 34 which is medial of the frame. Forward curving
support arm 36 is bifurcated to provide two arms 38 that spread
from the central column 30 forward and laterally to support the
seat. Central arm 40 medial of flared arms 38 carries a stop or
bumper 42.
The chair shell 44 comprises a seat portion 46 and a back portion
48 integrally joined by the concavoconvex flangeless waist portion
47. A flexible mount 50 is secured to the center back 48 and is
also secured to bar 34 by a fastening 52. In a similar manner each
of the arms 38 is likewise secured beneath the seat portion at
points laterally spaced apart with respect to the median of the
shell 44 and approximately in the fore-to-aft middle of seat
portion 46. Thus, it will be seen that the forward edge of seat 46
is cantilevered with respect to the remainder of the structure. Bar
40 and the bumper 42 carried thereby may be used to limit downward
deflection of seat 46. When the chair is used as described above, a
chair shell designed to accommodate predetermined stresses and
strains may have applied to it forces that exceed the structural
limitations and flexural characteristics of the material. As an
example, an overweight person or, as is more likely, a normal
weight person may sit on the chair in such manner that an excessive
amount of loading force is applied to the forward portion of the
seat ahead of the pivots thus tending to longitudinally straighten
the waist portion. This may subject the skin surfaces of the shell
to excessive compressive and tensile forces. It is to avoid such
overstressing and overstraining of the shell that bumpers 42, as
mounted on bars 40, may be provided. The spacing between the
bumpers 42 and the bottom of the shell in the "at rest" position
permits the designer to vary the stopping action of the bumper with
respect to any particular shell design. It is, of course, possible
that a shell may be designed with such heavy cross sections that
the stops may not be needed to prevent excessive forces. This,
however, defeats the purpose of the invention because such a heavy
shell would not have the desired flexure characteristics.
FIG. 2 shows a preferred form of fiberglass-reinforced molded shell
as it would appear when flattened to schematically depict its shape
and structural thicknesses. The shell is formed by laying up
fiberglass-reinforcing filaments and fluid plastic material prior
to molding in a variety of thicknesses in the pattern shown in FIG.
2. Extending from the central portion of the back 48 through the
concavoconvex waist portion 47 and into the seat portion 46 is an
area 60 which desirably has a final molded thickness in the range
of between about 0.175 inch to about 0.250 inch. Outward of and
surrounding area 60 is area 62 which has a final molded thickness
in the range of between about 0.090 inch and about 0.120 inch. For
the purposes of resisting fracture and avoiding damage at the edges
of the shell 44, such as might occur when the chair is overturned
and said edges would strike a hard surface, edge areas 64, 66, 68
and 70 are built up to a substantial thickness comparable to area
60.
In a preferred form of chair shell found entirely practical, area
60 has a thickness of 0.109 inch, area 62 has a thickness of 0.120
inch and the marginal area 72 of the waist 47 has a thickness of
0.100 inch. At the points of attachment to the mounts 50 and 54 the
shell is thickened to 0.300 inch in areas 74 and 76, in the latter
of which is mounted stud 78, as seen in FIG. 5, by which mount 54
is attached to seat portion 46. By slightly downwardly curling the
edge 73 of the waist margin, the points of highest strain are
shifted inward of the outer edge and thus the outer edge elongation
strain reduced.
It will be noted, with reference to FIG. 2, that area 60 crosses
the waist portion 47 between the back portion 48 and seat 46 and
that in the seat area it is bifurcated or forked as it progresses
from the waist area toward the point of attachment of mounts 54.
Further, in the preferred form shown in FIG. 2, area 60 in the
bifurcated portions tends to progress toward the forward edge of
the seat portion and then to be joined across the front of the seat
portion. This is for structural purposes of reinforcing the front
edge of the seat.
It will be understood that the areas depicted in FIG. 2 are
schematic and that adjacent areas flair one into the other. During
the laying-up or forming process, the fiberglass reinforcing is
laid down to progressively merge between the main areas. In other
words, there are transitional tapering areas between the indicated
principal areas for the purposes of producing a smooth surfaced
shell in its final molded shape and for the purposes of avoiding
abrupt changes in dimensional thickness to avoid concentrations of
undesirable forces. It will, of course, be apparent to those
skilled in the art, that this chair shell may also be formed by
well-known molding techniques.
It is believed that the principle on which this chair shell design
functions can best be understood by reference to FIG. 10. In FIG.
10 a hollow-walled hemisphere in the nature of a flexible
hemispherical shell, for example, a half a rubber ball, is shown.
When outward force is applied at two opposite points as indicated,
the result is a distortion of the shell at the two intermediate
opposite points in opposite directions, inward as indicated by
arrows. In other words, as the extension forces tend to displace
two opposite sides outward, the two intermediate sides tend to cup
in and be stretched. Conversely, when force is applied in the
opposite manner, there is a resultant outward movement of the
intermediate sides. A similar reaction has been found to occur in
the concavoconvex waist portion of fiberglass-reinforced plastic
chair shells of the type disclosed. This is illustrated in FIG. 6
wherein when the back and seat portions are closed together, the
waist 47 tends to assume a broader curvature indicated by dotted
line 80; and when the back and seat portions are flexed tending to
open the normal ell-shape, the waist portion assumes a lesser
curvature indicated by line 82. These changes in curvature at the
waist portion reduce the application of forces at the waist margin
that would otherwise produce the objectionable fissuring or
fracturing.
In FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 is shown an alternative construction in which
the chair shell 90, which may be of substantially uniform thickness
throughout, is provided with auxiliary flexible means that bolster
and reinforce the shell between its point of attachment to the
resilient mount 50 and its points of attachment to the resilient
mounts 54. A flexible preformed arcuate resilient metallic member
92, having the upstanding portion 94 and the bifurcated legs 96 and
98, is provided. Member 92 is secured mechanically or adhesively in
close proximity to the back and underside of the shell 90 separated
from the chair frame structure by the resilient mounts 50 and
54,54.
Member 92 has a predetermined flexibility of such a nature that it,
added to the flexibility of the shell 90, in the medial waist
portion of said shell, is less than the flexibility of the
otherwise unsupported margins of the waist portion 47 which is
preferably flangeless. In this arrangement there is appreciably
less resistance to flexure at the waist margins than in the stiffer
medial portion of the waist thus permitting flexing without undue
elongation at the waist margins.
Further modes of stiffening or strengthening a shell of
substantially uniform thickness is shown in FIG. 13. The shell 100
has a main rib 102 and, as desired, supplementary ribs 104
extending through the back side of the waist portion of the shell.
By proportioning ribs 102, 104, various degrees of stiffness or
resilience can be obtained without interfering with waist cupping
while avoiding the application of excessive elongation forces at
the margins of the waist.
In the foregoing has been set forth the details of a preferred
embodiment of the invention. It will, of course, be recognized by
those skilled in the art that alterations and modifications without
departure from the principles of the invention may be made.
* * * * *