U.S. patent number 3,582,733 [Application Number 04/730,398] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-01 for ultrasonic dishwasher.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Tappan Company. Invention is credited to Robert D. Brubaker.
United States Patent |
3,582,733 |
Brubaker |
June 1, 1971 |
ULTRASONIC DISHWASHER
Abstract
Apparatus for supplying ultrasonic energy to a dishwasher
consisting of a piezoelectric transducer arrangement associated
with the washer chamber and a saturable core transformer,
inverter-type circuit for energizing the transducers at high
frequencies. Line voltage is utilized as the power source and
"ripple voltage" provides variation in the inverter output
frequency to prevent standing waves of ultrasonic energy in the
washer chamber.
Inventors: |
Brubaker; Robert D. (Seven
Hills, OH) |
Assignee: |
The Tappan Company (Mansfield,
OH)
|
Family
ID: |
24935173 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/730,398 |
Filed: |
May 20, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
318/116;
310/316.01; 331/113A; 363/37; 363/133; 366/115; 366/116 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B06B
1/0284 (20130101); B06B 2201/55 (20130101); B06B
2201/71 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B06B
1/02 (20060101); H01v 007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;310/8.1,8.2,26
;318/116,118 ;321/2,4,45,18 ;359/1SS |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Duggan; D. F.
Claims
I, therefore, particularly point out and distinctly claim as my
invention:
1. In combination with a load device, apparatus for producing
ultrasonic vibrations in said load device at continuously varying
frequencies, comprising a plurality of transducers coupled to said
load device, said transducers being in parallel electrical
connection and operative to convert electrical energy to mechanical
vibrations, an output transformer having a secondary winding
connected to said transducers and a primary winding adapted for
energization, a first pair of switching elements connected to said
primary winding for controlling current flow therein, a second pair
of switching elements operatively connected in parallel with said
first pair of switching elements, a saturable core transformer
operatively connected with said switching elements for alternate
energization thereof, the primary winding of said saturable core
transformer being operatively connected with the primary winding of
said output transformer, the frequency of alternation being
dependent upon the magnitude of voltage applied to said switching
elements, means for supplying DC voltage to said switching elements
for energizing same at a nominal frequency of alternation, and
means for effecting cyclical variations in the DC voltage to cause
variations in the frequency of alternations.
2. The combination set forth in claim 1 wherein said switching
elements comprise transistors having collector electrodes connected
to the primary winding of said transformer and adapted for
energization from said saturable core transformer.
3. An ultrasonic dishwasher, comprising a housing forming an
enclosure for receipt of dishware and the like and a fluid medium,
a plurality of piezoelectric transducers mounted on the exterior of
said housing for generating ultrasonic vibrations in the fluid
medium contained therein, an inverter circuit for energizing said
transducers, said circuit having a nominal frequency of operation
in the ultrasonic frequency range and comprising an output
transformer having a secondary winding connected to said
transducers, a first pair of transistors having collector
electrodes connected to the primary winding of said transformer, a
second pair of transistors operatively connected in parallel with
said first pair of transistors for energizing the primary winding
of said transformer, and a saturable core transformer having a
primary winding operatively connected to said collector electrodes
and a secondary winding operatively connected in the base-emitter
paths of said transistors, and means for energizing said inverter
circuit with a DC voltage having a high ripple voltage, comprising
an AC power source, a rectifier, and filter capacitor combination,
said filter capacitor having a capacitance value to provide
approximately 10 percent ripple voltage, whereby said transducers
will provide ultrasonic vibrations in the fluid medium at
frequencies continually varying about such nominal frequency.
4. A dishwasher as set forth in claim 3 wherein said rectifier is a
bridge rectifier, said power source is 60 cycle alternating current
and the frequency of the ripple voltage is 120 cycles per second.
Description
DISCLOSURE
This invention relates to ultrasonic dishwashers and more
particularly to electronic circuits for energizing ultrasonic
transducers in a varying frequency mode of operation.
The art of ultrasonic cleaning has received much consideration in
the past and has become of importance in the domestic dishwasher
field of interest. One of the significant considerations in this
type of commercial embodiment is the attention which must be
directed to an economical and simplified arrangement for producing
the desired results commensurate with effectiveness of
cleaning.
It is well known that ultrasonic cleaning operates on the principle
of creating cavitation and vibration in a cleaning medium to effect
a separation of soil particles from dishware and the like and to
provide a measure of emulsification of oils and fats. The
cavitation effect relates specifically to the action which occurs
at the interface between the soil and the item of dishware and its
effect is directly proportional to the impedance difference
occurring thereat. Vibration effects set up by the cleaning medium
occur as energy waves which travel through the soil particles
primarily normal to a particular interface. Both of these effects
are further aided by the emulsification of fatty materials which
aids the separation of the soil particles and effects a dispersion
of same throughout the cleaning medium.
It is also known that the efficiency of the cleaning operation is
dependent upon the manner of application of such ultrasonic
energy.
Thus, in cavities such as a dishwasher enclosure, a specific
distribution of the energy will occur, dependent upon the frequency
of operation and the physical characteristics of the cavity, such
that nodes of energy or the appearance of standing waves will
occur. Such condition will cause localized cleaning effects and the
avoidance of such condition has received much attention in the
prior art. For such a frequency dependent system, it would be
desirable to modulate the frequency of energization of the
transducers to, in effect, sweep the applied frequency about an
optimum level of operation. Such approach will cause a condition of
continuously changing wave patterns related to the sweep frequency
of the system and if sufficient variance is provided, an effective
cleaning operation can be obtained.
The prior art indicates that this effect has been accomplished, for
example, by the utilization of two or more signal generating
systems wherein generator outputs are combined to achieve some form
of modulation or sequential switching of the generators may be
performed to provide a variable frequency condition. Further,
substantial efforts have been directed toward combining an
electrical frequency generator for energizing an ultrasonic
transducer with mechanical means for disturbing the system to
provide a random and constantly varying distribution of the energy
within the cavity. Most of these systems require a substantial
amount of apparatus and are unduly expensive and complicated and it
is a primary object of this invention to provide an improved
ultrasonic frequency generator which has a sweep provision inherent
therein and which is more economical and dependable than prior art
systems.
It is another object of this invention to provide an improved
ultrasonic frequency generator which utilizes semiconductor and
passive components entirely within the circuit and which receives
its source of supply from the readily available household power
lines.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved
ultrasonic frequency generator which is more efficient and reliable
than previous known devices and which may be readily incorporated
in a commercial appliance.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become
apparent as the following description proceeds.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the
invention, then, comprises the features hereinafter fully described
and particularly pointed out in the claims, the following
description and the annexed drawings setting forth in detail
certain illustrative embodiments of the invention, these being
indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the
principle of the invention may be employed.
In said annexed drawings:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a dishwasher enclosure
showing the relationship of the ultrasonic transducers to the
cleaning cavity;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional front view of the dishwasher of FIG.
1;
FIG. 3 is an electrical circuit diagram of the preferred embodiment
of this invention shown in relation to a typical load arrangement
comprising six ultrasonic transducer crystals;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the output frequency of the electrical
circuit as related to impressed DC volts.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is shown a dishwasher 10
which is a typical application for the teachings of this invention.
It should be understood, however, that this invention may be
applicable as well to other types of cleaning devices or forms of
apparatus which rely on the application of ultrasonic energy to
perform some useful function. The dish washer 10 is shown mounted
in an opening 12 within cabinet 13 and comprises a water tight
sheet metal enclosure 14 having essentially vertical front and rear
walls 15, 16 respectively, a cylindrical bottom 17 joined directly
to the rear wall 16, and to the front wall 15 by a short sloping
section 18, and side panels 19, 20 of matching configuration. The
enclosure 14 forms the dishwasher cavity 22 for receipt of the
dishware to be cleansed. A control knob 24 is located on the front
panel 25 of the cabinet 13 and although not shown in the drawings
it will be understood that the electrical and electronic control
apparatus as well as a motor, pump and the like may be conveniently
located in the cabinet 13 beneath the dishwasher enclosure 14 or in
any other nearby location. For purposes of illustration, the
dishwasher 10 is shown with a wash load including a plurality of
plates 26 supported in position by a rack 27 in the lower portion
of the cavity 22, a plurality of cups 28 positioned at the upper
portion thereof, and a silverware basket 29 disposed near the front
wall 15 of the dishwasher cavity 22. A fluid connector 31 is
mounted in a depressed portion 32 of the bottom 17 of the enclosure
14 and such connector 31 may form the drain outlet and the water
inlet for the transferral of the cleaning medium into and out of
the dishwasher cavity 22.
