U.S. patent number 3,583,677 [Application Number 04/853,821] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-08 for electro-mechanical transducer for secondary oil recovery.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Electro-Sonic Oil Tools, Inc.. Invention is credited to Edward H. Phillips.
United States Patent |
3,583,677 |
Phillips |
June 8, 1971 |
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL TRANSDUCER FOR SECONDARY OIL RECOVERY
Abstract
An electromechanical transducer for use in secondary recovery in
oil wells which, in effect, produces a dipole-type radiation field
of increased magnitude which extends along a single axis
perpendicular to the axis of the oil well. This allows the
surrounding casing to vibrate in a displacement mode rather than in
a circumferential expansion mode, to enable energy coupling to the
surrounding oil-producing formation. In specific form of the
invention, the transducer includes two resonant beams forced to
vibrate at an audio or sonic frequency by piezoelectric element
stacks driven by an external electrical power source and
transferring energy through additive shear waves to an external
body.
Inventors: |
Phillips; Edward H. (Los Altos,
CA) |
Assignee: |
Electro-Sonic Oil Tools, Inc.
(Mountain View, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
25316996 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/853,821 |
Filed: |
August 28, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
366/120; 310/333;
310/334; 366/127; 367/162; 367/165; 166/177.7 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
28/00 (20130101); G01V 1/52 (20130101); B06B
1/0611 (20130101); E21B 43/003 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01V
1/40 (20060101); B06B 1/06 (20060101); E21B
43/00 (20060101); G01V 1/52 (20060101); E21b
043/16 (); H04r 017/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;259/Dig. 41/ ;259/Dig.
42/ ;259/Dig. 43/ ;259/1 ;166/177,249 ;310/8.3,8.5,8.6
;340/17,8 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Price; William I.
Assistant Examiner: Coe; Philip R.
Claims
I claim:
1. An electromechanical transducer for coupling energy to a fluid
medium comprising, a body elongated along a predetermined axis
having first and second coaxial cavities separated by web means
integral to said body, first and second vibratory means at least
partially within said respective cavities and having first ends
mounted to said web means to place said vibratory means in coaxial
relationship, reaction means coupled to the other ends of said
first and second vibratory means, said vibratory means having a
mode of vibration to move said reaction means in planes
substantially perpendicular to said axis of said body, and means
for placing said first and second vibratory means in synchronous
vibration.
2. An electromechanical transducer as in claim 1 where said
cavities are sealed to exclude said fluid medium.
3. An electromechanical transducer as in claim 1 where each of said
vibratory means includes a stack of piezoelectric elements having a
bidirectional polarization.
4. An electromechanical transducer as in claim 1 where said means
for placing said vibratory means in synchronous vibration includes
a source of alternating voltage.
5. An electromechanical transducer as in claim 1 where the
mechanical impedance of said transducer is km. where k is the
effective spring compliance of the transducer and m the mass of the
transducer and where k is primarily determined by the bending mode
of said transducer.
6. An electromechanical transducer adapted to be disposed in a well
casing to couple energy to the fluid and formation surrounding said
casing comprising, a body elongated along a predetermined axis
having first and second coaxial cavities separated by web means
integral to said body, first and second vibrating means
respectively cantilevered on said web means, each of said vibrating
means including vibratory elements and a reaction mass, said
vibrating elements in combination with said reaction mass forming
cantilevered beams having an axis substantially coincident with
said predetermined axis, means for placing said vibratory elements
in synchronous vibration whereby vibrating energy is coupled to
said body through additive shear waves produced by said beams
vibrating in a free-free mode.
7. An electromechanical transducer as in claim 6 where said web
means includes a relatively thin flange portion coupling said web
means to said body.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to an electromechanical
transducer for secondary oil recovery and more particularly to a
transducer which, because of its vibratory mode, effectively
couples mechanical or sonic energy of increased magnitude to an
oil-producing formation.
Underground oil is dispersed throughout the tiny pore spaces and
hairline cracks of rock formations. When a well penetrates the
rock, the static pressure head present in the formation drives some
of the oil up the well bore. There are four types of natural
recovery drives; expansion of gas dissolved in oil; pressure on the
oil from expansion of a gas cap above it; force of water on the oil
from below or from the edge of the field; and the weight of the oil
itself in deeply dipping formations.
Sometimes these natural drives are so strong they not only move oil
into the wells, but push it up to the surface. In many fields,
however, the natural pressure is just enough to deliver the oil to
the well bore, and it must be pumped to the surface.
On the average, nature provides reservoir rock and fluid conditions
that allow production of only 25 percent of the oil in a reservoir,
leaving 75 percent still dispersed in the rock. Techniques to
recover this remaining 75 percent are known as "secondary
recovery." Secondary recovery broadly includes methods of injecting
liquids or gases into oil reservoirs to drive or flush additional
oil from them. Injected fluid displaces oil in the reservoir in
essence providing a manmade or artificial pressure head. Major
types of secondary recovery include gas injection, water injection,
steam injection, underground combustion, and miscible drive.
Secondary recovery is especially useful and necessary in shallow
viscous type oil fields such as are found in California.
Another secondary recovery technique which has been used in
conjunction with the other techniques or by itself in an attempt to
remove flow-impeding materials has been vibrations using sonic wave
energy. An electroacoustic or mechanical-acoustic transducer is
lowered in the well which radiates sonic waves into the oil-bearing
formations surrounding a well to open up blocked passages to
thereby increase the flow of petroleum fluid from the formation to
the well bore. While advantages of this sound energy technique have
been appreciated for many years, prior attempts to generate useful
energy have suffered from a condition known as insufficient
"transductance." In other words, the amount of energy transferred
from the transducer to the surrounding oil fluid of the oil
formation and, in addition, the distance it is transferred has been
severely limited. Part of the difficulty is the necessity of
transferring the energy through the casing of the oil well.
Calculations and theory show that in the prior art sonic energy
techniques, the energy is reflected by the casing. As a result,
there is insufficient "transductance." As a consequence, the sonic
technique has not found wide acceptance.
In addition to secondary recovery per se, many oil fields require
treatment for foreign material deposition in and immediately around
the casing in the producing zone. These deposits are often rock
like deposits of salts of the alkaline earth metals such as calcium
and barium sulfate and carbonate. They occur predominately in the
last few inches of the unfractured formation, the fractures, the
perforations, and within the casing. The catalyst aiding deposition
appears to be the rapid loss of fluid pressure at the last few
inches of formation. Since the deposits reduce flow generally,
virtually full formation pressure appears immediately outside the
well bore and accentuates the rapid pressureless condition. The
deposition process may in some cases be regenerative.
These deposits are normally treated by applying acid to the oil
well in large quantities. The acid process is effective in removing
deposits but is expensive, injurous to the metallic components of
the well and often to the formation itself, and is not of a lasting
nature.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION AND OBJECTS
Accordingly, it is a general object of the invention to provide an
improved electromechanical transducer and transduction system for
effectively coupling energy to a fluid medium, such as an
oil-bearing formation.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide a
transducer as above which is effective in secondary oil
recovery.
It is another object of the invention to provide a transducer as
above which is effective both in cleaning deposits from oil well
bore regions and in preventing their reaccumulation.
It is another object of the invention to provide an
electromechanical transducer for use in oil wells which effectively
transfers energy through the casing of the oil well to the
surrounding oil formation.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved method
for secondary oil recovery with the use of the above
transducer.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved method
of well bore and formation deposit cleaning with the use of the
above transducer.
It is another object of the invention to provide a transducer which
includes transducer stacks matched to the surrounding medium by
attached vibratory beams transmitting energy by shear waves to a
surrounding body in contact with said medium.
In accordance with the above objects, there is provided an
electromechanical transducer for use in an oil well which extends
along a predetermined axis. The transducer has a major effective
radiating surface providing radiation perpendicular to the
predetermined oil well axis, the major force pattern being directed
along an axis perpendicular to the oil well axis.
In a more specific form the transducer itself includes moment
producing vibratory element stacks with means for driving the
elements. An outside body interfaces with a third medium such as
oil and includes two cavities having coaxially predetermined
geometrical axes. Reaction masses forming the outer ends of two
vibrating beams in combination with the vibratory elements entend
at least partially within the cavities. The vibratory elements
provide spring like coupling to the body and couple the vibrating
energy to the body through additive shear waves present during
vibration.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view partially cut away of an oil well
casing with an electromechanical transducer embodying the present
invention inserted therein;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along line 2-2 of
FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along line 3-3 of
FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken substantially along line 4-4
of FIG. 1 and illustrating the electromechanical transducer of the
present invention along with lines of force indicating the path of
energy transmission into the surrounding formation; and
FIG. 5 is a circuit schematic useful in understanding the
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated the lower end portion
of an oil well showing a casing 11 having the usual perforation 12
to allow oil to flow in from the surrounding oil-bearing formation
indicated at 13. Pump means are associated with the casing whereby
the oil can be pumped to the surface. In the example shown, the
pump means includes a pump tube 14 which extends downwardly from
the surface along the interior of the casing 11. An actuating rod
16 is located in the interior of the pump tube 14. The rod is
coupled to a pump schematically shown at block 17. The inlet of the
pump is shown at 18. Up and down movement of actuating rod 16
causes suction to be created at 18 to allow entry of any available
fluid or oil at inlet 18 to be pumped to the surface through tube
14. Pump 17 would normally be contained within the diameter of the
pump tube.
