U.S. patent number 3,759,329 [Application Number 05/148,048] was granted by the patent office on 1973-09-18 for cryo-thermal process for fracturing rock formations.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Oscar Shuffman. Invention is credited to Sigmund L. Ross.
United States Patent |
3,759,329 |
Ross |
September 18, 1973 |
CRYO-THERMAL PROCESS FOR FRACTURING ROCK FORMATIONS
Abstract
A process for fracturing rock formations is disclosed using
cryogenic fluids and exemplified in a process for the secondary
recovery of oil wherein the major steps include: establishing a
complex of elongated holes arranged in a predetermined geometric
pattern which penetrate the oil production formation; injecting
pressurized, superheated steam into the holes; fracturing the oil
production formation using cryogenic techniques; and recovering the
mobilized oil.
Inventors: |
Ross; Sigmund L. (Bronx,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Shuffman; Oscar (Scarsdale,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
26845470 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/148,048 |
Filed: |
May 28, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
823306 |
May 9, 1969 |
3581821 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/308.1;
166/245; 166/303; 166/302 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
43/26 (20130101); E21B 43/16 (20130101); E21B
43/2405 (20130101); E21B 43/30 (20130101); E21B
43/17 (20130101); E21B 36/001 (20130101); E21B
36/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/26 (20060101); E21B 43/00 (20060101); E21B
36/00 (20060101); E21B 43/24 (20060101); E21B
43/16 (20060101); E21B 43/30 (20060101); E21B
43/17 (20060101); E21B 43/25 (20060101); E21b
043/26 () |
Field of
Search: |
;166/308,302,303,272,271
;175/11 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Novosad; Stephen J.
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of my application Ser.
No. 823,306 filed May 9, 1969 for Cryo-Thermal Process For The
Recovery of Oil which resulted in U.S. Pat. No. 3,581,821.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method of fracturing a rock formation which comprises flash
freezing of water by the release of a pressurized, cryogenic liquid
so as to come in intimate contact therewith while said water is
confined for imposing fracturing pressure on said formation
concomitantly with its flash expansion in volume upon
transformation into ice.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said cryogenic liquid is
liquid nitrogen.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the water that is flash
frozen comprises water which occurs in the interstices of the rock
formation.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein a hole is made into the
rock formation and the pressurized cryogenic liquid is released in
the hole.
5. A method according to claim 4 wherein water is introduced into
the hole so as to occur as free water therein and wherein said free
water is flash frozen by said release of a pressurized cryogenic
liquid.
6. A method according to claim 4 wherein said hole is made in an
oil-bearing zone of a rock formation and said cryogenic liquid is
released in said zone with concomitant fracturing of said zone.
7. A method according to claim 6 wherein the fracturing of the rock
formation in the oil-bearing zone is followed by the introduction
of superheated steam which stimulates flow of oil into said
hole.
8. A method according to claim 4 wherein a container having
cryogenic liquid therein is introduced into the hole and the
cryogenic liquid is quickly released therefrom.
9. A method according to claim 4 wherein a plug is anchored into
the hole and the cryogenic liquid is released in the region of said
hole confined by said plug.
10. A method according to claim 1 wherein the water in the rock
formation is melted after the initial fracturing of the formation,
additional water is added in the zone of initial fracture, and the
fracturing step is repeated at the zone of initial fracture.
Description
FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates to the fracturing of rock formations.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
When oil production from a producing well ceases using primary
recovery techniques, it is known that additional oil still exists
in the stratigraphic trap.
Basic methods for the secondary recovery of oil include the
following as applied to the oil-bearing field: (a) fire flooding,
(b) water flooding, (c) steam flooding, (d) gas injection, and (e)
excavation and retorting. Methods (a) through (d) employ procedures
which will force the oil in place to migrate either directly or by
reducing the viscosity of the oil. The latter is particularly
important with regard to highly viscous oils.
Steam flooding has been used in conventional techniques to supply
force and to reduce viscosity. The injected steam tends to raise
the temperature of the petroleum reservoir. The resulting thermal
expansion of the in-place petroleum in connection with gas pressure
created by steam distillation of a portion of the petroleum forces
the oil deposit to move or migrate to a relief zone. Usually this
relief zone is the invasion hole drilled into the formation up
through which the oil rises.
There are three zones created by conventional steam injection:
first, a steam zone near the well bore; second, a hot water
condensate zone where the steam condenses; and third, a water and
condensate zone where the water and condensate reach the ambient
temperature of the reservoir. The heat energy imparted to the
deposit must be large enough to drive through two lower temperature
zones to get to the deposit. In addition, the heat energy drive
must be sufficient to penetrate the dirt and condensed water film
covering the walls of the cavity which the injected steam
creates.
In practice, the use of the conventional steam flooding technique
starts with the invasion of a pay zone formation and is continued
at a distinct level. The resultant cavity will eventually become so
large that the steam is not able to retain its initial heat before
reaching the cavity walls. This results in excessive condensation
on the cavity walls and increasing difficulty in heating the
cavity. The long periods required to stage a field using this
technique also make it uneconomical as well as inefficient.
The present invention obviates many of the disadvantages of the
conventional steam flooding operation and provides additional steps
which make oil recovery techniques, particularly with regard to
secondary oil recovery, highly efficient and economical.
An object of this invention, therefore, is to improve the recovery
of oil using novel thermal techniques.
An additional object is to aid recovery of oil by the use of
geometrically arranged and spaced hole formations.
Another object of this invention is to assist in the recovering of
oil by the use of cryogenic methods.
A further object is to provide an oil recovery process which is
efficient and economical using selected combinations of the above
steps.
In accordance with the invention, a method for recovering oil from
a formation containing oil in a non-flowable state comprises
establishing a complex of elongated holes arranged in a
predetermined geometric pattern which penetrate an oil production
formation. The method further includes injecting pressurized,
superheated steam into at least one of the holes, fracturing the
oil production formation using cryogenic fluids and recovering the
mobilized oil.
For a better understanding of the present invention together with
other and further objects thereof, reference is made to the
following description taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings, and the scope of the invention will be pointed out in the
appended claims.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates a partly sectioned vertical view of an
arrangement for providing pressurized, superheated steam to a bore
hole;
FIG. 2 a-f shows an elevational view of embodiments of a steam jet
nozzle for use with this invention;
FIG. 3 a-f has illustrated plan views of the preferred geometric
hole arrangements for use with this invention;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of the five-hole pattern in more detail;
FIG. 5 is a vertical sectional view of the oil formation using the
five-hole arrangement of FIG. 4; and
FIG. 6 illustrates a partially schematic and partial plan view of
the steam stimulation-pressure well technique as implemented.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Although the following cryo-thermal process of secondary oil
recovery and its variations are to be described in general terms,
it must be recognized that this technique will vary according to
the characteristics of the in-place petroleum as well as the nature
of the formation where the petroleum is found.
A major feature of the process is the injection of pressurized,
superheated steam into a complex of elongated bore holes. Generally
the number of holes will be ten or less and will be spaced between
75 feet minimum and 600 feet maximum of each other from center to
center of the holes. The complex of holes is in specific geometric
formation.
The use of superheated steam provides significant advantages over
non-superheated steam. First, a moderate amount of superheat
greatly increases the volume of the steam. The quantity of water
required for a given amount of heat energy is therefore greatly
reduced. Second, thermal conductivity of superheated steam is less
than that of saturated steam, therefore, less heat is lost through
pipe walls and more heat energy is delivered to the pay zone.
Third, considerably more heat may be extracted from superheated
steam for the same amount of fuel used.
The high temperature superheated steam is introduced into the hole
complex under very high pressure to create thermal expansion in the
oil, to lower the viscosity of the oil, to liberate the hydrocarbon
gases from the in-place petroleum, and to flash much of the connate
water present in the formation into additional steam. All of the
above combine to generate a force to mobilize the in-place oil. In
addition, pressure is rapidly built up in the hole which densifies
the pay zone immediately adjacent the hole. The degree of
densification of the stimulation well, in that region wherein the
heat is being introduced, improves the local thermal conductivity,
thus permitting more heat energy to bring about in-place petroleum
migration.
Under certain conditions, the pressurized, superheated steaming
alone will cause the oil adjacent the hole to move into the hole
where it is carried up and out. The pressurized gases, which rise
up the hole above the point at which the steam is energizing,
create a pressure differential within the hole which also tends to
pull out the oil in place.
