U.S. patent number 3,581,015 [Application Number 04/693,436] was granted by the patent office on 1971-05-25 for dynamic microphone.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Aiwa Co., Ltd.. Invention is credited to Takeo Masuda.
United States Patent |
3,581,015 |
Masuda |
May 25, 1971 |
DYNAMIC MICROPHONE
Abstract
This specification discloses a novel dynamic microphone using a
flat annular magnet formed of an anisotropic barium ferrite as a
permanent magnet to establish a magnetic circuit. The present
microphone is extremely flat and of an excellent tone quality, and
it can be manufactured at low cost. Various modifications to the
microphone of this type become easily possible, and therefore a
variety of examples with unidirectional characteristics or other
characteristics are disclosed in this specification.
Inventors: |
Masuda; Takeo (Tokyo,
JA) |
Assignee: |
Aiwa Co., Ltd. (Tokyo,
JA)
|
Family
ID: |
27517968 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/693,436 |
Filed: |
December 26, 1967 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Aug 31, 1967 [JA] |
|
|
74645/67 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
381/177; 381/357;
381/178 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04R
9/025 (20130101); H04R 1/222 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04R
9/00 (20060101); H04R 1/22 (20060101); H04R
9/02 (20060101); H04r 001/34 () |
Field of
Search: |
;335/231,302
;179/121DIR,180 ;181/31,32,33 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Claffy; Kathleen
Assistant Examiner: Kundert; Thomas L.
Claims
I claim:
1. A dynamic microphone, comprising an annular magnet formed of an
anisotropic barium ferrite, a yoke affixed to the lower surface of
said annular magnet, a magnet coupling ring secured to the upper
surface of said annular magnet, a center pole provided on the yoke
coaxially with respect to said annular magnet, a diaphragm secured
to said magnetic coupling ring, and a voice coil attached to said
diaphragm in such a manner as to depend therefrom so as to be
positioned in a gap defined by said magnetic coupling ring and said
center pole; at lease one hole being formed in said center pole and
said yoke extending therethrough; the space surrounded by said
annular magnet, said yoke and said magnetic coupling ring being
adapted to serve as an acoustic duct, a double-walled cylindrical
body being affixed to the bottom surface of said yoke so as to form
an acoustic housing, said acoustic housing and said acoustic duct
being acoustically communicated with each other through at least
one hole having an acoustic resistor piece inserted therein, and a
second acoustic resistor piece being provided in the hole extending
through said center pole, the center portion of said yoke and the
center portion of said double-walled cylindrical body.
2. A dynamic microphone, comprising an annular magnet formed of an
anisotropic barium ferrite, a yoke affixed to the lower surface of
said annular magnet, a magnetic coupling ring secured to the upper
surface of said annular magnet, a center pole provided on the yoke
coaxially with respect to said annular magnet, a diaphragm secured
to said magnetic coupling ring, and a voice coil attached to said
diaphragm in such a manner as to depend therefrom so as to be
positioned in a gap defined by said magnetic coupling ring and said
center pole; said annular magnet, said yoke and said magnetic
coupling ring defining an acoustic housing; at least one recessed
portion being formed in the upper side surface of said annular
magnet and a hole being formed in said magnetic coupling ring in
register with said recessed portion, thereby producing
unidirectional characteristics.
3. A dynamic microphone as set forth in claim 2, wherein a hole is
formed in the center portion of said center pole extending
therethrough and communicating with said acoustic housing at the
lower end thereof, an acoustic resistor being provided in said
hole.
4. A dynamic microphone, comprising an annular magnet formed of an
anisotropic barium ferrite, a yoke affixed to the lower surface of
said annular magnet, a magnetic coupling ring secured to the upper
surface of said annular magnet, a center pole provided on the yoke
coaxially with respect to said annular magnet, a diaphragm secured
to said magnetic coupling ring, and a voice coil attached to said
diaphragm in such a manner as to depend therefrom so as to be
positioned in a gap defined by said magnetic coupling ring and said
center pole; the space surrounded by said annular ring, said yoke
and said magnetic coupling ring being adapted to serve as an
acoustic duct, an acoustic housing being provided to cover at least
a part of the side surface of said annular magnet, and said
acoustic duct and housing being communicated with each other
through at least one hole having an acoustic resistor.
5. A dynamic microphone, comprising an annular magnet formed of an
anisotropic barium ferrite, a yoke affixed to the lower surface of
said annular magnet, a magnetic coupling secured to the upper
surface of said annular magnet, a center pole provided on the yoke
coaxially with respect to said annular magnet, a diaphragm secured
to said magnetic coupling ring, and a voice coil attached to said
diaphragm in such a manner as to be positioned in a gap defined by
said magnetic ring and sad center pole; the space surrounded by
said annular magnet, said yoke and said magnetic coupling ring
being adapted to serve as an acoustic duct, an acoustic housing
being provided to cover at least a part of the side surface of said
annular magnet and the bottom surface of said yoke, and said
acoustic duct and housing being acoustically communicated with each
other through at least one hole having an acoustic resistor
inserted therein.
6. A dynamic microphone as set forth in claim 4, wherein at least
one hole having an acoustic resistor therein is formed in said
center pole and said yoke extending therethrough.
7. A dynamic microphone as set forth in claim 4, wherein at least
one recessed portion is formed in the upper side surface of said
annular magnet, and a hole is formed in said magnetic coupling ring
in register with said recessed portion, thereby producing
unidirectional characteristics.
8. A dynamic microphone as set forth in claim 5, wherein at least
one hole having an acoustic resistor therein is formed in said
center pole and said yoke extending therethrough.
9. A dynamic microphone as set forth in claim 5, wherein at least
one recessed portion if formed in the upper side surface of said
annular magnet, and a hole is formed in said magnetic coupling ring
in register with said recessed portion thereby producing
unidirectional characteristics.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a dynamic microphone, and more
particularly it pertains to a dynamic microphone using a magnet
formed of an anisotropic barium ferrite to establish a magnetic
circuit.
As well known in the art, the magnetic characteristics of the
magnetic circuit of a dynamic microphone are determined in
accordance with the following equations.
f.sup.. Bg.sup.. Lg= Hd.sup.. Lm (1)
F.sup.. Bg.sup.. Ag= Bd.sup.. Am (2)
where f is the magnetoresistance coefficient, Bg is the magnetic
flux density (Gauss) in the gap portion in which the voice coil is
to be inserted, Lg is the length (cm.) of said gap portion, Hd is
the intensity of demagnetization (Oersted), Lm is the effective
length (cm.) of the permanent magnet, F is the magnetic leakage
coefficient, Ag is the opposed area of said gap portion (the height
of the gap portion multiplied by the average circumference), Bd is
the magnetic flux density (Gauss) of the magnet, and Am is the
sectional area (cm..sup.2) of the magnet.
Conventionally, a magnet called anisotropic alnico V having such a
characteristic as shown by the dotted curve in FIG. 2 is often used
in a dynamic microphone of this type, and the intensity of the
demagnetizing field Hd .sup.1 is about 500 oersted at the optimum
operating point. In the case of the anisotropic barium ferrite
magnet used in the microphone according to this invention, the
intensity Hd of the demagnetizing field at the optimum operating
point is about three times as high as the Hd .sup.1 of said alnico
magnet or about 1500 oersted. As will be seen from Equation (1),
the intensity Hd of the demagnetizing field is reversely
proportional to the length Lm of the magnet or the height of the
annular magnet. Thus, by using an anisotropic barium ferrite magnet
as the annular magnet in accordance with this invention, it is
possible to keep the product of the magnetic flux density Bg in the
gap portion and the length Lg of the gap portion, that is, the
electroacoustic conversion efficiency unchanged even if the height
of the annular magnet is reduced to about one-third. Consequently,
in accordance with this invention, an extremely flat dynamic
microphone can be constructed. As shown by the solid line in FIG.
3, the rate of change in the magnetic flux density Bd with respect
to the intensity Hd of the demagnetizing field at a desired
operating point of an anisotropic barium ferrite magnet is much
lower than that of a widely used magnet called anisotropic alnico V
as shown by the dotted line in FIG. 3. As will be appreciated from
Equation (2) and (1), the magnetic flux density Bg across the voice
coil in the gap has little effect on the change in the length Lg of
the gap, and therefore it is possible to manufacture microphones
with uniform efficiency on a mass-production basis, even through
the length Lg of the gap is subjected to some dispersion due to
mass-production. Furthermore, by making the height Lm of the
annular magnet equal to that of the conventional one or by making
the sectional area Am of the annular magnet large as is the case
with an external magnet type microphone, the decrease in efficiency
can be minimized even if the length Lg of the gap is selected
considerably large, as will be apparent from Equations (1) and (2).
Thus, it is possible to effectively prevent such trouble as a
so-called "ripping" tone or the like, so that the yield on the
mass-production basis can be increased. In this way, the
manufacturing cost can be greatly reduced to industrial
advantage.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide an extremely flat
dynamic microphone with an excellent tone quality adapted for
mass-production and capable of being manufactured at low cost,
using a flat and annular anisotropic barium ferrite magnet or
equivalent magnet as a permanent magnet to provide the magnetic
field.
The simplified flat construction according to this invention can be
variously modified as described hereinafter, so that there can be
produced dynamic microphones with improved low frequency
characteristics, unidirectional characteristics and a variety of
configurational features.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1a is a plan view, taken partly in section, showing the
dynamic microphone according to a typical embodiment of the present
invention;
FIG. 1b is a vertical sectional view thereof;
FIG. 2 is a view showing the magnetization characteristic of a
permanent magnet;
FIG. 3 is a view showing the frequency characteristic of one
embodiment of this invention, in comparison with those of the
conventional microphones;
FIG. 4 is a view showing the unidirectional characteristic of one
embodiment of this invention, in comparison with those of the
conventional microphones;
FIGS. 5a and 5b, 6a and 6b, 7a and 7b, and 8a and 8b are plan
views, taken partly in section, and vertical sectional views
showing other embodiments of this invention; and
FIGS. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 are simplified schematic
views showing various embodiments of this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIGS. 1a and 1b, a flat annular magnet 1 is provided
which is formed of an anisotropic barium ferrite. To the bottom
surface of the annular magnet 1 is affixed a yoke 2 configured in a
disclike shape or the like. A center pole 3 formed of soft iron or
the like is provided at the center of the upper surface of the yoke
2 coaxially with respect to the annular magnet 1, and a magnetic
coupling ring 4 formed of soft iron or the like is affixed to the
top surface of the annular magnet 1. A diaphragm 5 has its outer
peripheral portion 5' fixed to the top surface of the magnetic
coupling ring 4 with adhesives or the like. A voice coil 6 is
secured to that inner surface portion of the diaphragm 5 which is
immediately below the periphery 5a' of a domelike portion 5a of the
diaphragm 5 in such a manner as to depend therefrom so as to be
positioned within a gap defined by the magnetic coupling ring 4 and
the center pole 3. An acoustic resistance ring 8 such as felt is
attached to that lower surface portion of the magnetic coupling
ring 4 which is immediately below the voice coil. The bottom
surface of the acoustic resistance ring 8 is engaged by a
cylindrical member formed of a nonmagnetic material such as brass
which is configured in a .pi.-shaped cross section so that it may
be fitted on the center pole 3. The reference numeral 7 represents
a sound permeating center ring made of a nonmagnetic material such
as brass or the like and having a number of perforations formed
therethrough. The center ring 7 is adapted for centering the center
pole 3. The line 10 shows the inside surface of a sound-permeating
plate which also serves as a protector for the front face of the
diaphragm 5.
With the flat-type dynamic microphone having the above structure
according to this invention, if the diaphragm 5 is vibrated by
acoustic energy such as a voice or the like, the voice coil 6
depending therefrom is integrally vibrated so that a voice current
is caused to flow through the coil so as to be taken out through
leads 6'.
As described above, in accordance with this invention, there is
obtained a flat dynamic microphone. By utilizing the advantageous
features obtained in accordance with this invention and variously
modifying the foregoing typical embodiment of this invention, it is
possible to produce a variety of dynamic microphones having the
desired features.
Referring now to FIGS. 5a and 5b, and 6a and 6b, the center pole 3
and yoke 2 are formed with holes 13 and 12, respectively. In FIG
5b, an acoustic resistor 14 such as felt, cloth or the like is
provided in the hole 13 of the center pole 3, while in FIG. 6 b,
such acoustic resistor is provided outside of the hole 12 of the
yoke 2. A back sound wave is applied to the back face of the
diaphragm 5 through the resistor 14. Thus, the microphone will have
unidirectional characteristics. In the case of FIG. 6b, an acoustic
housing 11 is defined in the space surrounded by the annular magnet
1, yoke 2 and magnetic coupling ring 4. In accordance with these
embodiments of this invention, the above space can be utilized as
the acoustic housing 11 as it is, and therefore it is possible to
easily produce a microphone with improved unidirectional and low
frequency characteristics without forming a separate acoustic
housing in the microphone casing.
The frequency vs. output voltage ratio characteristics for a front
sound wave and a back sound wave of the conventional unidirectional
microphone using a magnet called anisotropic alnico V (where the
effective distance between the front and back acoustic terminals is
20 mm.) are shown by the dotted line and two-dot chain line in FIG.
3, respectively, and such frequency vs. output voltage ratio
characteristics of the microphone according to this invention using
an anisotropic barium ferrite magnet as the annular magnet 1
wherein the effective distance between said acoustic terminals is
half that of the above conventional microphone or 10 mm. are
represented by the solid line and one-dot chain line in FIG. 3,
respectively. Comparison of the frequency characteristic of the
unidirectional characteristic (difference between the output
voltage for a front wave and that for a back wave) of the
microphone according to this invention with that of the
conventional microphone shows that for a low frequency sound wave
having a frequency lower than 2000 c./s., the unidirectional
characteristics of the two microphones are substantially identical
to each other as shown in FIG. 4, while for a high frequency sound
wave having a frequency higher than 3000 c./s., the characteristic
of the microphone according to this invention is improved by 8 to
20 db. over that of the conventional one as shown by the dotted
curve in FIG. 4. Thus, the microphone according to this invention
is very convenient and advantageous in that when it is used at a
theater stage or the like, it detects the voice of a singer or a
master of ceremonies standing in front of the microphone as an
output signal outstanding by about 8 to 12 db. over noise waves
containing relatively high frequency components, for example,
higher than 10 KC. Obviously, in the case of the embodiment as
shown in FIG. 1, too, the low frequency characteristic thereof can
be improved by permitting the space surrounded by the annular
magnet 1, yoke 2 and magnetic coupling ring 4 to serve as acoustic
housing.
The dynamic microphone as shown in FIGS. 7a and 7b corresponds to
the case where the dynamic microphone as shown in FIGS. 6a and 6b
is covered with a cover 15 having the lower periphery affixed to
the bottom surface of the yoke 2 by such means as rolling or the
like. In the top surface of the cover 15 are formed sound apertures
15a. The cover 15 serves to improve the air-tightness of the
acoustic housing 11, thereby completely preventing variations or
deterioration in the directional characteristics due to poor
air-tightness which can often be observed in dynamic microphones of
this type.
Needless to say, such cover can also be applied to the dynamic
microphones as shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b, and 5a and 5b.
FIGS. 8a and 8b show a microphone with a reduced outer diameter,
wherein the space surrounded by the annular magnet 1, yoke 2 and
magnetic coupling ring 4 is adapted to serve as an acoustic duct
16, a single-ended, double-walled cylindrical body 17 is coaxially
affixed to the lower surface of the yoke 2, the space surrounded by
the cylindrical body 17 and yoke 2 is adapted to serve as acoustic
housing 19, the acoustic duct 16 and acoustic housing 19 are
acoustically communicated with each other through apertures 20
formed in the yoke 2 and an acoustic resistor 21 such as felt or
the like; and the leads 6' of the aforementioned voice coil 6 are
taken out through the bore 13 of the center pole 3, the aperture 12
of the yoke 2 and the center bore 18 of the double-walled
cylindrical body 17 so as to be fixed to an insulator plate 22
provided on the lower surface of the cylindrical body 17. An
acoustic resistor 23 such as felt or the like is either inserted in
the bore 13, 12 and 18 or adhered to the center of the lower
surface of the double-walled cylindrical body 17. A back sound wave
is applied to the back surface of the diaphragm 5 through said bore
13, 12 and 18. In use, a hollow, sound-passing grip member 24 may
be attached to the microphone, as indicated by the chain line in
FIG. 8b.
FIGS. 9 to 17 show other possible embodiments of this invention,
and these FIGURES are simplified only for the purpose of
illustrating the features of such various microphones.
FIG. 9 shows an arrangement wherein a recess is formed in the outer
top portion of the magnetic cylinder and a hole is formed in the
coupling ring in alignment with the recess so that a sound-passing
hole may be easily defined, thereby improving the directional
characteristics.
FIG. 10 shows a modification to the arrangement as shown in FIG. 9,
wherein a hole is formed in the magnetic cylinder in such a manner
as to extend along the center axis thereof and communicate with the
acoustic housing at the lower end thereof. With such arrangement, a
damper (a kind of acoustical resistance) can easily be mounted in
the hole, as compared with the arrangements of FIGS. 5 and 6.
FIG. 11 shows another modification to the arrangement of FIG. 9,
wherein the space surrounded by the annular magnet, yoke and
magnetic coupling ring is adapted to serve as acoustic duct, an
acoustic housing is formed below the yoke, a plurality of holes are
formed in the yoke; and the acoustic duct and the acoustic housing
are communicated with each other through an acoustic resistor. With
such arrangement, the directional characteristics in the low
frequency range can be improved, and the outer diameter of the
microphone can be reduced. Furthermore, the microphone having the
arrangement as shown in FIG. 11 can be easily manufactured, as
compared with that according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 8.
FIG. 12 shows a modification to the arrangement of FIG. 11, wherein
the acoustic housing formed below the yoke in the case of FIG. 11
is provided in one side surface. With such arrangement,
substantially the same effects as those of the arrangement shown in
FIG. 11 can be produced, and the contour is different from that of
the microphone as shown in FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 is a modification to the arrangement of FIG. 5, wherein an
acoustic housing is provided in the lower portion. With this
arrangement, the acoustic characteristics can be improved by mere
addition of a relatively small housing thereto. This example and
the following two examples are nondirectional microphones.
FIG. 14 is a modification to the arrangement of FIG. 13, wherein
the housing provided in the lower portion in the case of FIG. 13 is
provided on one side surface. This arrangement can produce
substantially the same effects as produced by the arrangement of
FIG. 13, and it meets the demands for flat microphones.
FIG. 15 shows a combination of the arrangements shown in FIGS. 13
and 14, wherein the low frequency characteristics can be further
improved by means of a large housing.
FIG. 16 shows a directional microphone wherein a sound-passing hole
is formed in the center portion of the center pole as in FIG. 5, in
place of the sound-passing hole formed in the upper side surface as
in FIG. 12.
FIG. 17 shows a directional microphone wherein an acoustic housing
is provided separately from the microphone body and the acoustic
housing is connected with the microphone body through an acoustic
pipe. With such arrangement it is possible to construct a
microphone of a configuration convenient for a certain specific
purpose.
As will be appreciated from the foregoing, the microphone using a
permanent magnet formed of an anisotropic barium ferrite to
establish a magnetic circuit in accordance with this invention can
be made flat, so that it can be easily configured in any suitable
shape depending upon various objects. Furthermore, in accordance
with this invention, various desirable characteristics can be
easily secured. Finally, the microphone of this invention can
easily be manufactured since a hole or recess can easily be formed
in the magnet by the use of simple molds.
* * * * *