U.S. patent number 3,565,072 [Application Number 04/719,332] was granted by the patent office on 1971-02-23 for environmental control apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Champion Spark Plug Company, Toledo, OH. Invention is credited to William D. Gauthier.
United States Patent |
3,565,072 |
|
February 23, 1971 |
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL APPARATUS
Abstract
Apparatus for supplying a controlled atmosphere to a closed
chamber. An ultrasonic nebulizer generates liquid particles and the
particles are dispersed in air, or in a filtered air-gas mixture,
to increase its specific heat. The resulting mixture is then passed
through a temperature controlled heat exchanger and into the
chamber.
Inventors: |
William D. Gauthier (Sylvania
Township, OH) |
Assignee: |
Champion Spark Plug Company,
Toledo, OH (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
24889656 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/719,332 |
Filed: |
April 8, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
128/200.16;
128/204.15 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61G
10/04 (20130101); A61G 10/02 (20130101); A61M
2205/3606 (20130101); A61G 2203/46 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61G
10/04 (20060101); A61G 10/02 (20060101); A61G
10/00 (20060101); A61m 015/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;128/212,191,188,1,191.1,145,145.5,402,194,192,193,203 ;62/261
;135/14 ;236/10 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Richard A. Gaudet
Assistant Examiner: G. F. Dunne
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Owen & Owen
Claims
I claim:
1. Apparatus for supplying a temperature and humidity controlled
environment to an enclosed space, comprising, in combination: means
for supplying filtered air under pressure to said space, a
reservoir containing a liquid, an ultrasonic nebulizer for
dispersing particles of the liquid into the filtered air, whereby
the specific heat of the air-liquid particle mixture is such that a
desired temperature can be maintained in such space without
recirculation of air from such space, a heat exchanger positioned
downstream from said ultrasonic nebulizer for changing the
temperature of the dispersed liquid particles and filtered air,
means operatively connected to said ultrasonic nebulizer and said
heat exchanger for sensing and controlling the temperature and
relative humidity conditions within such space, conduit means for
carrying the dispersed liquid particles and filtered air from said
heat exchanger to such space, and means for discharging such
mixture from such space to atmosphere whereby the mixture is not
recirculated through such enclosed space.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, including: means for supplying
compressed oxygen, and means for controllably mixing the oxygen
with the filtered air prior to dispersing the liquid particles into
the filtered air.
3. Apparatus for supplying a controlled environment to an enclosed
space comprising, in combination, blower means for supplying air
under pressure, a nebulizer for dispersing liquid particles having
a mass means size of between 1 and 6 microns into the air
discharged from said blower means, whereby the specific heat of the
air-liquid particle mixture is such that a desired temperature can
be maintained in such space without recirculation of air from such
space, heat exchanger means positioned downstream from said
nebulizer for changing the temperature of the air-particle mixture,
means operatively connected to said heat exchanger means for
sensing and controlling the temperature within such space, said
sensing and controlling means including temperature-sensing means
operatively connected to said heat exchanger means, means for
supplying a cooling fluid to said heat exchanger means, means for
supplying a heating fluid to said heat exchanger means, a
temperature control means for controlling the flow of said cooling
fluid and said heating fluid to said heat exchanger, and means for
discharging such mixture from such space to atmosphere whereby such
mixture is not recirculated through such enclosed space.
4. Apparatus for supplying a controlled environment to an enclosed
space comprising, in combination, blower means for supplying air
under pressure, a nebulizer for dispersing liquid particles having
a mass means size of between 1 and 6 microns into the air
discharged from said blower means, whereby the specific heat of the
air-liquid particle mixture is such that a desired temperature can
be maintained in such space without recirculation of air from such
space and without creating an objectionable temperature
differential, heat exchanger means positioned downstream from said
nebulizer for changing the temperature of the air-particle mixture,
means operatively connected to said heat exchanger means for
sensing and controlling the temperature within such space, said
sensing and controlling means including temperature-sensing means
operatively connected to said heat exchanger means, means for
supplying a heating fluid to said heat exchanger means, a
temperature control means for controlling the flow of said heating
fluid to said heat exchanger, and means for discharging such
mixture from such space to atmosphere, whereby such mixture is not
recirculated through such enclosed space.
Description
This invention relates generally to an improved atmosphere
generator, and particularly to an apparatus for controlling
temperature and humidity in a closed chamber, such as a tent
suspended over a hospital bed.
At the present time, there is no adequate portable device for
supplying a controlled atmosphere to a closed chamber. In most
available units, air is recirculated through a power unit
comprising a blower, a filter, a heating element, a humidity
reservoir, and a cooling chamber. The air is relied upon to
maintain the temperature in the controlled chamber and must be
recirculated because its specific heat is so low that it is
difficult to sufficiently heat or cool the chamber by the air alone
without creating objectionable temperature differentials.
Recirculation of the air in the chamber causes several problems.
First, the chamber must be sealed to reduce loss of air. Second,
there is little or no control over the relative humidity in the
sealed chamber, which is simply increased to an indefinite extent
by blowing the air over a water reservoir. A third problem will
arise when a gas such as oxygen is used with the chamber.
Recirculation may cause the gas concentration in the chamber to
become too rich.
When the chamber is either a closed room or sealed with a heavy
canopy, there may be a noise problem. Blower noise confined within
the chamber may be sufficiently high as to disturb the
occupant.
A major problem with recirculation type apparatus is the difficulty
attending proper cleaning and sterilization. The many irregular
surfaces along the air flow path through the power unit are
difficult, if not impossible, to clean properly before each use.
Poor cleaning combined with high humidity, a stagnant humidity
reservoir and relatively high temperatures promote the growth of
bacteria and fungi. Recirculation of air within the chamber even
with filtering further increases the possibility of undesirable and
dangerous growths of the bacteria and fungus cultures.
The apparatus of the present invention includes a portable base, a
power unit and a flexible supply duct. Room air is taken into the
power unit by a blower and filtered. If necessary, additional
oxygen or other gas is then mixed with the filtered air. It is then
passed through an ultrasonic nebulizer of the type described in the
copending application of Gauthier et al. Ser. No. 626,319, filed
Mar. 27, 1967, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,387,607 issued Jun. 11, 1968.
The ultrasonic nebulizer disperses fine particles of a liquid in
the air. The liquid particles greatly increase the specific heat of
the air stream and, as a result, sufficient heat to maintain the
desired temperature can be taken into the controlled chamber by a
low volume flow of gas, without requiring recirculation.
One use of the environmental control apparatus is in an intensive
care unit in a hospital. The flexible supply duct is attached to
either a conventional oxygen tent or to a disposable film canopy
resembling an oxygen tent. When a disposable film canopy is used,
the chamber is prepared for each new patient by merely sterilizing
the mattress area and replacing the film canopy. Sterilization of
the power unit and the connecting flexible supply duct is required
only periodically, because the chamber air is not recirculated. The
air which is supplied to the chamber is discharged either through
leaks around the canopy or through a controllable vent.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a
sanitary, easy to clean, environmental control apparatus.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an air flow
apparatus capable of supplying sufficient heat into a closed
chamber without requiring air recirculation and which will provide
means for accurately controlling the relative humidity therein.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a closed
chamber with an accurately regulated oxygen supply.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a silent
power unit for supplying a regulated atmosphere to a chamber.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a controlled
chamber having a disposable canopy or hood.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an
apparatus capable of supplying air, or an air-gas mixture at a
closely regulated temperature and humidity to an oxygen tent for
adults.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent
in the following detailed description of a preferred form thereof,
reference being had to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of the environmental control apparatus of
the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic perspective view of apparatus constructed
in accordance with the present invention with the base open to show
one arrangement of the power unit.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to the flow diagram of the power unit in FIG. 1 of the
drawings, a blower 10 draws room air through a filter 12 and
delivers it to an ultrasonic nebulizer 14. The ultrasonic nebulizer
14 disperses liquid into the air, generating an aerosol or an
air-suspended fog of small liquid particles. The air and the
dispersed liquid particles are then passed through a heat exchanger
16 and into a controlled chamber 18.
The air filter 12 can be either a microfilter or an electronically
operated filter. The blower 10 may be of any conventional design,
as for example, of the centrifugal or squirrel-cage design having a
low noise level.
The filtered air is carried from the blower 10 through an air
supply hose 20 to the ultrasonic nebulizer 14. Additional oxygen or
other gas, when required, is mixed with the filtered air at this
point. The oxygen or other gas is stored under pressure in a gas
supply tank 22. A gas hose 24 connects the gas supply tank 22
through a gas regulator valve 26 to the filtered air supply hose
20. It is obvious that a number of gas supply tanks 22 can be used
to supply other gases or to provide an oxygen reserve. The gas
regulator valve 26 will provide any oxygen concentration needed.
The rate of oxygen flow is indicated on a flow meter 28.
The ultrasonic nebulizer 14 is of the type disclosed in the
above-mentioned copending Gauthier et al. application. Air, or gas
enriched air, is passed through the nebulizer chamber in which a
transducer generates a beam of ultrasonic compressional waves in a
liquid to cause the liquid, usually water, to break up into an
air-suspended fog of dispersed liquid particles which are entrained
in the air as it is passed through the nebulizer. The particles
have a diameter ranging from about 1 micron to 6 microns. While
water is usually all that is required in the atmosphere for a
patient, various treatment liquids can be used either as aqueous
solutions or otherwise. The dispersed liquid particles greatly
increase the specific heat and humidity of the gas and make it
possible to carry greatly increased heat quantities to the canopy
in comparison with relatively dry room air. A high relative
humidity is generally desirable in an environment in which a
patient may be placed. A humidity sensor 30 is placed in the
chamber 18 and is electrically connected to control the ultrasonic
nebulizer 14. The ultrasonic nebulizer 14 is set for whatever
humidity is desired in the chamber 18.
A flexible supply duct 32 carries the aerosol from the ultrasonic
nebulizer 14 through the heat exchanger 16 and into the controlled
chamber 18. The heat exchanger can be a simple coil of copper
tubing either wrapped around or inserted within the duct 32. An
outer jacket 34 reduces heat transfer to the room. Where the tubing
is wrapped around the outside of the duct 32, the jacket can be
sealed and filled with a liquid to increase the heat transfer to
the aerosol. Heating and cooling fluids are supplied to the
temperature regulator 36 from a heater 38 and a refrigerator unit
40. The heater 38 may be a conventional electric water heater
although it is not intended to restrict the heating fluid to water.
Although the refrigerator 40 can be an electric-mechanical unit, a
coil of tubing placed in an ice chamber may operate satisfactorily
if there will be only a limited demand for refrigeration of the
air.
A temperature sensor 42 is placed within the chamber 18 and is
electrically connected to the temperature regulator 36. The
temperature regulator 36 is adjusted for whatever chamber
temperature is desired. The heating and cooling fluids are mixed by
the temperature regulator 36 for the desired temperature. The mixed
fluid is then circulated through the heat exchanger 16 by way of
pipes 44.
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of apparatus incorporating the power
unit of FIG. 1. A base cabinet 46 is mounted on larger wheels 48
for easy transportation and the power unit is mounted within the
base cabinet. The gas supply tank 22 is attached by brackets 50 to
the end of the base and the brackets 50 are designed to permit easy
removal of the gas supply tank 22 for refilling. A standard gas
connector 52 is used so that other available oxygen supplies can be
used with the apparatus, e.g., an oxygen system built into a
hospital and having an outlet in each room can be connected to the
apparatus. Doors 54 (shown open) permit easy access to the power
unit for servicing and for filling a liquid supply reservoir 56
attached to the ultrasonic nebulizer 14.
One end of the base cabinet 46 has a control panel 58. The oxygen
flow meter 28 and regulator valve 26, a temperature indicator 60
and control 62, a humidity indicator 64 and control 66, and a
blower control 68 are mounted on the control panel 58. A remote
temperature sensor 42 (see FIG. 1) is located in the controlled
chamber 18 and is electrically connected to both the temperature
regulator 36 and temperature indicator 60. The desired chamber
temperature is set with the temperature control 62. A remote
humidity sensor 30 is also located in the controlled chamber 18 and
is electrically connected to both the ultrasonic nebulizer 14 and
the humidity indicator 64. The desired chamber humidity is set with
the humidity control 66. Connectors can be mounted on the control
panel 58 for attaching the remote temperature and humidity sensors
42 and 30.
It has been found that the standard closed oxygen tent can be
replaced with a disposable synthetic resinous film canopy. The
canopy is suspended from poles attached to a bed and resembles an
oxygen tent. Access to the occupant may be provided through a
conventional zipper opening, and the canopy may also have hand
openings. It is not necessary that the zipper opening and the hand
openings be sealed because temperature controlled aerosol is
continually blown into and through the canopy and the air pressure
under the canopy is always slightly above ambient pressure so that
there is no tendency for room air to flow into the canopy.
The power unit is designed so that it can also be used with a
conventional oxygen tent 70 for adult patients by attaching the
flexible duct 32 to a sealing ring 72 attached to the tent 70 or
the duct 32 can be attached to a sealing ring installed in a film
canopy which is suspended over a bed. If necessary, a longer
flexible duct can be attached between connector 74 on the heat
exchanger 16 and the sealing ring 72 on the oxygen tent 70.
Although the environmental control apparatus has been described in
connection with an oxygen tent, it will be appreciated that the
apparatus may be modified for use in both medical and nonmedical
applications where accurately controlled temperature and humidity
are desired for a closed space. For example, if the apparatus is
used to supply hot steamy air to a steam bath, the apparatus can be
modified by eliminating the refrigeration unit 40 and the
temperature regulator 36. It will be appreciated that other power
unit arrangements may be used, and that various modifications and
changes may be made in the remainder of the elements without
departing from the scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *