U.S. patent number 3,913,086 [Application Number 05/403,657] was granted by the patent office on 1975-10-14 for system for safeguarding a device against being operated and used by persons of reduced capacity.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Biviator S.A.. Invention is credited to Karl Adler, Georges Ducommun.
United States Patent |
3,913,086 |
Adler , et al. |
October 14, 1975 |
System for safeguarding a device against being operated and used by
persons of reduced capacity
Abstract
A system for safeguarding an installation such as a vehicle
against being operated and used by persons of reduced capacity,
wherein an apparatus for testing various abilities of the person
such as the flicker fusion frequency (CFF), muscular motive
functions, reaction ability and memory potential may be preset for
testing a particular person by means of a key such as a punched
card, this key containing information associated with the
characteristics of this person. Thus, the installation may only be
operated and used by persons having a key and being in possession
of the required abilities for properly operating the test apparatus
when their key is inserted.
Inventors: |
Adler; Karl (Grenchen,
CH), Ducommun; Georges (Feldbrunnen, CH) |
Assignee: |
Biviator S.A. (Grenchen,
CH)
|
Family
ID: |
4412409 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/403,657 |
Filed: |
October 4, 1973 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Oct 31, 1972 [CH] |
|
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15843/72 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
340/576;
180/272 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B60K
28/063 (20130101); A61B 5/161 (20130101); B60L
3/00 (20130101); A61B 5/18 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61B
5/18 (20060101); A61B 5/16 (20060101); B60L
3/00 (20060101); B60K 28/00 (20060101); B60K
28/06 (20060101); B60K 027/08 (); B60T 007/14 ();
B60Q 001/00 (); G08B 021/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/279,63,64,53R
;128/2R,2N,2.5R ;317/134 ;35/11,22R ;307/1R ;180/99 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Caldwell; John W.
Assistant Examiner: Wannisky; William M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Imirie, Smiley & Linn
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of safeguarding a device from being operated and used
by persons of reduced capacity, whereby a person by correctly
carrying out a capacity test on an automatic safety system coupled
to the device cancels an inhibiting network of the device, the
method comprising the steps of:
precoding a key in accordance with the personal normal capacity of
the holder of the key;
inserting the key into a reader to program the automatic safety
system to the personal characteristics of the key holder;
testing the muscular motive functions, the reaction ability, the
memory potential and the physio-psychic state of the key holder;
and
comparing the test results to the characteristics programmed into
the automatic safety system to determine the state of the inhibited
network.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said testing step comprises:
pulsing a luminous indicator with a falling frequency;
testing the muscular-motive functions by providing a button for
initiation of said drop in frequency by actuation when the first
observation of said indicator is made,
testing reaction ability by measuring the time of release of the
button upon reaching the programmed flicker-fusion frequency of the
operator,
testing memory potential by providing a predetermined luminous
indicator image, and
testing physio-psychic state by measurong the deviation of
indicated flicker-fusion frequency from the operator's programmed
normal frequency.
3. A safety system for inhibiting operation of a device by persons
of reduced capacity, comprising:
first means for providing an output responsive to the functional
capabilities of an operator,
second means for comparing said output of said first means with a
predetermined standard,
third means adapted to inhibit operation of the device, said third
means coupled with said second means and responsive to the output
of said first means substantially meeting said predetermined
standard to enable operation of the device, and
fourth means responsive to a coded key to preset said predetermined
standard to characteristics individually associated with said key
whereby each test performed is individualized to the operator whose
key is used.
4. A system as recited in claim 3, wherein punched cards are
provided as keys.
5. A system as recited in cliam 3, wherein said first means
includes an oscillator of variable frequency and a luminous
indication supplied with current by said oscillator to provide a
flicker frequency signal, and said second means includes a
comparison circuit comparing the flicker-merging frequency
ascertained from an operator with a personal frequency derived from
a code on said operator's key.
6. A system as recited in claim 5, wherein said first means further
includes control means having a start button causing said
oscillator after actuation of said button to fall automatically
from a maximum starting value, fall of said frequency being stopped
when said button is released.
7. A system as recited in claim 6, including means for testing
muscular-motive functions coupled with said button.
8. A system as recited in claim 3, further including a counter
coupled to said first means for ascertaining the number of tests
sequentially carried out, and locking means connected to disable
the device, said counter on attaining a predetermined count
actuating said locking means for a certain period.
9. A system as recited in claim 8 further including a holding
circuit for maintaining said locking means out of action during
short breaks in the operation of said device.
10. A system as recited in claim 5, wherein said luminous
indication is provided by a disc with having a flickering light
with an annular adaptation light.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of safeguarding devices
such as vehicles against starting and use by persons of reduced
capacity, whereby a person only by correctly carrying out a test on
an automatic safety system coupled to the devices or the conveyance
can unlock the safety device.
It is known in motor vehicles to provide an automatic safety device
which ascertains the capacity or the alertness of the person who
intends to operate the vehicle, checking it and permitting the
vehicle to be taken into operation only when the test has been
successfully carried out. A flickering luminous indication may be
provided, the frequency of which can be set by the person. The
so-called flicker merging frequency, called CFF hereinafter, is the
frequency at which the person just fails to see the flickering of
the luminous indication but gains the impression of a steady light.
The deviation of this CFF from a basic CFF ascertained from the
normal state of the person, presents a measurement of the capacity
or the alertness of the person. Only when the setting of the
frequency is adjusted within a relatively narrow margin to about a
fixed nominal frequency, can the car be started up. This prevents
any person of disturbed or diminished capacity from using the
car.
All known safety systems of this kind have the considerable
disadvantage that they are fashioned to one person, or only to a
certain selection of persons, whose CFF at normal personal capacity
just equals the basic CFF set as standard in the apparatus. Other
persons which in a normal state may have a substantially different
CFF, would be incapable of using the car at all. It has also been
shown that the CFF test is not sufficient to check all factors
decisive of the capacity of the operator.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention there is therefore provided a
method of safeguarding an installation such as a vehicle against
being operated and used by persons of reduced capacity, whereby a
person by correctly carrying out a capacity test on an automatic
safety device coupled to the installation cancels a safety block of
the installation. In accordance with this invention a combined test
is carried out which simultaneously tests the muscular motive
functions, the reaction ability, the memory potential and the
physio-psychic state of an operator, each qualified person having a
particular key coded in accordance with their personal normal
capacity, the test being initiated by inserting the key in a reader
of the automatic safety system which presets the action of the
automatic safety system to suit that one person, whereupon the said
person carries out the test in order to be able to start up the
installation.
In any particular case the automatic safety system is programmed by
insertion of a different coded key of any type for each specific
person and hence adjusted to the normal personal capacity of this
person. It is possible for this person to carry out correctly the
test as to whether his normal capacity exists, and if this is so,
the car can be driven. The car may be used by any other person if
he possesses a key coded to his individual capacity. The key, which
on establishment of the normal capacity of the person concerned is
issued by the authorities, may also count as a driving licence. It
is then at any time possible for the police to ascertain if any
particular person is really authorised and capable to drive a
certain vehicle. That is the case only when this person has a
personal key and when he is capable by means of this key to start
the vehicle.
The method is devised such that all decisive factors such as as
muscular motive functions, reaction capacity, memory potential and
physio-psychic state are ascertained. Preferably it is possible in
a manner described in detail below to carry out a CFF test of a
particular kind so as to apprehend all factors simultaneously.
The invention will now be described in detail by way of an
embodiment of a safety system in accordance with the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The FIGURE is a blocked diagram of a preferred embodiment of a
system according to the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The system, as already mentioned, has as essential component an
optional number of keys which in the case of the embodiment are
perforated cards. Each contains in a coded form a number
corresponding to the normal flicker merging frequency of the person
who owns the card. The automatic safety system has a reader, in the
present case a card reader 2, which reads and forwards the coded
signal contained in the card 1 to a comparison circuit 4. An
oscillator 3 acts to control the different circuits of the
automatic safety system. A unit 5 denoted collectively as a logic
unit or network, controls the entire action of the system by means
of gates, or similar switching elements in known manner and only as
required. In reality no actual logic blocks of the kind shown
exists, the logic functions being gathered into a block diagram in
the drawing only for the sake of clarity.
The circuit includes a transducer 6 which divides the frequency of
the oscillator 3 in the present embodiment in the ratio of 256:1,
so that at the output thereof an impulse signal appears with a
periodicity of about 6 minutes.
There is also a 3-minute timer 7 which after each half-period of
the output signal of the transducer 6 forwards an impulse to the
logic unit 5. This time signal permits another start after a
successful start within 3 minutes, even when the ignition key of a
vehicle in which the automatic safety system is installed, has been
removed. It is, however, a condition that the card 1 was left in
the reader 2.
The output signal frequency of the counter 7 is further reduced in
a further 30 -minute counter 8, so that at the output thereof an
impulse appears with a periodicity of about 60 minutes. After each
half-period of the signal, i.e. at intervals of about 30 minutes,
an output signal is transmitted to the logic unit 5.
A counter 9 counts the number of successively effected tests. If in
the embodiment shown, this counter reaches the position No. 3, then
it transmits an output impulse to the counter 8, which now during
the following 30 minutes transmits a suppression signal to the
logic unit 5, which blocks the automatic safety mechanism for this
period against any further attempt.
The automatic mechanism has a start button contact 10 which, when
the counter 9 is actuated, is moved forward by one position, and a
starting signal is transmitted to the logic unit 5 for a purpose
explained hereinafter. The actuation of the button 10 has been made
difficult by mechanical cut-outs, so that only a calm concentrated
manipulation can operate it. Inadequately controlled actuation of
the button 10 transmits a signal to the logic unit 5 which denotes
the test as failed and prevents the starting of the vehicle.
The starting signal is transmitted via a delay circuit 11 which
between each test causes a different delay of between 0 and 5
seconds and renders it impossible to ascertain the basic CFF by
means of a stop-watch or like aid.
The regulator 12 automatically regulates the frequency of an
oscillator 13. The regulator uses a sliding analog voltage
regulator including an operational amplifier, which causes a
control voltage for the oscillator 13 to fall in a predetermined
manner during the test, from a maximum to a minimum. The frequency
of the oscillator 13 hence drops correspondingly from an upper
limit frequency of 7 KHz by 200 Hz per second to a lower limit
frequency of 2 KHz . The output frequency of the oscillator 13 is
divided in a transducer by a ratio 100:1 to a frequency of 70-20
Hz. The output signal of the transducer 14 has a rectangular
impulse with a fixed ratio of 1:1 so that the impulse duration is
always equal to the duration of the interval. This signal is
amplified in an amplifier 15 the output of which feeds a flashing
lamp or CFF.
The battery potential of the vehicle is applied via a contact 19 of
the ignition switch to feed a stabilizer and voltage converter 16
which supplies a normal voltage Un and a special voltage Us. It
also produces the necessary voltages for the operational amplifiers
and all other circuit parts. The special voltage is used, for
example, for feeding the 30 minute cut-out.
A relay amplifier 17 is provided for actuating contacts 20 in the
ignition and starter circuit. The relay amplifier 17 may in special
cases be switched on via an emergency switch 18, so that in the
cases in which a normal start would take up too much time, or which
for other reason would not be desirable, the vehicle may be started
directly. A further contact 21 is coupled with the emergency switch
18, which triggers off an alarm, such as a warning flasher
installation, or the horn of the car. in
To start the vehicle the driver inserts his personal punchcard 1
into the card reader 2, which transmits a coded signal in
accordance with his personal CFF to the comparison circuit. All
information data which may still be existing from an earlier
actuation are hereby cancelled, except for the blocking functions
of the circuits 7 and 8. When the card 1 is briefly pressed
completely into the reader 2 with a definite pressure, the reading
operation is activated, which in the case of the punched card, is
effected by lamps and photo-diodes. The automatic system is now
prepared for a first test. For this purpose a button 10 is
depressed, causing the counter 9, the logic 5 and the delay 11 of
the regulator 12 and the oscillator 13 to be switched on; the lamp
CFF commences to flicker at its maximum frequency, if the button
was correctly actuated, thus testing certain muscular motive
functions of the person concerned. The flicker frequency is chosen
to be initially so high that no person can see the flicker, but
gain the impression of a continuous light. The frequency now drops
at a predetermined rate. As soon as the flicker of the light is
first noticed, the button 10 is released immediately, and the
regulator 12 and the oscillator 13, this time without any delay,
remain in the states attained, i.e. the oscillator frequency does
not change. If the button is released too slowly, which indicates
poor reaction ability, then the frequency drops further, which
leads to failure of the test. The output frequency of the
transducer 14 or the flicker frequency is continuously transmitted
to the comparison circuit 4 where it is converted into digital form
and compared with the digital information introduced from the
reader 2. If the flicker frequency attained in this manner at the
instant of releasing the button 10 corresponds with sufficient
accuracy to the basic CFF derived from the card 1 for the person in
question, it means that the person in question is in possession of
his normal capacity; the comparison circuit 4 transmits a
corresponding signal to the logic 5, which in turn actuates the
relay amplifier 17 and causes the closure of the contacts in the
ignition and starter circuit. The vehicle may now be started.
If, however, the comparison of the test flicker frequency does not
agree closely with the basic CFF fed by the card, then no signal is
transmitted to the logic 5 and the relay amplifier 17 and the
circuit is reset to the original state. Whether the frequency has
dropped too low owing to a slow reaction, or owing to the dropping
of the personal CFF, makes no difference. The dropping of the
flicker frequency to below the permissible limit indicates that,
seen as a whole, there is lack of vigilance. The test may now be
recommenced in the manner described. If the driver succeeds in
setting a flicker frequency within the limit range with this second
test, then the vehicle may be started in the manner described. If
the second attempt also fails, then a third attempt may be made. If
this also fails, then on releasing the button 10 the counter 9
transmits a start signal to the thirty minute counter 8, which via
the logic 5 puts the automatic safety device out of action for 30
minutes, so that during this time no new attempt can start the
vehicle engine.
If the engine of the vehicle is switched off at a level crossing
barrier, then despite the opening of the ignition switch the
stabiliser and voltage transformer 16 are still supplied from the
car battery via a separate constantly connected lead so that the
circuits of the automatic system remain live. more particularly the
relay amplifier 17 remains in its operational state, so that the
controlled contacts prepare the ignition circuit and the starter
circuit, and these circuits can immediately be closed by means of
the ignition switch. After about 3 minutes, however, the counter 7
disconnects the relay amplifier 17 which becomes ineffective and
the vehicle can be started only after a renewed successful
carrying-out of a test. A condition that the circuit remains in
readiness to start during 3 minutes is that the card 1 remains in
the card reader 2.
The above-described automatic safety system may be used in
substantially the same form for safeguarding any other conveyance
or any installation. In all cases it is a question of permitting
the starting or use of the installation only when the operator has
successfully passed his individually adapted test. Depending upon
the degree of personal fitness demanded of the operator, the range
of frequency in which the test is to be considered as passed, may
be selected to be wider or narrower. In the automatic safety system
described for automotive vehicles this range, may be 5 Hz, i.e. the
frequency set may be 2.5 Hz below or above the nominal frequency
fed by the card 1. More or less than three attempts may be allowed,
as predetermined by adjustment of the counter 9. The determination
of the personal CFF may be effected in any suitable manner. It
would be possible, for example, for the person being tested to
select this frequency by means of a potentiometer and then by
depressing a button, transmit the comparison result to the logic,
where it is decided as to whether this comparison result is to be
positively or negatively evaluated and as to whether starting is to
be allowed or refused.
As shown from the above description, the test provided by the
automatic safety system gives simultaneous investigation of several
factors. By means of the button 10 the muscular motive functions is
tested, the automatically controlled drop of the flicker frequency
gives a reaction test since at the first sign of flickering the
actuating button has to be released to prevent excessive dropping
of the frequency, the separator's memory and observation are tested
in that an indication consisting of a flickering illuminated disc
in a ring of varying luminous intensity has to be recognised, and
the physio-psychic state is tested by ascertaining the CFF. The
method of operation of the CFF test by means of an automatic safety
system operated in a manner partly manually, partly automatically,
provides the simultaneous testing of all essential functions of the
operator for ascertaining his vigilance. Hence the tests as far as
necessary, are suited to individual circumstances. in the
embodiment it is assumed that only the basic CFF to be tested. It
is, however, also possible for other test conditions to be
included. For example, the speed at which the frequency of the
luminous indication drops may be predetermined by means of the card
1, so that individual reaction speeds are required from different
persons. Means for testing muscular motive functions may also be
adjustable and set by means of the card 1, or a suitably coded key
be used by each individual.
It is also possible for other factors to be taken into account and
possibly personal abilities also, e.g. a perimetric test or colour
recognition (green-amber-red).
* * * * *