U.S. patent number 3,917,773 [Application Number 05/511,905] was granted by the patent office on 1975-11-04 for method for fabricating a shaped dielectric antenna lens.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy. Invention is credited to Jose A. Flores, Louis E. Gates, Jr., William E. Lent.
United States Patent |
3,917,773 |
Gates, Jr. , et al. |
November 4, 1975 |
Method for fabricating a shaped dielectric antenna lens
Abstract
A light-weight, temperature-resistant spherical antenna lens is
formed of homogeneous ceramic material to provide a
uniformly-distributed dielectric constant. The ceramic material
formulation can be varied to adjust the dielectric constant for
various wavelengths. A protective sealant coating is applied to the
exterior surface and, because of the very high porosity of the
lens, the sealant is applied over an under coating having
essentially the same dielectric and temperature characteristics as
the lens matrix material. The shaped spherical body of the lens is
provided by press-forming and fusing together a quantity of
highly-porous ceramic granules each being the same in composition
and each having essentially the same pore size. Pore size is
controlled by first preparing a ceramic slip, mixing the slip with
an organic `burn-out` material, such as stearic acid powder, and
then subjecting the mix to a wet granulation process to provide
granules of a particular size. A burn-out produces granules having
the desired pore size which then are mixed with a mechanical
binder, pressed to form the sphere and subsequently sintered to
provide a rigid spherical structure capable of being machined and
coated with the sealant glaze.
Inventors: |
Gates, Jr.; Louis E. (Westlake
Village, CA), Lent; William E. (Los Angeles, CA), Flores;
Jose A. (Venice, CA) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington,
DC)
|
Family
ID: |
27027834 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/511,905 |
Filed: |
October 3, 1974 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
428589 |
Dec 26, 1973 |
3866234 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
264/44; 343/911R;
264/628 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
15/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
15/00 (20060101); H01Q 15/08 (20060101); H01Q
015/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;264/44,60,65
;343/911R,911L |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sciascia; Richard S. Critchlow;
Paul N.
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 428,589
filed Dec. 26, 1973, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,866,234.
Claims
We claim:
1. A process for fabricating a rigidly-shaped dielectric structure
for transmitting high-frequency electromagnetic energy, said
structure having a predetermined and uniform dielectric constant
and said process comprising the consecutive steps of:
providing a quantity of porous ceramic granules having a
substantially uniform pore size no larger than the minimum
wavelength of said electromagnetic energy, said pore size as well
as the composition of the granules being a determinable function of
said predetermined dielectric constant,
intimately mixing said quantity of porous granules initially with a
cohesive organic binder material capable of cohesively binding one
granule to another and then with a flux material, said initial
intimate mixing applying said binder material to the exterior
surfaces of each of said granules for inhibiting penetration of
said granule pores by said flux material,
controllably pressing said granular mixture to bindably form the
mixture into said shaped structure the application of the pressure
being controlled to provide a desired structural density,
controllably heating said shaped structure sufficiently to remove
said organic binder material and,
sintering said shaped structure for providing said rigidity.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein controlled pressing of the
granular mixture is accomplished by isostatically pressing the
mixture at between 100-1,000 psi to attain said desired
density.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein said controlled heating is
accomplished by increasing the temperature of the structure to
about 400.degree.C at a rate sufficiently gradual to minimize
spalling due to temperature differential between the inner and
outer portions of the structure.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the step of providing said
quantity of porous granules includes the steps of:
intimately mixing a ceramic slurry formed of a liquid dispersion of
ceramic material and a binder material,
combinably mixing said slurry with an organic burn-out material of
a particular particle size determined by the desired pore size of
the porous granules to be formed,
partially drying said combined materials to produce a moist
granular mass,
screening said mass to produce a quantity of granules having a
grain size range of about 20-48 mesh,
drying said sized grains, and
exposing said dried grains to a hot flame for a limited period of
time sufficient to burn out said organic materials from the ceramic
grains without destructively melting the ceramic material
comprising the grains,
said burn out operation producing said quantity of porous granules
each of which has a pore size approximating said particle size of
the removed burn out material.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein said organic burn out material is
stearic acid powder.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein said stearic acid powder is
approximately 38 percent by weight, the balance of said combined
mixture being essentially provided by said ceramic slurry.
