U.S. patent number 3,565,169 [Application Number 04/812,729] was granted by the patent office on 1971-02-23 for formation-sampling apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation, NY. Invention is credited to William T. Bell.
United States Patent |
3,565,169 |
|
February 23, 1971 |
FORMATION-SAMPLING APPARATUS
Abstract
In each of the several embodiments of the new and improved
fluid-sampling apparatus disclosed herein, sample-admitting means
adapted to be selectively advanced therefrom include a sealing pad
uniquely arranged around the forward end of a tubular sampling
member so that, upon contacting a borehole wall, the wall-engaging
face of the sealing pad will effect firm sealing engagement
therewith. Thereafter, continued advancement of the
sample-admitting means will longitudinally compress the sealing pad
rearwardly in relation to the sampling member to enable the forward
end of the tubular member to penetrate at least the layer of
mudcake lining the surface of the borehole wall. Means are further
provided for urging the sealing pad against the borehole wall to
insure that the projected forward end of the sampling member is
isolated from borehole fluids.
Inventors: |
William T. Bell (Houston,
TX) |
Assignee: |
Schlumberger Technology
Corporation, NY (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
25210452 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/812,729 |
Filed: |
April 2, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/100 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
49/10 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
49/00 (20060101); E21B 49/10 (20060101); E21b
049/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;166/55.1,100
;175/4.52 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: David H. Brown
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Ernest R. Archambeau, Jr. William
J. Beard Stewart F. Moore David L. Moseley Edward M. Roney William
R. Sherman
Claims
I claim:
1. Apparatus adapted for use in a borehole and comprising: a
support; a unitary tubular sampling member on said support and
having an end portion adapted to penetrate a borehole surface; a
resilient sealing member having a longitudinally-compressible
portion with a transverse forward face and a longitudinal opening
therethrough loosely receiving said end portion of said tubular
member, and sealing means adapted for fluidly sealing between said
tubular member and said compressible portion upon rearward
displacement thereof in relation to said tubular member; first
means on said support adapted for forcing said end portion of said
tubular member against a borehole surface to effect at least a
slight penetration thereof; and biasing means mounted on said
tubular member and responsive to penetration of said end portion
thereof into a borehole surface for urging said forward face of
said sealing member into sealing engagement against such a borehole
surface as said compressible portion thereof is compressed and
slidably displaced rearwardly along said tubular member to at least
partially protrude said end portion thereof in advance of said
forward face.
2. The borehole apparatus of claim 1 wherein said second means
include yieldable biasing means spatially arranged around said
tubular member between said support and said compressible
portion.
3. The borehole apparatus of claim 1 wherein said biasing means
include spring means spatially arranged around said tubular member
between said support and said compressible portion, and a rigid
backing member transversely arranged on said tubular member between
said spring means and said compressible portion and adapted for
engagement therewith.
4. The borehole apparatus of claim 1 wherein said biasing means
include an annular elastomeric skirt portion of said sealing member
extending rearwardly from the rear of said compressible portion
thereof and spatially arranged around said tubular member, a rigid
backing member arranged on said tubular member between said support
and said skirt portion, and means securing said backing member to
said skirt portion.
5. Fluid-sampling apparatus adapted for obtaining samples of
connate fluids from earth formations traversed by a borehole and
comprising: a support; sample-admitting means including a tubular
sampling member movably mounted on said support and having a
forward end adapted to penetrate a borehole surface; packing means
including a sealing member having a transverse portion with a
forward surface-engaging face and a central opening therethrough
slidably receiving said tubular member, and sealing means adapted
for fluidly sealing said tubular member to said sealing member upon
rearward displacement of said transverse portion thereof in
relation to said tubular member; piston means on said support
adapted for bringing said forward end of said tubular member
against a borehole surface with a force adapted to effect at least
a slight penetration thereof; and biasing means mounted on said
tubular member and operable upon engagement of said forward end
with a borehole surface for urging said surface-engaging face of
said sealing member forwardly against such a surface with a lesser
force as said transverse portion thereof is slidably displaced
rearwardly from said forward end of said tubular member.
6. Fluid-sampling apparatus adapted for obtaining samples of
connate fluids from earth formations traversed by a borehole and
having a layer of mudcake on the walls thereof, said fluid-sampling
apparatus comprising: a support; sample-admitting means on said
support and including a tubular sampling member having a forward
end adapted to effect fluid communication with such formations;
sample-collecting means on said support including a sample chamber
and passage means adapted for conducting such samples from said
tubular member to said sample chamber; packing means including a
resilient sealing member having an outer portion surrounding a
compressible central transverse portion with a forward
wall-engaging face ad and a longitudinal opening therethrough
slidably disposed around said tubular member, sealing means
coaxially arranged in said longitudinal opening and adapted for
fluidly sealing said sealing member in relation to said tubular
member upon rearward displacement of said central portion along
said tubular p member, and biasing means mounted on said tubular
member and adapted for urging said outer portion of said sealing
member into sealing engagement with a borehole wall without
preventing rearward displacement of said central portion in
relation to said tubular member; and means on said support adapted
for forcing said forward end of said tubular member against a
borehole wall to effect at least a penetration of a layer of
mudcake thereon as said central portion of said sealing member is
displaced rearwardly along said tubular member to advance said
forward end thereof ahead of said wall-engaging forward face and
into fluid communication with an earth formation.
7. The fluid-sampling apparatus of claim 6 wherein said biasing
means include an annular rearwardly-directed extension from said
outer portion extending coaxially around said tubular member toward
said support, said rearward extension being of a resilient
compressible material, and a rigid annular backing member secured
to said tubular member and to said rearward extension for
compressing said rearward extension for compressing said rearward
extension as said forward end is urged against a borehole wall to
develop sufficient biasing force for sealingly engaging said outer
portion with such a borehole wall to develop sufficient biasing
force for sealingly engaging said outer portion with such a
borehole wall.
8. The fluid-sampling apparatus of claim 7 wherein said biasing
means further include means for admitting borehole fluids to the
rear surface of said central portion.
9. The fluid-sampling apparatus of claim 6 wherein said biasing
means include a rigid annular backing member on the rear face of
said outer portion, and spring means between said support and said
backing member and adapted for compression therebetween upon
rearward displacement of said central portion.
10. The fluid-sampling apparatus of claim 9 wherein said biasing
means further include means for admitting borehole fluids to the
rear surface of said central portion.
11. Fluid-sampling apparatus adapted for obtaining samples of
connate fluids from earth formations traversed by a borehole and
having a layer of mudcake on the walls thereof said comprising: a
support; sample-admitting means including a tubular sampling member
operatively arranged on said support for longitudinal movement
between retracted and extended positions and having a forward end
adapted to effect fluid communication with such formations upon
extension of said tubular member; means on said support adapted for
extending said tubular member to drive said forward end thereof
against a borehole wall to effect at least a penetration of a layer
of mudcake thereon; sample-collecting means on said support
including a sample chamber and passage means adapted for conducting
such samples from said tubular member to said sample chamber; and
packing means including an elastomeric sealing member having an
outer portion surrounding a compressible central portion with a
forward wall-engaging face and a longitudinal opening therethrough
slidably disposed around said tubular member, sealing means
coaxially arranged in said longitudinal opening and adapted for
fluidly sealing said sealing member in relation to said tubular
member upon rearward displacement of said central portion along
said tubular member, in relation to said tubular member upon
rearward displacement of said central portion along said tubular
member, and biasing means mounted on said tubular member and
adapted for urging said outer portion of said sealing member into
sealing engagement with a mudcake layer on a borehole wall without
preventing rearward displacement of said central portion along said
tubular member to advance said forward end thereof ahead of ahead
of said wall-engaging forward face and through a mudcake layer in
fluid communication with an earth formation upon extension of said
tubular member.
12. The fluid-sampling apparatus of claim 11 further including:
valve means normally closing said forward end of said tubular
member to prevent entrance of borehole fluids therein; and means
operatively associated with said tubular member and said valve
means for opening said valve means upon extension of said tubular
member from said support.
13. The fluid-sampling apparatus of claim 11 further including:
valve means normally closing said forward end of said tubular
member to prevent entrance of borehole fluids therein; and means
operatively associated with said tubular member and said valve
means for opening said valve means only after extension of said
tubular member from said support.
Description
Although the new and improved fluid-sampling tools disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,385,364 have generally been highly successful,
there have nevertheless been occasion where at least one of the
several testing units on such a tool did not effect satisfactory
fluid communication with an earth formation to obtain a fluid
sample therefrom. For example, in some instances, one or more of
the wall-engaging sealing pads on these tools may not make a
satisfactory sealing engagement with the borehole wall where the
formations being investigated are relatively unconsolidated. The
problem here is attributed to the inability of the pad members to
remain in sealing engagement with the borehole wall since such
unconsolidated formation materials will tend to be rapidly eroded
away from under the face of the pad as a fluid sample is being
withdrawn.
To reduce the rate at which these unconsolidated formation
materials are washed away, fluid-sampling tools have typically
included means for regulating the flow rate at which fluid samples
are admitted. In one manner of accomplishing this, a slidable
piston is operatively arranged within the sample-receiving chamber
of each testing unit to slowly displace a quantity of water
contained therein through an orifice into an adjacent atmospheric
chamber as the pressured fluid sample is admitted into the sample
chamber on the opposite side of the piston.
Although this and other measures have improved the odds of
obtaining fluid samples from unconsolidated formations, there are
still some problems arising in the use of such apparatus. For
example, where the flow rate at which a sample is obtained must be
greatly limited, the fluid-sampling tool often must be held in
position for perhaps an hour. Such long waits generally make it
necessary to continually reciprocate the suspension cable to
prevent it from becoming stuck in the well as by differential
sticking of key-seating. Moreover, extended testing cycles will
expend valuable rig time as well as reduce the number of operations
that can be conducted during an allotted time. It will also be
recognized that the overall length of each testing unit must be
increased simply to accommodate the volume of water or so-called
"water cushion" carried in the sample chamber.
Attempts have also been made to limit the flow rate by locating
small orifices and the like in the sample passages. This has not
been successful, however, since fluent materials, such as mudcake
and loosened formation particles, entering the sampling apparatus
frequently plug these necessarily-small restrictors. It has also
been found that filters ahead of such flow restrictors are readily
plugged by such fluent materials. As a result, the aforementioned
water cushion is still the most-reliable arrangement for
fluid-sampling tools of this nature.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide
new and improved fluid-sampling apparatus operatively arranged for
reliably effecting fluid communication with various types of
borehole surfaces and formation materials.
Another object of the present invention is to provide new and
improved fluid-sampling apparatus that is capable of taking fluid
samples at rapid flow rates without disrupting fluid communication
with the formation.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a new
and improved fluid-sampling apparatus that does not necessarily
require a space-consuming water cushion in its sample-receiving
chamber.
These and other objects of the present invention are attained by
new and improved fluid-sampling apparatus having sample-admitting
means including a tubular sampling member adapted to be placed in
fluid communication with a selected surface of a borehole wall. To
isolate the forward end of the tubular member from the borehole
fluids, packing means are uniquely mounted around the tubular
member and adapted to be urged into sealing engagement with the
borehole wall for isolating the selected surface. Means are
provided for strongly urging the forward end of the sampling member
in relation to the sealing member so that the forward end of the
tubular member will penetrate at least the layer of mudcake on the
borehole wall. The sample-admitting means further includes means
for limiting the entrance of unconsolidated formation particles as
well as mudcake from the borehole wall or other unwanted debris or
fluent matter that might otherwise tend to impede or halt the
fluid-sampling operation.
The novel features of the present invention are set forth with
particularity in the appended claims. The invention, together with
further objects and advantages thereof, may be best understood by
way of the following exemplary apparatus employing the principles
of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in
which:
FIG. 1 depicts fluid-sampling apparatus of the present invention as
it might appear within a borehole;
FIG. 2 is a somewhat-schematic representation of one preferred
embodiment of the apparatus depicted in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a partial view similar to FIG. 2 but illustrating the
apparatus at a subsequent stage of typical testing operation;
and
FIG. 4 depicts an alternative embodiment of fluid-sampling
apparatus also employing the principles of the present
invention.
Turning now to FIG. 1, fluid-sampling apparatus 10 incorporating
the principles of the present invention is shown suspended from a
multiconductor cable 11 in a well bore such as a borehole 12
containing a well control fluid. The apparatus 10 has been
positioned adjacent a particular formation interval 13 for
collecting a sample of producible fluids from that formation. The
cable 11 is spooled in the usual manner from a winch 14 at the
earth's surface, with some of its conductors being connected to a
switch 15 for selective connection to a power source 16 and others
being connected to typical indicating-and-recording apparatus 17.
To permit a number of tests to be made during a single trip into
the borehole 12, the fluid-sampling apparatus 10 is comprised of a
corresponding number of tandemly-arranged sampling units, as at 18,
that are each capable of independent operation and respectively
include extendible sample-admitting means 19 (or 100) spatially
disposed along one side of the sampling apparatus. As illustrated
in FIG. 1, one of the sample-admitting means 19 (or 100) has been
extended into fluid communication with the exposed face of the
formation 13 for obtaining a sample of connate fluids
therefrom.
As illustrated schematically in FIG. 2, each testing unit 18 of the
fluid-sampling apparatus 10 is basically comprised of the
selectively-extendible sample-admitting means 19 for obtaining
samples of formation fluids, sample-collecting means 20 for
recovering such samples, and selectively-operable means 21 for
retracting the sample-admitting means. To operate these several
means 19--21, a number of selectively-operable, normally-closed
valves 22--26 are operatively arranged for selectively admitting
well control fluids from the borehole 12 to their respectively
associated pressure-responsive means to utilize the hydrostatic
pressure of the borehole fluids as a source of motivating
power.
Generally speaking, the several means 20--26 of the apparatus of
the present invention are arranged similarly to their respective
counterparts shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,385,364 to employ the
hydrostatic pressure of the fluids in the borehole 12 for operation
of the apparatus 10. Thus, as will subsequently be described, the
valves 22--26 are normally closed; and as the valves are
successively opened in response to electrical signals from the
surface, the well control fluids are selectively directed to the
particular pressure-responsive means 19 (or 100) as well as 20 and
21 that each valve is controlling. Accordingly, these several means
20--26 are illustrated only schematically in FIG. 2 and need to be
described only as is necessary to understand their functions in the
new and improved tool 10 of the present invention.
The sample-collecting means 20 include a sample receiver which, as
illustrated, may in some circumstances be divided into upper and
lower chambers 27 and 28 separated from one another by a partition
29 having a flow restriction or orifice 30 therein. When these dual
chambers 27 and 28 and interconnecting orifice 30 are employed, a
liquid cushion 31 (such as water) is initially disposed in the
lower chamber 28 and isolated therein by a floating piston 32.
Since the upper chamber 27 is initially empty and at a low or
atmospheric pressure, formation fluids (at whatever the formation
pressure is) entering the sample chamber 28 will move the piston 32
toward the partition 29 at a rate regulated by the discharge of the
water cushion 31 through the orifice 30. As previously discussed,
however, elimination of the water cushion 31 will reduce the
overall length of each testing unit 18. Thus, as will subsequently
be appreciated, the success of the present invention does not
depend upon the water cushion 31 and it has been illustrated here
only to show that it may be used, if desired, with the new and
improved formation-sampling apparatus 10 of the present
invention.
To conduct fluid samples from the sample-admitting means 19 (or
100) to the sample-collecting means 20, passage means are included
such as a fluid passage 33 in the body 34 of the apparatus 10 that
is serially divided by a pair of pressure-actuated valves 35 and 36
operatively arranged so that the first valve 35 is selectively
opened to admit a fluid sample to the sample chamber 28 and the
second valve 36 is selectively closed to trap the sample therein. A
pressure transducer 37 is connected to an intermediate portion of
the passage 33 between the valves 35 and 36 and adapted to provide
representative signals that are transmitted through the cable 11 to
the indicating-and-recording apparatus 17 at the surface.
As fully described in the aforementioned patent, the retracting
means 21 are comprised of one or more pressure-developing pistons
38 operatively arranged in a hydraulic chamber 39 that is coupled
by way of an outlet passage 40 and a normally-closed
pressure-actuated valve 41 to an emergency release apparatus 42 and
the sample-admitting means 19 (or 100). Whenever the hydraulic
valve 41 is opened, a pressured hydraulic fluid is operatively
employed for retracting the sample-admitting means 19 (or 100). It
will be understood, of course, that so long as the hydraulic valve
41 remains closed, the hydraulic pressure developed by the
pressure-developing pistons 38 will be inoperative. To actuate the
hydraulic valve 41, one, or preferably two, control valves, as at
25 and 26, are arranged for selective operation in response to
signals from the surface. By arranging the control valves 25 and 26
in parallel, should one valve fail to open, the other control valve
will provide a second opportunity for opening the hydraulic valve
41.
Should some malfunction in the retracting means 21 prevent the
retraction of the sample-admitting means 19 (or 100), the emergency
release apparatus 42 is arranged to selectively admit the borehole
fluids into the apparatus 10 for equalizing the pressure
differential across the sample-admitting means. As described in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,385,364 , the emergency release apparatus 42 is
associated with an extendible wall-engaging piston member 43 that
(upon opening of the control valve 24) is adapted to displace the
tool body 34 away from one wall of the borehole 12 as the
sample-admitting means 19 (or 100) are being extended in the
opposite direction toward the other wall of the borehole.
Ordinarily upon opening of the hydraulic valve 41, the
wall-engaging piston 43 will be retracted along with the
sample-admitting means 19 (or 100). However, should there be some
malfunction, borehole fluids will be admitted into the passage 40
once the outer end of the extendible wall-engaging member 43 is
broken to open an enclosed axial passage 44 therein.
In the sample-admitting means 19 shown in FIG. 2, an elongated
tubular member 45 is slidably disposed for longitudinal movement
within a lateral bore 46 formed in the body 34 of the testing unit
18 and fluidly sealed in relation thereto as by an O-ring 47
coaxially mounted around the forward portion of the lateral bore.
In the preferred arrangement of the sample-admitting means 19, a
tubular body 48 is coaxially mounted in the rearward portion of the
axial bore 49 of the tubular member 45 and secured against
longitudinal movement therein. As seen generally at 50 in one
manner of preventing this movement the rearward end of the tubular
body 48 is slightly enlarged and secured within a complementary
counterbore formed in the rearward end of the outer tubular member
by a snap ring.
Enlarged-diameter shoulders 51 and 52 on the forward and rearward
ends of the tubular body 48 are fluidly sealed by O-rings 53 and 54
within the outer tubular member to define an enclosed annular space
55 between the O-rings and the tubular members 45 and 48 that is
initially at atmospheric pressure. In its preferred form, the
forward portion of the tubular body 48 is counterbored, as at 56,
and a restricted lateral passage 57 is arranged through the wall of
the body for communicating the rear of the counterbore with the
annular space 55.
An elongated valve member such as a cylindrical body 58 is slidably
disposed in the tubular member 45 and provided with a pair of
closely-spaced O-rings 59 and 60 on its rear portion sealingly
engaged within the reduced bore at the rear of the tubular body 48.
An enlarged-diameter shoulder 61 near the midportion of the valve
member 58 carries an external O-ring 62 that is sealingly received
within the counterbore 56 at the forward end of the tubular body
48. An axial bore 63 extending rearwardly from near the forward end
of the cylindrical body 58 is terminated at a lateral passage 64
through the wall of the body between the spaced O-rings 59 and 60
thereon. The forward portion of the cylindrical body 58 is
preferably enlarged and is covered with a suitable filtering member
of finely-meshed screen 65 that covers a plurality of small
apertures or lateral holes 66 in the enlarged extension. The
cylindrical forward end 67 of the valve member 58 is adapted for
complementary reception in an axial bore 68 defining the entrance
of the tubular member 45 and is sealingly engaged therewith by
means such as an O-ring 69 carried on this forward end portion.
It will, of course, be recognized that the shoulder 70 formed by
the junction of the reduced forward end 67 of the valve member 58
and the enlarged portion thereof carrying the screen 65 will
prevent forward movement of the valve member in relation to the
tubular member 45. Moreover, in the preferred manner of securing
the valve members 58 against rearward movement with the
sample-admitting means 19 in the illustrated retracted position,
the rear end of the valve member is adapted to be abutted against
the rear wall of the housing bore 46. It will be realized,
therefore, that although the hydrostatic pressure of borehole
fluids will be acting on the forward end 67 of the valve member 58,
the valve member cannot shift rearwardly so long as the
sample-admitting means 19 are retracted.
To selectively extend the sample-admitting means 19, piston means,
such as an enlarged annular piston member 71 having a tubular
forward extension 72, are slidably disposed in an enlarged annular
bore 73 formed coaxially in the tool body 34 around the lateral
bore 46 and coupled, as at 74, to the forward portion of the
tubular member 45. O-rings, as at 75 and 76, are appropriately
arranged around and within the piston member 71 for fluidly sealing
the piston member within the enlarged coaxial bore 73; and an
O-ring 77 is coaxially mounted around the forward end of the
enlarged bore for fluidly sealing the tubular piston extension 72
in relation to the tool body 34 and defining an enclosed annular
space 78 ahead of the piston that is initially at atmospheric
pressure. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that upon
introduction of borehole fluids through a passage 79 into the rear
of the enlarged annular bore 73 behind the piston member 71, the
sample-admitting means 19 will be urged forwardly in relation to
the tool body 34 and toward an adjacent wall of the borehole
12.
An elastomeric packing element 80 is coaxially mounted on the
forward end of the tubular member 45 and uniquely arranged to be
longitudinally compressed in relation to the tubular member as the
sample-admitting means 19 are advanced into sealing engagement with
a borehole wall. In the preferred manner of accomplishing this, the
packing element 80 is symmetrically arranged in relation to the
tubular member 45 and includes a transverse forward portion 81
having a central opening 82 carrying a tubular sealing member 83
coaxially disposed for movement over the tubular member 45 and a
rearwardly-directed peripheral skirt portion 84. By securing the
skirt portion 84 of the packing element 80 to a rigid, transverse
supporting plate 85 secured to an intermediate portion of the
sampling tube 45 and leaving the forward transverse portion 81 free
to move axially in relation to the tubular member, it will be
appreciated that as the wall-engaging forward face of the
elastomeric member engages a borehole wall, the elastomeric element
will compress and move rearwardly in relation to the sampling
tube.
To obtain a fluid sample from a selected formation, the
formation-sampling apparatus 10 is positioned as shown in FIG. 1 in
the borehole 12 opposite the formation 13. As this point, however,
the various elements of the apparatus 10 will still be in their
initial positions substantially as shown in FIG. 2. Then, once the
apparatus 10 is in position, the control valve 24 is selectively
opened to admit well control fluids into the body passages 79 and
86 for simultaneously extending the piston 71 and the extendible
wall-engaging member 43 in opposite lateral directions. Once the
outer end of the extendible wall-engaging member 43 (or, perhaps,
the rear face of the apparatus 10) engages the rear wall of the
borehole 12, continued forward movement of the piston member 71
will firmly urge the forward end of the tubular sampling member 45
against the adjacent surface of the borehole with a substantial
force that is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the well control
fluids multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the piston 71
through O-rings 75 and 77.
Once, however, the sample-admitting means means 19 move forwardly
and the rear end of the slidable valve member 58 is displaced from
the rear wall of the housing bore 46, the rearwardly-acting
pressure forces on the slidable member i will begin urging it
rearwardly in relation to the advancing tubular member 45 and the
tubular body 48. It will, therefore, be recognized that once the
valve member 58 moves only a short distance away from the rear wall
of the housing h bore 46, the forward valve portion 67 will be free
to move out of the axial bore 68 and open the enclosed space
87.
Accordingly, means are provided for selectively delaying this
rearward movement of the valve member 58 so as to enable the
sealing member 80 to first be sealingly disposed against the
borehole wall before the forward valve portion 67 is opened. In the
preferred manner of accomplishing this, the annular space defined
in the counterbore 56 in the tubular body 48 and between the
O-rings 60 and 62 is initially filled with a viscous fluid or some
suitable fluent material such as a silicone grease or other
deformable plastic materials. Thus, the time required for the valve
member 58 to shift rearwardly from its initial position (FIG. 2) to
its final position (FIG. 3) will be governed by the time required
for the effective force of the hydrostatic pressure acting
rearwardly on the valve member 58 to displace the viscous fluid
from the space member 58 to displace the viscous fluid from the
space 56 through the restricted passage 57, and into the
atmospheric space 55.
It will, of course, be understood that even upon application of a
substantial forwardly-directed pressure force on the sampling tube
45 as illustrated in FIG. 3, the forward end of the tubular
sampling member can penetrate the adjacent formation (as at 13)
only so far as is permitted by the nature of the particular
formation materials. Thus, should the formation 13 be fairly
competent, the forward end of the tubular member 45 will, most
likely, still be incapable of making a significant penetration into
the formation. However, at any rate, this forwardly-acting pressure
force will cause the forward end of the sampling member 45 to
penetrate at least the so-called "mudcake" (as at 88) that
typically lines the wall of the borehole traversing a
potentially-producible earth formation, as at 13.
As depicted in FIG. 3, therefore, forward movement of the piston 71
upon opening of the control valve 24 will, therefore, successively
extend and compress the sealing member 80 into sealing engagement
with the mudcake-lined face of the formation 13 and then drive the
nose of the tubular sampling member 45 forwardly through the
mudcake layer 88 and at least into contact with the formation. It
should be noted at the so-called "flow-line" valve 35 is still
closed at this point in the operating cycle.
Accordingly, in keeping with the objects of the invention, as the
forward end of the sampling member 45 penetrates the mudcake (as at
88) on the borehole wall and forward valve member 67 is opened, the
resulting cylindrical plug of mudcake driven into the nose of the
tubular member will be forcibly driven (by formation pressure
rearwardly into the enlarged annular space 87 to the rear of the
filtering screen 65. Similarly, should the sampling member 45
penetrate an unconsolidated producible formation, any formation
particles carried into the sample-admitting means 19 by the flow of
connate fluids will also be received within the momentarily-voided
annular space 87. Ultimately, however, formation fluids as well as
the mudcake plug (and possibly at least some loosened formation
particles) will have filled the voided annular space 87 to equalize
the momentary pressure differential created by the initial forward
movement of the sample-admitting means 19. Thus, once the initial
forward movement of the sampling tube 45 is halted, any plug of the
mudcake 88 that would otherwise have blocked the filtering screen
65 will be safely disposed in the annular space 87 to the rear of
the screen. Similarily, should there also be any formation
materials displaced after the plug of mudcake is removed, these too
will be disposed behind the mudcake plug in the forward portion of
the annular space 87. Although the displaced mudcake plug and
perhaps some, if any, of such initially-displaced formation
materials will be rather impermeable at least a substantial portion
of the forward end of the screen 65 will be free of foreign matter
so as to not materially impede the subsequent flow of formation
fluids through the filtering screen. It will be understood, of
course, that the screen 65 is selectively sized to strain out such
loosened formation particles.
It should be appreciated as well that the rearward travel of the
forward valve portion 67 is operative to open the reduced entrance
68 in the nose of the sampling member 45 before the O-ring 59
closing the lateral passage 64 in the rear of the cylindrical valve
member 58 clears the rearward end of the tubular body 48. Thus,
with the sample-admitting means 19, only the minor
mementarily-voided space 87 is initially opened for receiving any
plug of the mudcake 88 and loosened formation materials entering
the sampling tube 45. As seen in FIG. 3, therefore, this mudcake
plug will be disposed well behind the filtering screen 65 within
the annular space 87. Then, after this initial quantity of mudcake
enters the sample-admitting means 19, the passage 64 will open as
the valve member 58 continues moving toward its rearwardmost
position to establish communication with the additional voided
spaces in the rear of the housing bore 46 and the open portion of
the passage 33. The flow-line valve 35 is, of course, still closed
at this point.
Accordingly, the significantly-reduced volume of the
initially-voided space 87 (in relation to the volume of the bore
46) will allow the sampling tube 45 to make at least a slight
advancement into the formation 13 before the large volume of the
housing bore is opened. It is believed, therefore, that if the nose
of the sampling tube 45 can be first embedded into an
unconsolidated formation before the passage 64 is opened, there
will be a correspondingly reduced chance that the borehole fluids
will channel through the mudcake 88 and contiguous formation wall
supporting the forward face of the pad 80. It will also be
appreciated that since only the voided space 87 is initially
opened, all of the mudcake plug will be drawn into this space and,
since there is no flow through the filtering screen, greatly
minimize any coating over the screen 65.
In some instances, it is believed desirable to fill the passage 63
with a viscous fluid, such as grease or the like, before the
apparatus 10 is lowered into the borehole 12. When this is done, it
will be appreciated that upon opening of the forward valve portion
67, there is no tendency at all for the mudcake plug to be drawn
onto the screen 65 since there is not pressure differential across
the screen until the rearward valve means defined by the O-ring 59
and body 48 open.
Accordingly, at this point in the operating cycle of the tool 10,
the sample-admitting means 19 will have established fluid
communication with the formation, as at 13, being tested before a
fluid sample is taken. By selectively displacing the plug of
mudcake as well as any formation particles that may initially enter
the sample-admitting means 19 into the voided space 87, at least a
substantial portion of the filtering screen 65 will be available
for straining fluid samples upon opening of the flow-line valve 35.
Thus, a formation fluid sample is obtained by simply opening the
flow-line valve 35; and then, once the transducer 37 indicates that
the sample chamber 28 is filled, closing the seal valve 36.
Once the flow-line valve 35 is opened, there will be a substantial
pressure differential between the formation fluids and the upper
chamber 27 that will promote flow of the connate fluids into the
sample-admitting means 19 at a regulated rate as, for example,
might be determined by the orifice 30. If, for example, the
formation 13 is fairly competent, there will be little or no
erosion of the formation materials. On the other hand, should the
formation 13 be unconsolidated, it will be recognized that unless
the space 87 is already filled, the connate fluids can carry, at
best, only a selectively-limited quantity of formation particles
into the sampling tube 45 once the flow-line valve 35 is
opened.
These loosened formation particles will rapidly fill whatever
volume remains in the selectively-limited annular space 87 as the
connate fluids pass on through the filtering screen 65 and into the
sample chamber 28. The limited volume of the annular space 87 will,
however, be quickly filled with a packed, but permeable, column of
the loosened particles. Once this occurs, it will be appreciated
that no further movement of loosened formation materials can take
place since the packed column will be fully supported within the
sample-admitting means 19. Thereafter, only connate fluids can flow
into the sample-admitting means 19 with this packed column of clean
formation materials serving as a filtering media that is well
supported by the screen 65. It will be recognized, therefore, that
once the erosion of formation materials is halted, the sealing
member 80 will be capable of retaining effective sealing engagement
against the borehole wall for the entire operation.
To retrieve the fluid-sampling apparatus 10, the control valve 25
(or 26) is actuated to open the normally-closed hydraulic valve 41.
By opening the valve 41, the high-pressure hydraulic fluid is
admitted through the passage 40 into the enclosed annular spaces 78
and 89 (ahead of the pistons 71 and 43) that were initially at
atmospheric pressure. Since the hydraulic pressure is greater than
the hydrostatic pressure of the borehole fluids, as the hydraulic
fluid enters these spaces 78 and 89, the piston 71 and extendible
member 43 are normally returned to their initial positions. Once
these members 43 and 71 have been returned, the fluid-sampling
apparatus 10 can, of course, be either retrieved from the borehole
12 or repositioned therein.
Should there be some malfunction in the retracting system 21, as,
for example, sticking of the hydraulic valve 14, the fluid-sampling
apparatus 10 can still nevertheless be retrieved by the emergency
release apparatus 51. Thus, should the necessity arise, the outer
end of the extendible wall-engaging member 43 can be quite simply
broken by picking up on the apparatus 10. Then, once the outer end
of the axial passage 41 is opened, there the borehole fluids will
be admitted into the spaces 78 and 89.
By comparing FIGS. 2 and 3, it will be appreciated that once the
forward face of the sealing pad 80 engages the layer of mudcake 88,
the outwardly-acting force of the piston 71 will readily compress
the skirt portion 84 of the sealing member to cause the central
portion 81 thereof to move rearwardly in relation to the advancing
tubular member 45. Accordingly, by virtue of the unique arrangement
of the sealing member 80, a major portion of the thrust from the
piston 71 will be effective to force the nose of the tubular member
into at least the mudcake 88. This, however, does not mean that an
effective sealing engagement is not achieved by the sealing pad 80
since the resiliency of the compressed elastomeric skirt portion 84
and central portion 81 will be urging the forward face of the
sealing member firmly against the mudcake 88. Moreover, by assuring
fluid communication (as through ports 90 or the like through the
plate 85) between the borehole fluids and rear surface of the
central portion 81, the pressure differential between the
hydrostatic pressure in the borehole 12 and the formation pressure
will also be highly effective in maintaining tight seal around the
central opening 82 of the sealing member 80.
Accordingly, instead of dissipating a significant proportion of the
outwardly-directed force of the piston 71 in compressing the
elastomeric sealing member 80, almost all of this force is imposed
on the tubular member 45 to effect a penetration of the mudcake 88
and, quite possibly, a portion of the formation 13. Thus, since the
nose of the tubular sampling member 45 will be at least embedded
into the mudcake 88 before the forward valve portion 67 opens, and
only the limited quantity of mudcake actually confined in the bore
68 can enter the annular space 87.
Turning now to FIG. 4, an alternative embodiment of
sample-admitting means 100 is shown. It will be realized, of course
that the principal difference between the sample-admitting means 19
and 100 is that the elastomeric sealing element 101 for the
sample-admitting means is resiliently biased by a
coaxially-disposed compression spring 102 instead of the
elastomeric skirt portion 84 used for biasing the sealing member
80. To secure the several elements, the compression spring 102 is
secured to a transverse supporting plate 103 secured on the
sampling member 45 and to a rigid plate 104 on the rear of the
elastomeric element 101. It will be recognized, of course, that the
spring 102 is adapted so that, upon compression, it will urge the
forward face of the pad member 101 against the wall of the borehole
12 with sufficient force to effect a sealing engagement
therewith.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that irrespective of
whether a water cushion, as at 31, is or is not employed, when a
fluid sample is being taken there will be substantial pressure
differential existing between the connate fluids entering the
forward portion of the sample-admitting means 19 (or 100) and the
enclosed sample chamber 28 which is initially at atmospheric
pressure. This extreme pressure differential must, of course, be
accommodated in either instance. Thus, if the water cushion 31 and
the other chamber 27 are employed, most of this pressure
differential will be taken across the orifice 30 so that only a
minimal pressure drop will occur in the sample-admitting means 19
(or 100). On the other hand, if the water cushion 31 is not
employed in the tool 10, the pressure drop will be primarily
accommodated across the filtering screen 65 and the apertures 66.
If need be, additional flow restriction can be provided by
arranging suitable orifices or the like (not shown) in either the
passage 63 or flow line 33.
In any event, there are, of course, widely-different types of
formations from which samples are to be taken. In those situations
where the formations are fairly competent, it is not at all likely
that the performance of the sample-admitting means 19 (or 100)
would be affected by elimination of the water cushion 31. On the
other hand, the water cushion 31 may assure a more-reliable
operation with the sample-admitting means 19 (or 100) where a
particularly uncemented granulated formation material is
anticipated. The choice is, therefore, best determined by actual
operating experience in each particular oil field.
Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the present invention has
provided new and improved formation-sampling apparatus adapted for
reliably establishing and maintaining fluid communication with
various types of borehole surfaces and formation materials. Thus,
although changes and modifications may be made in the principles of
the invention as set out in the claims, by limiting the entrance of
mudcake and any unconsolidated formation materials into the
formation-sampling apparatus, greater assurance is had that
satisfactory fluid samples will be obtained.
* * * * *