U.S. patent number 3,582,054 [Application Number 04/830,476] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-01 for furnace muffle.
This patent grant is currently assigned to BTU Engineering Corporation. Invention is credited to Jacob Howard Beck.
United States Patent |
3,582,054 |
Beck |
June 1, 1971 |
FURNACE MUFFLE
Abstract
A furnace muffle operative to maintain a clean atmosphere over a
wide temperature range. The muffle is formed of fused silica with a
flat hearth adapted to directly support a moving conveyor. The
muffle includes a downwardly extending V-shaped portion formed
along the length of the hearth arranged to hold one or more
temperature sensing thermocouples with a minimum of lead-length and
to collect contaminants in an area removed from workload being
processed.
Inventors: |
Beck; Jacob Howard (Waban,
MA) |
Assignee: |
BTU Engineering Corporation
(Waltham, MA)
|
Family
ID: |
25257078 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/830,476 |
Filed: |
June 4, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
432/50; 432/74;
432/153; 432/249 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F27B
9/08 (20130101); F27D 11/02 (20130101); F27D
2099/0093 (20130101); F27B 9/084 (20130101); F27D
21/0014 (20130101); F27D 2003/121 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F27B
9/00 (20060101); F27B 9/08 (20060101); F27D
11/00 (20060101); F27D 11/02 (20060101); F27D
23/00 (20060101); F27D 21/00 (20060101); F27D
3/12 (20060101); F27b 021/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;263/37,38,41,42,47 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Camby; John J.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A muffle for a conveyor furnace comprising:
an elongated unitary hollow member formed of fused silica;
a hearth integrally formed as the base wall of said member and
having substantially flat coplanar surfaces adapted to directly
support a moving conveyor thereon; and
a section centrally disposed along the length of said hearth
between said coplanar surfaces and outwardly extending
therefrom,
said section being adapted to support one or more thermocouple
sensors thereon in efficient thermal sensing position.
2. A furnace muffle according to claim 1 wherein said outwardly
extending section is adapted to collect along the length thereof
contaminants which may be present within said muffle and includes
one or more openings disposed in a wall of said section along the
length thereof for removal of said contaminants.
3. A furnace muffle according to claim 1 wherein said outwardly
extending section is of generally V-shaped cross section and said
unitary hollow member has a substantially uniform wall
thickness.
4. A furnace muffle according to claim 3 wherein a selected
outermost region of said outwardly extending section includes a
radiation transparent window adapted to transmit thermal energy
within said member to a thermocouple sensor disposed adjacent said
window.
5. A furnace muffle according to claim 3 wherein a selected
outermost region of said outwardly extending section has a
relatively thin wall operative to provide a radiation transparent
window for transmission of thermal energy from within said member
to a thermocouple sensor disposed adjacent said thin wall.
6. A furnace muffle according to claim 1 wherein said outwardly
extending section includes one or more openings in a wall thereof
for support of respective ones of said thermocouple sensors within
said section and below said moving conveyor.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to furnaces and more particularly to an
improved muffle for moving conveyor muffle furnaces especially
adapted to provide efficient heat transfer and to maintain a clean
operating atmosphere over a wide range of operating
temperatures.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Muffle furnaces are widely employed in continuous heat-processing
systems, such as in the fabrication of semiconductor and thick film
products, in which workpieces are heated while being transported on
a conveyor through the muffle. The muffle is generally formed in
the shape of a long tube of ceramic or metal and is heated by
heater elements arranged in the insulative firebrick to provide the
requisite heating. Ceramic muffles are usually fabricated of a
high-alumina refractory material having low temperature
conductivity, low emmissivity and high mass. Such muffles exhibit
considerable thermal inertia, with the result that temperature
changes within the furnace cannot be accomplished as rapidly as
desirable in many instances. For example, a workpiece traveling
through the muffle at a predetermined rate may miss the effect of a
temperature change due to the slow reaction time of the ceramic
material to the change in temperature. Rapid and precise
temperature control is, therefore, not easily accomplished by
reason of the slow thermal characteristics of the muffle. A further
problem is experienced with such ceramic muffles by reason of
contaminants emitted from the material especially at extreme
elevated temperatures. The contaminants may take the form of gases
and fine dust particles which can markedly reduce the yield of
precision products such as thick film circuits being processed in
the furnace.
Muffles formed of metal such as Inconel have been employed in an
attempt to reduce the effects of thermal inertia; however, the
thermal characteristics of the metal are not always suitable for
many purposes, and in addition, the metal employed can form
contaminants at elevated temperatures. For example, in oxidizing
atmospheres above 600.degree. C., metal oxides form which can cause
contamination of workpieces being processed. The problem of oxide
formation is especially critical at temperatures above 600.degree.
C. and for thermal processing at temperatures above this level
furnace muffles of conventional construction have generally been
found unsatisfactory. The relatively poor thermal characteristics
of ceramic and metal muffles detract from the overall thermal
efficiency of the furnace in which such muffles are employed, since
energy from the heating elements is transmitted by radiation to the
outside of the muffle and is transmitted by conduction through the
muffle and thence by radiation from the inner muffle surface to the
workpieces being processed. Considerable energy is therefore wasted
in heating the muffle itself before energy is transmitted to the
workpieces.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly the present invention provides a unique muffle for a
conveyor furnace which is effectively transparent to thermal
radiation over a wide range of operating temperatures and which
maintains a clean operating atmosphere over this temperature range,
including high elevated temperatures where muffles of conventional
construction can become a major source of contamination. As a
particular feature of the invention, the novel muffle construction
permits the effective placement of thermocouples in positions to
efficiently sense the temperature of workpieces passing
therethrough with a minimum of lead length. In one embodiment of
the invention the novel muffle construction permits thermocouple
placement in a manner such that accurate temperature sensing is
accomplished through thermally transparent windows in the muffle
wall, with the result that a gas atmosphere can be maintained
within a closed muffle structure. The novel muffle is formed of
fused silica (often referred to as fused quartz) and is shaped as
an elongated tube of generally rectangular cross section and
reasonably uniform wall thickness. The lower interior surface of
the muffle (hearth) is substantially flat and is adapted to support
a moving conveyor belt thereon without need for ancillary
mechanical support frames for transport of workpieces through the
furnace, and includes an axially and outwardly extending V-shaped
portion along the lower muffle surface. This outwardly extending
portion is especially adapted to support a number of thermocouples
in positions to accurately sense operating temperature, and is so
constructed as to collect dust, oxides and other contaminants in an
area removed from the work in process and in a position to permit
easy removal and cleaning.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be more fully understood from the following
detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings, in which:
FIG. 1, labeled PRIOR ART, is a cutaway pictorial view of a furnace
muffle of conventional design;
FIG. 2 is a cutaway pictorial view of a mold useful in forming a
muffle according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a cutaway pictorial view of a furnace with a fused silica
muffle constructed according to the invention;
FIG. 4 is a cutaway pictorial view of an alternative embodiment of
a novel fused silica furnace muffle according to the invention;
and
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary side view, partly in section, of a lower
portion of the muffle shown in FIG. 4.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A moving conveyor furnace of conventional construction is
illustrated in FIG. 1 (designated PRIOR ART) and includes an
elongated arched roof fused silica muffle 10 supported within a
suitably insulated structure, built up, for example, of firebrick
12 and having a plurality of customary electrical heating elements
14 disposed around the exterior of muffle 10. The electrical
heating elements 14 are used to elevate the work passing through
the furnace to the selected operating temperature, and in a long
furnace may include several heating zones (not shown) which are
controlled by thermocouple sensors to be described below. The use
of a fused silica muffle 10 permits operation at extremely high
temperatures as required in certain processes. As previously
mentioned, one of the principal advantages of a fused silica muffle
is that it is inert and clean and thus assists in achieving
contamination-free processes.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the base of the muffle 10 (hearth)
includes a thicker central portion 16, that is, thicker than the
ends of the muffle base and thicker than the sidewalls and arched
roof. The reasons for this prior art construction will be discussed
below.
To complete the furnace structure shown in FIG. 1, an endless
conveyor belt 18 formed of woven stainless steel wire, chain-link
or other suitable material, passes through the length of muffle 10
supported upon a generally V-shaped rectangular channel 20 which
extends throughout the muffle 10. Due to the nature of the muffle
cross section which includes thicker center portion 16, channel 20
is supported upon an appropriate plurality of brackets 22 and in
this manner the conveyor 18 is maintained in relatively flat
configuration so that workpieces being treated in the furnace will
travel through the furnace in a plane as the conveyor advances from
one end of the furnace to the other.
As previously mentioned, temperature control is provided for the
furnace and for this purpose one or more thermocouple sensors 26
are disposed beneath the channel 20 centrally of the muffle. Each
thermocouple 26 is placed beneath an opening 24 in the channel 20
and as illustrated is connected to axial lead wires which run the
length of the muffle in auxiliary channels 28. Thus, if a large
number of thermocouples are used along the length of the furnace,
each of the channels 28 will contain a bundle of leads which at the
ends of the furnace are connected to the heater power controls.
The prior art furnace construction just described in connection
with FIG. 1 presents certain disadvantages which detract from the
ultimate performance in the processing of precision products such
as thick film circuits, integrated circuits and the like, despite
the advantages otherwise achieved from the use of fused silica for
the muffle 10. The principal limitation is the channel structure 20
which is not only costly, but since it is made of metal the
conveyor belt and thermocouple lead wire support structure
contributes substantially to contamination especially at elevated
temperatures and thus tends to nullify the advantage achieved from
the use of fused silica in the muffle itself. Also as is evident
from FIG. 1, the thermocouple sensors 26 which are beneath the
conveyor 18 and sense the temperature through openings 24 are in a
position to be contaminated by the oxides, dust and other materials
which tend to drop through opening 24 during operation of the
furnace. Contamination which accumulates within the muffle is at
all times in close proximity to the workpieces transported by
conveyor belt 18 and oftentimes these products are extremely
sensitive to contamination and are critically affected thereby.
Contamination which falls on the thermocouple 26 can result in
erroneous temperature sensing and power system heat control.
For an understanding of the limitations of these prior art fused
silica muffle constructions, it is appropriate at this point to
describe briefly the general manner in which these muffles are
fabricated. A fused silica muffle is formed within a horizontal
mold which has an internal cavity of the length and external
configuration of the muffle desired. Thus, muffle 10 of FIG. 1 is
formed within a mold (usually separate sections of cast iron) where
the cavity is of the arched roof exterior configuration
illustrated. A graphite painted high temperature heater rod,
typically a Globar rod, is inserted into a "barrel" of sand whose
axial length is equal to that of the mold cavity. By heating this
rod slowly, a tube of liquid sand (or fused silica) of somewhat
plastic consistency is formed over the surface of the rod while the
remainder of the sand is in granular form. The heater rod and the
hot fused silica surrounding it is then withdrawn from the barrel
and the heater rod is in turn withdrawn to provide a hollow tube of
soft fused silica. One end of this tube is pinched off and a blow
pipe is inserted in the other. The tube is then placed into the
cast iron mold and blown to extend and conform with the interior of
the mold. Upon cooling, a fused silica muffle is obtained. This may
be cut to any desired length for furnace use.
Examining the muffle fabrication process more closely, it may be
seen that when the tube of soft fused silica is placed on the
bottom of the mold, the lowermost outer surface of the tube will be
flattened somewhat and then as the air pressure is increased to
extend the tube to its proper shape the fused silica flows away
from the central base portion leaving the latter thicker than the
remaining walls. Contact between the fused silica tube and the mold
causes chilling of the lower portion of the tube and corresponding
increase in the viscosity of this portion. As a result, as the tube
is blown, the lower viscosity material more readily flows toward
the walls of the mold leaving a thicker central base portion. It is
in this fabrication process that the muffle 10 shown in FIG. 1 with
the bulge in the center of the base is obtained.
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a fused
silica muffle for furnace use is formed in a manner which
substantially eliminates the problems discussed above in connection
with prior designs and which provide significantly superior
performance. In this regard, reference is made to FIG. 2 which
shows in diagrammatic form the cast iron mold 30 which may be used
in the fabrication of one embodiment of the novel fused silica
muffle. As shown, the mold 30 is formed of a pair of mating
separable sections defining an internal cavity 31 which is much
like the configuration previously discussed in connection with FIG.
1 except that a V-shaped outwardly extending section 32 is provided
in the base wall of the cavity. The base of the cavity is otherwise
planar.
As shown in FIG. 2, an elongated tube 34 of molten silica is
disposed within the mold cavity in contact with the shoulders of
the V-shaped portion 32. Tube 34 is in a generally plastic state
and air or other suitable gas of predetermined pressure is
introduced to cause expansion into contact with the walls of cavity
31. The tube 34 is thus blown into a muffle configuration as
indicated in the dotted outline 36 conforming to the mold cavity.
During expansion of the tube 34 into engagement with the cavity
interior surface, the fused silica flows outwardly into engagement
with the cavity wall in such a manner that the wall thickness is
generally uniform as shown with the exception of the region in the
outermost vertex of the V-shaped section. The contact area between
tube 34 and the mold cavity is substantially reduced compared with
the prior art method described above, with the result that less
chilling occurs and the viscosity of tube 34 is essentially
uniform. Any wall thickening which may be produced occurs in the
vertex of the V-shaped portion and does not interfere with the
flatness of the muffle floor.
The novel fused silica muffle formed in the manner shown in FIG. 2
is embodied into a furnace as illustrated in FIG. 3 which in many
respects is structurally the same as the prior type furnace shown
in FIG. 1. Thus the muffle 38 is encased within a structure of
insulating firebrick 40 and is surrounded by a plurality of
customary heating elements 42. The furnace may have axial separate
temperature zones each of which is individually controlled, but
this has not been illustrated since the separation or division into
zones does not form part of the present invention. The muffle base
includes flat interior surfaces 44 and 46 adapted to support a
moving conveyor 48 formed as mentioned earlier of woven stainless
steel wire, chain-link or the like, but as will be observed the
conveyor rides smoothly upon the generally flat interior surfaces
and does not require auxiliary metal support. In the illustrated
embodiment, the outwardly extended section 50 formed axially along
the length of the muffle hearth is of generally V-shaped cross
section this configuration being derived from the mold shown in
FIG. 2. The V-shaped portion of the muffle shown in FIG. 3 is of
such a width that it does not interfere with the flatness of the
conveyor 48 which travels through the length of the muffle. In the
drawing FIG. 3, the width of the V-shaped cross section has been
exaggerated somewhat relative to the full width of the muffle base
for purpose of clarity.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, the novel fused silica muffle is provided
with an opening 51 through which the fused quartz tube 52 having an
interior closed end is fitted. Tube 52 contains the thermocouple 53
whose leads 55 are suitably spaced by insulator 57. The leads 55
which extend beneath the muffle may be taken out through the side
of the furnace through an appropriate insulating tube (not shown).
It will be observed that the thermocouple 53 in its quartz tube 52
is appropriately positioned beneath the conveyor, and hence in a
position to sense the temperature of the workpieces traveling
through the furnace in a manner which is less susceptible to drafts
through the muffle. The thermocouples may be conveniently removed
by withdrawal from the openings 51 for servicing and most
significantly, contamination such as that diagrammatically
illustrated at 59 falling from the conveyor will drop into the
vertex of the V and will not interfere with operation of the
thermocouple. The number of thermocouples and hence the number of
openings 51 which are provided in the wall of the V-shaped section
will depend upon the needs of the particular process. These
thermocouples may be used to maintain a uniform temperature
throughout the length of the muffle or if the heaters are divided
into zones, thermocouples may be used to establish different
temperatures axially along the furnace.
As shown in FIG. 3 an opening 54 is provided in one of the inclined
walls of the V-shaped section 50 and similar openings may be
provided along the length of the muffle to assist in the cleanout
of contaminants which accumulate through use. These contaminants
may be blown out by compressed air piped through one or more
openings 54 or conversely by suction through tubes inserted through
one or more openings 54.
As is apparent from FIG. 3 the moving conveyor 48 is supported
directly on the interior planar surface of the muffle hearth
eliminating as mentioned earlier the need for cumbersome and costly
metal-supporting structures; but apart from cost, the reduction of
the amount of metal in the muffle significantly enhances the
cleanliness of furnace operation and sharply lowers the
contaminants which otherwise appear in the process.
The novel fused silica muffle described with reference to FIG. 3 is
particularly suitable in use with furnace atmospheres of air or
other gas where leakage from the muffle interior through the
cleanout openings 54 and from thermocouple mounting holes 51 is not
particularly critical. In some instances, however, it is necessary
to employ a critical controlled gaseous atmosphere within the
muffle and for such purposes openings communicating with the muffle
exterior such as openings 51 and 54 cannot be employed.
An embodiment of the present invention especially suited to
operation with critical gas atmospheres is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
Here the muffle is generally rectangular but with essentially the
same V-shaped outward extension and lower surface illustrated
previously in connection with FIG. 3. The relative width of the
V-shaped extension has been exaggerated for clarity but in a
practical embodiment the width is sufficiently narrow to permit
operation of the conveyor belt 48 in a horizontal plane. A
transverse channel 60 is provided in the outermost portion of the
vertex of V-shaped section 58 to accommodate each thermocouple
sensor 70 (the structure of the sensor being essentially the same
as illustrated and described with reference in FIG. 3). As will be
observed, the channel 60, which may be formed by a high speed
grinding wheel, is of rectangular cross section and is arranged to
leave a thin-wall window 62 in the vertex; that is to say, the
channel 60 does not breach the integrity of the muffle structure.
The thin window 62 is sufficiently radiation transparent to permit
the thermocouple to sense the temperature of the work passing above
on the conveyor belt and thus permits processing control of furnace
temperature. The muffle shown in FIG. 4 has a flat roof and except
for the ends is completely sealed. Contaminants which fall into the
base of the V section may from time to time be blown out by
compressed gas introduced at an end of the muffle. The rectangular
configuration presents a smaller cross section than the muffle 38
shown in FIG. 3. The advantage here is that due to the smaller
cross section, higher gas velocity is attainable with minimum gas
consumption.
From the foregoing it may be seen that the novel fused silica
muffle structures illustrated and described herein provide an
exceptionally clean environment. The temperature control may be
efficiently maintained in one or more zones and specialized gaseous
atmospheres may be used as required. The endless conveyor belt
which transports the work from the furnace may be smoothly operated
without auxiliary metal channels thus enhancing performance by
reducing cost. Apart from the improved operation due to cleanliness
and thermocouple placement, both versions of the novel muffle,
illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, provide superior strength and
stability by virtue of the rib structure resulting from the
V-shaped outwardly extending sections.
Structural variations of the novel muffles illustrated herein may
be made to adapt these to specialized operating environments.
* * * * *