U.S. patent number 3,572,700 [Application Number 04/743,092] was granted by the patent office on 1971-03-30 for frictonal type exercising device.
Invention is credited to Joseph A. Mastropaolo.
United States Patent |
3,572,700 |
Mastropaolo |
March 30, 1971 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
FRICTONAL TYPE EXERCISING DEVICE
Abstract
Exercising device providing time-distributed, continuously
varying uses of a high proportion of body muscle masses, through
individual exercise cycles employing bidirectional operation
against a resistance between fully flexed and fully extended
positions of the subject. Arm and body travel against the
resistance successively involves agonist and antagonist
musculature, the work output rate or total work output being
measurable. Programs of exercises employing selected work rates and
work quantities provide total body conditioning without undue
strain or tendency to loss of motivation.
Inventors: |
Mastropaolo; Joseph A.
(Huntington Beach, CA) |
Family
ID: |
24987483 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/743,092 |
Filed: |
July 8, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
482/2; 280/252;
482/112; 73/379.06; 73/379.09 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B
23/12 (20130101); A63B 21/151 (20130101); A63B
21/4045 (20151001); A63B 21/157 (20130101); A63B
21/4035 (20151001); A63B 23/00 (20130101); A63B
21/154 (20130101); A63B 2023/0411 (20130101); A63B
21/0083 (20130101); A63B 21/4033 (20151001) |
Current International
Class: |
A63B
23/035 (20060101); A63B 23/00 (20060101); A63B
23/12 (20060101); A63B 21/008 (20060101); A63B
21/00 (20060101); A63b 023/02 (); A63b
023/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;272/79,80,83,82,81,72,57,(DIG.) 3/ ;272/(DIG.) 5/ ;272/57 (D)/
;272/(DIG.) 1/ ;73/381 (R)/ ;73/379 (R)/ |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Pinkham; Richard C.
Assistant Examiner: Browne; William R.
Claims
I claim:
1. A total body exerciser for providing substantially balanced and
successive exercising of both agonist and antagonist musculature of
a subject comprising:
a horizontal frame means;
individual foot restraints mounted on one end of the frame
means;
a carriage for supporting the body of the subject and slidably
mounted on the frame means for reciprocation relative to the foot
restraints;
means supported by the frame means for providing a load;
said load means comprising a rotating friction developing energy
device;
means including endless chain drive means mounted on the frame
means for manual reciprocation relative to the foot restraints and
connected for driving the load means continuously and
unidirectionally during operation of the exercise by the subject;
and
individual hand grips secured to the endless chain drive means for
reciprocation of the hand grips by the subject between a position
adjacent said foot restraints and a position at which the subject
is substantially fully extended, with the subject's body being
supported by the carriage and the subject's feet held by the foot
restraints, providing exercise in which both flexion and extension
movements are continuously resisted by the load means.
2. An exerciser, as defined in claim 1, in which:
the drive means includes transmission means connected to drive the
rotatable energy dissipation device and convert the reciprocating
motion of the drive means to unidirectional rotary motion of the
rotatable energy dissipation device.
3. A total body exerciser comprising:
an elongated, horizontal frame;
a first axle projecting horizontally outwardly from said frame at
one end thereof;
a second axle, parallel to the first axle, projecting horizontally
outwardly from said frame at the other end thereof;
rotatable idler means mounted at the ends of both axles, the
rotatable idler means at said one end of the frame being in
alignment with the rotatable idler means at said other end;
foot restraints mounted at said one end of the frame in between the
rotatable idler means of said first axle;
a carriage for supporting the body of the subject and mounted on
the frame for reciprocation relative to the foot restraints;
rotatable frictional load resistance means mounted on the
frame;
first endless drive cable means disposed about the rotatable idler
means on one side of the elongated frame and connected to drive the
frictional load means;
a transmission means;
second endless drive cable means disposed about the rotatable idler
means on the other side of the frame and connected to drive the
frictional load means; and
a hand grip mounted on each cable means, the cable means rotating
the frictional load means through a transmission means which
converts reciprocating motion of the cable means into
unidirectional rotation of the frictional load means, the distance
between the foot restraints at the one end of the frame and the
second axle at the other end of the frame being sufficient to
accommodate a fully extended subject, said hand grips being movable
between a first extreme at which said hand grips are located
substantially at said foot restraints and a second extreme at which
said hand grips are located a distance from said foot restraints
approximately equal to the fully extended length of the
subject.
4. An exerciser, as defined in claim 3, in which, the first and
second cable means each include dual sprocket chains connected to
the load means through sprocket wheels, the first of the dual
chains driving the load means in one direction of reciprocation of
the hand grips and the other of the dual chains driving the load
means when the hand grips are moved in the opposite direction.
5. An exerciser, as defined in claim 3, in which; said frame
includes rails slidably engaging said carriage.
6. A total body exerciser comprising:
an elongated frame, said frame being oriented horizontally and
including rails disposed therealong and a carriage slidably mounted
on said rails for supporting the body of a subject;
a first axle projecting horizontally outwardly from said frame at
one end thereof;
a second axle, parallel to the first axle, projecting horizontally
outwardly from said frame at the other end thereof;
rotatable idler means mounted at the ends of both axles, the
rotatable means at one end of the frame being in alignment with the
rotatable means at said other end;
foot restraints mounted at said one end of the frame in between the
rotatable idler means of said first axle;
rotatable energy dissipating means mounted on the frame;
first endless drive cable means disposed about the rotatable means
on one side of the elongated frame and connected to drive the
energy dissipating means;
second endless drive cable means disposed about the rotatable means
on the other side of the frame and connected to drive the energy
dissipating means said carriage being located between the said
first and second endless drive chain means; and
a transmission means, a hand grip mounted on each cable means, the
cable means rotating the energy dissipating means through said
transmission means which converts reciprocating motion of the cable
means into unidirectional rotation of the energy dissipating means,
the distance between the foot restraints at the one end of the
frame and the second axle at the other end of the frame being
sufficient to accommodate a fully extended subject.
Description
Background of the Invention
This invention relates generally to apparatus for physiological
conditioning and particularly to apparatus for conditioning
significantly large muscle masses more efficiently than heretofore
possible.
There is currently increased emphasis on physical conditioning,
especially in view of growing evidence that "deconditioning"
resulting, for example, from the sedentary nature of work engaged
within technologically advanced societies, has deleterious effects
on the cardiovascular, respiratory and musculo-skeletal systems.
Further, it has been recognized for some time that the consequences
of inadequate exercise to the national health are significant. More
recently, with the advent of space flight and encounters with
weightless environments, the problem of crew deconditioning has
been the subject of intensive study and investigation.
For any program of exercise, the kinds of muscles exercised as well
as the quantity are important. For example, an arm exercise should
involve the biceps, an agonist muscle, as well as the triceps, the
antagonist muscle. The human structure requires muscular balance
not only to function well but for uniform overall development.
Although exercise in any reasonable quantity is often considered
beneficial, it is well established that a regular exercise program
is most desirable. This is essential not only to maintain a given
state of the musculature but more importantly to increase one's
ability to accomplish tasks, without untoward effects, that require
greater development that is realized or appreciated.
There is a general tendency among adults to allow muscular
degradation of degeneration to take place through the failure of
proper exercise. Often, even where certain occupations require some
form of physical exertion, it is quite limited in scope and
involves only a relatively small percentage of total body
musculature. For these reasons, many adults find it difficult to
perform intermittent leisure work tasks or engage in physical
recreation without some degree of bodily discomfort or even risk of
injury.
Despite general insistence on the need for physical fitness, the
classes of individuals most in need of exercise lack sufficient
motivation to expend the required time and effort. Even the
motivated person is, however, required to engage in a variety of
sports or exercises or use several types of exercising apparatus to
achieve the desired kinds and amounts of muscle exercise. Loss of
motivation under these circumstances often occurs when a good state
of health is enjoyed and there is no immediate need for regular
exercise.
Persons who are physically handicapped by loss or restricted use of
some portion of their musculature and who require some form of
conditioning therapy usually engage in an exercise for
strengthening the injured portion of the body. General exercise for
the remainder of their muscular system, however, is often neglected
or at least limited, resulting in failure of uniform conditioning
and development.
It is well established, from a physiological conditioning
standpoint, that the greater the number of muscle masses involved
in an exercise the more beneficial the exercise is to the overall
body musculature improvement and development. Total physical
fitness requires the employment of the greatest skeletal muscle
mass in heavy endurance exercise. In order to involve great masses
of musculature, the major body segments, and the agonists and
antagonists (e.g., flexors and extensors) in these segments, must
be involved vigorously in the exercise. The work load must be heavy
to improve strength and continuous to improve the cardiovascular
and respiratory systems. The greater the muscle mass over which the
work is spread, the less the strain and fatigue per unit of muscle
and the greater the ultimate level of work and fitness achievable.
Further, the greater the muscle mass involved and the greater the
level of work, the greater will be the development and the fitness
of the systems carrying oxygen to the muscles. Thus, in this
approach to total fitness, the aim is to effect the highest fitness
in the greatest number of cells directly and indirectly involved in
the exercise. The benefits of a program of this type are apparent
not only aesthetically but practically, in giving the individual a
greater freedom to participate in a broader variety of physical
activities with much less danger of bodily injury.
Many types of exercise have been suggested for improvement of body
musculature which do not involve the use of exercise equipment or
devices. Although beneficial, such exercises should be engaged in
with care or professional advice in order to prevent injury as a
result of overtaxing underdeveloped muscles. Also, a variety of
different exercises are needed to involve a sufficiently large
proportion of musculature and the benefits are accompanied by
proportionately greater tedium and tendency to lose motivation. No
continually observable measurement of improvement is available,
except for increasing the number and difficulty of repetitions, and
even carefully advised exercise programs often fail as the
individual eventually becomes bored.
Many varieties of exercising and conditioning apparatus have been
devices in the past. Such devices are not only beneficial from a
physiological standpoint, but act to stimulate the user's interest.
The exercise equipment now widely used includes cycling devices,
rowing and cranking machines of various kinds, isometric tension
mechanisms and treadmills. Each of these types of equipment has
certain disadvantages and limitations, and in particular each
exercises only relatively small numbers of body muscle masses. For
example, bicycling employs only 10 antagonist muscles in each leg
for a total of 20 antagonist muscles, and has a relatively short
power stroke of about 12 inches. As another example, rowing
exercisers involve only about 74 muscles at most. In another
exercising device, combining cycling and cranking movements, 72
antagonist muscles are utilized in each arm, which together with
the extensor muscles of the legs, provides exercise for a total of
64 antagonist muscles.
Other exercise devices such as barbells and weighted pulley systems
exercise only 34 agonist and 100 antagonist muscles. Considering
that there are about 131 major agonist muscles and 137 major
antagonist muscles in the human body, it is evident that these
devices by themselves fail to exercise large masses of agonist
musculature. In addition, as a result of their design, these
devices generally do not provide proper cardiopulmonary development
because the antagonist musculature employed to lift the weight must
stay contracted to keep the weight up and to let the weight down
thereby interferring with circulation and respiration to muscles.
This leads to ischemic fatigue of the musculature involved,
attending discomfort and lack of motivation, and an inherent
inability of these muscles to perform continuously.
Thus, to involve substantially all of the skeletal muscles in
properly timed contraction and relaxation cycles, a person would
have to engage in many different types of monodirectional exercises
of comparatively light loads. Where the amount of room is limited,
such as that in a home or within a space vehicle, a number of
exercisers cannot be accommodated. It would be most desirable to
have a single, compact and preferably portable exercising device
which would exercise a relatively large amount of the body
musculature.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention for the first time provides a physical
fitness apparatus having the capability of exercising substantially
all of the skeletal musculature of the human body as a single
dynamic system. The apparatus employs a movement pattern which,
besides affecting virtually all skeletal muscles, places
essentially equal emphasis on agonist muscles and antagonist
muscles. The present invention permits specialized muscle
development without change of the equipment. The total work output
can be monitored and work rate as well as total work can be
selected. In addition, the subject can shift to other exercises as
fatigue occurs so as to maintain physiologic functions at the same
rate. These factors greatly enhance motivation by permitting
substantial variety to be observed within a consistent development
program.
Broadly, the apparatus of the present invention includes a frame or
support means provided at one end with feet restraint means. A load
means or force resistance device is mounted on the frame means and
operated continuously by a drive mechanism reciprocated by the
subject. The apparatus may be oriented vertically, horizontally, or
at any intermediate tilt angle, and may include a slidable body
support carriage. The drive mechanism is arranged so that a
handgrip is movable through a span substantially equal to or
greater than that which can be covered by the subject.
In using one specific form of apparatus of the present invention
for maximum muscular exercise, the feet are secured in the
restraint means and the subject grasps the handgrip on the drive
mechanism. The handgrip of the drive mechanism is then reciprocated
between alternate extremes of movement, against the force
resistance device in each direction of movement.
By providing both pushing and pulling strokes in succession, both
agonist and antagonist muscles are equally exercised. Movement
begins with the slow, strong muscles and links to weaker, faster
muscles at zero acceleration and maximum velocity. During the first
half of the stroke cycle, 106 different antagonist muscles and 38
agonist muscles take part in principally extension type movements.
During the second half of the stroke cycle, 68 different agonist
muscles and 26 different antagonist muscles take part in mainly
flexion movements. For the entire power cycle, 186 different
agonist and antagonist muscles take part once and 52 of these are
involved twice in both flexion and extension movements.
The load means or force resistance device against which the subject
works in the present apparatus may comprise any of a variety of
mechanisms such as frictionally retarded wheels, electrical
generators or dynamometers or hydraulic energy dissipators. The
inclusion of an ergometer device for measuring work is generally
preferred, and another feature of the invention resides in the fact
that the resultant measurement may be used for physiological
testing and a consistent development program.
Other aspects of the invention relate to improved, manually-driven
vehicles employing actuating force distributing systems in
accordance with the invention. Through utilization of input force
from many muscle masses, a vehicle may be manually powered at
higher speeds or for longer distances than heretofore.
Brief Description of the Drawings
A better understanding of the invention may be had by reference to
the following description taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a vertical exerciser in accordance
with the invention;
FIGS. 2A--2H are simplified representations of a subject during one
complete cycle of exercising on the apparatus of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a stationary, horizontal exerciser
in accordance with the invention including a pendulum ergometer for
measuring work output;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary, partially schematic, side elevation view
of a portion of drive apparatus employed in the exerciser of FIG.
3;
FIG. 5 is a side elevation view, in section, of a unidirectional
drive unit which may be utilized in the exerciser of FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a front elevation view, in section, of the unit of FIG. 5
along the plane 6-6;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged, side elevation view of the pendulum
ergometer of the apparatus of FIG. 3;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a land vehicle in accordance with
the invention;
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a vertical exerciser in accordance
with an alternative embodiment of the invention utilizing a
hydraulic ergometer for measuring work output;
FIG. 10 is a front elevation view, in section, of the hydraulic
ergometer depicted in FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a horizontal exerciser in
accordance with another alternative embodiment of the invention;
and
FIG. 12 is a kinesiologic analysis, in graphical form, showing the
number of muscles working during various portions of one exercise
cycle.
Detailed Description of the Invention
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a vertically disposed and
particularly compact and simplified form of an exerciser in
accordance with the invention wherein the support means comprises a
plate 10 at the upper or head end of the apparatus and a base
member 12 at the lower or foot end. The plate 10 may be attached to
or suspended from a ceiling 14 or other structural supporting
member. At the foot end of the exerciser is a foot tethering plate
16 having feet resting positions 18, each position 18 having a
foot-restraining strap 20.
Positioned at the head and foot ends of the exerciser are pairs of
sprocket wheels 22, 24 and 26,28, respectively, interconnected by
upper and lower shafts 30 and 32. The shafts 30 and 32 are carried
by brackets 34 and 36, respectively, suitably fastened to the
ceiling 14 and base 12. Connecting the sprocket wheels 22 and 26 is
an endless roller chain 38; similarly, the sprocket wheels 24 and
28 are connected by an endless roller chain 40. A handgrip 42,
extending transversely between the chains and attached thereto on
the side adjacent the foot resting positions 18, provides a
gripping means for the subject whereby the chains may be vertically
reciprocated in accordance with the exercise cycle to be described.
The handgrip 42, shown in FIG. 1 as a single bar may instead
consist of two independent hand grips, one being secured to each
chain.
The distance between the two sprocket chains 38 and 40 is such that
the subject can comfortably hold the handgrip 42 with hands and
arms spread apart in a normal fashion in a position approximating
the width of the upper portion of the subject's body. It is evident
that where a single handgrip 42 is utilized, the hands can then be
placed closer or further apart as desired throughout the exercise.
For most efficient exercise of the arm musculature, it is preferred
to have the hands positioned somewhat further apart than the width
of the subject's body.
As an alternative to the sprocket and roller chain drive depicted
in FIG. 1, any continuous drive media, including belts, cables, or
similar means, cooperating in a substantially nonslip fashion with
appropriate pulleys or the like in place of the sprocket wheels,
may be utilized. A chain drive is preferred, however, because there
is no slippage and no initial tensioning is required. Further, as
is well-known, torque applied to such a drive through the handgrip,
tending to twist the chain, is inherently resisted by the links and
link pins forming the chain.
At the foot end of the exerciser of FIG. 1, attached to the base
plate 12, is a bidirectional load means connected to be driven by
the shaft 32 whereby any up or down movement of the handgrip 42 is
resisted by the load. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the load means
comprises an electric dynamometer 44 consisting of a generator 46
connected by a shaft 48 to a transmission 50. The transmission 50
has suitable gearing for transmitting the force applied to the
handgrip 42 to the generator shaft via the chains 38 and 40 and the
sprocket wheels 26 and 28. Connected to the generator 46 is a meter
52 for indicating the work being done by the subject.
The transmission 50 may be of any suitable type for converting the
bidirectional, reciprocating motion of the shaft 32 into
unidirectional motion of the generator shaft 48. For example,
ratchet and pawl means which are directionally opposed may be
incorporated in the transmission 50 so that when the handgrip 42 is
moved in either direction, one of the ratchet and pawl means is
engaged to drive the generator 46 in a single direction.
The specific load means used may consist of any of a number of
devices, including the mechanical and hydraulic load components
which will be described later in connection with alternative
embodiments. In any event, it is preferred that the load can be
varied and that the load can be measured in some manner.
Consequently, the exerciser can be tailored to individuals having
different physical capacities and the work output from the exercise
can be monitored. The load variation is particularly useful in a
program for increasing a subject's musculature capabilities. The
variable load in combination with a work output reading device
provides a substantially complete understanding of the state of
muscle development and conditioning of a given subject inasmuch as
rates and capacities can be defined. These can then be used in
conjunction with medical and physiological considerations to define
a realistic improvement program.
A subject exercises in accordance with the invention. Individual
cycles are defined by the succession of positions shown in FIGS. 2A
through 2H, it being understood that reasonably continuous
movements are ordinarily employed.
FIG. 2A shows the starting position which will be designated as the
fully flexed position, in which the subject is in a crouched
position with his feet spread apart and held in the foot
restraining devices 18 and 20, his arms extended and his hands
gripping the handgrip 42 in the vicinity of the feet. The arms are
extended substantially fully downwardly with the elbows almost
rigid and the back straight but leaning slightly forward. As shown
in FIG. 2B, the subject then begins to work against the load means
via the handgrip 42 by pulling the buttocks upwardly with the leg
musculature while maintaining the arms straight and extended
downwardly with the back also held straight. In this segment of the
exercise cycle, the antagonists of the foot, lower leg and upper
leg and the agonist muscles of the hand and lower arm are
exercised. The extension from the fully flexed position may be
carried out in different fashion (e.g., pulling up the arms first)
but the same muscle masses are called into play during this part of
the cycle nonetheless. As the subject continues to straighten his
legs, movement against the resistance is transferred partially to
the arm and back muscles until he reaches the full leg extension of
standing position shown in FIG. 2C in which the handgrip 42 is
located high on the chest at approximately the level of the
shoulders. To attain this position of the exercise, the agonists of
the upper leg, the lower arm and the upper arm, and the antagonists
of the upper leg, hip and back are being exerted. The transitions
between the uses of the various muscle masses are smooth and
overlap in that some muscle masses are, at least for a time, used
concurrently.
Thereafter, the subject continues to raise his hands and arms
against the resistance until the arms are at the highest possible
position over the subject's head with the arms fully extended
upwardly and the feet arched, as shown in FIG. 2D. This position
will be referred to as the full extension length or span of the
subject. This position of the exercise requires the use of
antagonist muscle masses of the hand, lower arm, upper arm, back,
and agonists of the shoulder girdle. At this point the arms have
changed substantially 180.degree. in direction from the initial
position of FIG. 2A. Then, with the arms remaining fully extended,
the subject begins the downward movement against the load
resistance by bending the knees as shown in FIG. 2E with the feel
flattened thereby exercising agonist muscles of the feet, lower leg
and upper leg. Once the knees are somewhat bent as shown in FIG. 2E
the subject then pulls downwardly with the arms as shown in FIG. 2F
thereby requiring the exercise of the agonist muscles of the hand,
lower arm, upper arm and shoulder.
Continuing the exercise, the hands are moved downwardly so that the
arms return to the fully downwardly extended position, and at
approximately the same time the buttocks are lowered by utilizing
the agonist muscles of the upper leg, hips, head, chest and
abdomen, respectively. When the arms are in the fully downwardly
extended position as shown in FIG. 2G, by the action of the
antagonist muscles of the lower arm, and the agonists and
antagonists of the upper arm and shoulder girdle, the legs are
flexed against the resistance until the subject returns to the
position shown in FIG. 2H which corresponds to the starting
position of FIG. 2A. A full cycle is thereby completed, the span
between the fully flexed position and fully extended position
having opened and closed, with an amount of work having been
performed that is determined by the span of movement and the
resistive force. The extent of exertion is determined additionally
by the rate at which the cycle is carried out, and the capacity of
the given subject to overcome the resistance. An exercise sequence
consists of a series of successive exercise cycles carried out in a
programmed manner whereby the work output potential of the subject
may be determined.
Additionally, in accordance with the invention, complete total body
conditioning methods are provided by relating cycle sequences to
physiological capacities and needs of a subject. Work output
capacity or potential can be measured by maximum rate and duration
tests, that is, tests not exceeding the fatigue capability of any
individual muscle mass, on apparatus in accordance with the
invention. In one example, the maximum work rate achievable may be
accurately determined by measuring and charting the maximum work
achieved during fixed time intervals against one, or preferably
against several different load resistances with sufficient
intermediate rest intervals. Degradation of performance with time
under continuous operation may also be measured. The present status
of conditioning of the subject is thus fully identified in terms of
total body conditioning, and a program of cyclic sequences may then
be adapted that provides consistent improvement without strain or
any risk of injury.
Variations can also be introduced in each complete cycle, to
accentuate particular muscle masses. Arm movements can be
increased, by alternating between the positions shown in FIG. 2C
and FIG. 2D, that is, between the full leg extension position and
the full extension length of the subject. This same arm exercise
can also be accomplished by turning the hands so that the palms
face toward the subject. Likewise, exercise of the leg, back and
abdomen musculature can be accomplished by holding the arms in the
fully downwardly extended, starting position of FIG. 2A and raising
and lowering the handgrip 42 solely by movement of the body and
legs. Obviously, a great number of variations of exercises may be
accomplished on the apparatus of the invention and will be
appreciated by those skilled in the art. However, because the
handgrip movement requires a substantially constant force to
overcome the load as has been described herein, the full body
exercise as shown in FIGS. 2A--2H is preferred for exertion of
practically total body musculature thereby giving maximum exercise
benefit to the subject.
A kinesiologic analysis of the exercise cycle illustrated in FIGS.
2A--2H is shown, in graphical form, in FIG. 12 in which the number
of muscles working is plotted as a function of the position of the
subject in terms of the fraction of completion of one cycle. The
instantaneous number and kinds of working muscles at succeeding
one-sixth intervals of the cycle are shown by means of a bar graph
and the total agonist, total antagonist and total working muscles
are depicted in the form of continuous plots.
It should be understood that muscular activity, even in the
performance of simple tasks, is extremely complex because of the
interaction between muscles and muscle groups and because certain
muscles, although exerted, do not participate completely, or at
all, in accomplishing the external work performed by the subject.
Thus, the graphical representation of FIG. 12 should be considered
as a rough approximation and is subject to a number of limitations.
Thus, only "major" working muscles have been considered because
"minor" working muscles have comparatively small bearing on the
external work accomplished. Likewise, the analysis does not report
any muscles which perform primarily in lengthening, stabilizing or
respiratory functions. Furthermore, muscles reported at a
particular instant should be considered as having "phased in" at
some previous time.
It will be observed from FIG. 12 that during the first half of the
cycle (corresponding to FIGS. 2A--2D, already discussed), the
majority of the muscles employed, 74 percent, are the antagonists;
in contrast, during the second half of the cycle (corresponding to
the movements progressing from the position shown in FIG. 2D back
to the initial position of FIG. 2H), most of the muscles employed,
about 72 percent, are the agonists. The total number of agonist and
antagonist muscles used is 238 of which 186 different agonist and
antagonist muscles are employed once and 186 twice. This
significantly exceeds the total number of muscles employed in
working any other single known exercise device. This also exceeds
the total number of muscles in balanced employment (agonists as
well as antagonists) in working any other known exercise device.
Further, this device should permit the greatest maximal oxygen
consumption of which an individual is capable and the greatest
improvement in maximal oxygen consumption from training. For any
given level of work, the strain should be less than that on other
devices because the work is spread over a greater muscle mass. The
corollary should also be true: given any level of physiologic
strain, a greater amount of work should be possible from this
device than from any other.
A different form of the exerciser in accordance with the invention
is shown in FIGS. 3--7. The mechanism shown in FIGS. 3--7 comprises
a work output device specifically arranged for operation and use as
a total fitness exerciser. An elongated base frame 60, here
disposed in a horizontal position, comprises a pair of extended,
generally U-shaped base members 62 and 64 which are joined in
spaced apart, parallel relation by a pair of transverse support
rods 66 and 68. The longitudinally spaced, upstanding legs 62a, 62b
and 64a, 64b of the U-shaped base members 62 and 64, respectively,
provide terminal points for the frame that are far enough apart to
enable a user to be fully horizontally extended along the frame in
the fully extended position. At one end of the frame 60,
hereinafter referred to as the foot end, is a transverse support
member 70 coupled to the upper end of the legs 62a and 64a and
including a pair of footrests 72 and 74, spaced apart for
convenient placement of the feet of the user. Each footrest 72, 74
includes a stirrup or strap 76, 78, respectively, for restraining
the inserted foot from any substantial movement relative to the
footrest.
The frame structure 60 also includes a pair of longitudinal channel
guideway members 80 and 82 on the upper side, extending parallel to
the horizontal portions of the members 62 and 64. A slidable body
support 84, having a horizontal seat portion 86 and an inclined
backrest portion 88, is disposed on the channel guideway members 80
and 82 so as to slide therealong. For this purpose, the channel
guideway members 80 and 82 may be provided with a relatively low
friction surface, such as a smoothly machined metal surface, a low
friction synthetic coating or a lubricated surface. Roller, needle,
or air bearings (not shown) may be utilized on the slidable support
84 if desired to reduce friction, the prime considerations being
the avoidance of excessive frictional drag or resistance between
the support 84 and the guideways 80 and 82, as well as avoidance of
substantial frictional variations in the travel of the support 84
along the length of the guideways. Although the sliding support is
shown elevated relative to the bottom of the frame 60, and movable
in a horizontal direction, a wide variety of expedients may be
used. As pointed out herein, a frame need not in fact be employed,
inasmuch as the significant consideration is the provision of
separate foot and head end anchor structures having minimum spacing
between them corresponding to the desired total extension distance.
