U.S. patent number 3,555,311 [Application Number 04/793,344] was granted by the patent office on 1971-01-12 for high pressure piezoelectric transducer.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Marquardt Corporation. Invention is credited to Peter E. Weber.
United States Patent |
3,555,311 |
Weber |
January 12, 1971 |
HIGH PRESSURE PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER
Abstract
An alternating voltage is applied to the electrodes of a
piezoelectric crystal at the frequency of natural vibration of the
crystal in the thickness mode which causes the crystal to vibrate
in the thickness mode. This vibration is at one-half wavelength
resonance. Vibrations from the front surface are transmitted
through an epoxy window as an ultrasonic wave. Vibrations off the
back surface are reflected from a reflector which is spaced
one-quarter wavelength from the crystal. A filler material with
negligible reflective qualities, such as neoprene, synthetic or
natural rubbers, or the like, is sandwiched between the crystal and
the reflective material. The filler also has the properties of
compressions so that the crystal will not break or cave in when the
transducer is subject to high pressures when submerged in very deep
water.
Inventors: |
Weber; Peter E. (Scarborough,
NY) |
Assignee: |
The Marquardt Corporation (Van
Nuys, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
25159699 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/793,344 |
Filed: |
January 23, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
310/322; 310/335;
367/165; 310/326; 367/162 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B06B
1/0677 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B06B
1/06 (20060101); H01v 007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;310/8.5,8.6,8.7,9.1,8.1,8.2,8.3 ;340/10,11,12,8 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Ray; W. E.
Assistant Examiner: Reynolds; B. A.
Claims
I claim:
1. A transducer for emitting ultrasonic vibrations comprising:
a housing;
means for emitting ultrasonic energy in a first direction and a
second direction, said means being disposed within said
housing;
means disposed within said housing and being juxtaposed with said
means for emitting ultrasonic energy for reflecting the ultrasonic
energy transmitted in a second direction to the first direction;
and
a compressible filler means disposed within said housing for
spacing said ultrasonic energy emitting means from said reflecting
means a quarter wave length therefrom.
2. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said transducer
being encapsulated in an epoxy material.
3. The transducer as defined in claim 1 and further comprising a
pair of electrode means protruding from said housing and wherein
one of said electrodes is coupled to the top surface of said
ultrasonic energy emitting means and the other electrode is coupled
to the bottom surface of said ultrasonic energy emitting means.
4. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said filler means
being neoprene.
5. The transducer as defined in claim 1 wherein said filler means
being a pliable plastic.
6. The transducer as defined in claim 1 wherein said filler being
an elastomer.
7. The transducer as defined in claim 1 wherein said filler being
an isoprene butylene.
8. The transducer as defined in claim 1 wherein said means for
emitting a frequency vibration wave being a piezoelectric
crystal.
9. The transducer as defined in claim 1 wherein said reflective
means being comprised of brass.
10. The transducer as defined in claim 1 wherein:
said means for emitting frequency vibrations being a piezoelectric
crystal;
said reflective means being brass; and
said filler means being neoprene.
11. A transducer comprising:
a piezoelectric crystal having a front surface and a back surface
and including electrodes coupled to the back surface and front
surface of said crystal for causing said crystal to vibrate in the
thickness mode when energized with an electric energy, said crystal
being of a thickness and characteristics to resonate at one-half
wavelength;
a means disposed adjacent the back surface of said crystal and
being spaced therefrom by one-fourth wavelength of the vibrations
of said crystal for reflecting vibrations of said crystal back to
said crystal for transmission from only the front surface thereof;
and
a filler means disposed between said crystal and said reflecting
means, said filler means being comprised of an acoustic and
pressure absorbing material.
12. The transducer as defined in claim 11 wherein said filler is
composed of a material which being a solid compressible
material.
13. The transducer as defined in claim 12 wherein said filler is
selected from the group consisting of neoprene, natural rubber,
synthetic rubber, cork, plastic, compressed sponge, and isoprene
butylene.
14. The transducer as defined in claim 11 wherein said reflective
means being a metallic substance with an acoustic reflectivity.
15. The transducer as defined in claim 11 wherein said reflective
means being brass.
16. The transducer as defined in claim 11 wherein said transducer
being encapsulated in epoxy.
17. A transducer comprising:
a metallic housing;
a piezoelectric crystal being capable of vibrating in the thickness
mode for emitting ultrasonic vibrations on the front surface and
back surface thereof, said crystal being of a predetermined
thickness and characteristic to resonate at one-half
wavelength;
a pair of electrodes protruding from said housing and being coupled
to the back surface and the front surface of said crystal for
causing said crystal to vibrate in the thickness mode thereof when
energized with electric energy;
a first means disposed adjacent the back surface of said crystal
and being spaced therefrom by one-fourth wavelength for reflecting
vibrations of said crystal back to said crystal for transmission
from only the front surface thereof;
a first filler means disposed between said crystal and said
reflecting means, said first filler means being comprised of a
pressure absorbing material;
a second means disposed adjacent the back surface of said first
means and being spaced from said first means by one-fourth
wavelength of reflecting vibrations passed by said first means back
to said crystal for transmission from only the front surface
thereof; and
a second filler disposed between said crystal and said reflecting
means, said second filler means being comprised of a pressure
absorbing material. 8The transducer as defined in claim 17, wherein
said filler being
comprised of neoprene. 19. The transducer as defined in claim 17,
wherein said first means and second means being comprised of a
metallic reflective
material. 20. The transducer as defined in claim 19, wherein said
reflective material being comprised of brass.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to underwater transducers and more
particularly to novel and improved underwater transducers which
have the qualities of reflecting the back energy to increase the
initial output of the transducers without significant losses
thereto.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Transducers of the prior art are generally comprised of a crystal
oscillator formed of piezolectric material. Those crystals vibrate
in the thickness mode, sending out an acoustic vibration when an
electrical energy is applied to the electrodes thereof. These
vibrations are generally caused by the contractions and expansions
of the crystal.
These transducers are generally used as sonic transmitters and
receivers and are used to send acoustic energy either down or
through the water and received back by transducers similar to the
transmitting transducers.
Problems occur with transducers which are placed many fathoms under
the water. When subjected to these depths, extreme pressures are
exhibited to the transducers. Approximately one-half p.s.i. for
every foot of water in depth. The normal use of some transducers
are in 20,000 feet of water. When down this deep, they are
subjected to approximately 10,000 p.s.i.
In the prior art, transducers were filled with oil to transmit and
equalize the pressure and prevent the crystals from caving in.
However, the prior art oil filled transducers had many problems.
First, they are susceptible to spillage and leakage during
assembly. Further, it is not desirable to work with transducers
which are filled with oil because they require many mechanical
joints which may leak.
It is found that the back energy from the crystal is normally lost
because the only energy which is desired to be used is that which
is projected in a forward direction. Because the crystal oscillates
in the thickness mode, the ultrasonic vibrations thereof are
transmitted in its forward and back direction, whereas only the
forward direction is of any use and the back direction of the
ultrasonic wave is virtually lost.
Thus, it would be desirable to provide a transducer which can
utilize the back ultrasonic waves as well as the forward ultrasonic
waves. This is accomplished in the present invention by a unique
technique of reflecting the ultrasonic waves that are emitted from
the back of the transducer crystal to add to the ultrasonic energy
transmitted from the forward end of the transducer, and thereby
increasing the efficiency of this transducer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly described, the present invention includes a crystal
vibrator which vibrates in its thickness mode. The vibrations from
the front surface of the crystal are used for ultrasonic
transmission. Means are disposed behind the crystal to reflect the
ultrasonic waves to reinforce the ultrasonic waves to reinforce the
ultrasonic waves emitted in the downward direction. A further
filler is positioned between the crystal and the reflecting means
to maintain a distance therebetween which is one-quarter wavelength
distance. The filler material is composed of a substance which is
compressible and doesn't require air in its compression process,
whereby the volume of the material is completely filled, such as
neoprene, cork, rubber, either natural or synthetic. A number of
these reflective stages may be used to further increase the
efficiency of the transducer reflection in its forward direction.
The entire transducer may then be encapsulated in epoxy.
It, therefore, becomes one object of this invention to provide a
novel and improved high pressure transducer.
Another object of this invention is to provide a novel and improved
high pressure transducer which reflects back sonic waves to aid in
the overall output of the transducer system.
Another object of this invention is to provide a novel and improved
transducer which is capable of being submerged in very deep water
without damage thereto.
Another object of this invention is to provide a novel and improved
transducer which has characteristics safeguarding the crystal
material used therein from being crushed due to the deep water
pressures.
These and other objects, features and advantages will become more
apparent to those skilled in the art when taken into consideration
with the following detailed description, wherein like reference
numerals indicate like and corresponding parts throughout the
several views, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a section view of the transducer of this invention
showing the internal apparatus;
FIG. 2 is a section view taken along the lines 2-2 of FIG. 1;
and
FIG. 3 is a section view taken along the lines 3-3 of FIG. 3.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Turning now to a more detailed description of this embodiment,
there is shown a housing 10 which may be composed of a metallic
material, such as stainless steel. The end 12 of the housing 10 may
be, for example, tubular in shape and having a bore 14 therein, and
a bulkhead 16 which is used to seal the internal apparatus of this
invention from water. A pair of holes 18 are provided in the
bulkhead 16 of the end 12 for a pair of electrodes 20 and 22 to
extend therethrough. The electrodes 20 and 22 are insulated from
the end 12 of housing 10 by the insulators 24 and 26, respectively.
These insulators are tightly placed within the bulkhead 16 to
assure that no leakage of water enters the internal mechanisms of
the invention.
A crystal 28 is placed within the housing 10 and is shaped in the
form of a disc. The top surface 30 and the bottom surface 32 are
silvered and electrical lead 34 is coupled to the electrode 20 and
to the top surface 30 of the crystal 28. A lead 36 is coupled to
the electrode 22 and to the bottom surface 32 of the crystal 28.
These leads may be electrically insulated wires to prevent the
short circuit to the housing 10 and other internal mechanisms of
the invention.
A reflective device 38, which is also shaped in the form of a disc,
is placed within the housing 10 and spaced below the bottom surface
32 of the crystal 28. This reflective device 38 may be formed of
brass because of its reflectivity qualities.
A filler 40 is spaced between the crystal 28 and the reflector 38
at a predetermined distance. The filler material 40 may be
comprised of a suitable compressible material, such as neoprene,
pliable plastics elastomers, isoprene butylene, cork, natural
rubber, synthetic rubber, and compressed sponge, and the like, as
an example.
The thickness of the crystal 28 is selected so that when it
vibrates in its thickness mode by having an alternating voltage
applied to the electrodes 20 and 22, the material changes
dimensions in the thickness mode. It has been found, by way of
example, that if the material is 0.336 inches thick it will vibrate
at one-half wavelength in terms of velocity propagation through the
crystal for a frequency of 300 kHz. This thickness will vary
depending upon the bulk velocity of the material and the frequency
required, but it is selected to have the one-half wavelength
resonance. Thus, when the voltage is applied to the crystal 28, the
total cubic inches of the crystal changes from the voltages applied
thereto.
If the reflector is positioned one-quarter wavelength from the
crystal 28, its return will be a full one-half wavelength, thus
reinforcing or adding to the energy emitted from the front surface
and no loss of energy is realized, but rather a reinforcement of
the front energy. The material brass can be selected because it has
good sonic reflectivity, although it should be understood that many
other materials may be used and the limitation of brass is shown
only by way of example.
The filler 40, which faces the reflector 38, from the crystal 28 at
the aforesaid distance, should be selected from a material which is
compressible so that as the thickness of the crystal 28 changes,
the filler will compress and prevent the crystal from being damaged
by cracking or caving in, or the like. The substance for the filler
40 should be selected from a material which is compressible, but
does not require air in the process of compressing and wherein the
volume of the material may be neoprene, cork, rubber, either
natural or synthetic, or the like. Neoprene has been selected for
the preferred embodiment in that the molecular chain breaks and
reforms during compression without filling with another substance,
such as air.
FIG. 1 illustrates that a second filler 42 and a second reflective
device 44 is positioned behind the first reflective device 38 and
the filler 40. The second stage is added because no material is a
perfect reflector. Thus, the energy is reflected for a second time
at a similar operation as the first stage. Also the energy is
reflected a third time from the metal housing 52.
With reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, there is shown, for example, in
FIG. 2 a slot 50 which is provided in the fillers and reflective
brass material to allow the lead 34 from the electrode 20 to pass
therethrough and to become affixed to the silvered top surface 30
of the crystal 28. A slot is cut in the filler 46 to accommodate
the lead 36 from electrode 22. A similar slot (not shown) is
provided in the filler 40 so that the lead 36 may be connected to
the silvered portion of the bottom surface 32 of crystal 28. This
lead comes up through the slot 52 in the reflectors 38 and 44 and
their respective fillers 40 and 42.
The entire transducer is encapsulated in an epoxy coating 56 which
provides that at the area 58 the epoxy window is used to transmit
the ultrasonic vibration waves. The epoxy is used because it has
nearly the same velocity as the velocity of sound in sea water.
* * * * *