A second feature of the process is the use of a cyrogenically
produced oxidizing liquid such as liquid oxygen (LOX) in addition
to the pressurized, superheated steam to provide additional heat
energy to the pay load. Certain formations have faults or cracks
which will tend to siphon off some of the injected steam, which
detrimentally lower the pay zone temperature. If this occurs,
liquid oxygen may be mechanically introduced into the pay zone. The
effect of an oxidizing agent such as liquid oxygen being subjected
to intense heat and pressure and contacting organic combustible
material such as grease, oil, tar, asphalt and kerosene is to
deflagrate or rapidly oxidize. The material so exposed will burn
fiercely and will raise the temperature of the pay zone
considerably, as well as the shaft of the elongated hole. The heat
generated by the LOX oxidation will also flash the connate water in
the interstices of the pay zone into additional steam. Secondarily,
the deflagration will effectively contribute to fracturing the pay
zone region of the formation. To reiterate, the purpose of the LOX
is to accelerate the heat stimulation process. Fracturing may occur
as a result of this high heat energy level by the mechanism of
isotropic or anisotropic expansion. After its initial use the LOX
will be used whenever the bore holes of the stimulation wells drop
below the temperature of the injected superheated steam.
The hot bore hole produced by the superheated, pressurized steam
and the LOX injection has further advantageous effects on oil
recovery. First, the lighter hydrocarbons become gaseous and
expand, which, on rising upward, expand further because of the
reduction of ambient pressure. This tends to increase the pressure
differential in the hole. Any bubbles of gas present in individual
oil droplets tend to expand the oil, further destroying any
cohesive property of the oil on sand grains and other detritus.
In addition, the existence of temperature differentials as well as
pressure differentials at different levels in the bore hole
effectively create a fractionating distillation column tending to
break out additional chemical elements which may be present in the
oil.
It should be emphasized that both pressurized, superheated steam
and the LOX injection may be applied to all or selected holes of
the hole complex mentioned earlier. This will largely be determined
by the nature of the oil in place, the type of formation and the
geographical features of the terrain.
A third feature of this process is the use of cryogenic freezing of
moisture or fluid in the pay zone region. This may be accomplished
by application of a cryogenic fluid to one or a number of the holes
if there is sufficient moisture in the soil of the pay zone (e.g.
more than 15 percent moisture content). If the moisture content is
not this high, a fluid, preferably water, is injected in the
desired hole or holes. Then the cryogenic fluid or solid is
inserted which rapidly freezes the water. Liquid nitrogen is a
preferred freezing agent although pressurized CO.sub.2 may also be
effective.
The fluid in the hole is quick frozen. If it is water, it expands
and swells and laterally, and to some extent vertically, displaces
the pay zone in the region of the hole. The effect of this is to
collapse the pores of the formation which squeezes the trapped oil
and water in the interstices of the formation. Additionally, the
connate water is frozen and expanded. A third effect is to improve,
locally, the thermal conductivity of the pay zone both by freezing
and by densification. The effect of the swelling in a central well,
when coupled with the heat and pressure in adjacent or flanking
well is to figuratively put the formation through a wringer and the
petroleum literally wrung out.
The effect of improving local thermal conductivity is important if
there is a desire to directionalize the heat flow in the pay zone.
In addition to extracting the pay zone oil directly from the
superheated hole, it may be desired to use certain of the extreme
holes as stimulation holes (i.e. inject the high energy thermal
sources there), and other extreme holes, preferably on the other
side of the formation, as production holes (i.e. remove the oil
there). The heat energy and pressure will cause migration of the
oil from the stimulation holes to the production holes from which
the oil will be removed. If the thermal conductivity of the
formation were increased in the direction of migration of the oil,
it would accelerate the migration process by directing the flow of
heat from the stimulation holes to the production holes. To this
effect, the rapid freezing of a central or pressure hole between
stimulation and production holes will be advantageous.
It may be desirable to use pressurized nitrogen gas in addition to
and in conjunction with the quick-freezing of the pressure well to
create additional fracturing and better mobilization of oil.
The cryogenic technique may be used at any stage of the overall
secondary oil recovery process as seems advantageous.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF The INVENTION
A more detailed discussion of specific embodiments of the invention
will now be described.
Referring first to FIG. 1, a particular arrangement for injecting
the pressurized steam is shown. A water pump 10 draws water through
a suction line and supplies the water to a steam generator 11. The
steam output is then supplied to a superheater 12 which provides
the additional heat energy necessary to superheat the steam to the
desired temperature. The pressure of the superheated steam will be
controlled by the rate of conversion of water to superheated steam.
The pump 10, steam generator 11 and superheater 12 may be provided
on a mobile unit. The pressurized, superheated steam is directed
through a flexible metal hose 13 which is guided by an overhead
support 14. The metal superheated steam line 13, preferably created
from stainless steel, is connected to a steam lance 15 which has a
head 16 to which a plurality of nozzles 23 is attached. The steam
lance 15 is inserted in a pre-drilled bore hole in tight formations
or may be used to bore its own hole by virtue of the high pressure
coming from the lance head 16. The diameter of the bore hole must
be such as to accept a minimum 10 3/4 inch casing 19. The casing 19
must accommodate the steam lance 15 and the oil take-up pipe 20.
