U.S. patent number 3,582,692 [Application Number 04/725,849] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-01 for resiliently supported sensing transducer.
This patent grant is currently assigned to U.S. Research Corporation. Invention is credited to Oscar Palini.
United States Patent |
3,582,692 |
Palini |
June 1, 1971 |
RESILIENTLY SUPPORTED SENSING TRANSDUCER
Abstract
An improved sensing transducer is provided which may be used to
provide a signal in response to a change in an external pressure.
The transducer is particularly effective when connected to a
circuit with an alarm so that it may be used as a security device.
The sensing transducer has a piezoelectric element, a pair of
electrodes positioned on opposite sides of the element to pick up
current from a voltage created across the element in response to
mechanical stress upon the element, a supporting means connected to
the element for supporting at least a portion of the element
against movement, and an actuator means connected to the element
for applying pressure to at least a portion of the element to
create a stress in the element in response to the change in
pressure to be sensed.
Inventors: |
Palini; Oscar (Camp Springs,
MD) |
Assignee: |
U.S. Research Corporation
(Washington, DC)
|
Family
ID: |
24916208 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/725,849 |
Filed: |
May 1, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
310/330; 310/333;
340/566; 310/319; 310/345 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B60R
25/1006 (20130101); G08B 13/1472 (20130101); G08B
13/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B60R
25/10 (20060101); G08B 13/14 (20060101); G08B
13/08 (20060101); G08B 13/02 (20060101); H02v
007/00 (); H02r 017/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;310/8.0,8.3,8.5,9.1,8.2,9.2,9.7 ;248/304,301,497
;340/278,279,280,261,274,272 ;317/246 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Hirshfield; Milton O.
Assistant Examiner: Budd; Mark O.
Claims
What I claim is:
1. An improved sensing transducer for sensing changes in mechanical
pressure and supplying a signal in response to the change in
pressure comprising:
a. a piezoelectric element;
b. a pair of electrodes positioned on opposite sides of said
element to pick up current from a voltage created across said
element due to mechanical stress upon said element;
c. supporting means for supporting a portion of said element
against movement;
d. resilient actuator means connected to said element for applying
pressure to said element to create the stress in said element in
response to the change in pressure to be sensed; and
e. a housing;
f. said supporting means comprising at least two supports, one
mounted at each end of said element with at least one of said
supports being resilient and having a protrusion extending out of
said housing to provide a second actuator means which operates by
transmitting pressure from outside of said housing through said
support to one end of said element to create a stress on said
element.
2. An improved sensing transducer for sensing changes in mechanical
pressure and supplying a signal in response to the change in
pressure comprising:
a. an elongated piezoelectric element;
b. a pair of electrodes positioned on opposite sides of said
element to pick up current from a voltage created across said
element due to mechanical stress upon said element;
c. supporting means for supporting a portion of said element
against movement; and
d. resilient actuator means connected to said element for applying
pressure to said element to create a stress in said element in
response to the change in pressure to be sensed, said actuator
means comprising two substantially identical actuator means, one
located at each end of said element and said support means located
between said two actuator means.
3. An improved sensing transducer for sensing changes in mechanical
pressure and supplying a signal in response to the change in
pressure comprising:
a. a piezoelectric element;
b. a pair of electrodes positioned on opposite sides of said
element to pick up current from a voltage created across the
element due to mechanical stress upon said element;
c. supporting means for supporting a portion of said element
against movement; and
d. resilient actuator means connected to said element for applying
pressure to said element to create a stress on said element in
response to the change in pressure to be sensed;
e. said support means being located at one end of said element and
said actuator means being located at the other end of said
element;
f. said actuator means including turning means which may be twisted
to impart stress to said element and a coil spring for transmitting
stress from said turning means to said element.
4. A picture hook for use in a security device to protect an object
suspended on the hook from unauthorized removal, which
comprises:
a hook having a base portion for receiving a wire on which an
object is supported; and
a sensing transducer located in said base portion of said hook and
having a piezoelectric element for detecting small changes in
mechanical pressure and providing a voltage due to stress of said
element;
said sensing transducer including:
actuator means including a pair of blocks in which opposite ends of
said piezoelectric element are mounted;
supporting means located between said blocks and having a slot for
receiving said element; and
a pair of electrodes mounted on opposite sides of said element and
located in said slot for sensing a voltage created across said
element due to stress of said element.
Description
This invention relates to sensing transducers and more particularly
to piezoelectric transducers.
The sensing transducers of this invention are of particular utility
when used with trigger circuits as a part of a security system. The
system may be used for protecting against the theft of objects,
such as works of art, museum pieces, and displays; they may be used
to provide a warning when an intruder has opened or broken a window
or has illegally entered a building, automobile, or the like.
The sensing transducers of this invention may also be used in
conjunction with a security system connected to a cash register or
the like to provide a warning when unauthorized persons have
attempted to remove money from the cash register.
The uses of the sensing transducers of this invention are not
limited to security situations, but also include informational
systems such as where the signal from the transducer provides
information concerning the presence of a person seated in a certain
chair or the like.
Many additional uses will become readily apparent to those skilled
in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of this
invention.
Sensing transducers have been used in the past for security systems
and the like. However, the prior art transducers have not been
capable of detecting very small pressure changes which are
frequently encountered when a vandal removes a small item from a
large exhibit, as for example, a hat or other piece of clothing
from a mannequin, or an article from a table containing several
articles. Thus, there is a need for a reliable sensing transducer
which can sense very light pressure changes and at the same time is
of rugged construction and can withstand heavy loads.
It is therefore a primary object of this invention to provide a new
and improved sensing transducer.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a new and
improved sensing transducer which can be used in conjunction with a
warning circuit for actuating a signal as a part of a security
device or the like.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set
forth in part in the description which follows and in part will be
obvious from the description or may be learned by practice of the
invention, the objects and advantages being realized and attained
by the means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly
pointed out in the appended claims.
To achieve the foregoing objects and in accordance with the purpose
of the invention as embodied and broadly described herein, the
sensing transducer of this invention comprises; a piezoelectric
element, a pair of electrodes positioned on opposite sides of the
element to pick up current from a voltage created across the
element due to a change in mechanical stress upon the element,
supporting means for supporting a portion of the element against
movement, and actuator means operatively connected to the element
for applying pressure to the element to create a stress in the
element in response to the change in pressure to be sensed.
Preferably, the electrodes are positioned either between a portion
of the actuator means and the element or between a portion of the
supporting means and the element.
In one embodiment of the invention, the electrodes each have at
least one end curved out of the plane of the main portion of the
electrode and connecting means are connected to the curved ends of
the electrode for applying pressure to the end of the electrodes to
cause the electrodes to act as the actuator means, by applying
pressure to the element to create a mechanical stress upon the
element.
The invention consists in the novel parts, constructions,
arrangements, combinations, and improvements shown and
described.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description
and the following detailed description are exemplary and
explanatory but are not restrictive of the invention.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute
a part of this specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of
the invention and together with the description serve to explain
the principles of the invention.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a front elevation of a sensing transducer constructed in
accordance with this invention shown in conjunction with a security
system for a window;
FIG. 2 is a front elevation partially in section of the sensing
transducer illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a vertical section taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a front elevation partially in section of another
embodiment of the sensing transducer constructed in accordance with
the teachings of this invention;
FIG. 5 is a front elevation partially in section of another
embodiment of a sensing transducer constructed in accordance with
the teachings of this invention;
FIG. 6 is a front elevation partially in section of another
embodiment of a sensing transducer constructed in accordance with
the teachings of this invention;
FIG. 7 is a front elevation partially in section of another
embodiment of a sensing transducer constructed in accordance with
the teachings of this invention;
FIG. 8 is a front elevation partially in section of another
embodiment of a sensing transducer constructed in accordance with
the teachings of this invention;
FIG. 9 is an end elevation of the sensing transducer of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a front elevation partially in section of another
transducer constructed in accordance with the teachings of this
invention;
FIG. 11 is an end elevation of a picture hook having the sensing
transducer of FIG. 10 mounted therein;
FIG. 12 is a circuit schematic diagram illustrating a typical
connection for the sensing transducers of this invention to a
warning circuit operating an alarm device;
FIG. 13 is a front elevation partially in section of a sensing
transducer constructed in accordance with the teachings of this
invention which may be used as a hanger;
FIG. 14 is a partial perspective view of an automobile seat
illustrating the connection of the sensing transducer illustrated
in FIG. 8 to the automobile seat;
FIG. 15 is a front elevation partially in section of a sensing
transducer constructed in accordance with the teachings of this
invention, and
FIG. 16 is a right end elevation of the sensing transducer of FIG.
15.
Referring first to the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1--3, it may
be seen that the sensing transducer, generally 10, is mounted on a
window, generally 12. Hair-thin break wires 14 are mounted on glass
16 by means of adapters 18 and are connected through a common wire
to a connector 20 on sensing transducer 10.
Sensing transducer 10 is connected by conductors 24 and 26 to a
suitable warning circuit, a typical example of which is illustrated
in FIG. 12. Referring to FIG. 12, it may be seen that the sensing
transducer 10 is connected to the gate electrode 21 of a
unijunction transistor, generally 22 by conductor 24. Conductor 26
connects sensing transducer 10 to a ground. Unijunction transistor
22 is connected across a power supply by the means of a biasing
resistor 28 connected between the conduction electrode 30 and a
supply conductor 32 and by a biasing resistor 34 connected between
the conduction electrode 36 of unijunction transistor 22 and a
grounded (or negative) supply conductor 38.
A connection is made from the conduction electrode 30 of
unijunction transistor 22 to the base electrode 40 of semiconductor
transistor, generally 42, through a biasing resistor 44. Transistor
42 is connected by its collector electrode 46 to the positive power
supply conductor 32 and is connected by its emitter electrode 48
through a magnetic coil 50 to the grounded supply conductor 38.
Magnetic coil 50 is physically constructed so as to be in close
proximity to a vibrating reed switch 52. Vibrating reed switch 52
is connected to supply conductor 32 on one end and to a signal
device 54 on its other end. Signal device 54 is in turn connected
to grounded supply conductor 38.
Describing now the operation of the circuit illustrated in FIG. 12,
it is assumed that the initial conditions are such that the sensing
transducer 10 has no output. Accordingly, unijunction transistor 22
will conduct a leakage current of predetermined value through its
electrodes 30 and 36. This leakage current serves to initially bias
the semiconductor-switching transistor 42 into a state wherein
little or no current will flow from the supply conductor 32 through
the collector-emitter path 46--48, and the magnetic coil 50, to
grounded conductor 38. Thus, the magnetic field produced by
magnetic coil 50, if any, will not be sufficient to actuate
vibrating reed switch 52 and signal 54 will remain deenergized.
When a change in pressure is sensed by such sensing transducer 10,
as will be described in more detail hereinafter, a current impulse
is carried by conductor 24 to gate electrode 21 of the unijunction
transistor 22. The biasing level of unijunction transistor 22 is,
accordingly, adjusted so that current flow through the conduction
electrodes 30 and 36 of the unijunction transistor 22 decreases by
a predetermined amount. This decrease in current flow effects a
decrease in voltage drop across resistor 28, thus increasing the
voltage appearing in the conduction electrode 30 of the unijunction
transistor 22. This increased voltage is in turn applied to the
base electrode 40 of transistor 42 through biasing resistor 44,
thus changing the biasing conditions for transistor 42. Transistor
42 will then conduct an increased amount of current through its
collector-emitter path 46--48 causing an increased amount of
current to flow through magnetic coil 50 which produces a magnetic
field of sufficient strength to initially actuate vibrating reed
switch 52 and consequently energize signal device 54.
Other circuits may be used in conjunction with the sensing
transducers of this invention without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention. The presently described and illustrated
circuitry is for purposes of explanation and other acceptable
circuits will become apparent to those skilled in the art.
For example, magnetic coil 50 could be placed in the collector
circuit rather than the emitter circuit as described. Additionally,
the biasing resistor 44 connected to base electrode 40 of
transistor 42 could be eliminated or a variable resistor could be
substituted therefor as desired. Another modification could include
changing transistor 42 schematically designated as a NPN transistor
to a PNP transistor with obvious changes being made in biasing such
as connection of the base electrode 40 to the conduction electrode
36 of unijunction transistor 22. Transistor 42 could also be a
solid-state trigger unit as, for example, a SCR (Silicon-Controlled
Rectifier).
Although it is necessary that the signal from the sensing
transducer be received by a highly sensitive device such as a
unijunction transistor, other suitable devices such as an N channel
MOS-FET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor-Field Effect Transistor), a P
channel MOS-FET, or a photo-FET could also be used. Signal 54 may
be a light, bell, or any suitable means.
Having described generally the use of a sensing transducer of this
invention, we will now refer to the inventive sensing transducer
itself.
Referring to FIGS. 2--3, it may be seen that the sensing transducer
includes a piezoelectric element 56, a pair of electrodes 58 and 60
positioned on opposite sides of element 56 to pick up current from
voltages created across element 56 when changes in mechanical
stress occur in element 56.
The sensing transducer of this invention also includes supporting
means for supporting a portion of the element against movement, and
actuator means operatively connected to the element for applying
pressure to create a stress in the element in response to the
pressure to be sensed. As here embodied, the supporting means is
comprised of rubber blocks 62 and 64 positioned at the ends of
piezoelectric element 56 which is illustrated as being elongated
and rectangular in shape. As here embodied, the actuator means
comprises a rubber holder 66 having a central slot 68 extending
therethrough. Piezoelectric element 56 with electrodes 58 and 60
adjacent thereto are mounted in slot 68 of rubber holder 66.
It is to be noted that although for purposes of clarity it appears
that the electrodes are spaced from element 56 in each of the
embodiments illustrated, the slots in the rubber blocks which hold
the electrodes and the piezoelectric element are tight fitting with
the electrodes being firmly pressed against the sides of the
element so that the rubber blocks hold both the element and the
electrodes in proper alignment.
Two conductors corresponding to conductors 24 and 26 in FIGS. 1 and
12 are connected to electrodes 58 and 60. Conductors 24 and 26 pass
out of shell 74 in an appropriate place, as for example, by passing
through rubber block 64 and the end of housing 74 as illustrated in
FIG. 1. As here embodied, sensing transducer 10 also includes a
housing and connecting means extending through an opening in the
housing to connect the actuator means to the item in which the
change in pressure is to be sensed.
The housing here embodied consists of a plastic shell 74
surrounding the other components of the transducer. As here
embodied, the connecting means comprises a wire 70 fastened to a
slot 72 in holder 66 and extending through an opening 76 in housing
74, and connector 20 attached to the end of wire 70.
This embodiment of the sensing transducer also includes a second
actuator means. As here embodied, the right-hand support which is
rubber block 64 has a protrusion 78 extending from its lower end
through an opening 80 in housing 74. Protrusion 78 thus may
transmit pressure from outside of the housing through rubber block
64 to one end of element 56. Since element 56 is held stationary by
rubber block 62, this pressure creates a stress on the element.
The operation of the sensing transducer illustrated in FIGS. 2--3
will now be described in conjunction with the window security
system illustrated in FIG. 1. It is to be understood, however, that
the transducer of FIGS. 2--3 may be used many different ways as
well as that illustrated in FIG. 1. Connector 20 is fastened to
hair-thin break wires 14 with a slight tension which is transferred
through wire 70 to rubber holder 66, which in turn applies pressure
on element 56. Since rubber blocks 62 and 64 hold the element
relatively stationary at its ends, this pressure creates a stress
on element 56.
This initial stress will create voltage across element 56 and a
current impulse is picked up by electrodes 58 and 60 and carried by
conductors 24 and 26 which are connected to the warning circuit
such as that illustrated in FIG. 12. The power to the warning
circuit will be cut off when the transducer is initially loaded to
prevent a signal at that time.
If an intruder or an unauthorized person breaks glass 16 of window
12, hair-thin break wires 14 will also be broken causing a change
in the tension on wire 70 and hence in the tension on holder 66
which in turn changes the stress on piezoelectric element 56. The
change in stress on element 56 creates a current impulse which is
picked up by electrodes 58 and 60 and carried by conductors 24 and
26 to the warning circuit shown in FIG. 12 which operates as
described above to cause a signal to issue from signal device
54.
Because of the sensitivity of the transducer, the breaking of even
one of hair-thin break wires 14 with the resultant change in
tension of the group of wires on wire 70 will result in a signal
from signal device 54.
The second actuator means, protrusion 78, is utilized to provide a
warning if the window is opened without breaking the glass. This
warning is accomplished by the use of a wedge-shaped abutment 82
mounted on the window casement. When the window is pivoted to the
closed position, abutment 82 creates a pressure on protrusion 78
which in turn is transmitted through rubber block 64 to the end of
piezoelectric element 56 creating a stress in the element. As
described above, the initial stress will cause a signal in the
warning circuit unless it is shut off at the time of loading. When
the window is pivoted to the open position, protrusion 78 passes
out of contact with wedge 82 relieving the pressure on protrusion
78, thereby changing the stress on element 56. This change in
stress creates a voltage across element 56 and a current impulse is
picked up by electrodes 58 and 60.
Any type of standard piezoelectric element may be utilized in the
sensing transducer of this invention. One particularly effective
element is manufactured by Clevite of Bedford, Ohio, under the name
of PZT-5H-BIMORPH.
It should be noted that for the purposes of illustration and
explanation the size of the sensing transducer units has been
greatly magnified. These units can be made extremely small and are
typically less than three-fourths inch long, less than one-fourth
inch deep and less than one-fourth inch wide. The exact size and
shape of the unit used will depend in most cases on the function
for which the unit is to be used. The most desirable size and shape
will be easily determined by those skilled in the art from the
description set forth in the specification.
In discussing the other embodiments of the sensing transducer of
this invention, the parts which are similar or identical to the
parts illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 will be given the same
number.
Referring now to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, it may be
seen that the piezoelectric element 56 is mounted at one end in a
rubber block 84 and at the other end in a rubber block 86. Blocks
84 and 86 cover substantially the entire length of element 56 with
a slight gap between the two blocks. Electrodes 58 and 60 are
mounted on opposite sides of element 57 in a slot 88 in block
86.
In this embodiment sensing transducer 10 includes a housing made up
of a plastic base 90 and a flexible cover 92 which may be rubber or
other suitable material. Conductors 24 and 26 which are connected
to electrodes 58 and 60 extend through the housing to be connected
to appropriate circuitry as described above.
As here embodied, pressure is applied to the flexible portion 92 of
the housing to create a stress in element 56. If the pressure is
applied to the right-hand end of the sensing transducer, then block
84 will act as the actuator means and block 86 will act as the
supporting means. If pressure is applied to the left-hand end of
the sensing transducer, block 86 will act as the actuator means and
block 84 will act as the supporting means.
This particular sensing transducer is useful where an article may
be placed on one end of the transducer and it is desired to sense
the removal of this article or a portion of the article.
As may be readily seen, when the article is initially set on one
end of the transducer, its pressure will be transmitted through the
flexible housing and the associated rubber block to the element 56
creating a stress on the element. When the article or a portion of
the article is removed, the amount of pressure acting on the
element 56 will be changed thus changing the stress in element 56
and creating an impulse of current which is picked up and carried
by electrodes 58 and 60 through conductors 24 and 26 to the
appropriate circuitry for providing a signal.
Referring now to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5,
piezoelectric element 56 is mounted at its left end in a supporting
means which is a rubber block 93. Electrodes 58 and 60 are mounted
on opposite sides of element 56 between blocks 93 and element 56.
The actuator means is comprised of a pair of resilient T-shaped
elements 94 which in this instance are rubber. As here embodied,
the transducer also includes a housing made up of a plastic shell
74. As may be seen, T 94 has its upper surface resting against the
undersurface of shell 74 and its lower surface resting on element
56.
T 96 has its upper surface resting against element 56 and its lower
end extending, as a protrusion 98, through a slot 100 in shell 74.
The purpose of the T shape of T 94 is so a firm abutment will be
achieved between the inside surface of shell 74 and T 94 while at
the same time not providing too strong a force acting on the upper
surface of element 56 at the place where T 96 must apply sufficient
pressure to bend element 56. For this same reason, T 94 is
desirably made of a softer rubber than block 93.
In the operation of this embodiment, an article is placed on the
upper surface of shell 74 which creates pressure on protrusion 98
of T 96. This pressure is transmitted through T 96 to element 56.
Since element 56 is held stationary by block 93 a stress is created
in element 56. When the object or a portion of the object is
removed, the pressure on protrusion 98 and hence the stress on
piezoelectric element 56 is changed creating an impulse which is
picked up by electrodes 58 and 60 and transmitted through
conductors 24 and 26 to appropriate circuitry to supply a
signal.
Referring to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, it may be seen
that element 56 is mounted on two substantially identical actuator
means, one located near each end of the element, and supporting
means located between the two actuator means. As here embodied, the
transducer is mounted in a housing consisting of a plastic shell
74. The two actuator means are comprised of two upper resilient T's
94 having their upper surfaces supported against the inner surface
of shell 74 and their lower surfaces abutting element 56. The
actuator means further includes two lower T's 96 having their upper
surfaces abutting element 56 with their lower ends extending as
protrusions 98 through slots 100 in shell 74.
As here embodied, the supporting means is comprised of a block 102
which is here made of rubber and has a longitudinal slot 104 in
which are mounted element 56 and electrodes 58 and 60. Preferably,
T's 94 are made of a softer rubber than block 102 so that element
56 will be bent when pressure is applied to T's 96 since T's 94
will be compressed but block 102 will not.
Here again, conductors 24 and 26 pass out of the shell 74 through
appropriate openings to a suitable circuit such as that illustrated
in FIG. 12.
In operation, an article is placed on the upper surface of shell
74. The weight of the article creates a pressure on protrusion 98
of lower T's 96. This pressure in turn is transmitted to element 56
and tends to force the ends of the element upwardly while the
center of the element 56 is held stationary by rubber block 102.
This action creates a stress in element 56. When the article or a
portion of the article is removed the pressure acting on T's 96 is
decreased thus decreasing the pressure acting on element 56 and
thereby changing the stress in element 56. The change in stress
creates a current impulse which is picked up by electrodes 58 and
60 and carried to the warning circuit through conductors 24 and
26.
Referring now to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7, the sensing
transducer has two rubber block-supporting means 106 and 108
located at the ends of element 56. In this embodiment, the
transducer includes a housing which is made of a plastic cup 110
and a plastic top 112. The housing is made in two parts so that the
element may be placed on supporting means 106 and 108 and then the
top placed on top of the element. The top 112 is secured to the
sides of cup 110 so that top 112 does not create pressures on
element 56.
As here embodied, the actuator means is comprised of a rubber
holder 114 having a longitudinal slot 116 extending therethrough.
Element 56 and electrodes 58 and 60 are mounted in slot 116 with
the two electrodes being on opposite sides of element 56. Holder
114 includes a protrusion 118 extending upwardly through a slot 120
in plastic top 112 of the housing.
The operation of the sensing transducer of FIG. 7 is as follows. An
article is placed on the top of the transducer with at least a
portion of the article resting on protrusion 118 of holder 114. The
weight of the article creates a pressure on protrusion 118 which in
turn is transmitted through holder 114 to element 56. Since element
56 is supported by blocks 106 and 108 at its ends, this pressure at
the midpoint tends to bow element 56 and creates a stress in the
element. When the article or a portion of the article is removed,
the pressure on protrusion 118 and hence on element 56 is reduced
thereby reducing the stress in element 56. This change in stress in
element 56 creates an impulse of current which is picked up by
electrodes 58 and 60 and conducted to the appropriate circuit
through conductors 24 and 26.
Referring now to the embodiment of the sensing transducer
illustrated in FIGS. 8, 9, and 14, it may be seen that
piezoelectric element 56 is mounted between a pair of electrodes 58
and 60. The electrodes and the piezoelectric element are mounted in
a slot 124 in a supporting means which in this embodiment is a
rubber block 122. Electrodes 58 and 60 are connected to conductors
24 and 26 which are in turn connected to a suitable warning circuit
such as that illustrated in FIG. 12. Electrodes 58 and 60 have
curved ends 126 and 128 which are connected to connecting means
which in this case are wires 130 and 132, respectively.
In operation of this sensing transducer, wires 130 and 132 are
connected across an article on which pressure is to be sensed. An
example of such an element is illustrated in FIG. 14 where the
transducer is mounted underneath the seat cover on the seat of an
automobile with wires 130 and 132 extending across the width of the
seat. A spring coil 134 is connected to wire 132 to limit the
amount of pressure which can be applied to electrodes 58 and 60.
When someone sits on the seat in the automobile, the weight of the
person causes the wires to stretch coil spring 134 applying
pressure to the ends of electrodes 58 and 60. Since the ends of
electrodes 58 and 60 are curved, the electrodes tend to pivot
within slot 124 and block 122. This pivoting of the electrodes
applies pressure to piezoelectric element 56 creating a stress in
the element. The stress in turn creates a current impulse in
electrodes 58 and 60 which is carried to a suitable warning circuit
through conductors 24 and 26.
As may be best seen in FIG. 9, the curved ends 126 and 128 of
electrodes 58 and 60 are wider than the remaining portion of the
electrode. This additional width provides an increased area for the
connection of the wires 130 and 132 to the end of the
electrodes.
Referring now to the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11, it
may be seen that the sensing transducer is comprised of a
piezoelectric element 56 mounted in actuator means which as here
embodied comprises two rubber blocks 136 and 138. A pair of
electrodes 58 and 60 are mounted on opposite sides of element 56 in
a slot 140 of supporting means, rubber block 142.
Conductors 24 and 26 connect electrodes 58 and 60 to an appropriate
warning circuit such as that illustrated in FIG. 12. As may be seen
in FIG. 11, this embodiment of the sensing transducer of this
invention is particularly useful in conjunction with hook 143 for
pictures or the like.
After the transducer is placed in the base of the hook, the base
area of the hook is filled with flexible material 144 such as
plastic or the like, which acts as a housing for the
transducer.
In use of the picture hook-sensing transducer combination, the hook
is placed on the wall and a picture or the like is hung on the hook
with the picture wire resting on rubber blocks 136 and 138 of the
sensing transducer in the base of hook 143. The weight of the
picture will cause pressure to be exerted by the picture wire on
the outer edges of the rubber blocks 136 and 138. The pressure is
transmitted through blocks to element 56 and tends to bow element
56 creating a stress.
If the picture or a portion of the picture is removed from the
hook, the amount of pressure being exerted on blocks 136 and 138
will be reduced causing a reduced pressure on the ends of
piezoelectric element 56. This reduced pressure reduces the stress
in element 56. The change in stress in element 56 creates a current
impulse which is picked up by electrodes 58 and 60 and carried
through conductors 24 and 26 to the warning circuit.
FIG. 13 illustrates another type of sensing transducer-hook
combination, utilizing a sensing transducer like that illustrated
in FIGS. 2 and 3.
The sensing transducer is mounted on the wall in an inverted
position as compared with the position of the element illustrated
in FIGS. 2 and 3. Wire 70 and connector 20 are made strong enough
to hold a hook or the like connected to a picture or other article.
In this embodiment, protrusion 78 of rubber block 64 is not needed
and has been omitted.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 15 and 16, piezoelectric
element 56 is mounted in a slot 146 in a supporting means which is
in this case a rubber block 148. Electrodes 58 and 60 are mounted
on opposite sides of element 56 in slot 146 and are connected to
conductors 24 and 26 which are connected in turn to a warning
circuit such as that illustrated in FIG. 12.
In accordance with the invention, actuator means is provided on one
end of element 56. As here embodied, the actuator means includes a
turning means or disc 150 which has an inwardly extending stem 152.
Disc 150 has a longitudinal slot 154 extending through its center
and the end of element 56 is positioned in the slot. Disc 150 is
free to revolve on element 56. As best seen in FIG. 16, a spiral
spring 156 is mounted in disc 150 with one end of spring 156 being
connected to an adapter 158 on disc 150 and the other end of spring
156 being connected to a slot 160 in element 56.
This embodiment of the sensing transducer is particularly useful in
providing a security system for a cash register or the like.
Specifically, disc 150 may be connected by appropriate means to the
holddown lever which holds bills in their place in the cash drawer
of the cash register. When the holddown lever is pivoted into
position on top of the bills, disc 150 is turned creating a tension
in spiral spring 156, which tends to twist the end of element 56.
This force on the end of element 56 creates a stress in element 56
which causes an initial current impulse in electrodes 58 and 60. As
explained above, the warning circuit desirably is disconnected
during this initial loading of the system.
With the system in operation, if bills are removed from under the
lever or if the lever is lifted to permit removal of a stack of
bills, disc 150 will be turned creating a change in tension on
spring 156. The change in tension on spring 156 causes a change in
the stress on element 56. The changes in stress on element 56
create a signal which is picked up by electrodes 58 and 60 and
carried by conductors 24 and 26 to the warning circuit thus
providing a signal or warning that the bills are removed.
This system may be coupled with a circuit whereby an authorized
person can remove bills without causing a warning signal by pushing
a button or the like to disengage the warning circuitry. In such a
system, the sensing transducer may be left on constantly and will
provide a signal any time any unauthorized person removes bills
from the cash register drawer.
In accordance with the invention a new and improved sensing
transducer has been provided which is extremely sensitive and
durable and which may be used in security systems or the like.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many
modifications and variations could be made in the sensing
transducer without departing from the scope or spirit of this
invention.
The invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific
details shown and described but departures may be made from such
details within the scope of the accompanying claims without
departing from the principles of the invention and without
sacrificing its chief advantages.
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