U.S. patent number 3,582,671 [Application Number 04/839,524] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-01 for sound-responsive light.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Novar Electronics Corporation. Invention is credited to James H. Ott.
United States Patent |
3,582,671 |
Ott |
June 1, 1971 |
SOUND-RESPONSIVE LIGHT
Abstract
A sound-responsive light illuminated by an audio-actuated
serially connected switch. The audio-actuated switch includes a
thyristor, preferably an SCR, the gate of which is triggered by an
audio frequency signal from a microphone and audio amplifier. The
amplifier is a class A audio amplifier with biasing and loading
provided so that the light will be illuminated by sound above a
selected level. A nonlinear potentiometer is used for the load
impedance of one of the amplifier stages to permit selection of the
desired audio level which triggers the thyristor. The input
terminals of a rectified power supply are connected across the
principal terminals of the SCR so that the parallel combination may
be connected in series with the electric light and an alternating
current power source. Coupling is provided from the output of the
audio amplifier to the gate of the thyristor by means of a series
capacitor and a shunt gate resistor of approximately 1000 ohms.
Inventors: |
Ott; James H. (Columbus,
OH) |
Assignee: |
Novar Electronics Corporation
(Barberton, OH)
|
Family
ID: |
25279965 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/839,524 |
Filed: |
July 7, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
307/117; 367/197;
367/133; 327/446; 327/455; 327/463 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63J
17/00 (20130101); G09B 19/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A63J
17/00 (20060101); G09B 19/04 (20060101); H01h
037/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;307/117,116,112,132,252,21 ;340/258,259,148,171 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Schaefer; Robert K.
Assistant Examiner: Hohauser; H.J.
Claims
I claim:
1. An audio-actuated switch for controlling electrical current flow
through an electrical device which is in series with a source of
electrical energy, the switch comprising:
a. a transducer for converting an input mechanical audio signal to
an electrical audio signal output;
b. a thyristor having a control gate, the principal terminals of
the thyristor being in series with the electrical device; and
c. means connecting the output of the transducer to the gate of the
thyristor for impressing on said gate a nonfiltered audio frequency
trigger signal, derived from the transducer, for producing
instantaneous on and off operation of the electrical device.
2. A switch according to claim 1, wherein
said means comprises an audio amplifier, biasing means, and
coupling means.
3. A switch according to claim 2, wherein
the audio amplifier is a class A amplifier and the gate trigger
signal is substantially analogous to the mechanical audio
signal.
4. A switch according to claim 2, wherein the thyristor is an
SCR,
wherein there is provided a rectified power supply, for biasing and
supplying power to said audio amplifier, the power supply having
two input terminals connected to the principal terminals of the
SCR,
wherein said source of electrical energy, said electrical device,
and the parallel combination of the SCR and the rectified power
supply are series connected so that disconnection of the electrical
device deenergizes the SCR and the rectified power supply and so
that the current through the SCR and the power supply is limited by
the impedance of the electrical device.
5. A switch according to claim 2, wherein
the audio amplifier comprises a plurality of amplifier stages, one
of the stages having a load impedance comprising the stator of a
potentiometer and having the wiper of the potentiometer coupled to
the input of the subsequent stage for permitting variable
adjustment and selection of a desired audio signal level for
triggering the thyristor.
6. A switch according to claim 5, wherein
the impedance along the stator of the potentiometer is
logarithmic.
7. An audio-actuated light for illumination in response to
sound,
the light comprising a switch according to claim 1, wherein said
electrical device is an illumination means.
8. An audio light according to claim 7, wherein
said source of electrical energy is an alternating current.
9. An audio light according to claim 8, wherein
the connecting means comprises an audio amplifier and coupling
means for impressing an audio signal on the gate which is derived
from said mechanical audio signal and wherein biasing means is
provided for triggering the gate in response to a selected audio
level.
10. An audio-actuated light comprising a switch according to claim
4, wherein
a. the electrical device is a light;
b. the amplifier is an audio amplifier for providing a gate trigger
signal which is derived from the input mechanical audio signal and
the amplifier comprises a plurality of amplifier stages, one of the
stages having a load impedance comprising the stator of a
nonlinearly varying potentiometer and having the wiper of the
potentiometer coupled to the input of the subsequent stage for
variable adjustment and selection of an audio signal level which
triggers the thyristor.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an audio-actuated electrical device, and
more particularly relates to an electric light which is illuminated
in response to the presence of sound above a selected level.
Electric lights have traditionally been used for a variety of
purposes including illumination and signalling. I have found that
there is a need for a device which can provide an instantaneous,
active, visual representation of an immediate sound
environment.
As an example, many persons have found it pleasurable to listen to
stereo music with the aid of stereo earphones. However, with such
earphones positioned over the listener's ears, and with music being
reproduced by the earphones, a listener, relaxing in a chair, would
be unable to hear a ringing telephone or a statement made to him by
another person standing in the room. However, with the aid of my
audio-actuated light, such sounds would be immediately indicated to
the listener.
The audio-actuated light also can find use with children born
without hearing, or other persons hard of hearing or deaf. My light
is useful in teaching such persons to speak because it gives an
immediate indication of the effect of their voices, especially the
magnitude of the voices. Furthermore, the characteristics of the
light flicker vary somewhat according to the type of sound reaching
the light. Therefore, my audio-actuated light can be used to
indicate the nature of a sound.
My light can also be used in places such as libraries, hospitals,
or study rooms where a low level of noise is desired. Such a light
would flicker when the sound level rises above an acceptable level
and should serve as an alarm to discourage the making of such
noise. The sound-responsive light is also an effective tool for
deterring burglars and thieves. For example, the noise created by
the opening of a window, walking, or the removal of loot, would
create a flash or flashes of light which should alert neighbors and
possibly scare a thief or cause him to flee.
The audio-actuated light can also have an interesting effect on
conversation between two or more persons. The illumination of the
light, modulated by the speaker's voice, seems to make a person
more conscious of his manner of speaking. Finally, a light which is
audio responsive will provide a stimulus for teaching a songbird to
sing by reinforcing him for his sounds. A captive bird, such as a
canary, may be rewarded for its singing by the pleasing light
variations created by my light in response to his sounds. In
effect, this would be a teaching machine for the canary which would
not require the attention of the owner.
It is therefore an object of my invention to provide an improved
audio-actuated switch.
Another object of my invention is to provide an improved
audio-actuated illumination means.
Another object of my invention is to provide an audio-actuated
illumination means which is instantaneous in that there is no
perceptible time delay between the beginning or the cessation of
audio stimulus and the beginning or cessation of the
illumination.
It is a further object of my invention to provide a light which is
illuminated in a manner characteristic of its audio
stimulation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the preferred embodiment of the
invention.
FIG. 3 is a mixed schematic and block diagram illustrating an
alternative embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating another alternative
embodiment of my invention.
In describing the preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated
in the drawings, specific terminology will be resorted to for the
sake of clarity. However, it is not intended to be limited to the
specific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that each
specific term includes all technical equivalents which operate in a
similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 illustrates the general principals of the invention. The
invention comprises a transducer, such as a microphone 1, for
converting an input mechanical audio signal, such as sound waves in
air, to an electrical audio signal output. A thyristor having a
control gate 2 is provided with suitable circuitry to operate as a
switch 3. Means, such as an audio amplifier 4, is connected between
the output of the transducer 1 and the gate 2 of the thyristor
switch 3 for impressing an audio frequency trigger signal derived
from the transducer on the gate 2. The principal terminals 5 and 6
of the thyristor are connected to an electrical device 7, such as
an electric light, which is series connected to a source of
electrical energy 8 in order to control the electrical current flow
through the electrical device 7.
The word thyristor is used to include not only the more commonly
known devices such as the triac and silicon-controlled rectifier
which I prefer to use, but also other types of controlled
rectifiers such as thyratrons, devices not yet so popularly known,
and devices yet to be invented which exhibit the characteristics
necessary for switching in the manner of my invention.
Furthermore, I have chosen the word signal and intend it to include
not only ordinary sinusoidal waveforms but also pulses of various
shapes. Thus when I refer as in the above summary, to an audio
frequency trigger signal on the gate of the thyristor, I mean a
signal which exhibits substantial magnitude variations at an audio
rate. I do not include in the term "audio frequency signal," a
voltage or current which, although it may have some audio or ripple
noise present, is used for its average value averaged over several
audio or ripple cycles.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Briefly described, the preferred embodiment of my invention, as
illustrated in FIG. 2, has a source of electrical energy which is a
117 volt outlet at terminals 9 and 10 of the type commonly
available in a home, in series connection with a mechanical on-off
switch 11, an electrical device such as light 12, and a thyristor
such as the SCR 13, which has a control gate 14. The principal
terminals 15 and 16 of the SCR 13 are connected in series with the
light 12 and the source of electrical energy at terminals 9 and 10.
The SCR 13 operates as a switch which will permit or prevent
current flow through the light 12. A microphone 17 converts an
input mechanical audio signal, such as sound waves, to an
electrical audio signal output. The electrical audio signal output
from the microphone 17 is amplified by the class A audio amplifier
18 and then impressed on the gate 14 of the SCR 13.
In more detail, the preferred embodiment has a microphone 17 which
is connected to the input of a first audio amplifier stage having a
transistor 19 with a load resistor 20. For a ceramic microphone I
use a Darlington pair. The amplified output from the transistor 19
is directly coupled to the next audio amplifier stage having a
transistor 22 and biasing and load resistors 24 and 26
respectively. An emitter capacitor 28 is provided to perform its
conventional function of bypassing the signal around the resistor
24. The load resistor 26, which I prefer, is the stator of a
nonlinearly varying potentiometer. The adjustable wiper 30 of the
potentiometer provides a variable audio sensitivity control and is
connected by a coupling capacitor 32 to the input of a third audio
amplifier stage having a transistor 34. A feedback resistor 44 is
provided for temperature stability and biasing. The third stage has
a load resistor 42 and a feedback resistor 43 for providing
operating bias and stability. The output from the third transistor
34 is coupled to the gate 14 of the SCR 13 by a capacitance 48. A
gate resistor 50 is provided for biasing and current overload
protection and to prevent floating of the gate.
A rectified power supply 51 for biasing and supply power to the
audio amplifier 18 is connected across the principal terminals 15
and 16 of the SCR 13. This is preferred so that all of the
electrical circuitry which makes up the audio-actuated switch can
be connected in series with the light 8 and the source of power at
terminals 9 and 10. With such a connection, removal or burning out
of the light 8 completely deenergizes the audio-actuated switch
circuitry. Furthermore, the light 8 serves as an impedance which
limits the current through the audio-actuated switch. The half-wave
power supply 15 illustrated comprises an input resistor 52, a diode
54, a filter resistor 56, and a pair of filter capacitors 58 and
60.
Although the power supply can be connected across an SCR it
ordinarily can not be connected across a triac. With an SCR, the on
time never exceeds one-half cycle so that the other half-cycle is
available for the rectified power supply 51. A triac may be on for
a full 360.degree. thus in effect shorting any power supply
connected across its principal terminals. However, an alternative
arrangement using a triac is illustrated in FIG. 3 and described
below.
In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 2, the series-connected light
12, SCR 13 and power source at terminals 9 and 10 are arranged so
that the amplifier and the bulb socket are both at signal ground.
This is done to reduce the coupling of any spurious noise from the
power lines to the amplifier which might cause firing of the SCR.
Several noise sources exist in a home and examples include light
dimmers and electric motors.
The operation of the preferred embodiment begins with the closing
of the mechanical switch 11. With the switch 11 closed, the light
12 is ready to be illuminated. In the absence of sound in the
environment of the microphone 17, no trigger signal will be present
at the gate 14 and the light 12 will not be illuminated. If sound
is incident on the microphone 17, the sound will be converted to an
electrical audio signal and amplified by the stages of the audio
amplifier 18. An audio signal will be present at the gate 14. If
the peaks of the audio signal at the gate 14 are below the
gate-firing voltage, the lamp will still not be illuminated; if,
however, the peaks of the audio signal at the gate 14 are greater
than the gate-firing voltage, the lamp 12 will be energized during
part of each half-cycle that the principal terminals 15 and 16 of
the SCR 13 are forward biased.
The magnitude of the audio signal of the gate 14 is dependent not
only on the level of sound input to the microphone 17 but also on
the position of the wiper 30 along the resistance 26. Thus, the
wiper 30 is a sensitivity control which can be adjusted so that a
desired sound input level fires the SCR 13. Preferably, the
resistance 26 varies logarithmically in order to give good control
at low levels of audio input to the microphone 17 as well as at
higher levels.
In the preferred circuit, then, the voltage at the gate 14 is an
audio signal resulting from the sound input to the microphone 17.
Within an amplitude range for each setting of the wiper 30 the
amplitude of the gate signal controls the apparent brightness of
the lamp 8. The SCR will almost always be fired at or near the
beginning of its conducting half-cycle if the magnitude of the gate
signal is sufficient because the audio signal frequency is
ordinarily at least ten times larger than the frequency of its
source of electrical energy at terminals 9 and 10 (which is applied
to the principal terminals of the SCR).
Most sounds, such as that of a human voice, are continuous streams
of varying magnitude. If the wiper is positioned to make the
circuit very sensitive, almost all spoken sound will illuminate the
lamp.
If a low sensitivity is used only the occasional higher magnitude
sound will cause the light to be energized. The lamp will be
energized for only a few half-cycles. At an intermediate
sensitivity, the apparent brightness of the light will seem to
flicker during a series of utterances depending upon the relative
number of half-cycles the lamp is not energized.
One important feature of the preferred embodiment is that, because
the trigger pulses at the gate 14 are at the same frequency as the
input at the microphone 17, there is substantially no visible time
delay from the time the sound ceases at the microphone 17 until the
time that the light 12 is no longer illuminated. This enables the
light 12 to flicker more nearly and closely in response to the
words and syllables of a speaker talking into the microphone 17. At
the beginning of a sufficiently loud word or syllable the light
will be immediately illuminated; and when the word is ended or a
sentence is ended, it will immediately shut off. This gives the
speaker a great awareness that the light is indeed directly
reacting to his voice. Conventional audio- actuated switches
provide rectifier and filter capacitors which rectify and filter
the audio signal. This results in a light which will be turned on
in a conventional system in response to the sound but which when
the sound stops, especially for a small instant of time, maintains
the light on until the capacitor can decay. Such a system is not
intended to give and does not give a close correspondence between
the light illumination and the sounds of a speaker.
The coupling of the output of an audio amplifier by a capacitor to
the gate of a thyristor is believed to be new. To accomplish this,
I have used a capacitor which provides an impedance 18, small
enough so that the input impedance to the gate circuit as the
terminal 62 and ground is matched with the output impedance of the
third transistor 34 amplifier stage.
It is the intention of my invention that any suitable means could
be used to connect the output of the transducer 17 to the gate 14
of the thyristor 13 for impressing an audio frequency trigger
signal on the gate. Some clipping of the signal is permissible so
that one or more of the transistors 16, 22 and 34 could be biased
to operate class AB, class B or class C. These would in effect clip
off a portion of the audio signal. Also substantial nonlinear
distortion of the audio signal is permissible and therefore the
amplifier stage can be operated in the nonlinear range of their
characteristics. It is only necessary that the audio rate of
substantial magnitude variation be preserved. Therefore, even with
clipping or distortion and provided there is no smoothing capacitor
used anywhere, an audio frequency trigger signal will be impressed
upon the gate 14. Such a signal will provide operation very similar
to that provided by the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1.
Such operation would, unlike previously known circuits, provide a
light flicker which appears to be an instantaneous representation
of the audio input to the transducer 17.
In FIG. 3, I illustrate an alternative embodiment of my invention.
It illustrates two alternatives. First it illustrates the use of a
triac 113 rather than an SCR and second it illustrates a rectified
power supply 151 which is not connected parallel to the thyristor
switch.
The circuit of FIG. 3 has a microphone 117 which provides an
electrical audio signal input to the audio amplifier 118. The
output of the amplifier 118 is coupled by a capacitor 148 onto the
gate 114 of the triac 113. A standard 117 volt house voltage may be
connected at the terminal 109 and 110 so that when the triac 113 is
conducting, the light 112 will be illuminated.
In FIG. 4 I illustrate yet another embodiment of my invention. This
circuit has a full-wave rectifier (but no filtering) connected to
an alternating source of electrical energy at terminals 202 and 203
so that the source of electrical energy at terminals 209 and 210 is
full-wave rectified sinusoid. This rectification provides solely
positive half-cycles on the SCR 213 so that its principal terminals
are essentially always biased for conduction. Conduction can then
occur for nearly the full 360.degree. therefore providing the
advantage of triac-type output with SCR gate sensitivity.
Since rectification is provided by the full-wave rectifier 201,
only a filter 255 need be connected to the rectifier 201 in order
to provide power supply to the amplifier 218 having a microphone
217.
It is to be understood that while the detailed drawings and
specific examples given described preferred embodiments of my
invention, they are for the purposes of illustration only, that the
apparatus of the invention is not limited to the precise details
and conditions disclosed and that various changes may be made
therein without departing from the spirit of the invention which is
defined by the following claims.
* * * * *