Pipe 20 has attached to it pressure 21 and temperature 22
indicators which help to determine the nature of the bore hole and
pay zone and the appropriate moment for oil removal. Pipe 20 is
connected to storage tanks (not shown).
Although the superheated steam injection is similar whether oil is
to be removed from the same hole or will be removed from a
different hole, FIG. 1 is illustrative of oil removal from the
steam-stimulated hole.
The heat 16 is shown in more detail in FIG. 2 a-f.
FIG. 2a shows a cross section of a jet nozzle 23 which is the heart
of head 16. The nozzle 23 is shown to have an interior Venturi
arrangement for optimizing the pressure of the steam. FIGS. 2b-2f
show various arrangements and orientations of the nozzle as it is
attached to head 16. In FIG. 2b, a single nozzle 23 is downwardly
directed. FIG. 2c shows a single nozzle at 90.degree. to the
vertical attached using a rounded elbow. FIG. 2d illustrates a
straight tee arrangement for achieving a 90.degree. nozzle
attachment which has the capability of adding an additional
downward-directed nozzle. FIG. 2e indicates just such a connection
by two 90.degree. oriented nozzles attached to steam head 16.
The preferred arrangement is 2f. This arrangement has five nozzles
23 connected to the steam head 16. One nozzle 23a is directed
vertically downward and the others, 23b, 23c, 23d and 23e, are
arranged concentrically and symmetrically in a horizontal plane.
Other arrangements of nozzles 23 may also prove advantageous.
The steam slams out of jet nozzles 23 at a speed between a mach 2
and mach 4. The steam lance may thus be used to drill its own hole
in loose formations.
As the steam pipe starts down the bore hole, it jets out a
continuous flow of steam. The only time steaming is interruPted is
when additional lengths of pipe are added. As the steam lance
enters the pay zone, the descent of the lance is preferably
interrupted and the region of the pay zone will be subjected to a
period of steaming for approximately 15 minutes. Then the lance
will continue its descent, stopping every 20 feet in soft
formations and 10 feet in tight formations. The descent of the
lance will continue until the bottom of the pay zone is reached. At
this point, the lance will be raised some 3 feet and steaming will
continue and will not be interrupted until the temperature of the
bore hole drops below a certain level (e.g. 250.degree.F. less than
the injected steam) at which point some other step such as LOX
application will be used or the process discontinued as to this pay
zone area.
Typically, in the initial steaming operation, if the temperature of
the bore falls below this prescribed level, the injection of liquid
oxygen will then commence. If the bore hole is large enough, the
LOX will merely be dropped down the hole at intermittent intervals.
In the event the bore hole is not large enough to contain both the
steam line and the LOX container, steam injection will be
interrupted and the steam line will be valved off, disconnected and
removed. Then glass containers, about one liter in volume, filled
with LOX and stoppered with a gas escape tube in place are
intermittently dropped down the hole. The containers will burst
open, striking the bottom of the hole and spattering the LOX which
had not escaped through the gas relief tube around the region of
the hole. The LOX, in coming into contact with the heated petroleum
flashes into flame, developing intense heat.
In certain instances, this high localized heat may cause the silica
portion of the sands in the pay zone to fuse. In this event, methyl
alcohol, chilled to an appropriate temperature, to minus 60.degree.
F. for example, and under a predetermined pressure, 300 psig.
pressure for example, is released through a pipe down the bore hole
to impact and splatter on the extremely hot fused silica. Thermal
shock follows which shatters the silica, thereby creating a path
for subsequently applied superheated steam.
Referring now to FIG. 3, shown are preferred arrangements of
geometric hole formations for three to 10 holes. The number of
holes will vary depending on the size and nature of the formation.
The holes are to be used in applying the superheated steam and LOX
steps of the invention and the appropriate holes for
directionalizing the oil flow using the pressure well technique are
indicated as well.
Regarding the pressure hole or well step, reference is now made to
FIG. 4. In that figure a particular arrangement of five wells is
shown to indicate the operation of the pressure well technique and
the limits of the regions of influence of applied thermal
energy.
The first two wells 25, 26, stimulation wells, are drilled in line.
The third well 27 is spaced equidistant between the first two 25,
26 and at the same distance from the first two along a line normal
to wells 25 and 26. Wells 28 and 29 are located similar to wells 25
and 26 and equidistant from well 27 along a line normal to wells 28
and 29. The center well is called the pressure well, while wells 28
and 29 are called the production wells. The approximate regions of
influence of each well are shown by the larger circles surrounding
each of the wells.
Well 27 is typically to be filled with water to a point some 10
feet above the pay zone of the formation. Tanks containing liquid
nitrogen are lowered into the water. The liquid nitrogen tanks
preferably have a quick-opening device to be controlled from the
surface which rapidly expels the liquid nitrogen into the water.
The water then quick-freezes and fractures the formation as
previously described. An alternate approach is to circulate either
liquid nitrogen or another suitable cryogenic fluid through a
closed pipe in the bore hole. It may be desireable to use
pressurized nitrogen gas in conjunction with the ice-creating
pressures to provide additional pressures to the pay zone to
further fracture the formation and mobilize the oil.
The pay zone in the vicinity of pressure well 27 is fractured which
squeezes out some trapped oil and directionalizes the flow of heat
from the stimulation wells 25 and 26 to the production wells. The
in-place petroleum will follow the least resistant thermal path and
the newly created fissures from the stimulation wells 26 and 27 to
the production wells 28 and 29. The oil will then fill the bore
holes of wells 28 and 29, flowing up to the surface and out.
Certain highly viscous oils may require application of heat to the
production wells' bore zone to increase the rapidity of flow.
After the pressure well-freezing has been applied, the superheated
steam is further applied to the stimulation wells. When this is
done, the well opening on the surface is closed by a collar. In the
collar is welded a threaded pipe nipple.
The purpose of the nipple is to regulate the pressure build-up in
the stimulation wells; in addition, it permits the attachment of a
secondary heat line which may convey escaping heat energy into the
bore holes of the production wells to facilitate oil flow as
mentioned above.
Referring now to FIG. 5, the injection profile of the five-well
approach using the center pressure well is shown, including the
direction of heat flow. Also indicated are the limits of the local
primary heat influence. Note that the depths of the wells are
sloped toward the production wells to take advantage of natural
drainage.
A preferred embodiment for implementing the pressure well technique
is shown for a five-well arrangement in FIG. 6. A thermal energy
generator 30 supplies the pressurized, superheated steam to a main
steam line 31. The main steam line 31 is connected to the
stimulation wells 32 and 33 which would typically be closed by a
collar with an attached nipple as previously mentioned. Secondary
heat lines 37 and 38 are attached to the nipples in the stimulation
collars and connect to the production wells 34 and 35. The output
oil lines from the production wells connect to line 44 which is
brought to oil storage tanks 45. The gaseous portions of the
production well output are forced out of the storage tanks 45 as
the tanks fill up. The gas enters gas vent line 42 or auxiliary gas
feed line 41. If the gas is transmitted through gas vent line 42,
it is condensed in gas condenser 39 by the circulation of cryogenic
fluids. The distilled gases are collected in distillate sotrage
tank 40. The distillate may be drawn off by output line 43. The
auxiliary gas feed line 41 disposes of the gas in some other
predetermined manner. Thus, all portions of the oil well output are
collected and may be used.
Extensions to a second well complex are shown by wells 47, 48 and
49. In this case, well 47 will be the pressure well and wells 48
and 49 will be the production wells. Similarly, a third and
addition complexes may be added by adding three additional wells,
e.g. 50, 51, 52, to the existing complex.
It should also be noted that if a fracture zone exists in the
formation, it may not be necessary to use a center pressure well.
Also, it may not prove necessary to directionalize the heat flow in
an existing formation. What will determine if all or part of the
above process is used are the following general criteria: (1)
permeability of the formation pay zone; (2) porosity of the pay
zone; (3) the percentage of oil, water or gas in place; (4)
reservoir pressure (if any); (5) type of formation of the pay zone;
and (6) the Terrastatic pressure confining the pay zone.
The following are examples of how the invention may be used in a
particular oil-bearing formation. The examples were chosen to
indicate multi-step application of the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Conditions: Pay zone formation is located on the forward slope of
an anticline. Depth is 1672 feet down. Permeability of the
formation is 46 millidarcies. Percentage of porosity of the
formation is 34.4. Of this 34.4%, 27% is oil and 56% is water, the
rest being gas. A.P.A. gravity is 24.
Process: Construct the five-well complex as shown in FIG. 4. The
wells are generally drilled to the depth shown in FIG. 5 taking
advantage of natural drainage. Fill the center well with water from
the bottom to a point 10 feet above the pay zone or 10 feet up into
the rock mass capping the oil sands. Lower tanks filled with liquid
nitrogen into the water and quickly release the liquid nitrogen to
rapidly freeze the water, thereby trapping the nitrogen tanks in
place.
Apply the superheated steam to the bore holes of both stimulation
wells. Position the jet nozzles of the steam line approximately one
inch from the face of the formation at the bottom of the pay zone.
The nozzle is directed horizontally and tangent to the radius of
influence of densification peripheral to the pressure well. Inject
superheated steam at 950 psig and 950.degree.F. into the
stimulation wells. The effective rate of steam flow per second is 1
1/2 lbs. (by weight).
Continue steaming for 24 hours, with a collar closure including
pipe nipples around the bore holes.
After 24 hours, disconnect the steam line and remove it from the
bore hole.
Drop liquid oxygen in liter glass containers down the bore hole at
the rate of one every 15 minutes. Continue for 1 hour.
After LOX application, reconnect the steam lines and continue
steaming for 7 days. Resume LOX treatment during the 7 days only if
the bore hole temperature drops below the temperature of the
steam.
After the seven days test the trapped tanks in the pressure well to
determine whether they can be hauled up. (If they can, it means
that sufficient heat has migrated to the center well and wholly or
partially melted the ice.) After hauling up the tanks, check the
water in the bore hole for gas infusion, for oil presence and for
temperature. If the temperature is substantially above freezing,
stop steaming, disconnect the steam lines and begin dropping LOX at
15-minute intervals for 2 hours in the stimulation wells. Reconnect
the steam lines and resume steaming for another seven days. During
this second 7-day interval continue checking the pressure well
every 6 hours for temperature, oil show and gas infusion.
Once the entrapped tanks are removable and there are oil and/or gas
infusions, it means the heat energy is migrating effectively. When
the temperature of the center well reaches half that of the
stimulation wells, the producing wells are quick-frozen to improve
the thermal conductivity of that area by the techniques already
described.
If the oil in the pay zone is more viscous between the pressure
well and the producing well, than between stimulation well and
pressure well, apply superheated steam to the production wells
using steam lines and jet nozzles for a period of two hours at the
same pressure and temperature as that existing in the stimulation
wells.
If additionally necessary, remove steam lines, pump in water under
high pressure of an amount in gallons equal to the pay zone depth
and follow with liquid nitrogen to improve the directionalized heat
flow toward the production wells.
Eventually the oil will begin to surge up the production wells.
EXAMPLE 2
Given the same conditions as Example 1 and following similar
procedures, if at the end of the second 7-day period the middle
well temperature has not risen substantially to at least half the
temperature of the stimulation wells it means that the migrating
heat energy has been stopped by a permeability barrier or
fault.
Then steam or pump the water out of the center well. Connect a
secondary steam line to the pipe nipple on the stimulation wells
and insert in the center well. After three hours remoVe the steam
line and pour some crude oil down the well so that it covers the
pay zone but does not penetrate due to its viscosity. Drop LOX down
the center bore hole at 15-minute intervals for an hour. Then an
insulated line is used to apply methyl alcohol chilled to a
temperature of approximately -60.degree.F. and forced under
pressure (300 psig) down the center hole. The purpose, of course,
is to apply thermal shock to fracture the formation and break
through the fault. This procedure may be repeatd if necessary.
Eventually, oil or gas infusion will be visible in the center hole
and the process described in Example 1 should be continued.
EXAMPLE 3
In a syncline geographic situation (trough), the general five-well
implementation will use four stimulation wells and a center
producing well without a central pressure well. The general
procuesures of Example 1 should then be followed.
As indicated by the foregoing examples, the exact process depends
on the nature of the terrain and the response of the pay zone to
the applied steps.
While general reference has been made to the use of the present
invention with regard to secondary recovery of oil, no limitation
precludes use of any or all of the steps of this invention to
primary oil recovery as well.
The utilization of this invention in the fracturing of a rock
formation is characterized by flash freezing accomplished by the
release of a cryogenic liquid in thermal association therewith. The
employment of a cryogenic liquid is of critical importance.
