U.S. patent number 3,581,513 [Application Number 04/818,771] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-01 for method and system for freezing rock and soil.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Institute of Gas Technology. Invention is credited to John L. Jr. Cranmer, Bertram E. Eakin, Eugene P. McCann.
United States Patent |
3,581,513 |
Cranmer , et al. |
June 1, 1971 |
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR FREEZING ROCK AND SOIL
Abstract
A system and method for freezing water in the rock and/or soil
formation surrounding a chamber, at least partially below ground
level, used for storing liquid gas at cryogenic temperatures. Gas
boiled from the liquid gas in the chamber is vented and is
distributed to a plurality of series connected heat exchangers
positioned in the surrounding formation. The cold gas freezes the
water in the formation surrounding the heat exchangers to thereby
improve the insulating properties of the insulation surrounding the
chamber and to ultimately stop any seepage of water around the
chamber.
Inventors: |
Cranmer; John L. Jr. (Chicago,
IL), Eakin; Bertram E. (Naperville, IL), McCann; Eugene
P. (Tewksbury, MA) |
Assignee: |
Institute of Gas Technology
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
25226366 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/818,771 |
Filed: |
April 23, 1969 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
702293 |
Feb 1, 1968 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/48.3; 62/53.1;
405/56; 62/260 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F25B
23/00 (20130101); F17C 3/005 (20130101); F17C
2227/0383 (20130101); F17C 2223/0161 (20130101); F17C
2203/0639 (20130101); F17C 2265/032 (20130101); F17C
2201/032 (20130101); F17C 2203/032 (20130101); F17C
2203/037 (20130101); F17C 2201/0157 (20130101); F17C
2201/054 (20130101); F17C 2227/0339 (20130101); F17C
2203/0333 (20130101); F17C 2223/033 (20130101); F17C
2203/0358 (20130101); F17C 2203/0678 (20130101); F17C
2270/0147 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F17C
3/00 (20060101); F25B 23/00 (20060101); B65g
005/00 (); F17c 007/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;62/45,55,50,260,54,52
;61/.5,36 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: O'Leary; Robert A.
Assistant Examiner: Davis; Albert W.
Parent Case Text
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of our copending
application Ser. No. 702,293, filed Feb. 1, 1968, now abandoned.
Claims
What we claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
1. A system for freezing water, said system comprising a chamber
storing liquid gas at cryogenic temperatures, a formation
surrounding and exteriorly spaced of said chamber and containing
water, water-barrier means intermediate at least the upper and side
portions of said chamber and said formation, at least a portion of
said liquid gas being boiled off to the gaseous state, means in the
upper portion of said chamber for venting said boiled-off gas, heat
exchanger means positioned in at least the sidewalls of said
formation, and means directly interconnecting said heat exchanger
means and said venting means for passing said boiled-off gas to
said heat exchanger means for progressively freezing the water in
the formation surrounding said heat exchanger means.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein said chamber includes a top and
sides, said heat exchanger means comprises a plurality of heat
exchangers in said formation adjacent said top and sides, and said
interconnecting means comprises conduit means connecting said heat
exchanger means in series.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein said vent means is interconnected
to said interconnecting means at the central portion of said upper
portion.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein said chamber includes a bottom
portion, water-permeable means surrounding said chamber, and pump
means are in communication with said water-permeable means for
pumping water, which is not frozen at the heat exchanger means,
upwardly from the bottom portion of said chamber.
5. The system of claim 4 wherein means are provided for
distributing said pumped water at the central portion of the upper
portion of said chamber for passage thereof over said water-barrier
means for avoiding ice formation thereon.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein said heat exchanger means
comprises series connected cylindrical members in said formation
having an inner pipe passing cold boiled-off gas upwardly and an
outer annual portion for passing the gas downwardly to an outlet
portion.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein said formation is earth and said
chamber is at least partially below ground level.
8. The system of claim 7 wherein said chamber has at least its
sides below the ground, said heat exchanger means comprises a
plurality of heat exchangers in the earth formation surrounding the
sides below the ground and said interconnecting means comprises
conduit means connecting said heat exchanger means in series.
9. The system of claim 7 wherein said chamber includes a bottom
portion, water-permeable means surround said chamber, and pump
means are in communication with said water-permeable means for
pumping water, which is not frozen at the heat exchanger means,
upwardly from the said bottom portion of said chamber.
10. A method for freezing water, said method comprising the steps
of providing a chamber having a formation containing water spaced
there around and being used for storing liquid gas at cryogenic
temperatures, providing water-barrier means intermediate at least
the upper and side portions of said chamber and said formation, at
least a portion of said gas being boiled off to the gaseous state,
venting said boiled gas from the liquid gas in said chamber,
distributing said boiled-off gas in a closed system to a plurality
of heat exchanger means positioned in at least the sidewalls of
said formation, and freezing the water surrounding said heat
exchanger means in said formation with said boiled-off gas.
11. The method of claim 10 including the steps of first freezing
the upper portion of said formation and then freezing the water at
the sidewall heat exchanger means of said formation.
12. The method of claim 10 including the steps of collecting water
from around said chamber, and pumping said collected water and
distributing at least a portion of said water over said
water-barrier means to avoid ice formation thereon.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein said formation is provided as an
earth formation and said chamber is provided at least partially
below ground level.
14. The method of claim 13 including the steps of providing
water-barrier means around said chamber, collecting water from
around said chamber, pumping said collected water and distributing
at least a portion of said water over said water-barrier means to
avoid ice formation thereon.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein the heat exchanger means at the
upper portion of said formation are frozen before the water at the
heat exchanger means surrounding the lower portion of said
formation are frozen.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
This invention relates to a method and system for freezing water in
an earth formation surrounding a chamber which is at least
partially below the ground and is used for storing liquid gas at
cryogenic temperatures and it particularly relates to such a method
and system which ultimately substantially prevents the inflow of
water to the storage chamber and which also increases the
efficiency of the thermal insulation surrounding the chamber for
maintaining the stored liquid gas at cryogenic temperatures.
In U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 526,983, filed Feb. 14, 1966, now
U.S. Pat. No. 3,418,812, there is disclosed an insulation system
for an underground chamber used for the storage of liquified gases
at cryogenic temperatures. Although the insulation system described
in the prior application is satisfactory in chambers which are
surrounded by substantially dry areas, it has been found that where
the chambers are surrounded by relatively wet rock or ground or
where the water table is relatively high, the waterproofing of the
chamber from external water is inadequate. In the prior
application, it is disclosed that a water and moisture sealant is
sprayed onto the internal surface of the earth formation, such as
rock or soil, after excavating, cleaning, and drying the
chamber.
In practice, in underground chambers constructed in relatively wet
areas, it has been found that moisture or water seeps through and
not only comes into contact with the low temperature insulation to
adversely affect the insulating properties of the insulation,
generally foamed plastic, but the water also works its way up
through the insulation to an internal liquid barrier; the low
temperature in the cavern freezes the water outside the barrier.
The ice, thus formed, will ultimately break the internal liquid
barrier. Such a condition cannot be tolerated because such breakage
of the internal barrier permits leakage of the stored liquid
gas.
In copending application, Ser. No. 702,471, of Bertram E. Eakin and
John L. Cranmer, Jr., filed on even date herewith and now abandoned
in favor of continuation-in-part application, Ser. No. 794,339,
there is disclosed an insulation and waterproofing system for
underground chambers which substantially avoids the problems
encountered when such underground chambers are constructed in
relatively wet areas. In the system disclosed in this second
application, a water barrier, such as sheet metal, is secured to
the top, sides, and bottom of the cavern. Insulating material is
mounted inside the water barrier, and a second liquid barrier is
secured to the opposite side of the insulation. The second liquid
barrier is in contact with the liquid in the cavern.
Water-permeable material fills the void spaces between the sides
and floor of the cavern so that external water may be transmitted
to a sump pump which pumps the water away from the chamber.
Although the insulating and waterproofing system in the second
application is quite acceptable, it would be even more desirable if
the required pumping could be dispensed with after a period of
time. One way in which the required pumping of the second
application can be substantially dispensed with after a period of
time is by use of a simple and economical system for freezing at
least the sides of the rock or soil surrounding the chamber or
where the chamber roof is entirely below ground, for freezing the
top and sides.
Frozen rock or soil surrounding the chamber increases the
efficiency of the insulation and provides improved control over the
amount of boiling of the liquid gas contained within the chamber.
Freezing of the rock also substantially avoids water control
problems in the area around the chamber. Furthermore, the frozen
rock or soil will provide a "fail-safe" system because, as the rock
becomes frozen, it becomes gastight and if there is a failure of
the liquid barrier containing the liquid gas, the gas will be
contained by the rock structure, and not leak out to the
surrounding area, becoming a hazard to persons and property.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an important object of this invention to provide an
improved method and system for freezing water in an earth formation
surrounding at least a portion of an underground chamber used for
storing liquid gas at cryogenic temperatures.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a method and
system for freezing water surrounding an underground chamber formed
at least partially in rock and/or soil, wherein boiled off gas from
the liquid gas is used for freezing the water in the formation
surrounding the chamber.
It is another object of this invention to provide an improved
method and system for freezing water in the soil and rock
surrounding an underground chamber used for storing liquid gas at
cryogenic temperatures wherein the frozen soil and rock acts to
substantially avoid water seepage into the chamber.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a method and
system for freezing water in rock and soil surrounding an
underground chamber for storing liquid gas at cryogenic
temperatures wherein the method and system are highly effective,
efficient, and economical.
It is still a further object of this invention to provide a system
for freezing water in the rock and soil surrounding an underground
chamber for storing liquid gas at cryogenic temperatures wherein
the insulating properties of the insulation surrounding the chamber
are enhanced.
It is also another object of this invention to provide a system for
freezing the water in the rock and soil surrounding an underground
chamber for storing liquid gas at cryogenic temperatures wherein
the freezing of the soil and rock is accomplished in a relatively
short period of time.
Further purposes and objects of this invention will appear as the
specification proceeds.
Generally, our improved system for freezing water in the rock and
soil surrounding a chamber, at least partially below ground, used
for storing liquid gas at cryogenic temperatures includes a vent in
the upper portion of the chamber for venting the gas boiled off
from the liquid gas stored in the chamber, a plurality of series
connected heat exchangers are positioned in the rock and soil
surrounding the chamber, the heat exchangers being connected to the
vent, and conduits directing the boiled off gas through the heat
exchangers so that the cold gas freezes the water in the rock and
soil surrounding the heat exchangers.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Particular embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in
the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating our
improved method and system for effecting the freezing of the rock
and soil surrounding an underground chamber used for storing liquid
gas at cryogenic temperatures;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing the heat
exchangers and distribution means to the heat exchangers for the
cold gas for freezing of the water surrounding the chamber, and
also showing the distribution means for passing water to the top of
the chamber;
FIG. 3 is a detailed cross-sectional view through the heat
exchangers used for freezing the water in the rock and soil
surrounding the cavern;
FIG. 4 is an alternate embodiment of our invention wherein the
storage chamber has its top extending above ground level; and
FIG. 5 is another alternate embodiment of our invention wherein the
storage chamber has its top and a substantial portion of the sides
extending above the ground.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the schematic drawing of FIG. 1, an underground
chamber, generally 10, is excavated in a suitable manner,
preferably by the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. application Ser.
No. 527,158, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,407,606. The chamber 10 is
preferably surrounded by rock although, particularly in the upper
portions of the chamber 10, soil may also surround portions of the
chamber. The chamber 10 includes a domed top 12, sides 14, and a
floor 16 in the surrounding rock or soil.
A water barrier 18 is secured to the top, sides 14 and the floor 16
of the chamber 10. The mounting of the water barrier sheet 18 may
be accomplished by the use of studs (not shown) preferably mounted
in the rock surrounding the chamber 10, which studs are secured to
the outer surface of the water barrier 18. Preferably, the water
barrier 18 is a continuously formed steel sheet. As described in
copending application Ser. No. 702,471, of Bertram E. Eakin and
John L. Cranmer, Jr., filed on even date herewith, a
water-permeable filler material (not shown) is desirably poured in
the space defined between the irregular sides 14 of the chamber 10
and the sides of the water barrier 18. The material, preferably a
water permeable concrete, such as "popcorn" or "no fines" concrete,
is permeable to water passing between the formation defining the
chamber 10 and the water barrier 18 so that water passes downwardly
to the lower portion of the chamber 10. Thus the filler material,
by filling the voids between the planar surface of the water
barrier 18 and the irregular surface of the chamber sides 14, also
transfers load-bearing support for the hydrostatic pressure of the
liquid gas within the chamber 10 to the rock load bearing sides 14
of the chamber 10.
Thermal insulation, generally 20, is placed in contact with the
inner surface of the water barrier 18 to provide thermal insulation
to maintain the liquid gas within the cavern 10 at the desired
cryogenic temperatures. Any number of layers of insulation 20 are
used to maintain the gas at the desired temperature. Preferably,
the insulation 20 comprises a plurality of foamed plastic blocks,
such as polyurethane blocks, about 2 feet square by 2-- 4 inches
thick. The material preferably is sufficient to provide a
temperature difference of 100.degree. between the inner and outer
surfaces of the insulating blocks. The insulation 20 completely
surrounds all sides of the chamber 10 so that the thermal
insulation maintains the liquid gas at the necessary cryogenic
temperature.