7. The process of claim 4 wherein said ceramic slurry is formed in
accordance with the following general formula:
said step of drying the sized grains being performed in a manner
capable of producing a moisture content of less than 0.1
percent.
8. The process of claim 7 wherein said ceramic slurry is formed as
follows:
9. The process of claim 4 wherein said ceramic slurry is formed as
follows:
10. The process of claim 7 wherein said ceramic slurry is formed as
follows:
11. The process of claim 7 wherein said organic burn out material
is stearic acid powder, and
said step of exposing the grains to a hot flame includes:
supporting said grains thinly on a flat screen,
igniting said stearic acid powder by exposing said grains to a
vented flame, and
stopping said flame exposure when said stearic acid powder is
charred and ceases to flame.
12. The process of claim 7 wherein the intimate mixture of the
porous and sized granules with the organic binder material and the
flux material has the following composition by weight:
said granules being mixed with said methyl cellulose prior to being
mixed with said glass frit.
13. The process of claim 4 further including the step of adhering a
continuous protective thin-film sealant coating on the porous
surface of said sintered structure, said coating having a thickness
no greater than the wavelength of said electromagnetic energy to be
transmitted.
14. The process of claim 13 wherein said ceramic slurry composition
is selected to provide a temperature-resistant shaped
structure,
said sealant coating being formed of a material having thermal
characteristics approximating those of said shaped structure
whereby said sealed structure has a temperature resistance
comparable to said shaped structure.
15. The process of claim 14 wherein said sealant coating is applied
over a base coating, said base coating being applied directly to
said shaped ceramic structure, and being formed by:
preparing a thin slurry composed essentially of a quantity of
material having the same composition as the porous ceramic granules
of said shaped structure, a binder and a flux material,
coating said shaped ceramic structure with said thin slurry, and
sintering said slurry-coated structure.
16. The process of claim 15 wherein said sealant coating is formed
of an aqueous mixture of glass frit and a binder material, the
coating being applied by:
spraying the mixture over said binder coating, and sintering said
applied mixture.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to spherical antenna lenses
and, in particular, to the production of a porous, ceramic
lens-like structure having a uniformly-distributed dielectric
constant.
Spherical lenses of the type under consideration are particularly
useful in transmitting and receiving microwave energy although, as
will become apparent, the principles of the present invention are
readily applicable to the transmission of other energy bands. Also,
there is no present intention to limit the present principles to
lenses of a particular shape, such as the spherical shape of the
conventional microwave antenna lens. However, the microwave energy
band is of particular concern since, as is known, lenses of the
present type generally are not practical for use in a broadcast
band. Other energy bands, such as the infrared, usually can employ
ordinary optical principles.
Various types of spherical microwave lenses are in present use
although for one reason or another, each of these known types
presents some deficiency or disadvantage. Examples of these types
include lenses formed of plastic foams, dielectric filled plastics,
quartz glass and other similar materials. The quartz-glass type
unfortunately are quite heavy so that their use for missile or
aircraft antenna applications presents obvious weight problems. In
this regard, a 10 inch diameter sphere of quartz may weight about
40 pounds whereas a ceramic lens, such as is presently
contemplated, weighs less than 19 pounds. In addition, in the
quartz lens the focal point of the energy beam transmitted by the
lens is fixed inside the spherical structure of the lens and, as is
known, such a fixed focal point reduces efficiency. It is preferred
to have the focal point exterior to the lens surface or at least to
be able to adjust the focal point so as to place it either inside
or outside of the surface.
One especially well known plastic foam lens is known as the
Luneberg lens which consists of a series of concentric, spherical
shells each consecutive shell having a successively lower
dielectric constant with the outer shell having the lowest
dielectric. This shell structure, although advantageous,
nevertheless does produce some distortion in that the consecutive
shells cause the energy beam to bend during its transmission.
Further, even though the Luneberg and other dielectric filled
plastic lenses have relatively low density so as to be rather
lightweight, their permissible operating temperatures usually have
been found to be much too low for unprotected missile flight.
Protection can be provided but it involves serious problems in
transmission efficiency and distortion. In addition, the stepped or
consecutive-shell construction imposes operational limitations
which, for the most part, limit the use of these lenses to lower
microwave frequencies.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
A general object of the invention is to provide a
temperature-resistant lightweight, ceramic antenna lens having a
relatively high transmission frequency and low distortion
characteristic. With regard to this general object, one of the
features of the invention is the provision of a rigidly-shaped lens
body formed of a quantity of porous ceramic granules which are
fused one to the other to provide the rigidity, each of the
granules being essentially uniform in composition and size and each
further having a pore size smaller than a minimum wavelength of the
energy band to be transmitted. Control of the pore size permits a
uniformly distributed dielectric constant which reduces distortion
and increases the efficiency.
A further important object is to provide a fabrication process for
forming rigidly-shaped dielectric structures, such as the antenna
lens, so as to provide a structure having a predetermined and
adjustable dielectric constant as well as other advantageous
physical properties such as light weight and temperature
resistance.
With regard to the fabrication process of the last-mentioned
object, a still further object is to provide a method of forming a
quantity of porous granules from a particular ceramic composition
which can be controlled to adjust the dielectric constant, the
specific gravity, the hardness and the temperature resistance of
the lens formed by these granules. More specifically, this object
contemplates a method of providing the porous structure of each of
the granules so as to assure a relatively uniform pore size matched
to the wavelength of the energy to be transmitted by the lens.
Other objects are to provide particular formulations for use in
particular fabrication process steps.
These and other significant objects are accomplished in manners
which will become more apparent in the ensuing detailed
description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings
which:
FIG. 1 is a view of the spherical microwave antenna lens of the
present invention and an associated antenna feedhorn for the
lens;
FIG. 2 is a section taken along lines 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of several adjacent ceramic
granules showing primarily the porous structure of these
granules;
FIG. 4 is a section taken along lines 4--4 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a somewhat schematic representation of a hydrostatic
press employed in the lens fabrication process, and
FIG. 6 is a transmission plot for a typical lightweight,
dielectric, spherical lens antenna of a type contemplated by the
present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 is intended to illustrate a
microwave antenna lens having a spherical configuration that
provides an omnidirectional capability. Comparable lenses can be
exemplified particularly by the so-called "Luneberg" lens described
by R. K. Luneberg in his "Mathematical Theory of Optics," Brown
University Advanced Instruction and Research in Mechanics,
Providence, Rhode Island, 1944. Luneberg lenses, as has been
stated, are ceramic lenses formed of a series of consecutive
ceramic shells designed to provide a particular dielectric
constant. The particular advantage of the spherical symmetry is
that a plane wave incident on one side of the sphere may be focused
at a point on its other side and, conversely, a transmitting point
source located on or near the surface of the sphere may be
converted to a planar wave front by passing it through the lens.
One advantage over the more common dish type antenna is that the
focusing property of the lens does not depend upon the direction of
the incident wave. For this reason such lenses may be used with
so-called organ pipe scanners having switchable feedhorns to
provide a very wide scanning angle. However, as shown in FIG. 1,
lens 1 is fed by a single antenna feedhorn 20. Lenses of this type
preferably should possess a number of characteristics beyond those
that are more directly concerned with efficiency and lack of
distortion. Thus, since these lenses are well-suited for use in
missiles or high-speed aircraft, they should be as lightweight and
their lightness should be coupled with acceptable structural
strength capable of eliminating or minimizing the use of protective
radomes and the like. Also, it is highly important that the
structure be resistant to high temperatures which may be developed
frictionally due to the high speed of the missile.
As shown in FIG. 1, lens 1 is formed of a spherical body portion 2
over which, preferably, is applied a protective sealant coating 3
constructed and formed in a particular manner which will be
described in some detail. The ceramic body portion, as shown in
FIG. 2, has an essentially homogeneous structure to the extent that
it is formed of a quantity of substantially identical ceramic
granules such as are shown in the drawing as dots 4. These granules
4, as stated, are essentially identical at least to the extent that
each has a porous ceramic structure and each is formed of
essentially the same composition and of the same dimensional size.
In this regard, one of the features of the invention which also
will be described subsequently, resides in the fabrication step
used to assure the identity of these granules particularly with
regard to the substantial uniformity of the pore size. As shown in
FIG. 3, each of the granules is formed with a large number of pores
6 that are intended to be of approximately the same size.
FIG. 4 illustrates primarily the use of a so-called two part
sealant coating 3, the two parts of this coating being a base layer
7 and a exterior sealant layer 8 preferably formed of a strong
enamel glaze. Although this two part coating will be described
subsequently, it presently can be noted that its base layer 7 has a
porous structure adapted to match dielectric constant of body
portion 2 of the lens while the sealant 8 is intended to be applied
as a thin film having a thickness that is less than the wavelength
of the electromagnetic energy transmitted by the lens itself.
Consequently, the coating, as a whole, produces a minimum amount of
distortion while providing operational strength and protection.
The foregoing description has attempted to describe generally the
physical structure of the present spherical antenna lens. However,
other specific structural features also are considered quite
significant. These other features best can be understood by
considering the manner in which the lens is fabricated and, of
course, this fabrication process itself is an important feature of
the present invention.
The first step in the fabrication of the lens is the preparation of
a very porous, fired ceramic grain or quantity of granules which
ultimately are pressed and fused together to provide the rigid
spherical antenna lens. A quantity of granules is formed by a wet
granulation process using a ceramic slip which preferably conforms
to the following general formula:
Weight % ______________________________________ Titania 20-80
Silica 5-30 Boron phosphate 0-10 Ball clay 5-40 Alumina 0-50 Glass
frit No. 1 0-6 Water 30-50
______________________________________
The ingredients of this general formula are milled for about 4
hours in a porcelain ball mill according to general practices well
known in the art of technical ceramics.
Specific formulation examples for the dielectric ceramic slip are
as follows:
A B C ______________________________________ Titania 42.0 47.4 24.2
Silica 12.2 6.8 Ball clay 10.2 10.2 24.2 Alumina 24.2 Glass frit
No. 1 3.4 3.4 Water 32.2 32.2 27.4 Grain sintering temperature
1080.degree.C 1100.degree.C 1400.degree.C Final sintering
temperature 980.degree.C 980.degree.C 1300.degree.C
______________________________________
This general formula provides a wide latitude in adjusting the
dielectric constant and the density of the antenna lens that is
being formed. The dielectric constant may be adjusted by changing
the ratio of titanium oxide to silica or alumina. Other properties,
such as the specific gravity and fired hardness of the rigid lens
structure, also are controllable by varying the percentages of
boron phosphate, glass frit and ball clay. Specifically, specific
gravity and fired hardness may be decreased by lowering the
percentages of these materials. Higher operating temperatures can
be achieved by eliminating glass frit and boron phosphate while
increasing the amount of alumina used in the slip. Obviously
variations or adjustments in the general formula are made with
regard to the specific application or use for which the lens is
intended. For example, a missile application may be concerned
primarily with low weight and resistance to high operating
temperatures. Also, in most applications the dielectric constant of
the lens is a critical concern and this, as has been indicated, can
be adjusted with regard to the wavelengths to be transmitted.
Following preparation of the slip, and following a settling step,
excess water is decanted. The remaining ceramic slip is blended in
a paddle-type blender with an organic burn-out material such as
stearic acid powder. A general formula for this blend is as
follows:
Weight % ______________________________________ Ceramic slip (from
A) 38-60 Stearic acid powder 30-60 Cellulose powder 0-2 Water to
create a thick, smooth paste
______________________________________
Specific examples of grain formulas are as follows:
A B C ______________________________________ Ceramic slip A 62
Ceramic slip B 62 Ceramic slip C 58 Stearic acid powder 38 38 38
Water 4 ______________________________________
After blending these materials, the wet granulation process is
completed by removing excess water from the paste preferably by
drying the paste on an absorbent surface to about 8-15% moisture
content. Following the absorption of the moisture on the absorbent
surface, the drying is continued concurrently with a step of
breaking-up or comminuting the material by any suitable mechanical
means until the resulting moist grain is capable of passing through
a 28 mesh sieve. In this regard, it should be noted that sieve
sizes used in the present description refer to the Tyler standard
screen scale sieves. The various sieve openings of the Tyler
standard scale are provided in a number of publications including
Lange's "Handbook of Chemistry." More specifically, the screening
of the moist grain is conducted in such a manner as to produce a
range of granules sized to a plus 28 mesh, minus 48 mesh.
Obviously, the range can be extended somewhat on either side to
include mesh sizes within a range of 20-48 plus. The sieve openings
produce granules of a size less than 1 millimeter which is to be
compared with the wavelength the customary microwave band which is
generally considered to have a wavelength of about 1 millimeter at
its lower limit. After the sizing operation, the screened granules
are further dried using warm circulating air preferably not to
exceed 65.degree. centigrade and the drying is continued to produce
a moisture content of less than about 0.1%.
The next fabricating step is one of burning out the organic
burn-out material incorporated in the described blending of the
slip. The preferred burn-out material is stearic acid powder. The
principle objective in the burn-out step is to remove all of the
organic material from the grain or granules without melting or
appreciably changing the structure of each of the granules. A
preferred way of achieving this result is to spread the dried grain
about one-half inch deep on a flat tray having a bottom support
surface formed of a 100 mesh stainless steel screen. The loaded
tray is plunged into a hot gas flame under a vented hood. The flame
should completely engulf the tray. Venting of the hood is important
to assure an ample supply of oxygen to produce a rapid burning
capable of igniting and removing the stearic acid without
permitting the heat of the flame to get inside the granules where
it would melt and destroy the granules. The loaded tray is left in
the flame until all the stearic acid is charred and no further
flaming from the stearic acid is evident. Usually the time required
to achieve this result is about 3 to 5 minutes and the person
conducting the operation will be capable of visually determining
the completion point by noting the darkness of the granules. In a
commercial process a burn-out procedure would utilize a conveyor
belt capable of being loaded with the granules and passed into the
flame for a fixed period of time. When the burn-out is completed,
the charred grain is transferred to flat, open-refractory saggers,
1 to 3 inches deep, and fired to a designated grain sintering
temperature for about one hour. The sintering temperature normally
will be within the range of 1,000.degree. - 1,600.degree.C with the
temperature choice depending upon the ceramic slip formula which
has been given in the foregoing description. After sintering,
another grain sizing step may be conducted by gently rubbing the
sintered grain through a 20 mesh screen to break up agglomerates.
Fines then are removed through a 48 mesh screen.
The use of stearic acid powder as an organic burn-out material is
considered to be one of the features of the present fabrication
process, since, as now should be clear, the burning out of this
powder from each of the granules is the step that produces the
porous structure of the granules. In this regard, reference again
is made to FIG. 3 where it will be seen that each of the granules
is formed with a number of interior pores 6 all of which are of a
substantially uniform size which is only a fraction of a millimeter
or, in other words, only a fraction of a minimum radar wavelength.
Consequently, the particle size of the stearic acid powder is a
matter of concern since its size determines the pore size of each
of the granules. In actual practice, the stearic acid powder is a
commercially-obtainable item and, as will be appreciated, the
particle size dictates the use of a rather coarse powder.
As to the particular use of the stearic acid powder it will be
recognized that any burn-out material might be substituted although
a wide variety of materials have been tested and the stearic acid
has been found to be significantly better than those that were
tested. For example, in addition to stearic acid powder other
tested materials included balsa dust, polystyrene spheres, acrylic
spheres, paradichlorobenzene, filter paper pulp, pressed wood dust,
cork granules and others. A principal difficulty with the other
materials is the fact that they leave a substantial impurity in the
form of ash when the burn-out is conducted and this ash impurity
has an uncontrollable effect upon the dielectric constant and loss
tangent of the antenna lens. Some of the materials present other
difficulties such as the fact that the balsa dust is quite a
difficult material to grind into the form needed for present use.
Materials such as cork and acrylic spheres are found to expand
excessively when heated. Other materials simply sublime when
subjected to the burn-out procedure rather than igniting and
burning. As has been indicated, test results certainly dictate the
use of the stearic acid powder as the preferred burn-out material
although other acceptable materials include the balsa dust and the
polystyrene spheres. In selecting a material for this burn-out
step, the factors to be taken into consideration are, in addition
to those already mentioned, the ease with which the material can be
ignited and burned and the strength of the material to provide
support during the granulation and drying operations prior to
burning.
The actual fabrication of the rigid antenna lens structure is
conducted by a hydrostatic pressing operation. In this operation,
the objective is first to mechanically press the granules into a
cohesive spherical form which incorporates a flux material such as
a glass frit so that the cohesive sphere ultimately can be fused
into a rigid structure by use of a final sintering step. However,
in pressing the granules to provide the cohesive sphere, care must
be taken to preserve the porous structure of each of the granules.
Of equal importance, the pressing should be conducted in such a
manner that the density differential between the center of the
sphere and its periphery is reduced to a minimum. For example,
conventional pressing of the granules very possibly may result in a
seriously degraded product either due to the fact that the pressure
crushes the granules thereby destroying their desired porous
structure or that it results in a sphere which is much denser at
the periphery than at the center. Any destruction of the porous
structure or any significant differential in density will
materially affect the operation of the antenna lens by introducing
distortion and reducing transmission efficiency.
With such considerations in mind, the sized and sintered granules
are prepared for the hydrostatic pressing step first by blending
the granules with a mechanical binder, such as methyl cellulose.
After these two materials, i.e., the granules and binder, are
thoroughly mixed, a flux material such as a glass frit is added to
the mixture and carefully blended to assure complete dispersion. In
particular, the mixture can be conducted using the following
percentages by weight of the ingredients:
Sintered grain, -20+48 mesh 40-80 percent Methyl cellulose, 2
percent aqueous 20-30 percent solution Glass frit No. 1, 325 mesh
5-15 percent
It is quite important in mixing these ingredients to be sure that
they are added slowly and are thoroughly mixed in the order given
in the above example. The importance is dictated by the need to
prevent the flux or glass frit from penetrating the individual
granules and getting into the granular pores. When the methyl
cellulose, or such other binders as may be used, is mixed with the
granules prior to the introduction of the glass frit, the methyl
cellulose costs the surfaces of each of the granules in such a
manner that penetration by the frit is avoided.
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates the hydrostatic pressing
apparatus, although, as will be recognized, the apparatus is
fundamentally a conventional arrangement used for a variety of
purposes. As shown in FIG. 5, the apparatus includes a latex,
spherical forming mold 11 contained in an evacuation cylinder 12
provided with an appropriate cover shown as a transparent plastic
plate 13, the cylinder having an exterior connection 14 for
evacuating its interior chamber and another connection 16 which
mounts a pressure gauge 17, this latter connection applying the
hydrostatic pressure to the mold. The present operation is
conducted by filling the latex forming mold with the granules
coated with a moist mixture of methyl cellulose and glass frit. Air
then can be evacuated from the mold which is sealed. The mold is
removed and placed into a hydrostatic press. Isostatic pressure is
then applied at about 100 to 200 psi to attain the desired density
which, of course, is determined by the particular application to
which the antenna will be put. Depending upon the particular
structure being formed, the pressure may vary within a range of 100
- 1,000 psi. The term isostatic is used in the sense of a pressure
application having hydrostatic equilibrium. Thus, the application
of pressure equally on the outside of the mold produces a sphere
which has a minimum pressure differential between the center and
the periphery of the sphere. For example, a 7 inch sphere formed in
this manner was cut into two parts and the density differential
from center to surface was found to be considerably less than
1%.
Following the application of the pressure, the mold is stripped
from the sphere and the sphere is slowly dried to about
100.degree.C. At this point, the sphere is capable of retaining its
spherical form due to the cohesive binding achieved by the use of
the methyl cellulose. However, this methyl cellulose binder also
must be removed to prevent its presence from degrading the lens
operation and its removal is achieved by conducting another
burn-out step. In particular, the dried and cooled sphere is placed
in a vented oven and heated to 400.degree.C at a rate not greater
than 25.degree. per hour. This heating burns out the organic
material. The controlled, relatively slow rate is used because
excessive heat likely would cause a spalling or flaking off of the
outer surface. Excessive or quick heating also would result in
unequal expansion between the outer and the inner surfaces.
A final sintering step is then performed to fuse the granules one
to another, this fusion being conducted at the final sintering
temperatures which have been provided in the specific formulations
given above. In this regard, it might be noted that the term
`sintering` as used in the present description connotes the heating
of an aggregate of fine particles at a temperature below the
melting point of these particles so as to cause them to weld or
fuse together and agglomerate. Also, the use of the term `flux` for
the glass frit or other like materials is intended to encompass or
include all compatible materials which are capable of promoting the
sintering or solid state bonding of the grains. Further, with
regard to the specific slip formulations which have been previously
recited it should be noted that the formulations include such
materials as silica and alumina both of which are high-temperature
refractory materials. However, the combination of these two
materials is known to promote sintering so that, to some extent,
the grain formulations or compositions are restricted by the need
to sinter these ceramic granules to produce the rigid end
product.
At this point it will be appreciated that a rigid spherical
structure has been formed. However, the sphere may be of a rough
dimension due to the use of the hydrostatic pressing operation and
further, as will be apparent, the exterior surface of the sphere is
extremely porous so that, most suitably, it requires a protective
coating to exclude moisture and mechanically protect its relatively
fragile structure. Consequently, the next step is to dry machine
the sphere to precise dimensions following which the sphere is
coated with a special protective coating identified as coating 3
(FIGS. 1 and 3).
In particular, coating 3 is a two-part coating including a base
layer 7 and a sealant layer 8. The need for such a two-part coating
is dictated by several considerations. First, the sphere or shaped
structure to be coated is a very highly porous structure so that
the coating requires some thickness to provide a smooth glazed or
glassy surface. If a relatively thick plastic or enamel sealant
were applied directly to the sphere, the thickness would be such as
possibly to interfere with the desired microwave transmission
efficiency. Further, because of the fact that the lens must be
resistant to high operating temperatures, some care must be taken
to match the expansion of the coating to that of the sphere body.
Other significant considerations applicable to the coating involve
the fusion characteristics of the coating and the dielectric
constant which should be such that it does not degrade energy
transmission by the lens. These several conditions can be satisfied
by first applying and sintering a base layer directly to the
spherical body and then applying and sintering a relatively thin
sealing glaze or outer layer 8. Base layer 7 may be formed by ball
milling the following ingredients for about 1 hour:
Prefired grain 91 percent Glass frit No. 1 3 Ball clay 3 Alginate
gum binder 3 Water -- sufficient to make thin slurry for
spraying.
In the above formula it will be noted that prefired grain is
employed and that this prefired grain most suitably is ceramic
grain or granules formed in accordance with the foregoing
description. In other words, the grain used in the base layer is
essentially the same composition as the grains used in the sphere
body. As a result, the dielectric constant of the sphere body is
not degraded by the presence of the base layer. Further, the base
layer matches the temperature expansion characteristics of the
material of the sphere body. Obviously, other binders or fluxes can
be substituted although the formulation which has been given has
been found to produce excellent results. The mixture produced by
this formulation is a relatively thin slurry capable of being
sprayed onto the sphere following which sintering can be conducted
at about 800.degree. to 1,300.degree.C for a period of about one
hour.
Glass frit No. 1 17.7 percent Glass frit No. 2 29.6 Glass frit No.
3 11.8 Enamel clay 2.1 Alginate gum binder .2 Water 38.6
These materials are ball milled for about three hours and the
slurry or slip so formed then sprayed onto the precoated sphere.
The sphere then can be dried by placing it on ceramic points and
subsequently sintered to 925.degree.C for about 30 minutes.
Following the drying, the ceramic points are removed and the rough
tips of the points smoothed by grinding. In the above formulation
it will be noted that particular glass frits are used. These glass
frits may be identified as follows:
Glass frit No. 1 Ferro frit No. 3291 Glass frit No. 2 Glostex frit
No. 32 Glass frit No. 3 Glostex frit No. LB-88 Alginate gum binder
W. S. Perkins "Wondergum" Enamel clay Ferro Green Label clay Ball
clay Superblend ball clay
The use of the three glass frits in formulating the sealing glaze
slurry is dictated by the desire to match the thermal expansion of
the coating material with that of the undercoating and the sphere
body. As will be apparent, other fluxes may be employed and, of
course, other binders may be substituted in the coating formulation
as well as the other formulations that have been recited. For
example, the methyl cellulose used as a binder for cohesively
forming the sphere can be replaced by gum arabic, gum tragacanth or
other seaweed gums.
Following the final sintering of the sealing glaze, the spherical
antenna lens is completed and ready for operation. Tests conducted
with various spheres formed in the manner which has been described
have demonstrated the following operational characteristics:
Sphere Diameter Density, Dielectric Beam width, Gain, Side lobes
Formula inches gm/cc constant degrees db db down Pattern
__________________________________________________________________________
A 7 0.71 2.83 3.3 31.6 20.0 Very good B 7 0.65 2.87 3.9 30.1 19.7
Good C 4 0.73 2.47 6.0 27.0 16.5 Very good (sealed) 4 0.75 2.33 6.3
21.2 16.7 Good
__________________________________________________________________________
As probably will be apparent, the sphere formula referred to in the
foregoing test results designates the specific slip formulas A, B,
and C previously given in this description. A typical transmission
plot for a lightweight ceramic dielectric material at 35 GHz is
shown in FIG. 6 of the drawing. It readily will be noted from this
plot that the efficiency of the lens is quite high and its
distortion is very low.
With regard to the fabrication process, there are several general
considerations that should be noted. In particular, the process
employs a prefired grain which is most desirable in order to
minimize the rupture of the sphere during the organic burn-out.
Further, the ignition of the grain for carbonization is desirable
to prevent melting and deformation. As to the coating of the
sphere, this protection is needed to increase the lens strength, to
prevent surface erosion, to seal out moisture and to provide a
dielectric transition from the lens surface to the air. Such
factors are obviously particularly applicable to the production of
antenna lenses. Nevertheless, the coating is not necessarily
limited to the lens structure and instead could be employed on any
shaped structure which must be protected due to its highly porous
nature.
The present antenna is intended specifically for use in the nose of
a missile or other aircraft and, when so used, it possesses a
number of quite advantageous properties. For example, it is capable
of operating with or without a protective radome since it is
capable of withstanding temperatures up to 1,200.degree.C. Further,
it will handle considerably more RF power than plastic foam or
plastic-filled lenses. As to its dielectric constant, it has been
noted that this property can be adjusted to suit particular
conditions. Most significantly it demonstrates excellent efficiency
and minimum distortion, these facts being apparent from the
well-defined, pencil beam, low side lobe radiation pattern shown in
FIG. 6. Structurally, the lens has excellent strength-to-weight
ratio and a specific gravity of less than one so that its lightness
is appropriate for the intended uses. Another important factor is
that the focus location for this lens can be placed either outside
the sphere or on the sphere's surface. This fact is illustrated in
FIG. 1 which includes a dot identified by numeral 20, this dot
being intended to locate the focus of the lens. Further, the
operating temperature of the present lens can approach
1,200.degree.C. This compares with a maximum operating temperature
of about 150.degree. for a Luneberg lens and about 200.degree. for
a dielectric filled plastic lens. Obviously, a quartz lens has a
high operating temperature of about 1,200.degree.C but such a lens
is relatively very heavy and not suited for missile operation
because of its weight. Other distinct advantages which should be
apparent include its simplicity and consequent low cost, its
relative lightness coupled with strength and its applicability to
millimeter wavelength radar which, as is known, is not readily
available with a Luneberg lens.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present
invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is
therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended
claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as
specifically described.
* * * * *