An electromechanical transducer 20 is supported at the bottom of
the pump tube 14 in proximity to the oil-bearing formation 13. It
is apparent that the output power to the formation 13 may be
increased proportionate to the number of transducers serially
connected to the bottom of the pump tube 14.
It should be appreciated at this point that although a pump
assembly 16, 17, 18 has been illustrated, in flowing wells, where
there is sufficient natural pressure, the pump is not required.
Also, for other applications where pressure is applied, for
example, by a water flood method or gas infusion, the pump may not
be required.
The construction of the electromechanical transducer is illustrated
in FIG. 1. The transducer is composed of an elongated cylindrical
housing 21 which includes coaxial cavities 22 and 23 separated by
an integrated web 15. Web 15 is supported in housing 21 by a thin
flange portion 15'. The flange is made integral to the housing beam
welding two halves of the housing to the flange. Reaction masses 24
and 25 are inserted within cavities 22 and 23 respectively and
assembled compressively with vibratory piezoelectric element stacks
26 and 27, by stud 28 and nuts 30. Each stack contains multiple
elements 31 polarized in one direction (marked +) at one end, and
in the other direction (marked -) at the other end as shown in FIG.
2. Each element has two metallic coatings 32 on one side and one
metallic coating 33 on the other side, as in FIG. 3, to enable the
bidirectional polarization and to enable electrical connection
within the transducer. The piezoelectric elements are mounted in
facing pairs as indicated by the small arrow directions in FIG. 1
and the inversely facing elements of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. Compliant
metallic plates 34 and 35 are compressed between elements 31 as
shown. Ground wires 36 connect plates 35 and therefore four of
coatings 33 to ground (body) potential. Lead wire 37 is connected
to each of plates 34 and therefore to each of the eight sets of
coatings 32. Similar plates 38 are installed at the remaining
joints between the stacks 26 and 27 and center web 15.
All the piezoelectric elements 31 and therefore stacks 26 and 27
are driven in synchronous and mirror image movement producing modes
by the application of alternating voltage to the lead wire 37 since
all positive polarized ends and all negative polarized ends are
each exclusively axially colinear. Thus, the left side of the
stacks expand while the right sides contract for one line voltage
polarity and then mutually invert state for the opposite polarity.
Generally the combinations of reaction mass 24 and stack 26 and
reaction mass 25 and stack 27 form continuous cantilevered beams.
Each beam assembly is forced to vibrate laterally with masses 24
and 25 moving as indicated by the arrows 24' and 25' thereby
creating bending moments and shear forces at the beam assembly
center section 15 boundaries as indicated by arrow 21'. The housing
21 suffers no direct reaction due to the moments because their
simultaneous mirror image application results in mutual
cancellation. This is further ensured by the presence of thin web
flange 15' which isolates the outer portion of housing 21 from any
residual asymmetrical vibration pattern. This in turn assures that
there will be only one resonant beam frequency since both are
therefore able to vibrate in a single free-free beam mode.
Therefore, the shear wave reactions sum to yield body motion as
shown by the arrow 21' in center area 15.
The distributed effective spring constant and mass determine the
resonant frequency of beams 24, 26 and 25, 27. This frequency may
be determined by the Timoshenko theory of thick resonant beams
which takes shear deformation and section moment of inertia into
account in its eigenvalue solution. The resonant frequency is
chosen so that it is resonant with the resonant cavity formed by
the oil-filled circumferential gap 39 defined by the outer surface
of cylindrical housing 21 and the inside surface of the well casing
11. The resonant frequency of the transducer is determined by the
mean circumference of the gap. The resonant wavelength .lambda.,
which determines the frequency of operation, equals the
circumference. It is, of course, apparent that there will be
resonances at harmonic frequencies of the fundamental.
When the transducer is operated at resonance, the housing 21 and
reaction masses 24 and 25 move in opposite directions as indicated
by arrows 21', 25' and 24' (see also FIG. 3). This, in turn, causes
the transducer assembly to move back and forth in a direction
substantially perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. The energy is
transferred through the oil in the cavity, through the casing 11
and into the formation where it radiates outwardly in a dipole
pattern as will be more fully explained below.
The lead wire 37 is also attached to connector 40, which is
hermetically sealed to fitting end 41. Plain end 42 is fitted at
the bottom although a second fitting end could be used if it is
desired to make connection to the bottom end to accommodate other
transducers below the transducer assembly 20. The entire body 21 is
hermetically sealed by electron beam welds and is thus compatible
with rough oil field use.
In operation, the motion of reaction masses 24 and 25 is built up
until the spring reaction force drives the body 21 with enough
amplitude against the impressed load of the cavity-formation system
to consume the applied power in sound power transmitted to the
formation. Sound power is transferred to the surrounding formation
by a combination of the RMS values of the factors of velocity of
movement of the casing multiplied by the force of such movement.
The sound power may be further described as the formation acoustic
impedance times the total transducer plan area times the square of
the casing RMS velocity or also as the product of the plan area
times the sound RMS pressure squared divided by the acoustic
impedance. This power or work rate must, of course, equal the
electrical energy coupled into the system from the power
source.
It has been observed that when the system comes into full operation
with the masses vibrating at their normal amplitude and driving the
resonant cavity at resonance, the applied current from the power
source substantially comes into phase with the applied voltage thus
indicating an efficient transfer of electrical energy to the
mechanical energy form which is in the form of sonic energy to the
surrounding oil formation.
The present assembly is more efficient than that described in
patent application, Ser. No. 761,139, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,527,300
filed Sept. 20, 1968 with the present inventor and entitled
"Electro-Mechanical Transducer for Secondary Oil Recovery and
Method Therefore." This may be seen by referring to the equivalent
circuit shown in FIG. 5. Alternating electrical voltage is applied
to lead 50 (equivalent to lead wire 37) to transformer 52
(equivalent to the electromechanical coupling of piezoelectric
elements 31) and shunted by the actual parallel plate capacitance
51 of the elements 26, 27. The transformer load is the series
combination of inductor 53 (equivalent to the effective resonant
mass), capacitor 54 (equivalent to the effective spring compliance
1/k), and resistor 55 (equivalent to the acoustic load). Because
resonant frequency is f=1/2.pi. k/m. Because of the use of a
bending mode rather than an extentional one, k has been reduced.
Therefore the mass, m, is also reduced. The mechanical impedance is
z.sub.m = km. . Since the acoustic load resistance is proportional
to z.sub.m, the load reflected back through transformer 52 is of
lower impedance. Therefore more output power is available to the
load since P=v.sup.2 /R.sub.effective.
As thus far described, it is believed that the energy distribution
of the transducer element is best illustrated by a radiation
pattern indicated by the lines 56 in FIG. 4 where the greatest
density of the lines occurs along an axis 57 which extends through
bolt 28. In other words, in a two-dimensional aspect the vibratory
radiation from the transducer forms a major transmission pattern
which is directed along a single axis 57 which is perpendicular to
the vertical axis of the oil well. This, of course, means that it
is also perpendicular to the axis of the casing 11.
The radiation field pattern 56 can be roughly analogized to the
radiation pattern of a dipole antenna where the antenna has a
double-lobe energy distribution pattern illustrated in dashed lines
at 58 and 59.
Since the force field of the present invention is similar to the
dipole antenna, it is believed that certain precautions as to the
design of the transducer with respect to the frequency used must be
taken. It has been found that the circumferential distance around
the outer periphery of body 21 should be substantially equal to or
greater than one wavelength in free liquid. If it is less than
this, the sonic vibrations in one direction might tend to cancel
those being produced on the other side of the transducer. For this
reason, it is important to avoid too low a frequency since the
effective gap between the two sides of the transducer along the
axis 57 will have the appearance of a leak path and lower the
efficiency of the transducer.
From yet another aspect, although a type of dipole radiation field
is created, the medium itself, i.e., the oil bearing formation loss
media, is not the same as that with a dipole antenna loss media.
More specifically, the wavelength of sound in the medium, for
example, oil, is the same order of magnitude as the flow path
length of the oil. Thus, there may be preferred motion paths.
Secondly, the medium is lossy from a sonic energy standpoint and
thus the flow field has circulation and does not follow LaPlace's
Theorem. Lastly, there will normally be a considerable energy
scattering effect since there are particles and discontinuities
present in the medium.
A transducer assembly was constructed and tested. The transducer
assembly comprised a body 21 41/2 inches OD having 3 1/16 inch, ID
cylindrical bores 4 inches deep. The body was 10 inches long with a
3/4-inch thick center web with 1/2-inch thick insulation. The
piezoelectric elements 31 were 23/4 inches long by 15/8 inches wide
by 3/8 inch thick. The reaction masses 24 and 25 were 17/8 inches
thick to account for a cantilever beam length of 33/8 inches. The
transducer assembly was placed in a casing having a 51/2 inch OD
and a 4.9 inch ID. The pump inlet 18 was approximately 30 feet
above the transducer assembly to ensure sufficient liquid pressure
about the transducer to eliminate cavitation.
Thus, the present invention provides an improved transducer for
secondary oil recovery which is highly efficient. The invention is
particularly useful in eliminating foreign material deposition.
* * * * *