U.S. patent number 3,567,026 [Application Number 04/761,048] was granted by the patent office on 1971-03-02 for magnetic device.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Invention is credited to Henry H. Kolm.
United States Patent |
3,567,026 |
Kolm |
March 2, 1971 |
MAGNETIC DEVICE
Abstract
Apparatus for separating colloidal and subcolloidal ceramic
magnetic components from a slurry by passing the slurry through a
column containing a magnetic material, as a magnetic grade
stainless steel wool. The steel wool is subjected to a DC magnetic
field to effect magnetization thereof and provides a large number
of regions of very high magnetic field gradient along the paths of
travel of the slurry to attract and retain the magnetic components.
At intervals, the DC magnetic field is removed, and the steel wool
is demagnetized. A preferred method of demagnetization is the
application of an AC magnetic field, upon removal of the DC field,
the AC field being gradually reduced to zero. Eddy current means is
provided to apply an eddy current field to the steel wool to shake
the components from said regions of the steel wool during the
intervals.
Inventors: |
Kolm; Henry H. (Weir Meadow,
Wayland, MA) |
Assignee: |
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (Cambridge, MA)
|
Family
ID: |
25060953 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/761,048 |
Filed: |
September 20, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
210/222 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N
19/04 (20130101); B03C 1/034 (20130101); B03C
1/027 (20130101); B03C 1/24 (20130101); B03C
1/0337 (20130101); H01F 7/202 (20130101); B03C
1/032 (20130101); G01N 27/90 (20130101); B03C
1/0332 (20130101); B03C 2201/18 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01F
7/20 (20060101); B03C 1/24 (20060101); G01N
19/00 (20060101); B03C 1/02 (20060101); G01N
27/90 (20060101); G01N 19/04 (20060101); B01d
035/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;210/222,223
;204/155,157.1,309 ;335/209,216 ;324/40
;209/38,39,40,212,213,478,223,232,222,227 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
Diffusion of Eddy Currents; K. W. Atwood and H. L. Libby, A.E.C.
Research and Development Report, Hanford Laboratories, Richland,
Washington, December 1963 (Group 260-C1 324 Subclass 40) .
Superconducting Magnets, Hulm et al., p. 50, Int. Scl. and Tech.
May, 1963 .
Auslegeschrift 1012871, Werner, Oct. 14, 1952.
|
Primary Examiner: Friedman; Reuben
Assistant Examiner: Granger; T. A.
Claims
I claim:
1. A magnetic separator for removing colloidal and subcolloidal
ceramic magnetic components and paramagnetic components from a
fluid carrier comprising, in combination, a substantial volume of
ferromagnetic corrosion resistant wool material having a plurality
of paths therethrough along which the carrier and components can
travel to effect intimate contact between the carrier and said
wool, a coil wound about the wool material and adapted to be
connected to a source of electric current to produce a background
field within the volume occupied by the wool material of an
intensity of at least an average strength of 12,000 gauss, the
12,000 gauss field being substantially stronger than that required
to magnetize the magnetic wool material to saturation throughout
said volume and of sufficient intensity substantially to magnetize
ceramic magnetic components and paramagnetic components in the
carrier such that said components are subjected simultaneously to
the background field and a strong magnetic field gradient in the
vicinity of the magnetic wool material, said background field and
field gradient being sufficiently high in relation to the particle
size of the components to attract and retain said components, a
source of electric potential connected to energize the coil and
adapted to be disconnected to allow flushing of the components from
the wool material, and eddy-current means including a further
source of electric potential connected to introduce an AC magnetic
field having a skin depth that is less than the characteristic
dimensions of the wool fibers in the direction of field penetration
to provide vibratory action during the flushing, the frequency of
the eddy-current field being at least in the upper sonic range of
the order of 18,000 to 20,000 cycles per second and up.
2. A magnetic separator as claimed in claim 1 that includes a
further coil wrapped about the wool material and in which the
further source is an AC source of electric current connected to
said further coil to produce upon energization the eddy current
field.
3. A magnetic separator as claimed in claim 1 in which copper wool
is mixed with the magnetic wool fibers to increase the intensity of
vibration.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which a plurality of
perforated equipotential plates of magnetic-type stainless steel
are disposed at axially separated regions in the wool material and
within said coil to ensure uniform flow of the carrier through the
wool material and uniform distribution of magnetic flux in the wool
material.
Description
This invention was made in the course of work performed under a
contract with the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.
The present invention relates to separators adapted to remove
magnetic and conductive nonmagnetic components from a slurry, the
nonmagnetic components being removed by novel eddy current means
other than separator apparatus.
It is frequently desirable to separate magnetic components from a
slurry of predominantly nonmagnetic particles suspended in water or
some other vehicle. The problem arises, for example, in ore
dressing where the magnetic component may be an impurity or a
usable mineral, and in the food industry where the magnetic
component may be harmful steel chips introduced during a processing
operation. To perform this separating function a number of "wet
separators" are in common use. All of these rely on the technique
of magnetizing the magnetic component by means of an applied
magnetic field and simultaneously subjecting the magnetized
particles to a divergent (fringing) magnetic field, that is, a
magnetic gradient. The magnetic force experienced by each particle
is directly proportional to three quantities: the induced
magnetization of the particle, the size of the particle and the
magnetic gradient. The effectiveness of a magnetic separator is
directly dependent upon this magnetic force since this is the force
which holds the magnetic particles against the competing forces of
viscosity, turbulence and gravitation. Very little can be done to
enhance the first of these quantities, the induced magnetization.
If the substance being separated is ferromagnetic, its
magnetization saturates in a moderate magnetic field and does not
increase at higher field intensities. If the substance is
paramagnetic, its magnetization increases linearly with the applied
field intensity but is usually too weak in fields which can be
applied in practice to be useful for separation although, as later
discussed herein, the advent of practical superconducting magnets
makes paramagnetic substances susceptible to magnetic separation on
an industrial scale. The second quantity, particle size, is
dictated by the intimacy of admixture of the magnetic component;
and this usually (at least on the applications of most interest)
requires that the parent substance be ground to colloidal size
before magnetic separation can be effected. The third quantity,
magnetic field gradient, therefore, is the crucial variable in the
process; and its enhancement is of primary concern to designers. It
is necessary not only to achieve the strongest possible field
gradient, but also to produce it over a surface area large enough
to collect a reasonable quantity of magnetic material before the
capacity of the separator is exhausted. To achieve this aim,
designers of the prior art use serrated steel plates, steel balls,
wire mesh screens and ribbon mesh screens, usually arranged in
multiple layers bridging the gap of an electromagnet. The types of
separators just described are adequate only for separating magnetic
particles of coarse size present in small quantities, and even
under such favorable conditions their collecting area is so small
that they require elaborate mechanical devices to move new
collecting areas into the magnet continuously while the saturated
area is being washed. The gradients produced in these known
fabricated structures are so weak that effective separation
requires flow rates so slow and retention times so long as to be
unrealistic for industrial application in the majority of cases. It
has been proposed, also, to provide loosely packed steel wool and
iron filings as the magnetic filtration material, the material
being placed between poles of permanent magnets, which rarely
provide fields above 500 gauss, and electromagnets designed to
achieve magnetic fields below 5,000 gauss. These latter separators
fail to provide the high field gradients hereinafter discussed,
and, furthermore, are not useful in connection with corrosive
materials of great commercial interest as, for example, kaolin
slurries, but appear to be useful for removing highly magnetizable
particles from noncorrosive petroleum slurries.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a
separator employing a corrosion resistant ferromagnetic wool or the
like adapted to remove magnetic components from a slurry or the
like more completely and efficiently than is possible with the
before-mentioned separators.
A further object is to provide separator apparatus which is adapted
to remove colloidal and subcolloidal ferromagnetic components from
a slurry or the like but which can be used to remove colloidal and
subcolloidal ceramic magnetic components and paramagnetic
components as well, and on an industrial scale.
In separators of the present invention, the ferromagnetic wool is
placed in a high DC magnetic field which is reduced to zero at
regular intervals to permit removal of trapped components from the
wool by flushing. It has been found, however, that the wool retains
some residual magnetization, and for this and other reasons a
sizable amount of the components are not flushed from the
separator. A further object of the invention is to provide means,
and particularly eddy current means, adapted to vibrate the wool to
shake loose retained components during the intervals of
flushing.
Although the eddy current concept is particularly useful for the
purposes discussed in the previous paragraph, it will be apparent
in the discussion to follow that it has other novel utility as
well. A still further object is, therefore, to provide eddy current
apparatus of more general utility, including apparatus adapted to
remove conductive particles, magnetic or nonmagnetic, from a
slurry.
Other and still further objects will be evident in the
specification to follow and will be particularly delineated in the
appended claims.
By way of summary, the objects of the invention are attained,
generally, in a magnetic separator adapted to remove magnetic
components from a slurry or the like, that comprises, a magnetic
material comprising randomly oriented corrosion resistant fibers
adapted to provide a plurality of paths therethrough to effect
intimate contact between the slurry and the fibers. Inlet means is
provided to introduce the slurry to the column and outlet means to
remove the slurry therefrom. Magnetizing means is provided to
effect magnetization of the magnetic material. The fibers are
compressed to a density sufficiently high to provide a multiplicity
of regions of very high magnetic field gradient within the space
occupied by the material to attract and retain the magnetic
components at said regions .
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompany
drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the
present invention showing two columns for receiving a slurry
containing magnetic components which are removed from the slurry
and retained within the columns;
FIG. 2 is an isometric view, partially cutaway, of one column, and
shows a magnetic material comprising randomly oriented corrosion
resistant fibers adapted to separate the magnetic components from
the slurry;
FIG. 3 is an isometric view showing a plurality of such columns
disposed between magnetic pole pieces with a central magnetic core
and coil adapted to magnetize the pole pieces;
FIG. 4 is a three dimensional view, on an enlarged scale, of two of
the fibers shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a view taken upon the line 5-5 in FIG. 4 looking in the
direction of the arrows;
FIG. 6A is a schematic representation showing a column similar to
the columns of FIG. 1 with means for magnetizing and demagnetizing
the magnetic material within the columns and having, also, means
for applying magnetic pulses to the material to effect vibration
thereof, there being shown, as well, also schematically, an eddy
current means for removing conductive materials, magnetic or
nonmagnetic, from a slurry; and
FIG. 6B is a graph showing a sinusoidal wave to provide a
slow-rising field for the eddy current means and a square wave to
provide a fast-rising field therefore.
Referring now to FIG. 1 a magnetic separator 1 is shown for
removing magnetic components, as steel particles or the like, from
a slurry containing water or some other vehicle as the fluid
carrier. The separator is useful to remove such magnetic components
which may appear in the slurry as a foreign matter, or, in some
instances, the magnetic components may be separated out for their
own use. The separator 1 illustrated consists of two nonmagnetic
casing tubes or columns designated 2 and 3, each of which contains
a corrosion resistant magnetic material 4, as shown in FIG. 2. As
explained hereinafter, there are times when two or more such
columns may be used; but, for purposes of explanation at this
point, it is necessary to refer to only one; and for that purpose
the explanation now to be made will be made with reference to the
column designated 2. The column 2 may be a single column, as that
shown in FIG. 2, or it may consist of the plurality of the
individual columns in FIG. 3 which may be connected in series or
parallel to provide a composite column 2.
A preferred magnetic material 4 is a fine steel wool of magnetic
grade stainless steel (other corrosion resistant ferromagnetic
wools as nickel or others may be used) adapted to provide a
plurality of paths therethrough to effect intimate contact between
the slurry and the magnetic material, the slurry being introduced
to the column through an inlet 5 and being removed therefrom
through an outlet 5'. The steel wool is compressed to a density
which gives it the desired specific magnetic reluctance, and, as
later discussed herein, enough magnetic flux leaks through the
voids between individual randomly oriented steel wool strands to
create a column having a large number of regions of high magnetic
gradient. The column 2 is subjected to a magnetic field by placing
it with a coil 6, or the magnetizing means may be a yoke comprising
a core 8 coupled at the ends thereof to a pair of pole plates 9 and
10. The fibrous material 4 is compressed to a density sufficiently
high to provide a multiplicity of regions of very high magnetic
field gradient within the column to attract and retain the magnetic
components; it has been found, for present purposes, that the
material should be compressed to achieve a specific permeability of
the order of one-fourth to three-fourths the bulk reluctance of the
steel wool or other ferromagnetic material of which the material 4
is made.
The present invention is, thus, adapted to provide a large number
of regions of high magnetic field gradient, as more particularly
explained hereinafter, along the paths of travel of the slurry to
attract and retain the magnetic components. To affect the slurry,
the regions mentioned must exist in the space through which the
slurry passes in its movement through the column 2. If, for
example, the reluctance of the magnetic material 4 in the column is
nearly equal to the bulk reluctance thereof, the magnetic flux will
be confined to the interior of the material 4; and little or no
flux (i.e. environmental or background field) will be found in the
path of travel of the slurry. On the other hand, as the amount of
magnetic material approaches zero, the reluctance of the column
will approach the reluctance of air, resulting in low flux density
in the column 2 and effectively no regions of high magnetic field
gradient. Thus, if the reluctance is too low, there is, in effect,
a magnetic short circuit; and if it is too high, there is an open
circuit. Magnetic steel wool is particularly suited for present
purposes because the individual strands of the wool have
directional and other discontinuities that cause magnetic flux to
leave a strand and pass through the adjacent space. Thus, as the
slurry passes axially through the column 2, the paths of travel
provide intimate contact between the slurry and the magnetic
material 4 at a multiplicity of regions of very high magnetic field
gradient.
As previously mentioned, the vehicle or carrier fluid of the slurry
can be water. Although other carrier fluids are of interest, water
slurries are commercially of great importance; and it is necessary,
when removing magnetic components, as here, from water or other
corrosive slurries, that the material 4 used be corrosion
resistant. Corrosion is particularly harmful in separators of the
present type because, in addition to destroying the complete fibers
of the wool, it has the immediate effect of removing the serrated
edges of the wool upon which the effectiveness of the present
devices to a considerable extent depends, as later discussed in
greater detail with particular reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. To
prevent the harmful effects of corrosion in the present device, a
magnetic grade stainless steel wool is used as the material 4.
The magnetics of the present invention will now be explained with
particular reference to FIGS. 4 and 5, where two filaments or
fibers of the material 4 are shown at 15 and 16. Assuming a DC
magnetic field in the vertical or Y direction shown, a magnetic
flux will exist, as represented, for example, by the lines
designated 24. The flux lines will enter the fiber 15 to remain
there for various distances depending, in part, upon the contour of
the fiber in an X-Y or Y-Z plane. Thus, the flux 24 will leave the
fiber 15 (and also the fiber 16) to create regions 18, 19 and 19',
of very high magnetic field gradient within the volume of the
material 4. The flux lines in the vicinity of the region 18 are
numbered 20, 21 and 22. The lines 20 and 21 pass into the fiber 15,
out into the region 18 and thence into the fiber 16 whereas the
flux line 22 passes directly from the fiber 15 to the fiber 16 at
the point of contact therebetween, designated 17. When fibers are
used for the material 4, most of the flux passes through the region
18 as the point contact at 17 is a low reluctance path, and the
fiber becomes saturated in the vicinity of the point as the cross
dimensions thereof decrease. Furthermore, a large percentage of the
contacts between fibers are of the point type shown in FIG. 4 so
there is little tendency for a magnetic short circuit to exist.
Also a large percentage of the volume occupied by the fibers
consists of the regions such as 18, so there is, in a given volume,
a considerable collecting area per unit volume available for
retention of the magnetic components. Furthermore, the serrated
profile of the fibers offers a large number of valleys, as 25,
which also provide collection regions of high field gradient for
the components. It should be noted, in this connection, that the
magnetic components as they accumulate tend to short circuit the
gaps, such as 18, thereby to reduce its effectiveness; thus, the
increase in the percentage of the volume occupied by such regions
is of more than negligible importance, and the detrimental effect
of corrosion is evident.
The importance of a high field gradient can best be explained with
reference to FIG. 5, where induced north and south poles within the
fibers 15 and 16 are designated N.sub.1, S.sub.1 and N.sub.2,
S.sub.2, respectively, and the induced poles in a magnetic
component 14 therebetween are designated N.sub.3, S.sub.3. The
poles N.sub.3, S.sub.3 have equal magnitude; so if the values of
S.sub.1 and N.sub.2 are also equal and if the particle 14 is
located half way between S.sub.1 and N.sub.2, no movement will
occur. Any change in the position toward either S.sub.1 or N.sub.2
will result in an unbalanced force upon the particle and movement
toward the closest pole, assuming no other forces. But other forces
as that due to slurry movement through the column 2, turbulence of
the like tend to sweep the particle 14 away from either S.sub.1 or
N.sub.2. Only if the gradient is high and the forces due to S.sub.1
and N.sub.2 change very rapidly with changes in spatial position
toward or away from either, will attraction be effective to remove
and retain the components. In the present device, as mentioned,
very high magnetic gradients are present.
The importance of the reluctance of the steel wool in the column 2
also becomes clearer after the explanation in the previous two
paragraphs. As mentioned, when the fibers are saturated, the flux
leaves the fibers at places of reduced cross dimensions; that is,
at places where the reluctance in the fibers becomes greater than
the reluctance of the adjacent air space, and the flux leaves also
at places where the fibers are oriented to cross the field. And it
is the flux lines (i.e. environmental or background field) in the
adjacent air space which affect the magnetic components. But when
the field strength within the volume occupied by the material 4 is
low due, for example, to the high reluctance path in prior art
devices resulting from the loosely packed wool, there is a tendency
for the flux lines to pass through the fibers rather than into the
space adjacent. Therefore, three unfavorable conditions exist in
separators with loosely packed steel wool: first, the field in the
column is less for a given exciting field as might be effected
between the pole plates 9 and 10; second, an inordinate amount of
the magnetic flux in the column passes along through the fibers;
and third, the distance between fibers will, on the average, be
greater. The level of magnetic field gradient that exists in an
operating separator is lessened due to the third condition
discussed, and the number of regions where a field gradient exists
is lessened due to the first and second conditions.
For the foregoing reasons the present device has many more
collection points or stations for the magnetic components in a
given volume than are present in prior devices, the regions of such
points have a greater magnetic gradient than prior devices, and
magnetic short circuits which become more pronounced as magnetic
components are collected do not build as rapidly as they do in
prior devices. Since the capacity of the present apparatus to
retain the magnetic components far exceeds the capacity of prior
devices, it can be used to filter magnetic components from a far
greater quantity of slurry without flushing than previously known
apparatus and do so in a far more efficient manner. Furthermore,
colloidal and subcolloidal particles are removed with facility by
apparatus embodying the present inventive concept.
As magnetic components are collected by the wool in increasing
quantity, they gradually short circuit the collection regions
forming paths for magnetic flux which bridge the magnetic gap. The
paths are periodically broken during demagnetization, flushing and
the vibration induced in the manner later discussed. However, to
reduce the effect of such paths and other short circuits that
occur, perforated equipotential plates 11 (made of magnetic-type
stainless steel, for example) in FIG. 2, having perforation 11',
are provided at intervals substantially at right angles to the
direction of magnetic flux flow. The plates 11 are sufficiently
massive to ensure uniform distribution of magnetic flux over the
entire cross section of the separator to mitigate the bridging
effect.
Turning again to FIG. 1, the apparatus illustrated, as mentioned,
has two columns, the coil 6 being adapted to create an axial
magnetic field in the column 2 and a further coil 13 being adapted
to create an axial magnetic field in the column 3. The two columns
shown allow cycling of the separator. Thus, a switch 7 may be
closed to energize the coil 6 from a variable voltage DC source 30
while simultaneously removing a voltage from the coil 13, and
electrically energizable valves 12 and 12' can be appropriately
electrically interconnected to introduce slurry at the input 5 and
remove it at 5'. At the same time a switch 32 is closed to
introduce a voltage from a variable voltage AC source 31 to the
coil 13 to remove any residual magnetism from the circuit. Clear
water introduced at 33 and removed at 33' flushes magnetic
components from the column 3. The switch 7 connected to the coil 6
can then be opened and the DC source 30 connected to the coil 13,
and the column 2 can be flushed; a switch 34 and variable voltage
AC source 35 serve the same purposes as the elements 32 and 31
before mentioned. Appropriate electrical interconnection to execute
the foregoing operations is, of course, provided, and the AC
sources 31 and 35 are controllable so that the current output of
each can be made to decrease gradually to effect more complete
demagnetization.
The described apparatus can be used with magnetic fields within the
column of say 12,000 gauss, but fields of 20,000 gauss can also be
used; and the coils 6 and 13 can be superconductive to provide
fields of 40,000 to 100,000 gauss and above for removing
paramagnetic impurities, for example. Ferromagnetic impurities are
removed or separated at the lower fields, but even ferromagnetics
are removed more effectively at the higher fields.
The strands of the steel wool have been called fibers and
filaments. In fact, commercial stainless steel wool fibers, as
shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, are flat ribbons with sharp, serrated edges
having a thickness in the various grades about one-tenth the value
of the typical predominant width dimensions given below:
Grade Width
Very fine 0.002 inches
Fine 0.004 inches
Medium 0.006 inches
Coarse 0.010 inches
It should be noted, however, that the cross dimensions of the
fibers in general are nonuniform and that the dimensions given are
merely typical of the predominant fiber sizes. The grade used will
depend upon the size of the impurities to be extracted, but the
fine grade has been found to be best for colloidal and subcolloidal
magnetic components although clogging of the filtration material
must be considered.
As mentioned, the steel wool 4 is demagnetized during the flushing
cycle; and this demagnetization may be accomplished by a relatively
low intensity alternating magnetic field, the field being gradually
reduced from some predetermined value to zero. The demagnetizing
field can be applied using the same coil as applies the magnetizing
field, as is shown schematically in FIG. 1. In FIG. 6A the
demagnetizing field is provided by a separate coil 27 energized by
the AC source 35, the coil 27 being shown in FIG. 2 would inside
the coil 6. It is pointed out at this juncture that the coils 6 and
27 and later discussed coils 28 and 29 can be interleaved and
arranged in various configurations to provide the desired field
values. Thus, in FIG. 2, the coils designated 6 and 27 can include,
also, coils to perform functions of the coils 28 and 29 discussed
in the following paragraph. On the other hand, a single coil, as 6,
in appropriate circumstances and proper switching, can be connected
to perform the functions of the coils 6, 27, 28 and 29.
Work done in connection with separators employing the present
invention has shown that complete demagnetization of the material 4
and collected components to allow flushing is not practically
possible. Also, the magnetic components become secured at various
regions in the material 4 in a manner that renders them difficult
to dislodge. It is necessary, then, to furnish some means for
vibrating the steel wool during the flushing cycle. A most
effective vibration action can be supplied by the eddy current
device now to be discussed. A sinusoidally alternating magnetic
field 40 is FIG. 6B having a skin depth that is greater than the
cross dimensions of the stainless steel fibers is supplied by the
coil 28 which is energized by an AC current supply 36. The
frequency of the current supply 36 is typically in the lower sonic
range. A square wave alternating magnetic field 41 having an
amplitude that is, preferably, lower than the sinusoidal wave 40
but which is .pi./2 radians out of time phase therewith provides,
in combination with the field represented by the sinusoid 40, a
vibratory action far greater than might be furnished, for example,
by a single eddy current field as might be provided by a current
having a frequency in the upper sonic range (i.e. 18,000--20,000
cycles) and connected to either of the coils 28 and 29 during the
flushing cycle, although a single eddy current field may be used in
particular apparatus. The square wave is supplied by the coil 29
which is energized by an AC current source 43 to furnish a square
wave 41 at the same frequency as the frequency of the sinusoidal
wave 40; but, whereas the sinusoid is slow rising and in the low
frequency used (i.e. in the lower sonic range) has a skin depth
that is large compared to the characteristic dimensions of the
fibers, the square wave is abruptly alternating or faster rising
and has a skin depth that is less than the characteristic
dimensions of the fibers. The slow rising field 40 acts as a pulsed
background field, the fast rising field 41 being applied to furnish
a rate of change that is maximal when the background field 40 is
also maximal thereby effecting a maximum vibratory force upon the
steel wool. In some instances, it may be expedient to mix a small
amount of copper wool in with the steel wool, the higher
conductivity of the copper wool acting to increase the intensity of
vibration within the column 2.
The previously discussed apparatus is adapted to remove
magnetizable components from a slurry, but is not adapted to remove
nonmagnetic components. The lower schematic representation in FIG.
6A comprising a nonconductive tank 37 connected in series with the
column 2 by a pipe 42 is adapted to remove conductive components
whether magnetic or nonmagnetic. The slow rising pulse 40, as
before, is furnished by a coil 38 which is energized by the current
source 36; and the fast rising pulse 41 is furnished by a coil 39
which is energized by the current source 43. Conductive components
42' within the slurry are propelled to travel in the direction of
the arrow designated A to pass from the tank 37 through an outlet
44; the usable slurry passes through an outlet 45. The force on any
conductive particle 42' will be to the left or right depending on
whether the wave 40 leads or lags the wave 41 in time and on the
relative orientation of the coils 38 and 39. Unlike devices with no
background field or a continuous background field in which the time
varying field must be asymmetric to provide a unidirection net
force, the present device, though having symmetric fields, produces
a unidirectional force. And the force is maximized because the
instant at which the rate of change is maximal coincides with the
instant at which the field is maximal. Thus, the induced eddy
currents reach their maximum at a time when the magnetic field is
maximum, which optimizes use of the potentially available force.
The use of high intensity pulsed fields, since the background field
is needed for only a brief instant of time, represents a
substantial saving of power over a continuous background field. In
addition, as explained before, the period or rise time of the
varying field is systematically matched to the object to be acted
on, in such a way as to achieve the proper skin depth or
penetration depth of the induced eddy currents. The eddy current
apparatus discussed here represents an improvement over the prior
art in that it uses two separately controlled pulsed or
periodically varying magnetic fields, one having a substantially
fast rise-time to induce eddy currents of appropriate skin depth in
the particular object or particle to be acted on, and the other
having a substantially slow rise-time to allow a background field
to penetrate into the object to be acted on. The fast rising pulse
has a skin depth equal to or smaller than the characteristic
dimensions of the object to be acted on in the direction of field
penetration while the slow rising pulse has a skin depth
substantially greater than the dimension of the object to be acted
on in the direction of field penetration. The two pulsed or
periodic magnetic fields are timed in such a way as to have an
expedient time phase relationship with respect to each other, here
shown to be .pi./2 radians, lead or lag so that the abrupt rise
coincides with the maximum or minimum of the sine wave and an
expedient spatial relationship to one another in order to produce
maximum force in the desired direction.
The vibrating action can be provided by a single periodic signal,
as the sinusoid 40, in the high sonic (i.e., 18,000 to 20,000
cycles per second) or ultrasonic range. To be effective, the
frequency of the magnetic signal must be high enough to provide a
skin depth .zeta. that is equal to or smaller than the
characteristic dimensions of the wool fibers in the direction of
field penetration; the skin depth, as is known to workers in this
art (see Radio Engineers' Handbook, Terman, First Edition,
McGraw-Hill Company, Inc., 1943, pages 34--35) being found in the
following relationship:
B.sub.x = B.sub.0 .multidot. e.sup.-X/.zeta.,
where B.sub.o is the intensity of the eddy-current inducing
magnetic field at the surface of a fiber or other material, and
B.sub.x is the attenuated intensity (amplitude) of this field
measured at a distance of penetration x into said fiber. It is
clear from the above expression that in penetrating into said
material, the magnetic field is attenuated exponentially at such a
rate that it will have decreased to 1/e its initial intensity at a
penetration depth of .zeta., which is customarily called the "skin
depth". This skin depth is inversely proportional to the square
root of conductivity .kappa. of the material and the square root of
the frequency f of the alternating magnetic field B.sub.o:
The attenuation of this field as it penetrates into the conducting
material is caused by induced eddy currents, and it is the intended
purpose of said alternating field to induce such eddy currents
which will react to produce a force to vibrate the material at the
frequency of the eddy-current inducing field.
* * * * *