U.S. patent number 3,914,727 [Application Number 05/430,336] was granted by the patent office on 1975-10-21 for positive-temperature-coefficient-resistor package.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Sprague Electric Company. Invention is credited to John H. Fabricius.
United States Patent |
3,914,727 |
Fabricius |
October 21, 1975 |
Positive-temperature-coefficient-resistor package
Abstract
A PTCR package, according to the present invention, has one or a
plurality of stacked PTCR elements having at least two electrical
film terminals on opposite faces of the stack. At least one metal
heat conductor contacts one of the terminal faces. An insulating
housing contains the PTCR elements and the heat conductors. The
heat conductors are each in broad thermal contact with a portion of
the inner wall of the housing such that thermal coupling is
realized between the package environment and each PTCR element that
is contacted by a heat conductor. A heat sinking metal part may
contact the outer wall of the housing, opposite to the inner heat
conductors so as to further enhance the thermal coupling to the
environment.
Inventors: |
Fabricius; John H. (Stamford,
VT) |
Assignee: |
Sprague Electric Company (North
Adams, MA)
|
Family
ID: |
23707103 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/430,336 |
Filed: |
January 2, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
338/22R; 338/325;
361/27; 361/106; 338/220; 361/24; 361/29 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01C
7/022 (20130101); H01C 1/084 (20130101); H01C
1/014 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01C
1/084 (20060101); H01C 7/02 (20060101); H01C
1/00 (20060101); H01C 007/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;338/220,22-25,322-325,332 ;29/612,613 ;317/9R,13C,41 ;318/471
;310/68C ;219/210,505 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Albritton; C. L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Connolly and Hutz
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A PTCR package comprising
a. a PTCR body comprising at least one PTCR element, said body
being cylindrical and having two flat end faces, said body having
first and second metal film terminals being on said two end faces,
respectively;
b. at least one metal heat conductor cup having a flat bottom, said
flat bottom of said one cup being in broad contiguous thermal
contact with said first terminal;
c. two electrical leads, each being electrically connected to one
of said two terminals, respectively;
d. a housing of an electrically insulating material of cylindrical
geometry completely enclosing said PTCR body and said cups, the
flange of said at least one cup being in broad contiguous thermal
contact with a curved portion of the inner wall of said housing,
each said lead extending through another portion of said wall of
said housing.
2. The PTCR package of claim 1 wherein said housing is made of a
thermoplastic material.
3. The PTCR package of claim 2 wherein said thermoplastic is
polysulfone.
4. The PTCR package of claim 1 wherein said flat bottom of a second
of said cups is in broad contiguous thermal contact with said
second terminal, said flange of said second cup being in broad
contiguous thermal contact with another curved portion of the inner
wall of said housing.
5. The PTCR package of claim 4 further comprising at least one heat
sinking metal part being in broad contiguous thermal contact with a
portion of the outer wall of said housing in a region opposite to
at least one of said curved inner wall portions.
6. The PTCR package of claim 4 wherein said cylindrical body and
said cups are mounted coaxially within said cylindrical housing and
said two leads each extend through one of the two end portions of
said housing, said package additionally comprising two metal
springs mounted coaxially within said housing, each contacting the
inner portion of one of said leads, and said springs holding said
body and said cups in compression between said end portions of said
housing, said compressed springs and cups serving as said
electrical connections between said leads and said end terminals of
said body.
7. The PTCR package of claim 6 wherein said thermal contacts with
said first and second terminals are made to the bottom inside
surfaces of said two heat conductor cups so as to partially contain
said body within said cups.
8. The PTCR package of claim 6 wherein said thermal contacts with
said first and second terminals are made to the bottom outside
surfaces of said two heat conductor cups.
9. The PTCR package of claim 7 wherein the outside bottom surfaces
of a third and a fourth of said heat conductor cups are in broad
contiguous thermal contact with the outside bottom surfaces of said
first and second cups, respectively, and said flanges of said third
and fourth cups are in broad contiguous thermal contact with yet
other curved portion of said inner wall of said housing.
10. The PTCR package of claim 1 wherein one of said PTCR elements
has an anomaly temperature that is significantly higher than that
of another of said PTCR elements.
11. The PTCR package of claim 10 having a heat sinking metal part
in broad contiguous thermal contact with a curved outer surface
portion of said housing, said part being positioned essentially
opposite only to said flange of said at least one cup, said broad
contiguous thermal contact between said at least one cup and said
body being effected only to said one PTCR element having said
higher anomally temperature.
12. The PTCR package of claim 1 wherein said PTCR body additionally
comprises a layer of electrically insulating material positioned
between two of said PTCR elements for reducing the thermal coupling
therebetween and providing electrical insulation therebetween.
13. The PTCR package of claim 12 wherein said layer of insulating
material is made of alumina.
14. The PTCR package of claim 12 wherein a third and a fourth of
said terminals are on adjacent faces of said two PTCR elements
having said layer therebetween, and wherein said package
additionally comprises a third and a fourth electrical lead
connected to said third and fourth terminal, respectively, and said
leads extending through said wall of said housing.
15. The PTCR package of claim 1 additionally comprising two fusible
metal links, each said connection between one of said leads and
said corresponding body terminal being accomplsihed by series
electrical connection through one of said fusible metal links.
16. The PTCR package of claim 1 wherein said body is comprised of
at least two abutting PTCR elements, said elements having a metal
film adhered to each abutting face.
17. The PTCR package of claim 6 wherein said body comprises two of
said PTCR elements, said two elements being adjacent and having a
third and fourth of said metal film terminals on their adjacent
faces, respectively, said package additionally comprising a third
electrical lead being connected to said third and fourth terminals
and extending through said wall of said housing in a radial
direction.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to packages and mounting means for positive
temperature coefficient resistors (PTCRs), commonly made of doped
barium titanate, and more particularly to such packages intended
for use in delayed-action contactless electrical switching
applications.
For example it is known to employ a thermally independent PTCR in
series with the start winding of a single phase motor whereby the
motor is aided in starting by a current flowing in the start
winding through the low "cold" resistance of the series connected
PTCR. After a short time this current heats the PTCR to the anomaly
temperature of the PTCR at which point the PTCR resistance abruptly
increases several orders of magnitude causing the current to be
diminished accordingly. This is designed to occur just prior to the
motor having achieved normal running speed.
Typically the desired start period is 0.5 second and the desired
PTCR recovery period (for restart) is three minutes. Conventionally
packaged PTCRs having a high thermal resistance between the PTCR
elements and the environment, are capable of achieving the desired
short start time. However, the recovery period characterizing such
packages is typically much longer, on the order of ten minutes. A
premature attempt to restart the motor will result in improper
starting. Known methods for obtaining thermal coupling between the
PTCR and the PTCR package environment, and thus reducing the
recovery period, include the use of an all metal housing to which
the PTCR is connected, or from which the PTCR is electrically
insulated by a thin insulating material, as described in copending
application Ser. No. 366,931 by Manfred Kahn.
It is desirable, for the purposes of PTCR package standardization
that the PTCR package user be able to easily adjust this thermal
resistance for his particular application. Furthermore, when two or
more PTCR elements are contained in the same package, it is often
desirable that the user is able to adjust the thermal coupling of
each element independently of the other. For such applications,
known packages are not suitable.
It is an object of this invention to provide a PTCR package that
reduces the thermal recovery time of a PTCR body enclosed
therein.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a PTCR package
for motor start applications having a normal start time and a
significantly shorter recovery time compared with conventional PTCR
packages.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an electrically
insulative package for one or more PTCRs having an efficient
thermal coupling means between the PTCRs and the package
environment.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a package for
one or more PTCRs having a broad capability for varying the thermal
coupling of each such individual PTCR with the package
environment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A PTCR package, according to the present invention, has one or a
plurality of stacked PTCR elements having at least two electrical
film terminals on opposite faces of the stack. At least one metal
heat conductor contacts one of the terminal faces. An insulating
housing encloses the PTCR elements and the heat conductors. The
heat conductors are each in broad thermal contact with a portion of
the inner wall of the housing such that thermal coupling is
realized between the package environment and each PTCR element that
is contacted by a heat conductor. A heat sinking metal part may
contact the outer wall of the housing, opposite to the inner heat
conductors so as to further enhance the thermal coupling to the
environment. The electrically insulating housing contains and
provides physical support for one or more PTCR elements while
simultaneously providing one or more heat conducting paths between
selected regions in the PTCR body or elements assembly and one or a
corresponding number of selected corresponding regions outside the
package. The basic means by which heat is introduced into or
removed from the PTCR body from the outside is through the
electrically insulating housing and thence through metal heat
conductors to the body. Furthermore, the user of the package of
this invention may readily select the degree and location of
thermal coupling by varying the position and size of outer metal
clamp piece or pieces while preserving electrical isolation in
accordance with his particular requirements.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a side sectional view of a first preferred embodiment
of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a full end view of the package shown in section in
FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 shows a side sectional view of a second preferred embodiment
of this invention.
FIG. 4 shows a side sectional view of a third preferred embodiment
of this invention.
FIG. 5 shows an isometric view of the third preferred embodiment
shown in section in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 shows a side sectional view of a fourth preferred embodiment
of this invention.
FIG. 7 shows in partial view a fifth preferred embodiment of the
present invention, having a fusible metal link.
FIG. 8 shows the fusible link as taken in the plane 8--8 indicated
in FIG. 7.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A sectional view of the package of the first preferred embodiment
of this invention is shown in FIG. 1 having been taken in plane
1--1 of FIG. 2. The end view of this package is shown in FIG. 2
having parts designated by corresponding numbers relative to FIG.
1.
A PTCR body is comprised of two coaxially stacked cylindrical PTCR
elements 10 and 12, each having on their flat end faces metallized
films 18 and 17, respectively, of aluminum or other conducting
metal. Alternatively, the body may be comprised of only one PTCR
element or in general any number of PTCR elements held in good
electrical and thermal contact with one another. Thin metal cups 15
and 16 have flat bottoms, the outside surfaces of which are in
contact with the two outer terminals of the PTCR body.
A plastic housing 20 has a cylindrical shape and contains the PTCR
body made up of elements 10 and 12 and the cups 15 and 16, that are
mounted coaxially therewith. The metallized films 18 and 17 on the
outer faces of PTCR elements 10 and 12 serve as electrical
terminals for the PTCR body, and are thermally and electrically
contacted by the metal cups 16 and 15 respectively. The flanges of
the cups make broad contact with a portion of the inner wall of the
housing, having a slide fit therein. Conductive grease may be used
to enhance the thermal contact between the cup flanges and the
housing. Flat metal leads 21 and 22 are tightly pressed into slots
at the ends of the housing and the outer ends of these leads are
formed so as to be readily connected to an electrical circuit by
means of quick-connect press-on type connector hardware.
The housing is initially made of two complementary thermoplastic
pieces having leads 21 and 22 pressed therein. The assembly is made
by placing the PTCR elements 10 and 12 together, placing the cups
15 and 16 at each end of the PTCR body, placing springs 13 and 14
within the cups, and compressing these parts within and between the
two plastic housing parts. Finally the two housing parts are
ultrasonically welded together, by means well known to the art,
thus forming an integral plastic housing 20 about the PTCR
assembly. The springs 13 and 14 serve to hold the body and the cups
15 and 16 in compression between the end portions of the housing
while also serving as the electrical connections between each lead
(e.g. 21) and adjacent cup (i.e. 15). The PTCR body is thus made
electrically accessible at leads 21 and 22.
A heat-sinking metal part, made of two pieces 23 and 24 being
wrapped conformally about the housing 20 and welded together in
regions 29 (FIG. 2), provides a means for conducting heat away from
the package to any convenient metal frame whose temperature remains
essentially at the temperature of the environment, or simply to the
surrounding air. Thus the flanges of the heat conducting metal cups
15 and 16 and the heat sinking metal part 23-24 are in broad
thermal contact on opposite surfaces of a wall of the housing 20,
and the PTCR body is thermally coupled to the environment.
Tubular extensions 27 and 28 of the housing 20 have coaxial
positions relative to leads 21 and 22, over which rubber boots (not
shown) may be fitted to insulate the quick-connect junctions that
may be made between the leads 21 and 22 and external wiring.
In FIG. 3 is shown a second preferred embodiment in sectional view.
It will be recognized that the end view will appear as shown in
FIG. 2, having the same relationship to FIG. 3 as it does to FIG. 1
although corresponding numbers for the various parts are not used
in this instance.
The PTCR body is comprised of three coaxially stacked cylindrical
PTCR elements 30, 31 and 32. The flat end surfaces of the body are
metallized films of aluminum, 33 and 34, serving as the body
terminals.
Thin metal cups 35 and 36 have flat bottoms, the inside of which
are in contact with the two outer terminals 33 and 34 of the PTCR
body such that these cups partially contain the body. An insulating
tape 37 covers the outer periphery of PTCR elements 30, 31 and 32
so as to prevent electrical contact in these areas to the
containing metal cups 35 and 36. Third and fourth metal cups, 38
and 39, have essentially the same geometry as cups 35 and 36. Cup
pairs 35 and 36, and 38 and 39 are each pressed together so that
their outer bottom faces make good thermal and electrical
contact.
In all other respects the structure of FIG. 3 is similar to that of
the first preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1. Leads 41 and 42
extend through holes in the housing 40 and have bent extensions
lying adjacent to the end inside surface of the housing 40. Metal
springs are in compression between the bent extensions of leads 41
and 42 and the inner faces of cups 39 and 38, respectively, serving
to compress the stacked PTCR elements and cups between the inside
end surfaces of the housing and serving to make electrical
connection between the PTCR body terminals 33 and 34 and the
package leads. Tubular extensions 47 and 48 of the housing 40
provide means for mounting insulating rubber boots (not shown).
Furthermore, the PTCR package may be mounted by means of metal
brackets fastened to extensions 47 and 48, permitting the use of
heat sink pieces such as 23-24 shown in FIG. 2 being coupled to the
environment only by exposure to the surrounding air.
It is often preferable, as is well known, to make thermal and
electrical coupling to a PTCR body at the same opposite faces of
the body. It is seen, that the package of the present invention
additionally provides a solution to the attendant problem of
providing safe and reliable electrical insulation while permitting
the user a wide range of thermal coupling means between individual
PTCR elements and the package environment.
A self heating PTCR body is normally maintained in the hot steady
state "off" condition by the small electrical current that is
permitted to flow through the high body resistance. When the
electrical circuit is broken, the rate of cooling of the body to a
temperature below the PTCR anomaly temperature determines the
characteristic recovery time of the package. Recovery is greatly
accelerated in the package of this invention wherein, with
reference to the preferred embodiments, the thermal energy in the
PTCR body is drawn away by the cups and thence through the wall of
the housing to the environment.
A PTCR package according to the first preferred embodiment was
built for series connection with a motor start winding to control
the motor start characteristic and the delay for proper restart was
C previously explained herein. The housing 20 was a polysulfone
molded plastic having a cylindrical wall thickness of 0.060 inch.
The outer diameter of the housing was 1.47 inches. The two PTCR
elements 10 and 12 were identical and had an anomaly temperature of
125.degree.C. In Table I is given test data and performance results
for various configurations of the package as follows: Configuration
A is without cups 15 and 16 or heat sinking piece 23-24.
Configuration B is with cups 15 and 16 but without heat sinking
piece 23-24. Configuration C is with cups and heat sinking piece
23-24. The measured thermal resistance, T.R., between the PTCR and
the environment is presented in Table 1. The time t is the time
necessary for the PTCR body to cool from a steady state temperature
of 150.degree. to 90.degree. in a 25.degree.C ambient. These
configurations and associated performances correspond to the
requirements in numerous practical applications.
TABLE I ______________________________________ Package Condition
T.R. t ______________________________________ .degree.C/watt
seconds A 32.5 780 B 16.2 490 C 11.0 240
______________________________________
In FIG. 4 is shown a third preferred embodiment in sectional view.
FIG. 5 shows an isometric view of the package of the third
preferred embodiment with corresponding members assigned to each of
the structural features in the two figures.
The PTCR body is comprised of a first cylindrical PTCR element 50
separated from a second cylindrical PTCR element 52 by an
electrically insulating layer 51. The first PTCR element 50 has a
significantly lower anomaly temperature than that of the second
PTCR element 52. The desired degree of thermal coupling between
PTCRs 50 and 52 may be achieved by choosing an appropriate
thickness for layer 51. Layer 51 may be a plastic sheet, for
example of polysulfone or polyimide material, or may be a layer of
ceramic such as alumina.
The PTCR body is enclosed and held compressed within a housing 20
by metal cups 15 and 16 and with springs 13 and 14, and leads 21
and 22, as was the case for the first preferred embodiment as shown
in FIG. 2. Corresponding numbers are used therefor.
Metal plates 53 and 54 are attached to the inner metallized
terminal faces 55 and 56 of PTCR elements 50 and 52, respectively.
Extensions 57 and 58 of metal terminals 53 and 54, respectively,
extend through the housing 20. These extensions 53 and 54 serve as
electrical leads to which quick-connect press-on type connector
hardware may be connected. Both leads 57 and 58 are shown lying in
the plane of the section in FIG. 4, for convenience in showing both
in one drawing. It is preferred that they protrude in different
radial directions from the housing so as to simplify external
connection and avoid accidental shorting therebetween.
A metal heat sinking piece 60 contacts the portion of the outer
wall of the housing that is essentially opposte the flanges of heat
conducting cup 15. Metal part 60 has extended portions not in
contact with the housing 20 that are suitable for extending the
surface area of contact between the ambient air and part 60.
Alternatively the holes 61 and 62 permit screw attachment of the
part 60 to, for example, a larger heat conducting structure that
may be held at room or ambient temperature, thereby achieving
stronger thermal coupling of PTCR 52 to the environment. On the
other hand, PTCR 50 is in relatively weak thermal contact with the
ambient air through cup 16 and the housing 20. An even weaker
contact is readily achieved by removing cup 16. A stronger contact
may be achieved by adding a second heat sinking part (not shown) to
the outer housing opposite cup 16.
This third preferred embodiment is useful in a motor start control
system having a definitive delay to restart function as is fully
described in co-pending application by W. Moorhead and F. Kahn
filed concurrently herewith.
In FIG. 6 is shown a fourth preferred embodiment of the present
invention. The PTCR body is comprised of disc shaped PTCR elements
70, 71, 72 and 73 and a disc shaped metal plate 74 sandwiched in a
coaxial stack. Outer metallized films 76 and 77 on outer ends of
PTCR elements 70 and 73 serve as two terminals of the body. On the
inwardmost end faces of PTCR elements 71 and 72 are metallized film
terminals 78 and 79, both of which are contacted by metal plate 74.
Plate 74 has an extension 75 that protrudes radially through the
package housing 20 and serves as a third electrical lead for the
package. A tubular extension 80 of the housing 20 provides a means
for fitting an insulating rubber boot thereabout.
In all other respects the structure of FIG. 6 is similar to that of
the first preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1, and the following
structural parts have corresponding numbers. Metal cups 15 and 16
contact the outer terminals of the PTCR body and provide thermal
connection between the body and portions of the inner wall of
housing 20. Springs 13 and 14 make electrical contact between cups
15 and 16, respectively, and leads 21 and 22, respectively. The
springs additionally serve to hold the body and cups in compression
between the end portions of housing 20. Thermal connection is thus
made between the PTCR body and the air surrounding the housing.
It is essential that each face of a PTCR element that abuts another
PTCR element has adhering to said face a thin metal film for
efficient and broadly distributed electrical and thermal contact
therebetween. In FIG. 1 are designated such abutting film pairs 91
and 92. Film pairs 93-94 and 95-96 serve this function in the
package of FIG. 3. Similar film pairs 97-98 and 99-100 are shown in
FIG. 6.
The package of the fourth preferred embodiment is particularly
useful in situations where it is desired to obtain a low cold
resistance PTCR package. It often occurs, for example, in the
application of a PTCR for a motor start-control, that all
specifications can be met with a given PTCR element formulation and
geometry except for cold resistance. In the package of FIG. 6, the
user may interconnect leads 21 and 22 so as to place PTCR elements
70 and 71 in parallel with elements 72 and 73, and thereby obtain
in effect a single PTCR having only two leads (21-22 and 75) and
having half the cold resistance of either pair of elements taken
alone.
In a fifth preferred embodiment of the present invention, the
electrical connection between each of the two end leads of the
package and the corresponding body terminal is made by series
connection through a fusible metal link. In FIG. 7 is illustrated
in cross-section a fusible metal link 102 lying adjacent to an end
inner wall portion of housing 20. A large diameter spring 104 is
compressed and in contact between the outer extremities of the link
102, and the cup 15 that in turn is in electrical contact with
terminal 17 of PTCR body 12. In FIG. 8 is shown the link 102 and
spring 104 as taken in the plane 8--8 of FIG. 7. Another link (not
shown) is similarly connected in series between the opposite lead
and terminal. The assembly is accomplished in a similar manner as
was described for the package of FIG. 1 except that the metal links
are each placed coaxially against the inside end of one of the
complementary housing pieces, and the lead 21 pressed through the
combination holding the three pieces together. The lead 21 may
advantageously have reverse barbs (not shown) provided therein so
that it is irreversibly and firmly locked in the housing.
The links may be made of any of the well known fusible metals or
low melting alloys such as the tin-lead solders. If, for example, a
crack develops in the PTCR body 12, while electrical energy is
applied, its temperature may become high enough to melt the plastic
housing and cause shorts to a grounded metal heat sink. This may
pose a hazard to the equipment such as a motor that may be
connected in series with the PTCR package. The fusible link, in
this case, will receive heat by radiation and convection from the
over hot PTCR body and upon melting break the circuit before damage
to associated equipment occurs. Thus in this embodiment a fail-safe
feature is provided by the fusible links.
* * * * *