Heretofore refrigeration has been employed to freeze an earth or
rock formation for such purposes as stabilization of the formation
or preventing the percolation of a liquid therethrough. However,
mere freezing has been found to be ineffective in accomplishing a
useful amount of fracturing. This ineffectualness in the
accomplishment of fracturing as compared with the fracturing that
is obtainable in the practice of the invention by the employment of
a cryogenic fluid is due to various causes. Thus, if the formation
is merely subjected to the action of a refrigerant at a rate
usually associated with freezing accomplished by refrigeration, the
cooling off and freezing are more gradual. Under such conditions
the ice formation tends to be oriented laterally to a lesser extent
with resultant lessening of ting of directionalized expansive
forces. There also is a tendency for water to migrate. Moreover,
the expansive forces are applied more gradually and with less
tendency to fracture. When, on the other hand, a cryogenic fluid is
employed in intimate contact with water or with a rock formation
containing water, the water that is present is frozen extremely
rapidly, namely, is flash frozen as this term is known in the art.
Under such conditions the crystal formation is such that the
expansion forces are directed laterally to a much greater degree.
Moreover, the expansion forces are applied with suddenness that is
akin to a fracturing blow as distinguished from a gradually applied
pressure. In addition, there is less tendency for the water to
migrate and full advantage is taken of its presence at the points
where fracturing is induced.
A cryogenic liquid, as this term is used herein, is one which
remains liquid at a temperature of minus 298.degree.F. or less. The
cryogenic liquid, as initially furnished, is under sufficient
pressure to maintain it in the liquid state under conditions of
normal temperature. When the pressure is released the expansion and
evaporation produce extremely low temperatures virtually
instantaneously, and water and rock in the adjacent area are
reduced very quickly to a temperature which typically may be of the
order of minus 60.degree.F. with concomitant conversion of the
water to ice so suddently that fracturing of a rock formation is
accomplished very effectively as the result of the flash expansion
in volume upon the transformation of the water to ice.
As stated hereinabove, the fracturing may be caused solely by water
contained in a rock formation so long as the water content is at
least about 15 percent by volume. In such case when the amount of
water is above 15 percent by volume, the flash freezing occurs in
the rock formation adjacent the released cryogenic liquid, which
flash freezing effectively fractures the adjacent formation. If the
formation thereafter is permitted to thaw and additional water is
taken up by the formation which has been rendered more receptive
thereto by the initial fracturing, the amount and extent of the
zone of fracture may be greatly augmented by a second release of a
cryogenic liquid which causes flash freezing of the water in the
formation.
As stated hereinabove, maximum fracturing effectiveness is obtained
according to this invention when free water is caused to be present
in the cavity in addition to any water naturally present in the
formation. By the addition of free water, the amount of water in
such interstices as there may be in the formation is increased to a
maximum with resultant enhancement of the fracturing effect.
Moreover, the body of free water, such as that in an 8-inch
diameter oil well bore in the oil-bearing zone, itself applies
great lateral forces to the walls of the bore with resulting
fracturing effect. As stated above, ice tends to expand laterally
under conditions of flash freezing. The necessity for flash
freezing by the employment of a cryogenic liquid is especially well
illustrated when free water is present in the bore of the oil well.
When flash freezing is caused to occur, the expansion not only is
sudden but most of it is lateral so as to fracture the walls of the
bore. If, on the other hand, the water is gradually frozen as by
the use of a refrigerant the ice as it is formed tends to
accommodate itself to the confining walls of the bore with the
result that most of the expansion is upwardly and there is very
little fracturing effectiveness.
The enhancement of fracturing effect by repetition is particularly
applicable when there is free water that is flash frozen in a
cavity in the rock formation. After the initial fracture produced
by flash freezing, a quantity of the free water may be remelted.
For example, when water in the bore of an oil well has been flash
frozen in the oil-producing zone, the ice in the upper portion of
the oil-producing zone, e.g. to an extent of 5 to 10 feet, may be
melted. The resulting water then is permitted to percolate into the
rock formation which has been opened up by the initial fracturing.
Upon again flash freezing the water in the bore, the fracturing
becomes highly effective so as to extend laterally a greater
distance as compared with the initial fracture.
By the employment of this invention, fracturing of rock formations
such as those encountered in the oil-bearing zone of an oil well
can be accomplished in greater amount both as to degree and lateral
extent than that which is believed to have been possible by prior
expedients.
As disclosed hereinabove, the release of the cryogenic liquid from
the compressed state should be accomplished in as close proximity
as possible to the zone in which it is desired to induce
fracturing. This may be accomplished by the placing of a container
for the pressurized cryogenic liquid in the desired proximate
position and releasing it by opening a valve which quickly releases
the pressurized liquid so as to rapidly become chilled and cooled
to temperatures much below the freezing point of water.
Alternatively, the pressurized cryogenic liquid can be directed
from a container therefor to the desired location through a line
having an outlet, ordinarily controlled by a valve, through which
the cryogenic liquid may be released.
Fracturing induced by flash freezing according to this invention
may be utilized wherever the fracturing of a rock formation is
desired. Thus, it may be employed in mining which may be either the
open pit type or underground. In such case penetration into the
rock formation ordinarily would be of a much lesser order as
regards depth of penetration and diameter of the drilled hole.
However, the principle is the same as regards fracturing by flash
freezing induced by release of a pressurized cryogenic liquid. In
such an operation the flash freezing may be caused to occur at
substantially the same time in a plurality of cavities in proximate
spaced relation to each other as, for example, in connection with
bench drilling. The invention has similar applicability in
quarrying. It also has other applications as in tunnel driving,
shaft drilling and boulder breaking.
By plugging a cavity containing free water the fracturing effect
can be enhanced. Moreover, by anchoring a plug both below and above
a zone where fracturing is desired the fracturing can be largely
localized in the desired zone as well as rendered more effective in
the desired zone. In applications such as these a container for the
cryogenic liquid can be put in place at the desired location and a
release valve therefor can be actuated by electrical circuit means
passing through one of the plugs.
Another expedient for augmenting the effectiveness of the
fracturing is that of undercutting the entrance to a cavity so that
the inlet of the cavity has a smaller cross section than the cavity
wherein the cryogenic liquid is released. For example, the bore of
an oil well may be enlarged in the oil-producing zone of the rock
formation by the employment of an expansion drill.
Liquid nitrogen is the preferred cryogenic liquid because of its
inertness and likewise because of the extremely low temperatures
obtainable upon its release. Nitrogen is liquid at temperatures
from minus 321.degree.F. to minus 345.degree.F. It also is
relatively economical to employ. Oxygen remains a liquid at
temperatures of minus 298.degree.F. and lower and also is a
cryogenic liquid that may be employed in the practice of this
invention. However, care has to be exercised in its use in the
presence of a combustible material. There are other cryogenic
liquids but for reasons such as cost or hazard they are less
practical to use in a commercial operation.
This invention has been illustrated in connection with an oil
recovery operation wherein fracturing is accomplished by the
release of liquid nitrogen in a well so as to cause water to be
flash frozen to a level that is somewhat above the oil-producing
zone. In preferred practice of this invention this is accomplished
in increments. For example, enough liquid nitrogen is introduced
into the bore of the well to flash freeze an amount of water in the
bore that fills the bore to a distance of about 5 feet at the
lowermost portion of the oil-bearing zone. The volume of water in
this 5-foot zone of the bore in the case of a bore about 8 inches
in diameter, for example, is approximately 13 gallons and flash
freezing with lowering of the temperature to approximately minus
20.degree.F. may be accomplished by the release of 20 gallons of
liquid nitrogen from a container that has been lowered into the
bore to position immediately above the zone to be flash frozen and
that is adapted to release the liquid nitrogen so as to come in
intimate contact with the water in the zone and cause to be flash
frozen. This operation may then be repeated in increments of
approximately 5 feet each throughout the extent of the oil-bearing
zone, for example approximately 40 feet, and preferably in an
additional 5 feet above the oil-bearing zone. Shorter or longer
increments also may be used. Moreover, the water in the region of
the entire oil-bearing zone may be flash frozen in a single
step.
While the preferred practice of secondary oil recovery has been
described hereinabove wherein superheated steam is injected into a
well that is adjoining the well in which fracturing occurs, it also
is within this invention to effect cryothermal fracturing as
aforesaid, permit the rock formation in the region of the
oil-bearing zone to thaw out and thereafter inject superheated
steam into the well to stimulate flow of oil into it so that it may
be recovered.
The use of liquid nitrogen in the practice of this invention is to
be distinguished from the use of liquid nitrogen or any other
cryogenic fluid in the manner disclosed in my U.S. Pat. No.
3,152,651 according to which a cryogenic liquid is introduced into
contact with rock which has been heated to a high temperature by
means of superheated steam and which, therefore, is relatively dry,
with the result that the rock is subjected to internal thermal
stresses which embrittle it and cause it to fall apart rather than
being fractured by the flat freezing of water. The present
invention is directed to the surprising fracturing effectiveness of
the flash freezing of water accomplished by a cryogenic liquid as
compared with mere freezing as by exposure to sub-freezing weather
or by being subjected to conventional refrigeration techniques.
While there have been described what are considered to be the
preferred embodiments of this invention, it will be obvious to
those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may
be made therein without departing from the invention and it is,
therefore, aimed to cover all such changes and modifications as
fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *