U.S. patent number 3,572,555 [Application Number 04/828,268] was granted by the patent office on 1971-03-30 for xerographic toner dispenser.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Arthur H. Knight, Myrl J. Miller.
United States Patent |
3,572,555 |
Knight , et al. |
March 30, 1971 |
XEROGRAPHIC TONER DISPENSER
Abstract
Apparatus for dispensing toner into a developing unit of a
xerographic-copying machine is disclosed. The dispenser comprises a
hopper having sidewalls provided by a pair of resilient members
whose lower ends engage the periphery of a rotatable
fluted-dispensing shaft located at and forming the bottom of the
hopper. The resilient members function to seal the lower portion of
the hopper, meter the amount of toner carried from the hopper when
the fluted-dispensing shaft is rotated, and clean the toner from
the toner-carrying grooves or channels of the fluted-dispensing
shaft. Mechanism is provided for indicating when the amount of
toner in the hopper has been reduced to a predetermined minimum
amount.
Inventors: |
Knight; Arthur H. (Lexington,
KY), Miller; Myrl J. (Lexington, KY) |
Assignee: |
International Business Machines
Corporation (Armonk, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
25251328 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/828,268 |
Filed: |
May 27, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
222/342;
222/DIG.1; 118/308 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01F
11/0258 (20130101); G03G 15/0856 (20130101); Y10S
222/01 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/08 (20060101); G01f 011/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;222/342,347,350,346,343,349 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Tollberg; Stanley H.
Claims
We claim:
1. A toner dispenser for disposing metered quantities of toner to a
developing unit in a copying machine comprising:
a toner receiving hopper having a pair of sidewalls;
means to detect when the toner in said hopper falls below a
predetermined level;
said means to detect comprising a measuring member extending into
said toner within said hopper;
biasing means tending to move said measuring member from a normal
position to an actuated position;
said toner in said hopper surrounding said measuring member
maintaining said measuring member in actuated position against the
action of said biasing means;
a dispensing shaft forming a portion of at least one wall of said
hopper;
a plurality of teeth and toner-carrying dispensing channels
disposed alternately about the periphery and extending the length
of said dispensing shaft;
one of said sidewalls comprising a platelike deflectable back
resilient member having an end portion coextensive with said teeth
and toner-carrying dispensing channels and engaging said periphery
of said dispensing shaft to provide a toner seal and a cleaning
means for removing toner remaining in said toner-carrying
dispensing channels; and
means to rotate said dispensing shaft whereby quantities of toner
are metered to said developer unit.
Description
The present invention relates generally to toner-dispensing
apparatus for a xerographic-copying machine. More specifically, the
invention is concerned with the provision of a toner dispenser for
replenishing the toner in a developer unit of a xerographic-copying
machine in a highly reliable and accurately controllable
manner.
The xerographic-copying process is well known in the art and
employs a photosensitive element comprising a layer of
photoconductive material supported on a conductive backing
substrate. The process normally includes the steps of depositing a
uniform electrical charge on the surface of the photosensitive
element while the element is maintained in the dark, exposing the
charged element to a light image of the original being copied, and
then developing the latent electrostatic image with marking
material or toner. If the photosensitive element is to be reused,
the toner image is transferred to a sheet of paper or other
material defining a copy sheet, usually with the assistance of an
external electrical field and/or pressure. Fusing apparatus heats
and fixes the toner image on the copy sheet and the finished copy
is then transported to an output hopper where it is accessible to
the operator. Residual toner is cleaned from the photosensitive
element and it is ready for reuse in another copying cycle.
The developing of the latent electrostatic image may be
accomplished employing any of a variety of development methods well
known to those skilled in the art. The dry development techniques
most widely used in xerographic equipment commercially available at
the present time are cascade and magnetic brush techniques. In both
of these techniques a two component developer composition
comprising a mixture of carrier particles and much smaller toner
particles is moved into contact with and relative to the
photosensitive element. Toner particles are removed from the
developer composition and deposited on the latent electrostatic
image to develop the same.
It is necessary to replenish the toner which is depleted from the
developer composition through normal use and a wide variety of
toner-dispensing mechanisms have been proposed for this purpose.
The toner usually comprises a pigmented and heat fusable resin
which has been ground or otherwise formed to produce a fine powder.
This powder can be handled and dispensed employing the general
teachings and apparatus used for dispensing fertilizers and other
pulverlant materials providing due consideration is given to the
small size of the toner particles (an average particle size of
about 20 microns), the tendency of the toner to compact and act as
a solid when subjected to repeated impact in a confined area, and
the tendency of the particles to agglomerate or stick together
under conditions of high temperature and humidity. Many of the
prior art toner dispensers operate quite successfully in
xerographic machines, but have the limitations and disadvantages
that the rate at which toner is dispensed varies in accordance with
the amount of toner in the hopper, they are sensitive to external
vibration which may cause an unregulated and large amount of toner
to be released at one time when the copying machine is jarred, the
rate at which toner can be dispensed is not controllable to the
extent and accuracy desired, and the mechanisms themselves are
relatively complicated. The last disadvantage results in relatively
high initial manufacturing and maintenance costs.
It is the primary or ultimate object of the invention to provide an
improved xerographic toner dispenser which is characterized by its
extreme simplicity in construction and operation. The apparatus
comprises a hopper having a pair of resilient sidewalls whose lower
ends engage a fluted-dispensing shaft forming the bottom wall of
the hopper. The apparatus is easily and inexpensively manufactured
and operates in a highly reliable manner. The stirring mechanism
and cleaning brushes usually associated with toner dispensers may
be completely eliminated. Its operation is not adversely affected
by vibration and other external disturbances so that the
inadvertent discharge of relatively large amounts of toner under
these conditions simply does not occur. Improved seals comprising
polyurathane foam or similar compressable pads permit the movement
and adjustment of the resilient sidewalls, but yet prevent leakage
of toner from the hopper.
Another object of the invention is to provide a toner dispenser for
a xerographic-copying machine wherein the amount of toner dispensed
is accurately and precisely controlled. The fluted-dispensing shaft
rotates and the toner-holding grooves or channels therein carry
toner to the exterior of the hopper. The resilient sidewalls insure
that the same amount of toner fills each of the grooves or channels
and that all of the toner carried from the hopper is removed from
the grooves and drops into the developer unit. The rate at which
the toner is dispensed is accurately regulated by altering the
length of time the fluted-dispensing shaft is driven and/or
changing its speed of rotation.
A still further object of this invention is to provide a
xerographic toner dispenser which includes a means for indicating
when the toner in the hopper of the dispenser falls below a
predetermined level. This is accomplished by providing a pivoted
member that is biased toward a switch-actuating position. The mass
of the toner in the hopper maintains the pivoted member in a
position wherein the associated switch is not actuated until the
toner falls below the predetermined level.
The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention
will be apparent from the following more particular description of
a preferred embodiment of the invention as illustrated in the
accompanying drawings.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a xerographic copying machine
employing toner-dispensing apparatus which is constructed and
operated in accordance with the teachings of this invention;
FIG. 2 is an end view, partially in section, of the toner
dispenser;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged end sectional view showing specifically the
operation of the resilient member in sweeping toner from the
channels of the fluted-dispensing member;
FIG. 4 is a partial side view of the toner dispenser shown in FIG.
2;
FIG. 5 is an end sectional view depicting specifically the
construction of the mechanism for detecting when the amount of
toner in the hopper has been reduced to a predetermined amount;
and
FIG. 6 is a partial side view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 5.
XEROGRAPHIC COPYING MACHINE
Referring now to the drawings, and initially to FIG. 1 thereof,
there is shown a schematic representation of a xerographic-copying
machine embodying the toner dispenser of the present invention. The
electrophotographic member of the copying machine comprises a drum
10 which is mounted for rotation in the direction indicated by
arrow 11. Disposed on the outer periphery of the drum is a thin
layer of photosensitive material 12 which is supported on a
conductive substrate. The photosensitive material is preferably an
organic photoconductor comprising a one-to-one molar ratio of
polymerized vinylcarbazole and 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone which is
disclosed and claimed in an application of Meredith D. Shattuck and
Ulo Vahtra entitled "Organic Photoconductive Compositions and Their
Use in Electrophotographic Processes," Ser. No. 556,982, filed Jun.
13, 1966, which issued on Dec. 16, 1969as U.S. Pat. 3,484,237 and
assigned to the assignee of this invention. The photoconductor is
coated on a flexible conductive backing material and stored on
reels within the interior of the drum to permit replacement or
changing of the operative photoconductor surface without removing
the drum from the machine as is disclosed and claimed in an
application of Clifford E. Herrick, Jr., entitled
"Electrophotographic Processes," Ser. No. 649,162, filed Jun. 27,
1967, now abandoned, and assigned to the assignee of the present
invention. While the disclosed photoconductor and drum construction
are preferred, the present invention is concerned with
toner-dispensing apparatus and is not dependent on the use of any
particular electrophotographic member.
Disposed about the periphery of the drum 10 are a number of
processing stations which carry out the conventional steps of the
xerographic-copying process. An initial charging station is
provided by a corona unit 13 which deposits a uniform charge on the
surface of the photosensitive material while the same is maintained
in the dark. The next station is exposure station 14 where a line
image of the original document is projected onto the uniformly
charged surface of the photosensitive material 12 as the drum
rotates. A document 15 to be copied is supported face down on a
movable and transparent copy bed 16 which moves back and forth past
a scanning slit as indicated by the arrow 17. The document 15
passing the scanning slit is illuminated by lights 18 and a line
image of light and shadow is projected by stationary lens 19 onto
the photosensitive material 12 carried by the drum.
The next station in the direction of rotation of the drum 10 is a
cascade developer unit 20 where a two component developer
composition is caused to move across the surface of the drum. The
developer composition comprises relatively large carrier particles
and much smaller heat fixable marking particles of toner. The
developer composition is transported from sump portion 21 of the
developer unit to chute structure 22 by bucket conveyor 23. The
developer composition falls or cascades across the surface of the
drum and the toner particles are attracted to and deposited on the
surface of the photosensitive member in accordance with the latent
electrostatic image corresponding to the original. As the toner is
used or depleted from the developer composition, it is necessary to
replenish the toner. This is accomplished by the toner dispenser 24
which is the subject of this invention and will be hereinafter more
fully described. The result of the cascade development operation is
the formation of a toner image on the surface of the drum. It is
now necessary to transfer the toner image to a copy sheet and this
is accomplished at the toner transfer station 26.
The plain copy paper is stored within the copying machine in roll
form as indicated by roll 27 and is fed along a path of travel 28
in the direction indicated by the arrows leading past knives 29,
toner image transfer station 26, fusing apparatus generally
indicated by reference numeral 30 and then to an output copy hopper
31. The copy paper is cut to the length selected by the operator
and the cut copy sheet moves into contact with the drum. A transfer
corona unit 32 assists in the transfer of the toner image to the
copy sheet. The copy sheet is then separated from the drum, the
toner image fused by heat and the final copy transported to the
output hopper 31.
Not all of the toner image is transferred to the copy sheet and it
is necessary to remove the residual toner from the surface of the
drum. This is accomplished by employing a preclean corona unit 33
whose corona discharge tends to loosen the remaining toner
particles and a cleaning brush 34 which is rotated at high-speed in
the direction indicated by arrow 35. The toner particles which are
brushed from the surface of the photosensitive material are drawn
by vacuum into a filter bag mounted within a housing 36.
The above description of a representative xerographic-copying
machine is not intended to limit in any manner the teachings or
claims of this invention. The toner dispenser disclosed in this
specification can be employed with any of a wide variety of copying
machines or systems using various development techniques, such as
magnetic brush development.
TONER DISPENSER
The toner dispenser is mounted in fixed relation within the
developer unit 20 and is shown in detail in FIGS. 2--6 of the
drawings. It comprises an elongated hopper 40 which is adapted to
hold an appreciable quantity of the toner. The hopper 40 has a pair
of transversely spaced end walls 41, front wall 42, tapering
backwall 43, removable top cover 44, and a rotatable
fluted-dispensing shaft 45. The dispensing shaft 45 forms the
bottom wall of the hopper 40 at the apex of the front and backwalls
42 and 43 and is adapted to be rotated in the direction of arrow 46
by drive motor 47.
The front wall 42 is generally vertical but is tilted slightly
inwardly so that toner within the hopper tends to fall away from
the front wall and does not collect thereon. The front wall 42
comprises a rigid front 49 and a front resilient member 50. The
ends of the plate 49 are flanges 51 that provide a convenient means
for attaching the plate to the end walls 41. This attachment is
accomplished by bolts and oversize apertures so that the position
of the front wall relative to other elements of the dispenser can
be easily adjusted. The front resilient member 50 is attached to
and extends from the lower end of the front plate 49. Its lower end
tangentially engages and resiliently bears against the front edge
or surface area of the fluted-dispensing dispensing shaft 45.
The construction of the backwall 43 is generally similar in that it
comprises a rigid back plate 53 and a back resilient member 54
attached to and extending from the back plate. End flanges 55,
bolts and oversize apertures define a means for attaching the
backwall 43 to the end walls 41 as well as a means for adjusting
the angle and position of the backwall relative to the
fluted-dispensing shaft 45 and the other elements of the toner
dispenser. The back resilient member 54 extends in angled relation
toward both the front wall 42 and the rotatable fluted-dispensing
shaft 45 and its lower end engages the top of the dispensing
shaft.
The front and back resilient members 50 and 54 are formed from
yieldable and resilient material, such as spring steel. In one
constructed embodiment of the invention, the resilient members were
rectangular pieces of spring steel 0.012 of an inch thick. However,
while the operation of the toner dispenser is dependent on the
proper functioning of the resilient members 50 and 54, it should be
clearly understood that the invention, in its broader aspects, is
not limited to any particular material forming the resilient
members. The selection of the resilient material to be used is a
matter of design choice taking into account the characteristics of
the material being dispensed and the functions performed by the
front and back resilient members.
Seals are provided between the ends of the front and back resilient
members 50 and 54 and the end walls 41 by pads 56 of polyurathane
foam or similar compressable material attached to the end walls.
This sealing arrangement prevents the escape of toner and is
particularly advantageous since it permits adjusting movement of
the front and backwalls 42 and 43 without disturbing the toner
seals. The polyurathane pads 56 are simply compressed in the areas
where they are engaged by the ends of the front and back resilient
members.
The end plates 41 each carry a bushing assembly 55 which receives
and journals a stub end of the fluted-dispensing shaft 45. Large
annular end sealing members 57 are attached to the opposite ends of
the main body portion of the dispensing shaft 45 and provide toner
seals at the ends of the front and back resilient members. The
polyurathane pads 56 and annular sealing members 57 prevent toner
from escaping or flowing out of the hopper at the ends of the
hopper.
The dispensing shaft 45 is fluted and has a plurality of elongated
and circumferentially spaced teeth 58. Between each of the teeth 58
is an elongated dispensing channel or groove 59. The teeth 58 and
the dispensing channels 59 alternate about the outer periphery of
the dispensing shaft 45 with the radial front edge surface 60 of
each tooth forming the backwall of the adjacent dispensing channel
59. The top of the teeth 58 are rounded circumferentially as
indicated at 61 while the bottom walls 62 of the dispensing
channels 59 are perpendicular to the radially extending front edge
surfaces 60.
In operation, the dispensing shaft 45 is rotated at a relatively
slow speed by drive motor 47 in the direction indicated by arrow
46. A tooth 58 and a dispensing channel 59 within the interior of
the hopper and disposed between the back resilient member 54 and
the front resilient member 50 pass through the mass of toner. The
dispensing channel 59 is filled with toner and this toner is
carried past the front resilient member 50 to the exterior of the
hopper. The front resilient member 50 performs a toner metering
function in that when it is engaged by the top of the front edge
surface 60 of a tooth 58, it is still engaging the rounded surface
61 of the preceding tooth in the direction of rotation of the
dispensing shaft and spans or covers the dispensing channel 59. A
triangular-shaped chamber of known and predetermined capacity is
provided. The walls of the chamber are defined by the front
resilient member 50, the bottom wall 62 of the dispensing recess
59, and the front edge wall 60 of the tooth 58. The same amount of
toner fills and is carried from the interior of the hopper by each
of the dispensing channels 59. The amount of toner dispensed for a
given speed of rotation of the dispensing shaft 45 remains constant
as long as the hopper is filled with a minimum amount of toner.
The front resilient member 50 also performs a sealing function in
that it exerts sufficient force against the teeth 58 of the
dispensing shaft 45 to prevent the leakage of toner from the hopper
under all operating conditions. However, the general tangential or
wiping engagement of the teeth 58 with the resilient member 50
causes the latter to be relatively easily deflected outwardly by
the teeth of the dispensing shaft. The spring member 50 moves back
and forth as the dispensing shaft is rotated and this oscillating
movement assists in maintaining the mass of toner within the hopper
40 in a loose and pulverlant state.
When a dispensing channel 59 rotates past the front spring member
50, the loose toner within the channel will fall to the sump
portion 21 of the developer unit 20 for mixing with the developer
composition. The channel 59 then rotates past the back resilient
member 54 to the interior of the hopper for another charge of
toner.
The back resilient member 54 is important to the successful
operation of the toner dispenser of this invention and performs the
functions of cleaning any toner remaining or sticking in the
channels 59, sealing against the leakage of toner from the hopper,
and maintaining the toner within the hopper in a state where it is
easily dispensed. As the front edge 60 of a tooth 58 engages the
lower end of the back resilient member 54, the resilient member is
deflected inwardly and upwardly. The lower end of the back
resilient member 54 rides up on the rounded surface 61 of the
tooth.
Eventually the recess 59 begins to pass beneath the end of
deflected back resilient member 54. The resilient member 54 is
released and immediately snaps to the rear and slams against the
front edge surface 60 of the next tooth 58 as is shown in FIG. 3 of
the drawings. The lower edge of the back resilient member wipes the
bottom surface 62 of the dispensing recess 58 during its rearward
movement. The abrupt or rapid rearward movement of the lower end of
the back resilient member 54 cleans or sweeps any remaining toner
from the dispensing channel 59. The cleaning of the channels by the
back resilient member 54 insures that the same amount of toner is
dispensed from the hopper by each of the channels. Without the
cleaning action of the back resilient member, the channels may
become clogged with toner and this will substantially change or
vary the amount of toner dispensed.
In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, each of the
dispensing channels 59 is shown to have a right angle corner where
the edge surface 60 meets the bottom wall 62. The end of back
resilient member 54 does not extend into this corner when the
resilient member moves to the rear as is shown in FIG. 3 of the
drawings. However, the entire dispensing channel is cleaned of
toner and this is apparently due to the air turbulence generated by
the rearward movement of the resilient member 54. It should be
clearly understood that it is within the scope of the present
invention to employ a different shape or profile for the teeth of
the fluted-dispensing shaft. For example, the front edge walls 60
can be sloped forwardly so that the space existing between the back
resilient member 54 and the front wall under the conditions
depicted in FIG. 3 would be completely eliminated.
The back resilient member 54 also performs a sealing function in
that sufficient spring pressure is exerted to prevent the leakage
of toner from the hopper. Also, the back and forth movement of the
resilient member 54 assists in maintaining the mass of toner within
the hopper in a free flowing condition.
The combined action of the resilient members 50 and 54 is such that
the stirring mechanisms usually associated with prior art toner
dispensers for maintaining the toner mass within the dispensing
hopper in condition for dispensing have been found unnecessary in
toner dispensers constructed in accordance with the teachings of
this invention. The need for additional means to clean toner from
the dispensing channels, such as an elongated rotating brush, has
not been found necessary. However, these mechanisms can easily be
incorporated into the disclosed toner dispenser if they are found
desirable.
The rate at which the toner is dispensed from the hopper 40 is
controlled by rotating the fluted-dispensing shaft 45 at a constant
speed and regulating the length of time the motor 47 is energized.
Alternately, the speed of rotation of the dispensing shaft 45 can
be varied by changing the speed of motor 47 or changing the setting
of change-speed mechanism interconnecting the motor 47 and the
dispensing shaft 45. The toner dispenser is well adapted for use in
a feedback system wherein the concentration of the toner in the
developer composition in the developer unit is monitored and output
signals are provided for controlling the operation of the toner
dispenser and the rate at which toner is dispensed.
The apparatus for indicating when the toner within the hopper has
fallen below a predetermined level is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 of the
drawings. A paddle 68 is located between the sidewalls 42 and 43 of
the hopper 40 and is positioned so its enlarged lower end or blade
69 is disposed slightly above the dispensing shaft 45. The paddle
68 is rigidly attached to pivot pin 70 which extends from backwall
43 through the front wall 42 to mounting bracket 71. Rigidly
attached to the pivot pin 70 adjacent mounting bracket 71 are a
magnetic switch actuator 72 and a lever 73 holding counterweight
74. The counterweight 74 tends to bias or pivot the paddle 68 so
that in the absence of toner the same rotates and switch actuator
72 is moved to actuate reed switch 76. The paddle 68 is normally
maintained in its vertical position against the biasing force
exerted by counterweight 74 by the mass of the toner within the
hopper which surrounds the blade 69. The paddle 68 pivots to
actuate the switch 76 when the level of the toner in the hopper
falls below a predetermined level. A latch 77 is provided to hold
the paddle 68 in a vertical position when the hopper is being
filled with toner. This latch is pivoted out of the way by the
operator when the toner hopper has been filled.
The use of the apparatus for detecting when the toner in the hopper
falls below a predetermined level in the toner dispenser of this
invention is particularly advantageous. The oscillating front and
back resilient members prevent voids or holes from forming in the
mass of toner and insure the level of the toner is the same at all
points along the length of the hopper. The presence of holes or
voids could cause uneven filling of the dispensing channels. The
paddle detector provides an output signal indicating when
additional toner is required as the mass of toner approaches a
level where there is insufficient toner remaining in the hopper to
completely fill the dispensing channels.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with
reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood
by those skilled in the art that changes in form and details may be
made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention.
* * * * *