U.S. patent number 3,579,900 [Application Number 04/787,781] was granted by the patent office on 1971-05-25 for toy watercraft.
Invention is credited to David Argent Brown.
United States Patent |
3,579,900 |
Brown |
May 25, 1971 |
TOY WATERCRAFT
Abstract
A toy watercraft propelled by a rowing action, The cars are
driven by a motor through a double cam device which imparts
reciprocating horizontal and vertical components of motion to the
oars so that they move in oblong paths, the longest axis of the
oblong being parallel to the water surface.
Inventors: |
Brown; David Argent (Richmond,
VA) |
Family
ID: |
26235936 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/787,781 |
Filed: |
December 30, 1968 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S.
Class: |
446/164 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63H
23/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A63H
23/04 (20060101); A63H 23/00 (20060101); A63h
023/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;46/91,93,243,92,245 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Mancene; Louis G.
Assistant Examiner: Weinhold; D. L.
Claims
I claim:
1. A toy watercraft comprising:
a hull;
at least one oar movably mounted on said hull;
movable follower assembly means, including a pair of cam followers
fixed to one another for movement together, for moving said at
least one oar along a path similar to a path of movement of said
follower assembly means;
rotatable double cam means for imparting to each of said cam
followers a reciprocating and substantially pure linear component
of motion, the component of each of said cam followers being
perpendicular, unequal in amplitude and approximately 90.degree.
out of phase so that said follower assembly means is moved in an
oblong path through translation;
motor means for rotating said double cam means; and,
means for constraining said follower assembly means against rocking
during movement along said oblong path.
2. A toy watercraft according to claim 1 wherein:
said cam means cooperates with said cam followers to move said
follower assembly such that said oblong path comprises the two
longer sides of a rectangle joined at each end by curved portions,
said sides being substantially parallel to the surface of the water
upon which the toy is floating.
3. A toy watercraft according to claim 1 including:
oar mounting means for mounting each said oar, said oar mounting
means being fixed to at least one of said cam followers to form a
portion of said movable follower assembly means.
4. A toy watercraft according to claim 1 wherein:
each said oar is jointed directly to one of said cam followers.
5. A toy watercraft according to claim 1 including:
oar mounting means for detachably supporting each said oar remotely
from the blade while permitting each said oar to move about freely
without rotation; and,
a rowlock for pivotally supporting each said oar between said blade
and said oar mounting means.
6. A toy watercraft according to claim 1 wherein:
said means for constraining said follower assembly means against
rocking comprises spaced pins attached to said follower assembly
means adjacent opposite ends thereof and cooperating with oblong
shaped depressions in said hull.
7. A toy watercraft according to claim 1 wherein: constraining said
follower assembly means against rocking comprises a retaining
member attached to said hull and pivoted about an axis, said
restraining member cooperating with means defining at least one
slot in said follower assembly means.
8. A toy watercraft according to claim 1 and including:
means for selectively stopping and restarting the movement of at
least one oar by rendering movement of said at least one oar
independent of the operation of said motor means.
9. A toy watercraft according to claim 8 wherein said means for
selectively stopping and restarting the motion of said at least one
oar comprises:
a programmed member having at least one contoured information
carrying surface;
movable sensor means abutting against said surface and operatively
engaging at least one of said follower assembly means and said oars
for selectively coupling and uncoupling at least one of
a. said oars from said follower assembly means, and
b. said cam means from said motor means; and
driving means for moving said programmed member so that said
surface moves relatively to said sensor means with the sensor means
following the contour of said surface.
10. A toy watercraft according to claim 9 wherein said at least one
oar comprises a bank of oars mounted on one side of said hull and
including:
a second bank of oars mounted on the opposite side of said hull, a
second movable follower assembly means, a second double cam means,
and a second
means for constraining said second follower assembly means against
rocking, respectively identical to the first mentioned bank of
oars, follower assembly means, double cam means, and means for
constraining said follower assembly means;
said programmed member comprising a strip of rectangular cross
section having two contoured information-carrying surfaces on
opposite surfaces of said strip;
said first mentioned sensor means cooperating with one of said
strip surfaces;
a second movable sensor means identical to said first-mentioned
sensor means and cooperating with the other of said strip
surfaces.
11. A toy watercraft according to claim 9 and including:
lever means engaged by said sensor means for selectively coupling
and uncoupling said cam means from said motor means; and,
two stations provided in said hull, one above the other, for
engaging and holding said cam means when said cam means is
uncoupled from said motor means, one station engaging and holding
said cam means with said at least one oar in a raised position and
the other station engaging and holding said cam means with said at
least one oar in a lowered position.
12. A toy watercraft according to claim 10 and including:
magazine means for storing a stack of said programmed members;
ratchet means for extracting said members one by one from said
magazine means and for moving said members past each of said sensor
means; and,
container means for storing said strips once moved past said sensor
means.
13. A toy watercraft according to claim 1 wherein said at least one
oar comprises a bank of oars mounted on one side of said hull and
including:
a second bank of oars mounted on the opposite side of said hull, a
second movable follower assembly means, a second double cam means,
and a second means for constraining said second follower assembly
means against rocking, respectively identical to the first
mentioned bank of oars, follower assembly means, double cam means,
and means for constraining said follower assembly means;
said oar banks being driven simultaneously in opposite directions.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to toy watercraft propelled by a rowing or
sculling action, and also to methods and apparatus for steering or
otherwise controlling such craft.
DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART
Toy watercraft propelled by a rowing or sculling action are known,
but in these prior art craft the rowing actions are not realistic
as the oar blades describe circular paths.
One object of the present invention is to provide a toy watercraft
in which the oar blades describe realistic oblong paths in which
each oar is inserted into the water, pulled backwards relative to
the craft to drive the craft forwards through the water, lifted out
from the water or returned to its original position relative to the
craft so that the cycle may be repeated, the longest axes of the
oblong paths being parallel to the water surface.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention I provide a toy watercraft comprising a
double cam device driven by a rotatable shaft which in turn drives
an oar or paddle blade by imparting to the oar or paddle two
reciprocating linear perpendicular components of motion which are
unequal in amplitude and sufficiently out of phase to combine to
produce a resultant motion of the oar or paddle blade along an
oblong path.
In more detail I provide a toy watercraft propelled by a mechanism
which drives one, two or more oars with a rowing, sculling or
paddling motion, comprising a motor, two cams mounted upon a
rotatable drive shaft, two cam followers each of which cooperates
with one cam and which are rigidly locked together, and one or more
oars or paddles coupled to the cam followers, wherein in operation
the motor rotates the drive shaft so that the cams rotate and
impart to their respective followers a reciprocating linear
component of motion, the two components being perpendicular, of
unequal amplitude, and approximately 90.degree. out of phase for
both cam followers to move together over an oblong path which is
the resultant of the perpendicular components, the oar or paddle
blade or blades coupled thereto moving over s similar path.
In another preferred embodiment, one of the cam followers acts as
an oar mounting to which is attached a plurality of oars extending
on both sides of the craft so that the oars are driven in unison.
Alternatively, two linked oar mountings may be provided, each of
which is coupled to the oars on one side of the craft. Thus the cam
followers can act as oar mountings, or separate oar mountings may
be provided.
Each oar is preferably detachably connectable to its mounting at
the end remote from the blade by a linkage which allows the oar
blade to move about but not to rotate. The oars may be pivoted
between their mountings and their blades in rowlocks so that when
the mountings are moved in one direction, the blades move in the
opposite direction. Alternatively, the oars may be prevented from
rotating by the shape of the rowlocks. The cross section of the
oars and rowlocks may be shaped so that the oars are feathered
during the return stroke out of the water.
The ends of the cam followers may be constrained to move only along
the desired path so that they are prevented from rocking. This may
be accomplished by locating pins attached to the ends of the cam
followers in grooves or depressions provided in a fixed part of the
craft. Where separate oar mountings are provided, their movements
may be similarly constrained.
The drive shaft may be driven by an electric or a clockwork motor,
and a reduction gear may be employed so that the oars are driven at
a realistic speed, say 20 to 35 strokes per minute.
The toy may take the form of any type of craft propelled by rowing
or paddling, for example a canoe having only a single paddle, a
simple rowing boat having two oars, a racing shell having eight
oars, or a Roman Galley having several banks of oars. The hull of
the craft may be detachable from the mechanism so that the same
mechanism may be used in turn to propel several different
hulls.
Various methods of steering the toy may be used, for example a
simple rudder at the stern of the craft which may be set at the
required angle by the operator before use, or by radio control
during use. Steering may also be effected by a shifting weight
within the hull of the craft which tilts the craft from one side to
the other so that the oars on one side dip further into the water
than the oars on the other side. The craft may also be steered by
stopping the oars on one side of the hull while the oars on the
other side continue to row. If one set of oars is stopped while
immersed in the water the craft will turn more quickly than if the
set is stopped while the oars are out of the water. The oars may be
stopped and restarted by a signal, for example a radio signal.
A more sophisticated embodiment of the invention may take the form
of a toy which is steered automatically by selectively stopping and
restarting the oars on each side of the hull according to a
predetermined programme.
Such a device may comprise a programmed member which may for
example be a disc, a drum or a strip having two separate
information-carrying contoured surfaces. The programmed member may
be driven, for example by a ratchet mechanism, so that each
contoured surface moves past a sensor sprung into contact with it
whereby the sensors move back and forth to follow the shape of the
contours. Each sensor may be linked to an oar mounting in such a
way that the movements of the sensors may stop and restart the oars
connected to the respective mountings. Each mounting is preferably
coupled to the oars on one side of the hull, so that the mechanism
allows the sets of oars on each side of the hull to be stopped and
restarted independently. The programmed member is preferably
interchangeable with the other programmed members so that different
programmes may be used in the same toy. The toy may include a
mechanism for changing the programme automatically so that several
programmes may be stored in the hull and moved past the sensor in
sequence.
Additional commands may be incorporated into the programmed members
so that with appropriate cooperating mechanism, for example, the
speed of the craft may be varied, its direction of travel reversed,
a sail automatically raised or lowered, or a rudder automatically
operated.
The toy watercraft may have two motors each with a cooperating
gearbox, each motor driving the same ratchet mechanism but a
separate bank of oars, so that each motor drives the oars on one
side of the hull. Thus each motor may be stopped independently to
effect a turn while the other motor continues to drive both its own
bank of oars and the ratchet mechanism.
This embodiment allows the speeds of the two banks of oars to be
varied independently, and the banks to be driven simultaneously in
opposite directions. Both oar banks could be synchronized when
driven simultaneously at the same speed by the interaction of
magnets placed on the two oar-mounting members.
The toy performs particularly effectively if the oblong shape of
the path of each oar blade is such that the blades move
substantially parallel to the water surface for a large proportion
of the path. This provides better propulsion as each blade may be
in the water for a greater proportion of the path. It also reduces
any tendency of the oars to "catch a crab," and gives a
particularly realistic impression of a real rowing action.
Thus each oar blade in operation preferably moves along a path
which comprises two straight parallel sides which are the longer
two sides of a rectangle, joined at each end by curved portions,
the straight sides being substantially parallel to the water
surface.
The curved portions may be segments of a circle or of an ellipse,
in which case they may together consist of two halves of an ellipse
having its major axis perpendicular to the water surface.
A path of the desired shape is more readily obtained if one of the
cam followers with its cooperating cam produces the vertical
component of motion of the blades while the other cam follower with
its cooperating cam produces the horizontal component of the
motion.
Another means for limiting the movement of the cam followers or
oar-mounting members to their oblong paths comprises a restraining
member in the form of a plate which cooperates with one or more
slots in an oar-mounting member or cam follower, one edge of which
is pivoted so that it can turn only about an axis parallel with the
slot(s). In operation, the plate limits the motion of the cam
follower or oar-mounting member and prevents it from rocking while
allowing it to move along its oval path.
A variation of this antirock mechanism which is equally effective
and easier to manufacture, comprises a restraining member in the
form of a U-shaped rod or wire, in place of the plate, the end
portions of the rod or wire cooperate with the slots in the
oar-mounting member or cam follower, and the middle portion of the
rod or wire is pivoted so that it can turn only about an axis
parallel to the slot(s).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Various embodiments of the invention will now be described by way
of example and with reference to the drawings of which:
FIG. 1 is a side elevation of a rowing mechanism of a watercraft
according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a side elevation, partly broken away, of part of the same
rowing mechanism;
FIG. 3 is a top plan of the same rowing mechanism;
FIG. 4 is a schematic front elevation of a programming mechanism of
a watercraft according to the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic side elevation of part of a ratchet mechanism
adapted to operate the programming mechanism;
FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view of a mechanism for limiting
the cam follower or oar-mounting member to its desired oblong
path;
FIG. 7 is a schematic end elevation of the mechanism shown in FIG.
6;
FIG. 8 is a schematic front elevation of a device whereby the
programming device may engage and disengage the cam follower or
oar-mounting member with the fixed hull of the craft;
FIG. 9 is a partially cutaway perspective view of part of the hull
of a watercraft showing the rowing mechanism.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The rowing mechanism of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 is incorporated into a
hollow hull which, for simplicity, is not shown.
The mechanism comprises an electric motor 1 driven by batteries
(not shown) which are distributed about the hull so that its center
of gravity is not upset. The motor drives a reduction gear 2 which
in turn drives a drive shaft 3 at a rate of about 30 r.p.m. At each
end of the drive shaft is rigidly mounted a double cam comprising a
disc 4, eccentrically mounted upon the drive shaft, and a pin 5,
perpendicularly projecting from the flat face of the disc and
parallel to the drive shaft. Each double cam cooperates with a pair
of cam followers. The pin 5 of each double cam cooperates with a
follower 6 formed as a strip having a vertical slot 7 with which
the pin engages. The disc 4 of each double cam cooperates with a
follower 8 which is provided with a horizontally elongated slot 9,
with which the disc engages. Each pair of cam followers 6 and 8 are
locked together by pins 10 so that each pair of followers may move
only together.
In operation, when each double cam rotates, each pin 5 imparts to
its follower 6 in a horizontal reciprocating component of motion,
while each disc 4 imparts to its follower 8 a vertical
reciprocating component of motion 90.degree. out of phase with the
motion of the cooperating follower 6. The result is that both
followers of each pair move together over a path which is the
resultant of the two components, and this path is elliptical in
shape. The pins 10 are located in elliptical slots 11 of the same
shape as the path to ensure that the followers move over the
elliptical path without rocking. An oar-mounting member 12 is fixed
to each of the cam followers 6, and each oar-mounting member is
provided with a number of slots 13 into each of which an oar may be
fitted. The slots allow the oars to move about but not to rotate.
Each oar is pivoted in a rowlock (not shown) provided in the hull
of the craft so that in operation as the oar-mounting members move
along their elliptical paths, the oar blades move along similar
paths but in the opposite direction to provide a realistic rowing
action.
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross section through the programming
mechanism. This comprises a programmed strip 14 having two surfaces
which carry programmed instructions as varying contours 15. Each
surface 15 is sprung into contact with one end of a cooperating
sensor which is in the form of a finger 16. The other end of each
finger 16 is sprung into contact with an oar-mounting member 17.
Each oar-mounting member may be locked to a drive plate (not shown)
by a pin 18 which engages a socket in the drive plate. The drive
plate is driven with an elliptical motion by a cam device (not
shown). Each oar-mounting 142 member may also move out of
engagement with the drive plate and instead engage a fixed socket
19 which holds it motionless relative to the craft as a whole. Each
oar-mounting member is coupled to a plurality of oars, 20, each of
which is pivoted in a rowlock 21.
In operation, the strip 14 is driven by a ratchet mechanism (not
shown) past the fingers 16 which move to and fro to follow the
varying contours of the surfaces 15. When one of the fingers moves
outwards from the axis of the strip, as shown in the left-hand side
of FIG. 4, it deflects the oar-mounting member 17 so that this
moves out of engagement with the drive plate and into engagement
with the fixed socket 19. Thus the oar-mounting member, and
consequently the oars, are held motionless. When the finger 16
moves back towards the axis of the strip 14 to follow the contours
of the surface 15, the oar-mounting member is allowed to move back
into engagement with the drive plate. The oar-mounting member now
moves over an elliptical path with the drive plate, and the oars
therefor perform a rowing action.
The strips 14 are interchangeable so that by using an appropriate
strip, the oars on either side of the boat may be stopped and
restarted according to a predetermined programme.
A variation of this programming device is shown in FIG. 8, and
allows the oars to be selectively stopped either in a raised or in
a lowered position.
In this variation the double cam 38 is slidably mounted on the
drive shaft 37 so that by sliding in one direction it moves into
engagement with the shaft 37 and by sliding in the opposite
direction it moves out of engagement with the shaft 37. The double
cam 38 is of sufficient depth always to be engaged with the cam
followers 17, whether the double cam is engaged or disengaged from
the drive shaft.
Two indentations 35 and 36 are provided in a fixed part of the hull
of the craft to receive part of the double cam 38 when this is out
of engagement with the drive shaft 17 to hold the cam assembly
motionless. When the cam 38 engages one of these indentations 36
the oars which it drives are held motionless in a raised position
out of the water and when it engages the other indentation 35 the
oars are held motionless in a lowered position in the water.
In operation, the double cam 38 is moved into or out of engagement
with the drive shaft 37 by a movable fork 34 which is operated by a
programming device (not shown). When the cam 38 is engaged with the
drive shaft 37 the cam rotates with it and drives the oars. When
the cam is not engaged with the drive shaft it engages one of the
indentations 35 and 36 in the hull so that the oars are held either
in a raised or in a lowered position depending upon the programmed
instructions.
One form of ratchet mechanism will now be described with reference
to FIG. 5 of the drawing, which shows a side elevation of part of
the mechanism. The mechanism comprises an inlet hopper 22 for
storing strips 14 prior to use, and an outlet hopper 23 for storing
them after use. Between these hoppers is situated two sensors in
the form of fingers 16 which transmit programmed instructions from
each strip in turn to the oars. Two ratchet teeth 24 are attached
to a ratchet plate 25 which is driven to and from by a crank
mechanism (not shown) so that in operation as the teeth move to the
left they engage one or more of the strips which is also moved to
the left, but as they move to the right they also move downwards
and out of engagement with the strip or strips. A keeper 26 is
provided to hold the strip motionless while the ratchet teeth move
back to the right. The outlet hopper 23 slopes downwards part of
the way along its length so that as each strip is discharged into
the outlet hopper it moves under any strips already positioned in
the hopper. A keeper 27 is provided to hold the strips once they
have been discharged into the outlet hopper.
In operation, the bottom strip from the inlet hopper 22 is engaged
by the first ratchet tooth and driven by it in steps past the
fingers 16, each step corresponding to one cycle of the oars of the
craft. The strip moves to the left until it also engages the second
ratchet tooth and continues until it is discharged into the outlet
hopper 23 where it is held by the keeper 27. Meanwhile, the next
strip in the inlet hopper has been engaged by the first ratchet
tooth and this strip in turn is driven in steps past the fingers
16, until it in turn is discharged into the outlet hopper, sliding
beneath the strip which has already been deposited there. The
sequence continues until all the strips in the inlet hopper have
been used.
A mechanism for preventing the cam followers or oar-mounting
members from rocking while moving along their oblong paths is shown
in FIGS. 6 and 7. The mechanism comprises a plate 31 which
cooperates with two slots in an oar-mounting member or cam follower
30 and which is pivoted at 32 on mounting 33 so that it can turn
only about an axis parallel with the slots. In operation, the plate
31 limits the motion of the cam follower or oar-mounting member 30
and prevents it from rocking while allowing it to move along its
oval path.
FIG. 9 is a cutaway perspective view, partly in section, of part of
a watercraft according to the invention. The watercraft shown
comprises a hull, part of which is shown at 41, which houses the
oar-driving mechanism. This mechanism comprises a double cam device
which consists of a disc 43 pivoted at its center and connected to
the driven shaft of an electric motor (not shown). Upon this disc
is mounted a three-cornered cam 44, and upon the cam 44 is mounted
a smaller cylindrical cam 45. The two cams 44 and 45 cooperate with
a cam follower 46, which is attached to an oar-mounting member 53,
upon which are mounted several oars, one of which is shown at 42.
The three-cornered cam 44 cooperates with an oval indentation 47 in
the cam follower. The oval indentation 47 is formed of two straight
parallel sides of equal length joined by curved ends, the parallel
sides in operation being parallel to the water surface and to the
longest axis of the oval. The cylindrical cam 45 cooperates with a
slot 48 having its longest axis perpendicular to the water
surface.
A U-shaped wire 49 consisting of two end portions 51 joined by a
center portion 52 is mounted on two pivots 50 in such a manner that
the wire may turn freely about the axis of the center portion 52,
but is otherwise restrained. The two slots 54 are provided in the
oar-mounting member 53, and these slots engage the end portions 51
of the wire 49.
In operation, the disc 43 is rotated by the electric motor with the
result that each of the cams 4 and 5 imparts to its follower 47 and
48 respectively, a linear component of motion. The two linear
components are perpendicular and out of phase, and these combine so
that the cam follower moves with the resultant motion along an oval
path. The oval path has two straight sides of equal length parallel
to the water surface and joined by curved sides, the longest axis
of the oval being parallel to the straight sides. As the
oar-mounting member 53 is fixed to the cam follower 46, the
oar-mounting member also moves over the oval path so that the oars
in turn perform a similar motion. The wire 49 allows the
oar-mounting member 53 to move along the oval path, but prevents it
from rocking.
In embodiments where a programmed strip driven by a ratchet
mechanism is used to control the action of the oars, a simple
counter wheel may be incorporated which would allow the strip to
stop advancing while the wheel revolved instead. This would allow
the programming available from each strip to be greatly
expanded.
Apart from programmed strips, other information carrying means may
be employed for controlling the oars, for example a punched
tape.
In a simple embodiment of the invention which does not incorporate
a programming device, the double cam assembly may be replaced by a
small spur gear cooperating with a toothed cavity in an
oar-mounting member so that as the gear rotates it rolls around the
periphery of the cavity. Alternatively, the gear may rotate about a
fixed axis so that the oar mounting moves about it in a similar
manner.
The expression "oars" used herein is intended to include paddles
and sculls as used, for example, to propel canoes and boats.
* * * * *