U.S. patent number 3,566,794 [Application Number 04/776,656] was granted by the patent office on 1971-03-02 for controlled fragmentation of multi-walled warheads.
This patent grant is currently assigned to United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy. Invention is credited to Richard T. Carlisle, John Pearson, Robert G. S. Sewell.
United States Patent |
3,566,794 |
Pearson , et al. |
March 2, 1971 |
CONTROLLED FRAGMENTATION OF MULTI-WALLED WARHEADS
Abstract
A fragmentation device comprising; an inner fragmentation casing
comprising a right circular cylindrical tube of fracturable
material of uniform wall thickness adapted to be impulsively loaded
internally thereof, said wall having intersecting sets of equally
spaced helical stress-forming grooves therein disposed
circumferentially about the inner surface thereof and extending in
the longitudinal direction of the tube, the spacing and depths of
said grooves with respect to the thickness of said wall being such
that upon a predetermined amount of internal impulse loading,
cleavage surfaces due to shear propagation and emanating at a
groove, are formed in two outward directions at 45.degree. away
from a diametrical plane containing the axis of the tube and a
groove and each cleavage surface intersects, at the outer surface
of the tube, with a like cleavage surface emanating from an
adjacent groove and an outer like fragmentation casing surrounding
said inner casing with its inner surface engaging the outer surface
of the inner casing, whereby impulsive loading within the inner
casing transmits forces to the outer casing prior to fragmentation
of the latter and both casings fragment simultaneously.
Inventors: |
Pearson; John (China Lake,
CA), Sewell; Robert G. S. (China Lake, CA), Carlisle;
Richard T. (China Lake, CA) |
Assignee: |
United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Navy (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
25108030 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/776,656 |
Filed: |
November 26, 1958 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
102/493 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F42B
12/22 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F42B
12/22 (20060101); F42B 12/02 (20060101); F42b
013/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;102/67,68,64,2
;29/1.11,1.2,1.21,1.22,1.23,1.3 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
542,463 |
|
Jan 1942 |
|
GB |
|
409,465 |
|
Feb 1945 |
|
IT |
|
Other References
Procedures of the Royal Society (London) Vol.189, Series A1947-pp
300--308 02-67X.
|
Primary Examiner: Pendegrass; Verlin R.
Claims
We claim:
1. A fragmentation device comprising; an inner fragmentation casing
comprising a right circular cylindrical tube of fracturable
material of uniform wall thickness adapted to be impulsively loaded
internally thereof, said wall having intersecting sets of equally
spaced helical stress forming grooves therein disposed
circumferentially about the inner surface thereof and extending in
the longitudinal direction of the tube, the spacing and depths of
said grooves with respect to the thickness of said wall being such
that upon a predetermined amount of internal impulse loading,
cleavage surfaces due to shear propagation and emanating at a
groove, are formed in two outward directions at 45.degree. away
from a diametrical plane containing the axis of the tube and a
groove and each cleavage surface intersects, at the outer surface
of the tube, with a like cleavage surface emanating from an
adjacent groove and an outer like fragmentation casing surrounding
said inner casing with its inner surface engaging the outer surface
of the inner casing, whereby impulsive loading within the inner
casing transmits forces to the outer casing prior to fragmentation
of the latter and both casings fragment simultaneously.
2. A fragmentation device in accordance with claim 1 wherein the
grooves of the inner casing are misaligned radially with the
grooves of the outer casing a circumferential distance equal to
one-half the groove spacing, whereby the intersection of cleavage
surfaces emanating from adjacent grooves in the inner tube
intersect a groove in the outer tube.
3. A fragmentation device in accordance with claim 1 wherein the
grooves of the inner casing are radially aligned with the grooves
of the outer casing.
Description
The invention herein described may be manufactured and used by or
for the Government of the United States of America for governmental
purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or
therefor.
This invention relates to explosive warheads; more specifically it
relates to fragmentation warheads for antipersonnel use.
This application is similar to application Ser. No. 582,896, filed
4 May 1956, but goes beyond the scope of said application in
applying the teachings thereof to multiwalled warhead casings.
Prior attempts at fragmentation control in impulsively loaded
bodies such as warheads have generally involved the cutting of
grooves on the surfaces, both inner and outer, of such bodies or
the placing of plastic liners of predetermined shape between the
inner surfaces of such bodies and the explosives contained therein.
Such practices produced local regions of high stress which
initiated points of fracture, but complete fragmentation control
did not result therefrom.
As pointed out in the aforementioned application fragmentation is a
function of wall thickness as well as the groove pattern.
Applicants have discovered that further control of fragmentation
may be attained by utilizing a plurality of walls in the warhead
casing, by cutting grooves on the inner surface of each such wall,
and by the orientation of the groove patterns so cut on the
walls.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a method
for closer control of the fragmentation of impulsively loaded
bodies than the methods of the prior art.
Another object is to produce a greater number of lethal fragments
from a given mass of metal through the elimination of very large
fragments and very fine ones. Applicants believe that fragments
ranging from one-half to 4 grams are the most lethal against
personnel and light military equipment .
Other objects and features of this invention will become apparent
to those skilled in the art as the disclosure is made in the
following detailed description taken in connection with the
accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional plan view of the cylindrical part of
a fragmentation casing partially cutaway to show the inside surface
of the outer wall;
FIG. 2 shows a partial end elevational view of the casing of FIG. 1
with the inner and outer walls oriented so as to produce the
maximum number of fragments, and represents the preferred
embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a partial end elevational view of the casing of FIG. 1
with the inner and outer walls oriented completely out of phase for
the maximum production of fragments.
Referring now to the drawing wherein like reference characters
designate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views,
there is shown an outer wall 11 having grooves 13 in its inner
surface which form a grid pattern. Inner wall 12 is positioned next
to outer wall 11, said inner wall having grooves 14 in the inner
surface thereof which form a grid pattern. The outer grid pattern
is made so as to be superimposable upon the inner grid pattern such
that the diamonds formed by such superimposition are
symmetrical.
FIG. 2 shows the proper orientation of the grid patterns for
optimum control of fragmentation. The broken lines 16 and 17
indicate the trajectories of maximum shear. The grid patterns are
oriented such that the trajectories are continuous in both
walls.
FIG. 3 shows the superimposing of the outer grid pattern on the
inner with the grids placed completely out of phase to the
orientation of FIG. 2. The trajectories of maximum shear 16 and 17
are not continuous.
The fragmentation casing may have any number of walls and is
conventionally a hollow cylinder with a somewhat pointed end though
other shapes may conceivably be used.
The casing is conventionally made of low carbon steel, which shears
easily and is cheap, but many other metals may be used.
The thickness of the fragmentation casing can have any value, the
only limitation being that the impulsive loading to which it is
subjected be sufficient to cause a shear fracture entirely through
with the absence of tensile fractures. The thickness of casing may
be made up of any number of walls. The thickness of the individual
walls are related to the groove spacing upon the walls. In a plane
normal to the longitudinal axis of the wall, the trajectories of
maximum shear occur at approximately 45.degree. to the tangent to
the inner circumference of the wall. Thus 45.degree. lines drawn
from two adjacent parallel grooves would intersect at some point
behind the inner surface and this intersection determines the
thickness of the wall, the intersection being on the outer surface
of the wall.
The helical stress raising grooves are conventionally V-shaped in
cross section and about one-thirty second inch deep but such a
requirement is not mandatory; further, the "V" may be of any type
and ease of machining would probably be the controlling factor in
the type "V" employed.
In practice, the grooves are formed on the inside surfaces of the
walls by drawing a tool through. The first set of grooves or grid
lines are first machined on the inner wall at a positive helix
angle and then the second set machined on at a negative angle;
usually the two angles are the same. The outer wall has the same
number of lines that the inner wall has, but the lines are slightly
further apart since the outer wall is slightly larger in diameter.
Thus to make the outer grid pattern superimposable upon the inner
with the maintenance of symmetry in the diamonds so formed, the
helix angle of the grid on the outer wall must be slightly larger
than the angle of the grid on the inner wall.
The positive helix angle grooves may be omitted on the inner wall
with the negative helix angle grooves omitted on the outer wall, or
vice versa, with the result that fragmentation control is somewhat
less than with walls having grid patterns on both walls, but still
much greater than with no grooves at all.
The notches may be omitted entirely on the inner cylinder and the
desired pattern put on the outer cylinder only. Upon impulsive
loading from within, the inner cylinder experiences plastic flow
into the grooves on the outer cylinder and thus points of fracture
are initiated. Control of fragmentation is good though not as good
as with the preferred embodiment.
The walls are assembled with a smooth sliding fit and the casing
loaded with conventional explosive and detonator.
Test data presented below will point out the effectiveness of the
present method. Double-walled warheads, each wall about
three-sixteenth inches thick, were loaded with about 83/4 pounds of
high explosive, a detonator affixed to the nose, and the warhead
placed nose up on a stand about 4 feet high. Six celotex pads were
spaced surrounding the warhead, equidistant from each other and
about 20 feet from the warhead so as to catch and hold fragments.
The various warheads were exploded and the fragments recovered,
counted and weighed.
Round 1 was used as a control and had no grooves at all. Round 2
had a series of right-hand spiral grooves applied to the inner wall
and a series of left-hand spiral grooves applied to the outer wall.
Round 3 had a grid pattern on the outer wall only. Round 4 had grid
patterns on both walls, the outer grid superimposed upon the inner
grid as illustrated in FIG. 2. Round 5 had grid patterns on both
walls but the grids were misaligned as shown in FIG. 3.
##SPC1##
Round 4, the preferred embodiment, produced the greatest number of
fragments both in the 0--4 gram range in the 1--4 gram range. Round
5 had the same grid patterns as Round 4 but the grids were
misaligned as in FIG. 3; the effectiveness of Round 5 is noticeably
less than that of Round 4. Rounds 2 and 3 compare with Round 5, but
all four rounds are quite superior to Round 1, the control, as
regards the aforementioned fragment distribution.
It is thus apparent that the fragmentation can be more closely
controlled in multiwalled warheads by the choice of groove patterns
on the walls and more so with a proper orientation of the patterns.
Furthermore, more fragments in the 1--4 gram range result from the
aforementioned arrangement.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present
invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is
therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended
claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as
specifically described.
* * * * *