At least the inner surface of the inner layer of insulation 20 in
contact with the liquid gas is covered by a liquid barrier,
generally 22, which prevents the egress of liquid gas from the
chamber 10. The liquid barrier 22 is preferably metallic or a
plastic-metal laminate, such as a Mylar-aluminum-Mylar-Dacron
laminate, which is commercially available. The liquid barrier 22
must be nonreactive with the liquid gas contained within the
chamber 10 and it must also be unaffected by the cryogenic
temperatures.
A concrete slab 24 is located immediately below the bottom of the
floor of the water barrier 18. A vapor barrier 26, such as
polyethylene sheeting, is placed between the concrete slab 24 and
water permeable crushed stone 28 is laid in the space between the
concrete slab 24 and the rock floor 16 of the chamber 10. The
crushed stone 28 permits the water to flow under the stored liquid
gas. Preferably, the rock floor 16 is slanted in a direction
towards a sump, generally 30. A sump pump 32 is contained within
the tile sump 30 which is surrounded by water permeable crushed
stone 34 which communicates both with the layer of crushed stone 28
above the floor 16 and with the water permeable filler material
between the rock sides 14 and the water barrier sides 18. Water
that passes around and under the chamber 10 is thereby pumped by
the sump pump 32 upwardly through a pipe 36 to an outlet 38. The
sump pump 32 is the type which can be replaced for repairs by
working from the surface.
The important features of this invention involve a system for
freezing at least the rock top and sides 14 defining the chamber
10. By freezing the ground or rock around the chamber 10, water
seepage is thereby substantially eliminated since the water is
transformed into ice. Secondly, by lowering the temperature of the
rock, the thermal insulating properties of the insulation 20 are
enhanced not only in assisting in preventing the egress of water to
the insulation 20 but also by lowering the temperature surrounding
the chamber 10. The lower the temperature of the surrounding earth
formation, the less heat loss through the walls of the chamber 10
and the less load required for the refrigerating system used for
maintaining the liquid gas in the chamber 10 at the desired
cryogenic temperatures. The frozen rock or ground defining the
chamber 10 also provides a "fail-safe" system to avoid a dangerous
situation in the event that anything does happen to either of the
liquid barriers 18 or 22 surrounding the liquid gas stored within
the chamber. After freezing the earth surrounding the chamber 10,
it is no longer necessary to continuously operate the sump pump 32
to remove water from the lower portion of the chamber 10 and except
for any minor amount of water that may seep into the sump 30, after
the freezing of the earth formation is completed, the pump 32 is
seldom, if ever, operated.
The freezing in our system and method is accomplished economically
in a relatively short period of time. The freezing water in rock
and soil surrounding a large underground chamber 10 normally
presents an enormous problem in time and equipment requirements.
The system and method of the present invention provides a system
which effectively freezes the rock formation surrounding the
chamber 10 in a highly efficient and economical manner, and in a
relatively short period of time, such as about 1--3 years.
A vent tube 42 is positioned in the upper central portion of the
chamber 10 and vents the boiled-off gas from the liquid gas
contained within the chamber 10. The boiling of the liquid gas
normally occurs in the case of liquid natural gas when the
temperature goes above about -258.degree. F., the cold liquid
vaporizes or boils off. Thus, the domed upper portion of the
chamber 10 normally contains gas. This gas, however, is at
extremely cold temperatures, such as just above -258.degree. F.,
and we provide a method and system for utilizing this cold gas for
freezing the earth formation surrounding the chamber in a
relatively short period of time. The vent tube 42, as shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2, is connected to a distribution piping system,
generally 44. The vent 42, which passes through the liquid barrier
22, the insulation 20, and the water barrier 18, is connected to an
elongated distribution pipe 46 passing longitudinally along the
domed upper central portion of the chamber 10. A plurality of pipes
or conduits 48 pass down along the top and sides of the chamber 10
and extend laterally from the distribution pipe 46.
As shown best in FIG. 3, each of the pipes or conduits 48 is
connected to a plurality of heat exchange units 50. The heat
exchangers 50 generally comprise a series of interconnected
cylindrical units. Each of the units 50 comprises an outer closed
cylinder 52 and a concentric inner pipe 54 which extends upwardly
from the piping 48 and has an open upper end. An annular space 56
is thereby defined between the outer cylinder 52 and the inner pipe
54.
The cylindrical heat exchangers 50, as shown best in FIG. 1, are
embedded at spaced intervals in the earth formation in the sides 14
and top 12 of the chamber 10. Cold gas passing downwardly through
57 annular space 56 absorbs heat from the rock and soil formation
and freezes water in the formation. As the gas passes progressively
in series through each of the heat exchangers 50, the temperature
of the gas gradually rises so that the rock top portion 12 of the
chamber 10 freezes before the side 14 of the chamber. At the point
where the gas leaves the last heat exchanger in a lateral string or
piping system 48 when the system is first in operation, little if
any freezing of the water contained within the earth formation is
accomplished in the lower portions of the pipes 48. At the end of
the string of pipes 48, a collection manifold or pipe 58 is
connected to each of the lower ends of the piping 48 and the
collection pipe 58, connected to a discharge pipe which takes the
warmed gas to a point where the gas may be distributed to customers
or to a plant (not shown) for reliquefying the gas and pumping it
back inside the chamber 10.
In order to prevent an ice buildup on the outside surface of the
water barrier 18, the water which is pumped from the sump 30
through the outlet pipe 38 is recirculated to the area at the top
central portion 60 of the chamber 10 to maintain an above water
freezing temperature (+32.degree. F.) on the outside surface of the
water barrier 18, until the rock and/or soil is frozen and natural
water leakage into the chamber 10 has ceased. If this water were
not recirculated through the elongated distributor pipe 62 and
distributed through distributor pipes 64 to flow evenly over the
outer surface of the water barrier 18, the natural water, dripping
from the top of the earth formation, would freeze on the outside
surface of the water barrier 18. This would cause ice loads for
which the chamber roof structure (not shown) is not designed and
which could cause failure of the roof structure, resulting in
abnormally high boiloff of natural gas, and unsafe condition.
During the latter stages of operation of the cooldown system, the
recirculating water may be heated to provide adequate temperature
control on the outside surface of the water barrier 18.
Although the most effective use of our invention is in gas storage
chambers which are completely below ground level, the concepts of
our invention are also effectively used when the storage tanks are
not completely below ground level, as shown in the embodiments of
FIGS. 4 and 5.
In the embodiment of FIG. 4, a gas storage chamber or tank 70 has
its sides 14 below ground level, just as the tank 10 of the
embodiment of FIG. 1. However, the roof 72 of the tank 70 is above
ground level. The chamber is formed simply as a hole in the ground
rather than by employing an adit which would advantageously be used
in constructing the completely underground chamber of FIG. 1.
The water barrier 18 is secured to the roof 72 by suitable means,
such as studs (not shown). The overhead pipe 46 is connected to the
vent tube 42 and has laterally extending pipes 74 passing between
the water barrier 18 and the roof 72 of the chamber 70. For
greatest efficiency of our system the lateral pipes 74 are covered
by insulation 76. Heat exchangers 50 are located only in the earth
sides 14 of the chamber 70 and communicate with the lateral
distribution pipes 74. The water outlet pipe 38 extends downwardly
through the roof 72 and communicates with the overhead distribution
pipe 62. The distribution pipe 62 distributes the water to the
individual pipes 78 which direct water only to the sides 14 to be
frozen by action of the cold gas passing through the annular heat
exchanger 50.
The embodiment of FIG. 5 is similar to that of FIG. 4 except the
roof 80 and at least a portion of the sides 82 of the storage
chamber or tank 84 project above the ground. In this embodiment,
the lateral distribution pipes pass between the water barrier 18
and the concrete roof 80 and between the water barrier 18 and the
concrete sides of the roof 80. The lateral pipes communicate with
the heat exchangers 50 embedded in the earth formation which
defines the sides 82. Water distribution pipes 86 also direct water
to the earth formation surrounding the chamber sides.
The structure of the embodiments of FIGS. 4 and 5 is substantially
the same as that of FIG. 1, except for the upper portion of the
storage chamber. All the described embodiments, however, use the
described system for freezing the earth formation surrounding at
least a portion of a storage tank for storing liquid gas.
By the use of our described system and method, the formation
surrounding a chamber formed at least partially below the ground
may be readily frozen in a highly effective, simple, and economical
manner and in a relatively short period of time. The cold source
required for freezing the water in the rock or soil formation
around the chamber is supplied from the boiled off gas from the
liquid stored in the chamber. Similarly, most of the water to be
frozen in the formation surrounding the chamber is supplied from
the water which is collected in the sump. It is to be understood
that more or less water may be added to the recirculating water
depending upon the desired quantity of water which is to be added
through the distributors for soaking the rock and soil surrounding
the chamber. It is thus seen, after the system has been
constructed, that there is little if any expense involved in
accomplishing the desired results. After the side or sides and top
surrounding the chamber are frozen solid, the pumping system may be
shut off since there is essentially no more water to create a
problem in the area surrounding the chamber.
While in the foregoing, there has been provided a detailed
description of particular embodiments of the present invention, it
is to be understood that all equivalents obvious to those having
skill in the art are to be included within the scope of the
invention as claimed.
* * * * *