A plurality of transducers 35 is mounted to lower exterior portions
of the dishwasher enclosure 14 and in the description of the
electrical portion of this invention, reference will be made to the
utilization of six transducers. It will be appreciated that a
greater or lesser number may be employed depending upon the
relative efficiency required in the system, the power levels of
operation and the like. Each transducer 35 is of the
electrostrictive piezoelectric type consisting of a barium titanate
crystal and mounting arrangement and it will be understood that
other types of transducers may be employed as well under the
teachings of this invention.
A cover 37 for the dishwasher cavity 22 is shown in the closed
position being pivotally mounted to the top of the cabinet 13, as
generally indicated at 38, and the cover 37 may be swung to the
open position for access to the dishwasher cavity 22. In normal
operation, the cavity 22 is filled with water as the cleaning
medium to a level indicated by the dashed line 39 so as to
completely submerge all of the items to be cleansed. While the
particular cleaning medium and the use of detergents and the like
are not of any great significance it should be understood that
various loading arrangements of the dishwasher cavity 22 may have
some effect upon the electronic system in requiring greater or
lesser amounts of power and in varying the frequency of operation.
Such loading effect, however, is believed not a contributing factor
to the proper operation of this system and is readily accommodated,
the only significance being the above-mentioned reflected condition
imposed upon the power supply which will be described in greater
detail hereinafter. While the cleaning medium is retained within
the cavity 22 during ultrasonic cleaning, it will be understood
that various additional cycles of rinsing and the like may be
employed throughout the complete cleaning operation.
In FIG. 3, there is shown a circuit schematic of this invention
wherein a source of power 40 which may be the typical 120 volt, AC
60 Hz. household power is connected through a fuse 41 to the input
terminals 42, 43 of a bridge rectifier 45. The output of the
rectifier appears at terminals 47, 48 and connected thereacross are
capacitors 49, 100 which provide a measure of filtering and high
frequency bypass, respectively, so that essentially a DC voltage is
realized for energizing the circuit. As will be pointed out in
greater detail hereinafter, the DC voltage appearing at terminals
47, 48 includes a rather large ripple voltage of twice the
frequency of the power source 40 and which is utilized in
controlling the output frequency of the circuit.
An output transformer 50 having primary windings 51a, 51b with a
center tap 52 and a secondary winding 53 is provided for converting
the voltage appearing within the circuit to an optimum output
voltage at terminals 54, 55 and for providing electrical isolation.
A load 56, comprising six transducers 35 in parallel connection is
connected across the secondary winding 53 of the transformer 50,
such connection being made by lead wires extending from the area
beneath the dishwasher cavity 22 to the array of transducers
35.
The electrical circuit is basically a typical inverter circuit
which utilizes semiconductor components for alternately switching
current through the primary windings 51a, 51b of the transformer 50
at an ultrasonic frequency. Such switched current is coupled to the
transducer load 56 by the secondary winding 53 of the transformer
50 at a reduced voltage level. The primary windings 51a, 51b of the
transformer are connected to lines 58, 59 respectively, the
positive output terminal 48 of the bridge rectifier is connected to
center tap 52 and the negative output terminal 47 is connected to
ground 60 which forms a reference potential for the circuit. The
switching of current through the primary windings 51a, 51b of the
transformer 50 is achieved by the interconnected switching action
of a pair of NPN transistors 62, 63 having respective collectors
62c, 63c connected to lines 58, 59 and emitters 62a, 63a connected
through resistors 65, 66 to ground 60.
A saturable core transformer 68 is provided for achieving
oscillation within the circuit and serves to couple the outputs of
the transistors 62, 63 with the input circuit in a relationship
suitable to achieving oscillation. The primary winding 68a of the
transformer 68 is connected at each end through resistors 69, 70 of
approximately 800 ohms to the collectors 62c, 63c of the
transistors 62, 63, and thus, to each side of the primary windings
51a, 51b of the output transformer 50. The secondary windings 68b,
68c of the saturable core transformer include a center tap
connection 72 and are wound to have the phase relationship
indicated by the dots in FIG. 3. The ends of the secondary windings
68b, 68c are connected to the base electrodes 62b, 63b, of the
respective transistors 62, 63, through resistors 74, 75 of
approximately 10 ohms resistance. Semiconductor diodes 76, 77 are
connected from the base electrodes 62b, 63b of the transistors to
ground potential 60 and are poled in a direction to prevent a
negative voltage from occurring at the base electrodes.
A voltage divider consisting of series resistors 78, 79 having
common junction 80 and including capacitor 82, bypass capacitor
101, and diode 83 connected in parallel with resistor 79 is
connected between ground potential 60 and the positive output
terminal 48 of the bridge rectifier 45. The junction 80 of the
voltage divider is connected directly to the center tap 72 of the
secondary windings of the saturable core transformer 68 and in
normal operation provides a relatively low voltage which is on the
order of approximately one volt to aid in the start up of the
circuit and to avoid distortion of the output waveform at the time
of switching of the transistors 62, 63.
The circuit shown in FIG. 3 utilizes a parallel switching action to
accommodate relatively high power levels which are on the order of
approximately 750 watts of input power. The parallel circuit
consists of transistors 85, 86 which are connected with identical
circuitry in parallel with transistors 62, 63 respectively and
which receive the switching signals from the secondary windings
68b, 68c of the transformer 68 by way of lines 87, 88. The circuit
also includes a thyrector 90 which is a back to back diode element,
connected across the primary windings 51a, 51b of the output
transformer 50 to prevent destructive voltage transients from
affecting the components of the circuit, similar action being
performed by the base to ground diodes 76, 77 previously mentioned
as well as diodes 91, 92.
Thus, the operation of the inverter circuit of FIG. 3 occurs as
follows. Upon switching on power a slight positive potential will
appear at the junction 80 of the voltage divider and will cause
either transistors 62, 85 or transistors 63, 86 to conduct due to
inherent variances within the circuit. It will be assumed that the
potential at the base 62b of transistor 62 will be increasing in a
positive direction to cause greater conduction of transistor 62 and
similarly, of transistor 85. Current will flow in the conventional
sense from the positive terminal 48 of the bridge rectifier 45 to
the center tap connection 52 of the transformer 50, through primary
winding 51a, the collector to emitter paths of transistors 62, 85,
and the emitter resistors 65, 94 to ground potential 60. Current
flow will also occur through the primary winding 68a of transformer
68 and due to the polarity of connection of the secondary windings
68b, 68will serve to further increase the positive potential at the
base electrodes of transistors 62, 85 until saturation occurs. In
the opposite portion of the circuit, an inverse action will occur
such that the bases of transistors 63, 86 will be driven in a
negative sense to completely cut off collector to emitter
conduction and thus the flow of current through primary winding
51b. When saturation of transformer 68 occurs and no further
current change takes place, the voltage polarities at the secondary
windings 68b, 68c of the transformer will reverse and all
transistors will be driven in the opposite sense such that
transistors 63, 86 will be driven toward saturation while
transistors 62, 85 are cut off to complete the cycle.
Thus, it may be seen that the primary windings 51a, 51b of the
output transformer 50 will realize current flow from the center tap
52 to either side alternately and this action will occur at a
frequency dependent upon the voltage output of the bridge rectifier
45 and the saturation characteristics of the saturable core
transformer 68. If the DC voltage output of the bridge rectifier 45
and filter capacitor 49 arrangement were a constant DC level, the
inverter circuit would attain a nominal frequency of operation and
only vary slightly from this level due to temperature effects and
the like of the components within the circuit. This condition also
assumes that a fixed transducer load 56 is connected across the
secondary winding 53 of the output transformer 50 such that the
circuit characteristic impedance will be reflected back to the
transistor switching portion of the circuitry. If the load 56 were
varied to some extent as by the connection of either a greater or
lesser number of transducers 35 or by the variation in loading of
the dishwasher cavity 22 by means of, for example, a different
water level or different amounts or types of dishware therein, a
corresponding slightly different frequency of operation would be
expected and does occur.
Assuming, however, that all of these variables remain relatively
constant, a substantially constant frequency of output voltage from
the inverter circuit will be realized. As pointed out previously,
when the transducer 35 are energized in such a manner ultrasonic
oscillations are set up within the dishwasher cavity 22 and a
static condition of distribution of energy within the cavity will
prevail. Localized cleaning therefore, will occur and it will be
clear that some locations within the cavity will achieve no
cleaning effect due to the interference of the standing waves where
nodal effects occur. It is a prime object of this invention to
avoid such static wave conditions within the dishwasher cavity to
effect a more efficient cleaning operation.
It has been determined that if the input voltage to the inverter
circuit at terminals 47, 48 is caused to vary about a nominal DC
level, then a corresponding variation in the output frequency at
terminals 54, 55 can be achieved.
Referring now to FIG. 4, it is shown that such a frequency
variation occurs in the output of the circuit, even though the
reasons for the circuit performance are not well understood at this
time. FIG. 4 is a graph of the output frequency of the inverter
circuit at the secondary winding 53 of the output transformer 50,
for a typical load 56 configuration as that previously described,
as the DC volts applied at terminals 47, 48 of the circuit are
varied. A dashed line 95 is depicted on the graph and is indicative
of the transducer-load resonant frequency which in this example
will be assumed to be at a frequency of 25 kHz. As the DC level of
voltage at terminals 47, 48 is increased in a positive sense, the
frequency of operation of the circuit will increase also in an
approximately linear manner as shown generally at 96. This would be
expected output variation from typical inverter circuit theory.
As the output frequency reaches a level of approximately 20 kHz., a
snap shift in frequency occurs as indicated at 98, such that the
frequency of operation suddenly shifts toward the load resonant
level 95 without any further increase in the input DC voltage. This
snap shift 98 in frequency might also be expected in a circuit
configuration of this type wherein a particular load arrangement
has a relatively defined natural frequency of resonance. When the
load 56 and circuit frequencies become relatively close, it would
be expected that one would "lock" onto the other or that a new
frequency of resonance for the combination might be expected. Along
this line of reasoning, it should be assumed that further
variations in the DC input voltage would cause relatively little
frequency deviation in the output voltage since the combination
would tend to maintain the resonant frequency of operation.
However, it has been determined that input voltage variations will
create a corresponding output frequency variation as indicated by
line 99 showing both an increase and decrease of output frequency
as the DC volts are varied about the snap shift level. This
deviation from a nominal level is a desirable attribute of this
circuit in altering the ultrasonic frequency realized from the
transducers 56 and thus varying the standing wave pattern within
the cleaning cavity to effect a thorough cleaning operation.
Such input DC voltage variation is readily achieved in this
particular circuit since an alternating current power source 40 is
utilized. It is well known that the output of the bridge rectifier
45, without filtering, is a full wave DC voltage varying in
amplitude as the voltage of the AC source varies. In typical power
supply circuits, it is usual to provide a filter to smooth this
voltage completely to avoid ripple which is normally not desirable.
Here, however, the ripple voltage provides a voltage variation at
terminals 47, 48 to alter the output frequency applied to the
transducers and this is readily provided by a minimal filter
arrangement consisting, in this embodiment, of a 200 mfd. condenser
for capacitor 49, bypass capacitor 100 being on the order of 0.1
mfd. This circuit is designed so that the ripple voltage present at
the output of the bridge rectifier 45 is about 10 percent of the
value of the voltage level that results in operation at transducer
resonance. A 5 percent frequency shift is achieved for such a 10
percent voltage change.
Although AC voltage as the power source 40 provides a convenient
signal for varying the DC voltage at terminals 47, 48, it will be
appreciated that such variations could be effected differently as
by modulating the voltage by a locally generated signal. Similarly,
different transducer-load configurations and modifications of the
circuitry are possible while still realizing the "sweep" frequency
output feature of the described arrangement. Further, component
values, frequency and power levels specified herein relate to the
preferred embodiment and may be varied for different
applications.
Other modes of applying the principles of the invention may be
employed, change being made as regards the details described,
provided the features stated in any of the following claims or the
equivalent of such be employed.
* * * * *