U.S. patent number 3,567,915 [Application Number 04/843,418] was granted by the patent office on 1971-03-02 for method of an apparatus for remotely determining the profile of fluid turbulence.
This patent grant is currently assigned to TRW Inc. Invention is credited to Saul Altshuler, Donald Arnush, Leonard Glatt, Arthur Peskoff.
United States Patent |
3,567,915 |
Altshuler , et al. |
March 2, 1971 |
METHOD OF AN APPARATUS FOR REMOTELY DETERMINING THE PROFILE OF
FLUID TURBULENCE
Abstract
Apparatus and a method for remotely determining the profile of
fluid turbulence such, for example, as clear-air turbulence. The
intensity of an acoustic wave passing through a liquid, such as
water, or the intensity of an electromagnetic wave, such as light,
passing through air is determined at a plurality of different
locations. In the electromagnetic case this may be done by a set of
spaced telescopes and photosensitive devices or by optically
scanning the density of a previously exposed photographic plate. An
electric signal representative of the intensity of the acoustic or
electromagnetic wave is then developed, and a second electrical
signal is obtained which is representative of the spatial
correlation function of the fluctuations of the logarithm of the
first electrical signal. Thus, specifically the logarithm of the
intensity is taken and the spatial correlation of the fluctuations
is derived. Finally, a third signal is derived from the second
signal. This third signal is representative of the
integro-differential transform of the second signal. This third
signal then represents the desired profile of, for example, the
clear-air turbulence.
Inventors: |
Altshuler; Saul (Manhattan
Beach, CA), Arnush; Donald (Los Angeles, CA), Glatt;
Leonard (Los Angeles, CA), Peskoff; Arthur (Los Angeles,
CA) |
Assignee: |
TRW Inc (Redondo Beach,
CA)
|
Family
ID: |
25289913 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/843,418 |
Filed: |
July 22, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
702/49; 342/26R;
73/646; 708/851 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01S
1/72 (20130101); G06G 7/1928 (20130101); G06E
3/001 (20130101); G01P 5/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G06G
7/00 (20060101); G01P 5/00 (20060101); G01S
1/00 (20060101); G01S 1/72 (20060101); G06G
7/19 (20060101); G06E 3/00 (20060101); G01b
015/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;356/105--113,128--130
;235/151.3,181 ;343/5 (W)/ ;343/5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
"Problems of Clear-Air Turblence: Possible Future Developments," E.
R. Reiter; Astronautics & Aeronautics V.5 n8 Aug. 1967;
pp.56--58.
|
Primary Examiner: Morrison; Malcolm A.
Assistant Examiner: Wise; Edward J.
Claims
We claim:
1. Apparatus for remotely determining the profile of turbulence of
a fluid by means of a periodic wave passing through the fluid
comprising:
a. first means for sensing the intensity of the periodic wave at
different locations and for deriving a first electrical signal
representative of the periodic wave intensity at said different
locations;
b. second means coupled to said first means for deriving a second
electrical signal representative of the spatial correlation
function of the fluctuations of the logarithm of said first
electrical signal; and
c. third means coupled to said second means for deriving a third
electrical signal representative of the second signal, whereby said
third signal represents the desired turbulence profile.
2. Apparatus for remotely determining the profile of clear-air
turbulence by means of an electromagnetic wave passing through the
air comprising:
a. first means for sensing the intensity of the electromagnetic
wave at different locations and for deriving a first electrical
signal representative of the electromagnetic wave intensity at said
different locations;
b. second means coupled to said first means for deriving a second
electrical signal representative of the spatial correlation
function of the fluctuations of the logarithm of said first
electrical signal;
c. third means coupled to said second means for deriving a third
electrical signal representative of the integro-differential
transform of said second signal; and
d. display means coupled to said third means for displaying said
third signal representing the desired air-turbulence profile.
3. Apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein said first means
includes a plurality of telescopes for sensing the intensity of the
electromagnetic wave in different locations, and a photoelectric
device associated with each of said telescopes for deriving said
first electrical signal.
4. Apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein said first means
includes a lens for diverging the electromagnetic wave over an
extended area within a predetermined plane, and a plurality of
photoelectric devices disposed in said plane for deriving said
first electrical signal.
5. Apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein said second means
includes a logarithmic amplifier for deriving a signal
representative of the logarithm of said first signal followed by a
time-averager and a subtractor for obtaining the fluctuations of
the logarithm of said first electrical signal.
6. Apparatus as defined in claim 5 wherein said second means
additionally includes a multiplier followed by an additional
time-averager for deriving a plurality of signals, each being
representative of the fluctuations of the logarithm of said first
electrical signal corresponding to a plurality of said different
locations, and a function compiler coupled to said additional
time-averagers for deriving a composite signal representative of
said spatial correlation function.
7. Apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein said third means
includes a multiplier, an integrator, a summing network and a
differentiating network for deriving said third signal
representative of the integro-differential transform of said second
signal.
8. The method of remotely determining the profile of turbulence of
fluid by means of a periodic wave passing through the fluid
comprising the steps of:
a. sensing the intensity of the periodic wave at a plurality of
different locations;
b. deriving a first electrical signal representative of the
periodic wave intensity at the different locations;
c. deriving a second electrical signal from the first electrical
signal representative of the spatial correlation function of the
fluctuations of the logarithm of the first electrical signal;
and
d. deriving a third electrical signal from the second electrical
signal representative of the integro-differential transform of the
second signal, the third signal representing the desired turbulence
profile.
9. The method defined in claim 8 including the additional step of
displaying the third electrical signal to display the desired
turbulence profile.
10. The method of remotely determining the profile of clear-air
turbulence by means of an electromagnetic wave passing through the
air and comprising the steps of:
a. sensing the intensity of the electromagnetic wave at different
locations;
b. deriving a first electrical signal representative of the
electromagnetic wave intensity at the different locations;
c. deriving from the first electrical signal a second electrical
signal representative of the spatial correlation function of the
fluctuations of the logarithm of the first electrical signal;
d. deriving from the second electrical signal a third electrical
signal representative of the integro-differential transform of the
second signal; and
e. displaying the third electrical signal for displaying the
desired clear-air turbulence profile.
11. A method as defined in claim 10 including the additional steps
of deriving from the first electrical signal a first auxiliary
signal representative of the logarithm of the intensity of the
electromagnetic wave at the different locations, deriving from the
first auxiliary signal a second auxiliary signal representative of
the fluctuations of the logarithm of the first auxiliary electrical
signal, and deriving from the second auxiliary signal a third
auxiliary signal representative of the spatial correlation
function.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to a method of, and apparatus for
remotely determining the profile of turbulence in a fluid, and
particularly relates to apparatus for measuring or determining the
clear-air turbulence profile.
Clear-air turbulence is widely recognized as a hazard to aircraft
operation. It is known that airplanes which have encountered such
clear-air turbulence have been broken up and crashed. This
clear-air turbulence is sometimes due to a jetstream which may
cause eddies to form as it passes, for example, over a mountain.
However clear-air turbulence may exist near the ground at levels as
low as 10 to 100 meters. On the other hand, it has also been
observed at heights up to 50,000 or 60,000 feet. Clear-air
turbulence has also been recognized as a significant meteorological
parameter. In addition, it limits image transmission and laser
communication through the atmosphere.
Considerable effort has been expended by the aircraft industry and
others to combat the threat of clear-air turbulence. This however
requires initially some device to determine the profile of the
turbulence of say, the atmosphere. What is really needed is an
effective, real-time, hazard warning device for airplanes which
will recognize the turbulence and determine its position: However
at this time there is no device known capable of determining the
strength of the turbulence at remote locations.
It has been suggested to measure the fluctuations of images of
stars. It is, of course, well-known that these fluctuations are
caused by clear-air turbulence. However up to now, there was no
known method or device for determining the actual turbulence
profile from these or other measurements.
It is also known that turbulence exists in the ocean. Since sea
water does not propagate electromagnetic waves well, it is more
feasible to measure turbulence in the ocean by means of an acoustic
wave.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a
method of, and apparatus for determining the profile of turbulence
in either a gaseous or liquid medium.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of,
and apparatus for determining the profile of clear-air turbulence
by measuring the intensity of an electromagnetic or acoustic wave
passing through the medium and subsequently processing the
information obtained at spaced locations.
A further object of the present invention is to provide apparatus
for and a method of determining the location of clear-air
turbulence in the upper atmosphere.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The mathematical theory upon which the present invention is based
has been published by one of the inventors, Arthur Peskoff, in the
Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 58, no. 8, pages
1032 to 1040 of Aug. 1968.
In any case, the apparatus of the present invention permits one to
determine remotely the profile of turbulence of a fluid such as
water or air. This may be done in the case of water by an acoustic
wave or in the case of air by an electromagnetic wave passing
through the fluid. Thus when it is desired to measure the clear-air
turbulence, use may be made of the light from a star passing
through the atmosphere. Alternatively other electromagnetic waves
could be used such, for example, a microwaves. These may be
generated, for example, by an artificial satellite passing over the
atmosphere. Alternatively the artificial satellite might illuminate
the ground with a laser beam.
Thus the intensity of such a wave is first sensed at different
locations. An electric signal is developed which represents the
intensity of the wave. This may be effected by any suitable
transducer. For example, in the case of clear-air turbulence a
series of telescopes may be set up, each provided with a
photomultiplier or photodiode for converting the light intensity
into an electric signal representative of different locations.
Alternatively a photographic plate may be exposed and developed and
subsequently scanned by a photodensitometer to record intensity
variations as a function of location.
This first electric signal is then transformed into a second
electric signal by means of an analogue or digital computer. The
second electric signal is representative of the spatial correlation
function of the logarithm of the first electrical signal. The
computer then correlates the information obtained at the various
locations where measurements were initially made. Finally
additional means are provided which may also consist of either an
analogue or digital computer. The third means serves the purpose to
derive a third electrical signal representative of the
integro-differential transform of the second signal. Finally some
display means such as a cathode-ray tube may be provided for
displaying the third electrical signal. This third signal then
represents the desired air-turbulence profile.
The novel features that are considered characteristic of this
invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims.
The invention itself, however, both as to its organization and
method of operation, as well as additional objects and advantages
thereof, will best be understood from the following description
when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for determining remotely the
turbulence of a fluid in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic side-elevational view showing how a wave
front may be imaged by a lens to sample light intensities at
various locations;
FIG. 3 is an end view of a mosaic of photocells used with the large
lens arrangement of FIG. 2 for sampling light intensities at a set
of concentric circles;
FIG. 4 is a schematic showing of a set of telescopes and associated
photomultipliers for sampling light intensity at various
locations;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of one of the boxes of the system of FIG.
1;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of another one of the boxes of the system
of FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the function compiler for correlating
the information obtained from various spaced locations;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of another one of the boxes of FIG.
1;
FIG. 9 is a chart of a typical logarithmic amplitude correlation
function; and
FIG. 10 is a chart of a typical turbulence profile.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the drawings and particularly to FIG. 1 there is
illustrated in block form apparatus in accordance with the present
invention. However, before describing the operation of the block
diagram of FIG. 1, it will be convenient to set forth the
mathematical foundation on which the present invention is based.
Essentially it might be stated that any turbulence of a fluid such
as clear air, creates random changes in the physical parameters of
the air, such as the temperature, density and the index of
refraction. The variation of the physical parameters of the medium
in turn causes the phase of a wave passing through the medium to
change. The intensity variations in the diffraction pattern caused
by these phase variations is essentially what is being measured in
accordance with the present invention. Thus it may be visualized
that an electromagnetic wave with a plane wave front enters the
atmosphere. After passing through turbulence, the wave front of the
electromagnetic wave no longer is plane because the index of
refraction varies in a random manner and consequently, the phase of
the wave also varies. After further propagation through the
atmosphere, because of diffraction, the phase variations lead to
intensity variations.
The present invention is predicated on a mathematical equation for
the strength of the turbulence C.sub.n (z). In this expression n
stands for the index of refraction of the fluid such as air, and z
indicates the distance from the observer measured along the line of
sight. Accordingly, the following equation is obtained:
wherein .rho. is the separation between a pair of sensors measuring
the intensity of the electromagnetic or acoustic wave, and
.kappa.(.rho., z) is the kernel of the transform given above by
formula (1). This, for example, in the special case of atmospheric
turbulence which has a so-called Kolmogorov spectrum, is given
by
In this equation .GAMMA.(x) is the well-known gamma function.
Furthermore .kappa. is the wave number of the electromagnetic wave.
Im stands for the imaginary part of the quantity enclosed in curly
brackets. Furthermore, F(a b w) is the confluent hypergeometric
function. Finally, .beta..sub..chi. (.rho.) is the spatial
correlation function of the fluctuations of the logarithmic
amplitude of the wave. This function .beta..sub..chi. (.rho.) is
defined as follows:
In this equation .chi. is the logarithmic amplitude of the wave,
that is,
.chi. = 1/2 log I, (4) where I is the intensity of the wave.
Angular brackets denote an average over time or space (in a plane
perpendicular to the original propagation direction of the plane
wave). It should be noted from equation (3) that the fluctuation of
the logarithmic amplitude of the wave is first determined.
Furthermore, in the equation r indicates the coordinate in an XY
system in the observation plane (perpendicular to the original
plane wave's propagation direction). Furthermore, the arrow over
the letter indicates a vector quantity.
Equation (1) is exact. However, as a practical matter, it would not
be possible to determine C.sub.n (z) exactly because one cannot
measure .beta..sub..chi. (.rho.) for values of .rho. to infinity.
In other words, the correlation measurements practically can only
be carried out up to a certain finite separation, for example, of
telescopes. Accordingly it may generally be more convenient to use
an approximate formula which gives a more accurate value for C
.sub.n (z), when experimental errors are present in
.beta..sub..chi. (.rho.). Accordingly the following approximate
formula is obtained. ##SPC1##
In the above equation the symbol A indicates the approximate value
of A. Further, in Equation (6) .rho.' is an integration variable.
.rho..sub.m is a value of .rho. corresponding to the outer limit of
correlation function which can be measured. In other words, it is
assumed that beyond the value .rho..sub.m there is too much noise
to obtain a meaningful measurement. Thus the value of .rho..sub.m,
which is dependent on the turbulence profile and the
instrumentation for measuring .beta..sub..chi. (.rho.), is roughly
that value of .rho. for which the signal-to-noise ratio of
.beta..sub..chi. (.rho.) is unity.
Having now laid the mathematical foundation of the present
invention, reference is made to the block diagram of the system of
the invention as shown in FIG. 1. The system includes a first box
10 which represents an optical sensor array. Suitable arrays will
be described subsequently in connection with FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. In
any case, such an optical sensor array will deliver a plurality of
electrical signals indicated as I.sub.1, I.sub.2,..., I.sub.N, each
of which represents the intensity of the wave at a particular
location. There may be a total of N such sensors which generally
will be more than the three shown or possible less. Shown within
dotted lines 11 is an analogue or digital computer which computes
the function .beta..sub..chi. (.rho.) of equation (3). More
specifically, the dotted line 11 includes a plurality of boxes 12,
12',...., 12" which have been identified by A.sub.1, A.sub.2,
...,A.sub.N. The nature of each of boxes 12, etc., will be
explained subsequently in connection with FIG. 5. However, each of
the boxes 12, etc., develops a function .chi..sub.1 - .chi..sub.1 ,
etc. This is an electrical signal representative of the
fluctuations of the intensity at one particular location.
This signal is now fed into a next set of boxes 14, 14', 14"
identified by B.sub.1, B.sub.2, ...., B.sub.m. Each of the boxes
14, 14', ...., develops a signal .beta..sub..chi. (O),
.beta..sub..chi. (1), etc., corresponding to the correlation of the
fluctuations of the logarithm of the signal between a pair of
sensors. The nature of each of the boxes 14, 14', etc., will be
subsequently explained in connection with FIG. 6.
The electrical output signals of boxes 14, 14', etc., that is,
.beta..sub..chi. (0), .beta..sub..chi. (1), etc., are fed into a
function compiler 15. This may, for example, be considered to be in
the nature of a time-multiplexer in which the variable .rho. may be
converted to a time variable, and the general function
.beta..sub..chi. (.rho.) is developed. This is the spatial
correlation function of the previously calculated fluctuations of
the logarithm of the initial electrical signals I.sub.1, etc. The
nature of such a function compiler has been shown by way of example
in FIG. 7 to which reference will later be made.
The thus obtained electrical signal corresponding to the function
.beta..sub..chi. (.rho.) is subsequently processed by the equipment
shown within the dotted boxes 16. This, in turn, performs the
transformation of equations (5), (6) and (7). This, of course,
yields the turbulence profile C.sub.n (z) as the output of boxes 16
shown in FIG. 1. The final unit of the system of FIG. 1 is a
display unit 17, such, for example, as a cathode-ray tube or any
other convenient device for displaying or exhibiting the desired
function.
Within the dotted box 16 there is provided a multiplier 20 and an
alternative multiplier 21. As shown, the multiplier 20 will
multiply the function .beta..sub..chi. (.rho.) with the function
.kappa.(.rho.,z) given in formula (2). By means of the box 21, the
.beta. function is multiplied by L(.rho.,z) in accordance with
equation (7). The result of the multiplication by units 20 or 21
respectively, is .beta..sub..chi. (.rho.).kappa.(.rho.,z) or
.beta..sub..chi. (.rho.)L(.rho.,z), as the case may be.
The multiplier 20 is then followed by an integrator 22, which
performs the integration shown, that is
Similarly the multiplier 21 is followed by an integrator 23, which
performs the following integration
The integrator 23 is followed by a box 24 labeled C. The nature of
the box C has been shown in FIG. 8 to which reference will be made
hereinafter. The output of the integrator 22 and of the box 24 is
fed into a summing network 25, which sums the two signals obtained
from the integrator 22 and the box 24. In other words, the results
of the integration, according to equation (5) of the integration in
accordance with equation (6) is summed by the summing network 25.
The resulting sum is then differentiated again by a differentiating
network 26, following the summing network 25. The result is the
desired function C.sub.n (z), which is fed into the display 17 as
previously indicated.
It should be noted that multipliers such as shown at 20 and 21,
integrators as shown at 22 and 23, as well as summing networks and
differentiating networks such as boxes 25 and 26 are well-known in
the art and need not be further described. Such operations could
either be performed by well-known analogue or digital computers,
thus either a special purpose digital computer could be used or a
suitably programmed general purpose computer. The same applies to
the equipment subsequently described in connection with FIGS.
5--9.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated by way of example a
suitable optical sensor array. This may, for example, consist of a
relatively large converging lens 30 having a focal point 31 at the
small aperture in the otherwise opaque plane 29 which diverges the
light, for example, of a single star over a relatively large area.
The light may be detected in a plane indicated by the dotted lines
32. Each of the arrows 33, 33', etc., may feed to a photoelectric
device to provide the signals I.sub.1, I.sub.2, etc., I.sub.N.
Alternatively there may be provided a photocell mosaic of the type
illustrated in FIG. 3. Thus there may be provided concentric rows
of photocells or photocell multipliers as shown at 34, 35, 36 and
37. Each photoelectric device serves the purpose to measure the
light intensity or the intensity of an electromagnetic wave at
discrete locations and to provide an electric output signal such as
I.sub.1.
An alternative arrangement is shown in FIG. 4. This illustrates a
plurality of telescopes 38, 38', 38", etc. These are disposed
spaced from each other. For example, they may be disposed with a
spacing of 1, 5, 3, 2 and 2 units, as will be subsequently
explained in connection with FIG. 7. Each of the telescopes has
associated therewith a photocell multiplier such as shown
schematically at 40, 40', 40", etc.
However, instead of detecting the intensity of the electromagnetic
wave as shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, it may also be feasible to
photograph, for example, a star or a laser pulse, with the
arrangement of FIG. 2 by positioning a photographic plate in the
plane 32. After the plate has been developed and fixed it may be
scanned by shining a light beam through it using, for example, a
photodensitometer, and recording the resulting light intensity.
If it should be desired to measure the turbulence in the ocean, an
acoustic wave may be generated in the ocean by a suitable
transducer. This may, for example, be a loudspeaker or a
piezoelectric crystal. The intensity of the acoustic wave may again
be measured with another transducer, such as an array of
microphones.
As previously pointed out, the structure of the box 12 identified
by A.sub.1 is shown in FIG. 5. Accordingly, one of the electric
signals, such as I.sub..upsilon. feeds into a logarithmic amplifier
42. This will yield the signal .chi..sub..upsilon.. The
time-average of this signal is then obtained by the box 43 to
obtain the signal .chi..sub. .upsilon. . The subtractor 44 now
subtracts the signal .chi..sub..upsilon. from the time-averaged
signal .chi..sub. .upsilon. to yield as shown .chi..sub. .upsilon.
.chi..sub. .upsilon. . This signal in turn feeds into one of the
boxes 14 or 14', etc. of FIG. 1.
The structure of these boxes has been shown by FIG. 6. Thus the two
signals .chi..sub. .mu. - .chi..sub. .mu. and .chi..sub. .upsilon.
- .chi..sub. .upsilon. feed into a multiplier 46. These two
time-averaged and subtracted signals correspond to the initial
signals obtained from a pair of sensors. The multiplied signal is
shown in FIG. 6 and the time-average thereof is taken by the unit
47 to yield to signal .beta..sub. .chi. (x.sub..mu. -
x.sub..upsilon. ). This, of course, corresponds to the term
.beta..sub. .chi. (0), .beta..sub. .chi. (1), etc., as shown in
FIG. 1 and these are the signals which feed into the function
compiler 15.
This function compiler has been shown in FIG. 7 to which reference
is now made. As shown here, various signals indicated by I.sub.1,
I.sub.2, etc. are fed into the boxes 12, 12', etc., identified by
A.sub.1, A.sub.2 through A.sub.6. These signals I.sub.1, etc.,
correspond to the light intensities obtained from the optical
sensor array 10 arranged in such a way that the distances are as
shown in FIG. 7, namely, respectively 1, 5, 3, 2 and 2 units. The
output signals of the boxes 12, 12', etc., are fed in such a way
into the next set of boxes 14, 14', etc. and identified by B.sub.1,
B.sub.2 through B.sub.14, that altogether 14 signals .beta..sub.
.chi. (.rho..sub.i) are obtained in the manner shown. For example
in order to obtain .beta..sub..chi. (0) the box 14 is connected
only to the box 12, that is, only the light intensity I.sub.1 is
utilized. However, in order to obtain the next signal .beta..sub.
.chi. (1) the box 14' must be connected to both boxes 12 and 12',
that is, the light intensities I.sub.1 and I.sub.2 are utilized.
The next signal is .beta..sub. .chi. (11). This is obtained from
the box 14" identified by B.sub.3. Its input is connected to the
box identified A.sub.1 and the box identified by A.sub.5.
Accordingly the signal corresponds to 11 units of distance which
exist between the signals I.sub.1 and I.sub.5 composed of units 1,
5, 3 and 2. It will be evident from the above explanation how the
remaining signals from .beta..sub. .chi. (0) through .beta..sub.
.chi. (13) may be readily obtained.
It will be understood that FIG. 7 only shows by way of example how
a function compiler may be obtained. It will also be understood
that the respective output signals .beta..sub. .chi. (0), etc. of
FIG. 7 may be obtained either simultaneously in time or
successively, that is, one after another.
Referring now to FIG. 8, there is illustrated the detailed
structure of the box 24, identified by C of FIG. 1. This is one of
the integral transform subsystems. Its input is obtained from the
integrator 23. The first box 50 is another integrator performing
the function indicated, that is, it integrates the input signal
from zero to infinity obtained from the integrator 23. The
integrator 50 is followed by a multiplier 51. This multiplies the
output of the signal obtained from the integrator 50 by
(.rho./2).sup.-7/3 .kappa. (.rho.,z), in the range .rho.
.rho..sub.m .
The output of the multiplier 51 is now once more integrated by the
integrator 52 to obtain the following signal input, where the input
is the output of the operation performed by the block 51. The
output of the integrator 52 then feeds into the summing network 25
of FIG. 1. The output of the summing network 25 then feeds into the
differentiating network 26 which performs the differentiation with
respect to the variable z.
FIG. 9 to which reference is now made shows by way of example a
curve 55. This is a typical logarithic-amplitude correlation
function and shows the function .beta..sub. .chi. (.rho.) as a
function of .rho.. It will be noted that for large values of .rho.
the function .beta..sub. .chi. (.rho.) approaches zero in an
oscillatory manner.
A typical turbulence profile is shown by the curve 56 of FIG. 10.
Accordingly the function C.sub.n (z) is shown as a function of
distance, z. Due to the increasing noise in the function
.beta..sub. .chi. (.rho.) at increasing separations .rho., it is
not possible to obtain meaningful values for this function for
large values of .rho..
There has thus been disclosed apparatus and a method for the remote
determination of the turbulence of air or liquid. The apparatus is
based on the recognition that such a turbulence will cause a random
variation of various characteristics of the fluid, such, for
example, as the index of refraction for an electromagnetic wave. As
a result, the wave which originally had a plane wave front becomes
distorted and both intensity and phase of the wave are changed in a
manner which permits determination of the profile of the
turbulence. This is essentially effected by initially measuring the
intensity of the wave at different locations and then taking the
spatial correlation function of the fluctuations of the logarithm
of the light intensity. Finally the integro-differential transform
of the second signal is obtained to derive the desired turbulence
profile which may then be displayed by a suitable display
means.
* * * * *