The guideways for the body support may constitute the principal
elements of the base, or may be separate from the remainder if the
structure has sufficient static restraint.
A force resistance drive mechanism, mounted between the foot and
head ends of the frame structure 60, includes separate cable pairs
90 and 92 on each longitudinal side of the upper portion of the
frame. Inasmuch as the drive mechanism is substantially identical
on both sides, only one need be described in detail, this being the
cable system, comprising cable pair 90, disposed on the right-hand
side of a subject seated in the slidable support 84. This cable
system is shown in more detail in FIG. 4, to which reference should
also be made.
Cable pair 90 includes an inboard cable 94 and an outboard cable
96. The cables 94 and 96 form endless loops and include chain
portions 98 and 100 employed for drive purposes with the remainder
of the cables comprising wire portions 102 and 104. A first axle
106, disposed at the foot end of the structure, is transversely
supported across the frame by brackets 108 fixedly mounted on the
frame 60. The axle 106 carries a pair of spaced-apart idler pulleys
110 and 112 about which the wire portions 102 and 104 are looped.
The chain portion 98 of the cable 94 is looped about an idler
sprocket 114 mounted on an upper axle 116 at the head end of the
structure, a drive sprocket 118 fixed to an output or drive axle
120, and a reverse idler sprocket 122 mounted on a lower axle 124
at the head end of the frame. The chain portion 100 of the cable 96
is looped about an idler sprocket 126 mounted on the axle 116 and a
drive sprocket 128 fixed to the drive axle 120. Axle 116 is carried
by risers 130 extending upwardly from the frame 60; axles 120 and
124 are carried by the upper portions of legs 62b and 64b of the
base members 62 and 64, respectively. Handles 130 and 132 are
connected to the cable pairs 90 and 92, respectively, so that the
subject can reciprocate each cable pair in unison through the full
extension distance.
From FIG. 4, it will be seen that the respective chain portions 98
and 100 are positioned about the drive sprockets 118 and 128 so as
to cause contrarotation of these sprockets relative to one another
for a given direction of motion of the handle 130. Thus, as shown
by the arrows, when the handle 130 is translated rearwardly by the
subject, the sprocket 118 rotates clockwise while the sprocket 128
rotates counterclockwise. The reverse directions of rotations will
occur when the handle 130 is moved in a forward direction, that is,
toward the foot end of the frame.
The sprockets 118 and 128 are connected to drive the axle 120
through suitable mechanisms so that irrespective of the direction
of movement of the handle 130, drive torque is always applied to
the axle 120 in the same direction. FIGS. 5 and 6 show an example
of an elementary unidirectional drive unit used with the drive
sprocket 118 and which, when paired with an identical unit driven
by the sprocket 128, imparts a single direction of rotation to the
axle 120 regardless of the direction of movement of the cable pair
90. It will be understood that a similar set of
bidirectional-to-unidirectional drive elements are utilized in
connection with the cable pair 92; because all of these units are
essentially the same, only the unit actuated by sprocket 118 will
be described in detail.
The unit shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 comprises the well-known "free
wheel" bicycle drive mechanism; other devices, having the same or
similar capabilities, will suggest themselves to those skilled in
the art and are to be regarded as equivalents for purposes of the
definition of the present invention by the appended claims. The
"free wheel" bicycle unit has certain advantages, however, in that
it is a simple, low cost, readily available and compact device.
Briefly, the mechanism of FIGS. 5 and 6 includes an annular hub
member 140 threadedly secured to the axle 120 which in turn is
connected to a load applying means to be described later. The hub
member 140 carries a split inner race 142 of a ball bearing which
includes ball elements 144. The hub member 140 is also provided
with two shaped, transverse notches 146, spaced 180.degree. apart
and two, oppositely directed, arcuate slits 148 each subtending an
angle of about 90.degree. and communicating with the notches 146. A
pawl 150 is loosely seated within each notch 146 and is biased
radially outwardly by a lead spring 152 carried within the slit
148. The leaf springs 152 have free ends bearing against the inner
surfaces of the pawls 150 and fixed ends held by transverse pins
154 spanning the slits 148 and anchored to the hub member 140.
A ring member 156, carrying the sprocket wheel 118, forms the
outer, bidirectionally rotatable housing of the drive unit. Formed
in its inner surface are ratchet teeth 158 and a circumferential
track 160 comprising the outer race of the ball bearing. The
ratchet teeth 158 are oriented so that torque is transferred to the
hub member via one or the other pawl 150 when the sprocket wheel
118 turns in the clockwise direction as indicated by the arrow.
Counterclockwise rotation of the sprocket 118 causes pawls 150 to
ride over the gently sloping back surfaces of the ratchet teeth and
no drive torque is transmitted. During counterclockwise rotation of
wheel 118, sprocket wheel 128, being an identical unit, rotates
clockwise and transmits torque to the output drive axle 120.
It will be noted in FIG. 5 that the teeth 158 are spaced so as to
be out of phase with the driving edges of the pawls 150, that is,
with one pawl engaging a ratchet tooth in the driving condition, as
for example, the lower pawl in FIG. 5, the remaining pawl rests on
top of the adjacent tooth. This relative spacing is desirable so
that although only one pawl drives at a time, a stronger ratchet
tooth is possible while the ability to quickly engage the drive is
preserved when the sprocket direction is changed to clockwise.
This, in effect, produces a ratchet drive of much finer pitch than
the tooth spacing would indicate. Obviously, more than two pawls
may be used to provide even less slack through a finer effective
pitch.
A constant resistance mechanism, comprising an ergometer or work
measuring device, best seen in FIGS. 3 and 7, is coupled to the
output or drive axle 120. The ergometer is of the pendulum type,
and provides an indication of the work output rate. A tireless
bicycle wheel 170 is mounted securely on the axle 120 and driven
thereby. The wheel is braked mechanically by an adjustable band 172
frictionally and slidably engaging a substantial arcuate portion of
the wheel rim. The band 172 is also fixedly connected to a pendulum
drive shaft drum 174 by a locking clamp 176. Thus, the band 172 can
be tightened or loosened by disengaging the locking clamp 176 and
adjusting the tautness of the band so that the desired amount of
slippage between the wheel rim and the band is attained. The band
172 is preferably constructed of any material which will resist
friction abrasion and expansion or shrinkage due to variations of
humidity and temperature conditions.
A short, horizontal shaft 178 is attached to the drum 174 and a
pendulum arm ring 180 is fixedly mounted on the end of the shaft
178. A pendulum arm 182 depends from the ring 180.
As the subject places the apparatus in motion by exerting force on
the handles 130 and 132, the rotating wheel 170, acting on the band
172, deflects the pendulum arm 182 to a point at which the
difference in tension at the ends of the band is balanced by the
torque produced by the angularly displaced pendulum arm. The extent
of the deflection of the pendulum arm 182 depends on several
factors, including the sliding friction between the band 172 and
the wheel rim. Adjacent the pendulum arm is a fixed plate 184
having a pendulum scale 186 graduated in units of braking force
(lbs., for example). The distance (feet) over which the force is
applied may be obtained from a counter 188 attached to the axle
120. The work done by the subject, in foot-pounds may be computed
simply by multiplying the pendulum arm indication by the counter
reading. If the distance is expressed on a per unit time basis,
then the rate of work, or horsepower, may be computed. It is
preferred to have an adjustably positionable weight 190 connected
to the pendulum arm 182 by which more precise adjustments and
calibration of the pendulum arm deflection can be made. Thus, the
tautness of the band 172 can initially be roughly adjusted and then
fine adjustments can be made by lowering or raising the weight
188.
Different types of exercise training programs can be accomplished
on the apparatus of FIGS. 3--7. An exemplary training program
begins with the subject exercising at a work rate that requires,
for example, 40 percent of his initial maximum oxygen consumption
and heart rate, as determined by physiological tests, at steady
exercise. Of course, it will be desirable for each different
subject to determine or estimate his initial maximum oxygen
consumption and heart rate by a metabolism test or equivalent from
which the maximum initial rate of work which can be accomplished by
the subject is determined. Accordingly, the subject then exercises
at 40 percent of maximum indicated by the ergometer at a rate of
approximately 20 complete cycles per minute.
As training at this level is continued, the subject's heart rate
begins to decrease for that amount of work accomplished. With a
decrease in heart rate, a greater rate of work can be undertaken,
for example 50 percent and this process is repeated until the
subject is promoted to a work rate that elicits a heart rate of 97
percent of his initial maximal heart rate or oxygen consumption. In
continuing the exercise program, the subject is given another
maximal oxygen consumption test which is used as the basis for
further training.
In another program, the subject may exercise for a standard
duration, for example, 30 minutes, at a suitably steady work rate.
This type of program can develop great cardiorespiratory dimensions
and is feasible up to work rates well in excess of the subject's
initial maximum oxygen consumption and heart rate.
Another training program uses a progression of work rates without
stopping during the training session, for example, 40 percent of
maximum,60 percent and 80 percent. The lowest work rate serves as a
warmup and the last few minutes are spent at the highest work rate.
Progress is judged by total work done and highest work rate
achieved. The training session is characterized by progressive
intensity of exercise.
Still another type of training program uses discontinuous exercise
such as two minutes working and one minute resting, for a certain
session duration, for example, 30 minutes. For the work
accomplished, the signs of stress, for example, blood lactate, are
least in this training program.
FIG. 8 illustrates the present invention embodied in a four wheel
land vehicle whereby the work output is utilized for directly
driving the vehicle through rear wheels 196. The drive components
and mechanism are identical to those described in connection with
FIG. 3 and, therefore, that description will not be repeated here.
The front wheels 198 of the vehicle of FIG. 8 can be steered by the
exerciser's feet which are tethered in foot restraints 200 and 201
attached to the front axle 202. The front axle 202 pivots in
relation to the frame 204 about a pin 206 anchored to a plate 208
secured to the vehicle frame. The front axle 202 is normally held
substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the frame
204 by a pair of springs 210 and 212 connected to the front of the
frame 204 at a central point and to the axle 202 at spaced points
on either side of the longitudinal central axis of the frame. Thus,
the vehicle is driven substantially straight ahead unless a force
is exerted in opposition to one or the other spring 210 or 212 by
applying more pressure against one or the other foot restraint 200
or 201. Caliper type braking means 214, mounted on a transverse
frame member 216, are also provided. The braking means 214 are
actuated by exerting a downward force on the heel of the foot
restraints 200 and 201 which force is transmitted via brake cables
218 to the braking means 214. It will be appreciated that the
apparatus can be used for driving other types of vehicles such as
manpowered boats and aircraft by substituting different drive
elements such as paddles, propellers, and so forth, for the wheels
shown in FIG. 8.
A relatively simple and inexpensive arrangement in accordance with
the invention and which also provides a direct indication of total
work output, is illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10, to which reference
is now made. In this arrangement, a cable 230, under moderate
tension, is looped between upper and lower support assemblies 232
and 234. The upper support assembly 232 comprises a bracket 236
upon which a pulley 238 is rotatably mounted, and the lower support
assembly 234, positioned adjacent a footrest platform 235,
comprises a drum 240 about which the cable 230 is wrapped with a
number of turns. A handle 242 for use by the subject is attached to
the cable 230 and spaced therefrom by a set of braces 244. A pair
of guide rollers 246 and 248, attached to fixed supports (by means
not shown), may be used to provide tracking of the cable 230
between the upper and lower positions. Various other cable and
flexible or rigid systems may be employed to permit the mechanism
to be operated up and down with freedom of movement by the
subject.
The desired frictional or mechanical restraint against the
operative movement, together with the work output reading, are
provided by a simple hydraulic mechanism 250 coupled directly to
the drum 240. A shaft 252 concentric and rotated with the drum 240
includes a threaded portion 254. A piston 256, including an
interiorly threaded central aperture 258, is mounted on the
threaded portion of the shaft 252 and includes a keyway 260 engaged
by an elongated key 262. The piston 256 reciprocates within a
cylinder 264 filled with hydraulic fluid. The reciprocation of the
piston 256 within the cylinder 264 drives the hydraulic fluid
toward one end of the cylinder or the other, the fluid being
circulated externally of the cylinder within a bypass line 266
connected to opposite ends of the cylinder. The amount of flow
within the bypass line 266 is controlled by a pair of orifices, the
size of which is each controlled by an associated needle valve 268,
270. A pair of needle valves are employed to permit variation in
the resistance in the two alternate directions of movement,
although it will be apparent that a single, fixed orifice may be
used for this purpose, or that a single adjustable device at some
intermediate point in the bypass line 266 may be employed. When
utilizing a pair of needle valves, secondary bypasses around the
needle valves incorporating check valves 272, 274 are employed to
ensure free flow in one direction around the associated needle
valves.
With appropriate insulation about the cylinder 264 to approximate
adiabatic conditions, a measurement of total work output may be
provided directly by measuring the temperature increase of the
hydraulic fluid. For this purpose, a temperature responsive device,
such as a thermocouple or bimetallic spring, which, under the
conditions stated functions as a calorimeter, is exposed to the
hydraulic fluid, and an indicator 276, preferably calibrated in
energy units such as calories or foot-pounds, is visible to the
operator. The indicator face may include a movable background, so
that adjustments may be made in the start point reading to
compensate for ambient temperature variations.
The orientation of the continuous loop of cable 230 about the drum
240 remains the same irrespective of the displacement of the cable
during exercise by a subject. The extent of movement of the cable
is sufficient, as in the devices previously described, to encompass
the full range desired for a subject. As the subject moves between
the fully flexed position and the fully extended position, rotation
of the shaft 252 causes the piston 256 to reciprocate, forcing the
hydraulic fluid through the small orifices within the valves 268,
270, the mechanical work thereby being converted to heat energy
which raises the temperature of the fluid. The direct indication of
total work output therefore enables the subject to be assured that
a certain exercise program involving given total increments of
work, is being performed in each sequence. The work rate may, of
course, be adjusted by varying the size of the orifices.
In FIG. 11, a variation of the invention, shown in somewhat
simplified form, is illustrated in perspective. The apparatus of
this embodiment includes a horizontal platform 280 incorporating a
pair of spaced, parallel, longitudinally oriented, grooved tracks
282. A body support for the subject, which support may simply be a
seat 284, is mounted on rollers (not shown) disposed within the
tracks 282 whereby the seat 284 is adapted to travel longitudinally
in either direction along the platform 280. Mounted on one end of
the platform 280, which will be referred to as the foot end, are
foot restraints 286 of the type already described in connection
with other embodiments. Secured to the sides of the platform 280
near the foot end thereof, are projecting L-shaped, tubular support
members 288, the upright segments of which carry transverse
bearings 290. Journaled within the bearings 290 are shafts 292, the
inboard extremities of which are fixed to sprocket wheels 294. The
outer ends of the shafts 292 are connected to suitable load devices
such as electrical dynamometers 296 coupled to indicator means 298.
It will be appreciated that the sprockets 294 operate completely
independent of one another so that the exercising subject may
actuate one and not the other or may actuate both at different load
levels.
Projecting rearwardly from the platform 280 is an adjustably
positionable, rear tubular frame 300 having longitudinal tube
elements 302 received, in telescoping fashion, within sleeves 304
mounted in the platform 280. The tube elements 302 are provided
with a series of longitudinally spaced apertures 306, which, in
cooperation with pins 308 carried by the sleeves 304, fix the
longitudinal position of the frame 300 relative to the platform
280.
Attached to the elements 302, at their rearmost extremities, is a
generally U-shaped cross member 310 the vertical portions of which
have inwardly directed axle portions 312 rotatably supporting idler
sprocket wheels 314. A chain 316 connects each sprocket wheel 294
at the foot end with the corresponding sprocket wheel 314 at the
rear, or head, end. Handles 318, secured to the chains 316 provide
gripping means for the subject. The full extension distance of the
subject extends between outer extremities of paired sprocket wheels
294, 314 as indicated by "d" in FIG. 11.
In the operation of the exerciser of FIG. 11, the subject imparts
motion to the chains 316, and thereby to the dynamometers 296, in a
single direction as indicated by the arrows. Along the upper
course, movement may be in a forward direction, that is, toward the
foot end and along the lower course, the direction of movement will
then be toward the head end. The direction may be reversed if
desired. In any event, during an entire cycle, the force applied by
the subject to the handles is resisted in each direction by the
dynamometers 296 and thus, essentially, the apparatus operates the
same as previously discussed embodiments.
The overall length of the apparatus may be adjusted to accommodate
subjects of various sizes by withdrawing the pins 308, sliding the
frame 300 in or out and reinserting the pins 308 in the appropriate
apertures 306. Chain links may be added or subtracted as required
to adjust the length of the chains 316.
Although there have been described above and illustrated in the
drawings various forms of exercise systems, devices and methods in
accordance with the invention, it will be appreciated that the
invention is not limited thereto but encompasses those forms and
variations falling within the scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *