U.S. patent number 3,671,806 [Application Number 05/091,342] was granted by the patent office on 1972-06-20 for method of and apparatus for applying an electrical charge to a moving sheet of flexible material.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY. Invention is credited to Robert G. Cunningham, Thomas C. Whitmore.
United States Patent |
3,671,806 |
|
June 20, 1972 |
METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR APPLYING AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE TO A
MOVING SHEET OF FLEXIBLE MATERIAL
Abstract
A sheet of flexible material such as photographic film or paper
is passed between a pair of rollers of electrically conducting
material. One roller is connected to ground, and there is applied
to the other roller a direct current voltage of magnitude and sign
such as to develop a desired electrical charge condition on the
sheet. Advantageously, the other roller has a soft yielding coat
thereon of an electrically partially conducting material such as
surfactant-treated plush cloth which improves contact with the
sheet and prevents sparking if the two rollers should come into
contact with one another. The sheet can be in the form of a
continuous web or an individual sheet of small dimensions which has
been chopped from a web. The electrical charge on a sheet can be
monitored by an electrostatic field meter or volt meter, and the
sign and magnitude of the applied voltage can be regulated to
maintain the desired charge condition. When the sheet of flexible
material has a coating of electrically conductive material such as
carbon, aluminum, silver or gold on one side it is not necessary to
employ the grounded roller adjacent to the charged roller. Instead,
the charged roller engages a first side of the sheet opposite the
second side carrying the electrically conductive coating, and the
second side subsequently passes over a grounded roller such as an
idler roller.
Inventors: |
Thomas C. Whitmore (Rochester,
NY), Robert G. Cunningham (Pittsford, NY) |
Assignee: |
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester,
NY (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
22227283 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/091,342 |
Filed: |
November 20, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
361/212;
361/221 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05F
3/00 (20130101); G03G 15/0216 (20130101); G03C
1/74 (20130101); B65H 29/125 (20130101); B65H
2515/716 (20130101); B65H 2301/5133 (20130101); B65H
2551/20 (20130101); B65H 2515/716 (20130101); B65H
2220/03 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/02 (20060101); G03C 1/74 (20060101); H05F
3/00 (20060101); H05f 003/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;317/3,4,262A
;250/49.5GC,49.5ZC,49.5TE |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: L. T. Hix
Assistant Examiner: Harry E. Moose, Jr.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Walter O. Hodsdon Henry M.
Chapin
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of our application Ser.
No. 3,434 filed Jan. 16, 1970 and now abandoned.
Claims
1. A method for neutralizing the static electrical charge on a
photographic material to prevent sparking comprising the steps of:
transporting said photographic material through the nip of first
and second interengaged rollers in which one of said rollers has an
electrically conducting surface, the other roller has a soft
yielding semi-conducting surface, and one of said first and second
rollers is connected to ground; measuring the static electrical
charge on the photographic material when it exits from said nip,
and in response to said measuring step; applying a direct current
voltage of a desired magnitude and sign to the other of said first
and second rollers to neutralize the static electrical
2. In an apparatus for neutralizing the static electrical charge on
a photographic material to prevent sparking, the combination
comprising: a first roller having an electrically conducting
surface; a second roller having a soft yielding surface of
semiconducting material in engagement with said first roller; means
for applying to one of said rollers a direct current voltage of an
adjustable magnitude and sign; means for electrically connecting
the other of said rollers to ground; means for transporting a
photographic material through the nip formed by said first and
second rollers; means adjacent said photographic material when it
exits from said nip for measuring the electrical charge on said
material; and means responsive to said measuring means for
adjusting the magnitude and sign of said direct current voltage
applied to said one roller whereby the
3. The invention according to claim 2 wherein said soft yielding
surface of semi-conducting material comprises a cotton velour plush
cloth which has
4. The invention according to claim 2 wherein said direct current
voltage is adjusted substantially between -400 and +600 volts.
Description
The present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for
applying an electrical charge to a moving sheet of flexible
material such as a continuous web or a small sheet of photographic
film or photographic paper.
In the manufacture of such sheets, they are passed between and over
rollers, or through other devices, which generate electrostatic
charge on the moving sheets. When such a charged sheet is brought
near a grounded object, sparking may occur which will be harmful to
the sheet. For example, if the sheet has already been coated with
sensitized emulsions, the spark may cause localized exposure of the
emulsion. Also, sparks occuring in a dark room will expose much
more material than the immediate piece being operated on.
Furthermore, when such sparks occur on subbed photographic sheets
which have not yet been coated with emulsion, they may burn the
subbing layers so that the emulsion will not go on properly at a
subsequent point in processing. Also, static electricity may be
present in the form of islands of charge which will cause skips
when the sheet is subsequently coated with emulsion. Static charges
also may cause the attraction and accumulation of dust on the
sheets, which will be detrimental to quality.
2. The Prior Art
Reference is made to U. S. Pat. No. 3,335,026 which was granted
Aug. 8, 1967 to W. F. DeGeest et al. This patent describes the
coating of an emulsion on a photographic sheet by passing the sheet
continuously around a metallic coating roller adjacent to a pool of
liquid emulsion, and charging the coating roller with a high
voltage to cause the emulsion to be drawn up to the sheet where it
forms a liquid layer. There is also provided a grounded metallic
smoothing roller on the opposite side of the sheet, which is spaced
a fixed distance from the periphery of the coating roller so as to
smooth the liquid emulsion layer to the correct thickness and
smoothness. The metallic coating roller is provided with an
electrically insulating layer when a conductive sheet is being
coated with emulsion. Such an insulating layer will hold a static
charge and cause sparking when the two rollers come into contact
with one another. This patent, however, does not propose a method
and apparatus which will solve the problems set forth.
In British Pat. No. 976,027 there is described apparatus for
applying a charge to a web by passing the web over a grounded
roller while applying a voltage to the opposite side of the web
through conductive bristles of nylon, brass, or the like which are
in brushing engagement with the web. While this apparatus is
operable, it has the disadvantage of possibly scratching the web,
and of depositing particles from the bristles onto the web.
Additionally, the bristles may attract and hold particles of dirt
which may be deposited on the web. Another disadvantage is that if
the web breaks or runs out, direct contact can occur between the
bristles and the grounded roller, with the formation of sparks
which are particularly detrimental when photographic film or paper
is being processed in a darkroom.
Such problems are solved by our novel method comprising applying an
electrical charge to a moving sheet of flexible electrically
insulating material by transporting the sheet in an essentially dry
condition over an electrically charged roller while connecting the
opposite side of the sheet to ground. In one modification the sheet
is passed between and in contact with a pair of first and second
rollers acting as pinch rollers. The first roller has a conducting
surface, such as a steel or other metal surface, in contact with
one side of the sheet, and is electrically connected to ground. The
second roller has an electrically conducting surface which engages
the opposite side of the sheet. A direct current voltage is applied
to the second roller, and thence through its conducting surface to
the sheet, with the voltage being of such magnitude and sign as to
develop a desired electrical charge condition on the sheet, for
example neutral, or positively or negatively charged.
In another modification, which is applicable to sheets having an
electrically conductive coating on one surface eg. carbon or metal,
the non conductive surface is in contact with the charged roller
and the conductive surface passes over a grounded roller at a
position remote from the charged rollers.
We have found it particularly desirable for an operator to
determine the magnitude and sign of the static electrical charge on
a sheet, and then to apply a voltage of sign and sufficient
magnitude so as to neutralize the static charge, thus avoiding
sparking when the sheet is subsequently brought near a grounded
object. In another mode of operation, a sheet can be precharged to
a selected voltage by our method at one station in a production
line, and subsequently, after intermediate processing steps, can
again be treated by our method to neutralize the charge on the
sheet which may or may not have picked up additional charge.
The principles described above can be applied to a long continuous
web, or to successive individual sheets of relatively small
dimensions which have been chopped out of a long continuous web for
packing together into a container.
As will appear hereinafter, important benefits are obtained when
the conducting surface of the second roller is a
partially-conducting non-insulating material of a soft and yielding
nature which yieldingly engages the sheet. By an electrically
partially-conducting surface we mean a surface having a surface
resistivity between 1 .times. 10.sup.7 and 1 .times. 10.sup.12 ohm
per square.
The apparatus for performing the method described above will be
described more in detail hereinafter.
THE DRAWINGS
In the Drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic side elevational view showing one form of
apparatus for developing a desired electrical charge condition on a
long continuous web of flexible material, such as photographic film
or paper;
FIG. 2 is a schematic side elevational view showing apparatus for
chopping a continuous web of photographic material into individual
sheets, which are then electrically neutralized and packed in
juxtaposition to one another in a container; and
FIG. 3 is a schematic side elevational view of apparatus for
charging a web having an electrically conductive coating on one
side.
THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a long continuous web 11 of
dry photographic film or paper is transported continuously between
and in contact with a first metallic roller 13, which is connected
to ground, and a second steel or other metallic roller 15 having a
soft yielding coat 17 thereon of an electrically
partially-conducting material which yieldingly engages the opposite
side of web 11. Such a coat 17 provides better contact then would a
metallic surface which would tend to have slight irregularities and
would have other disadvantages as discussed below. The metallic
surfaces are spaced from one another by the web thickness, but the
soft yielding coat 17 will be in contact with roller 13 in the
absence of the web.
The roller 15 operates in electrically insulating bearings (not
shown) which insulate the roller from ground. A suitable variable
power supply or source 19 of a direct current voltage is connected
to the roller 15 and is provided with voltage sign and magnitude
adjusters 21 and 23 for applying the correct voltage to the roller.
Any source can be employed, such as batteries, or a D.C. generator,
or a rectifier connected to an A.C. power line. Current flow is
small, usually less than 1 milliampere.
While the correct voltage to apply can be empirically determined,
we prefer to position an electrostatic field meter 25 adjacent to
the web 11 after it has passed between the rollers, so as to
continuously measure or monitor the electrostatic field resulting
from any electrical charge on the web, and to display it on a meter
27. The operator observes the voltage and its sign on the meter 27,
and adjusts the voltage supply 19 as needed so as to assure the
correct charge and sign. An electrostatic field meter suitable for
this purpose is described in the July 1950 issue of the "Journal of
the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers" in an
article by H. W. Cleveland on pages 37-44 entitled, "A Method of
Measuring Electrification of Motion Picture Film Applied to
Cleaning Operations."
The charge which has built up on a sheet 11 of photographic
material may be quite large, resulting in electrostatic potentials
of anywhere from 100 to 50,000 volts. The charge may have a
positive or negative sign, depending upon the nature of the web
material, and of the rollers or other apparatus through or over
which it has been passing. Thus, to neutralize, it is necessary to
apply a voltage to the roller of opposite sign by adjusting the
variable power supply 19. The applied voltage is considerably less
than the potential on the sheet because of the roller configuration
employed.
The soft yielding partially-conducting coat 17 on the metallic
roller 15 can be in the form of a sleeve, or a sheet, which can be
shrunk on or held on by an adhesive layer. Preferably coat 17 is a
cotton velour plush cloth which has been treated with a surfactant
material to make it partially conductive of electricity, and is
secured on the roll by an adhesive layer. A suitable surfactant is
a sodium salt of an alkylaryl polyether sulfonate sold by Atlas
Chemical Company as Triton X 200 E. Plush cloth is particularly
good because the fibers provide uniform overall contact with the
web surface without leaving small areas untouched, and because
there is frictional electrification and a larger transfer of
electrical charge than with some other coats. Other suitable
partially-conductive materials are rubber containing carbon black,
carbon-impregnated cloth, and polyurethane material which has been
impregnated with a conductive surfactant.
The rollers are so positioned that the soft yielding coat 17 will
be in contact with the surface of roller 13 in the absence of sheet
11. Such contact may occur if the web 11 should break, or run out.
Undesirable sparking is prevented by the partially-conducting coat
17, whereas two metallic surfaces on the rollers could cause
sparking.
The types of web materials that can be treated by the invention are
many and varied such as cellulose triacetate film base or
polyethylene terephthalate film base, which may or may not have
been coated with sensitized emulsions, subbing layers, or
antihalation backing layers. Other webs can be formed of
photographic paper which may or may not have coatings of
photosensitive emulsions, polyethylene or the like. Our novel
method operates effectively when the web material is electrically
non-conductive, is in a dry condition, and is of constant thickness
before and after passing between the rollers (without a liquid or
semi-liquid layer thereon).
The rollers 13 and 15 can be idler rollers, with the web 11 being
transported by motor driven rollers located elsewhere; or if
desired, either or both of the rollers 13 and 15 can be motor
driven.
Our invention is operable whether the web is bent around roller 13
or 15, or passes straight through. The arrangement of FIG. 1,
wherein the web is bent around roller 13 is particularly
advantageous because essentially line contact of the coat 17 with
the web occurs, resulting in superior efficiency of charge transfer
and the ability to neutralize a large static potential by applying
a smaller voltage to roller 13.
Now referring to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the rollers 13'
and 15', the variable power supply 19', the field meter 25', and
the voltage indicator 27' are all the same as described in
connection with FIG. 1.
In this embodiment a web 11' of photographic paper or film is fed
through a pair of driven rollers 31, 33 into a chopper 35 for
chopping the web into individual sheets 37 of relatively small
dimensions which are successively fed out of the chopper and
between the rollers 13' and 15' where their static charges are
neutralized. They then drop into a container 39 where they are
piled up in close juxtaposition one on top of the other until the
container is filled. Without the charge neutralizing apparatus,
static electricity charges are apt to generate sparks when some of
the individual sheets are piled on top of previous sheets, and
these sparks have tended to impair quality and to cause exposure of
other photographic products in the same room. The surfaces of
rollers 13' and 15' will contact one another momentarily between
successive sheets, but sparking on contact is prevented by the coat
17' of partially-conducting material.
We have found that a voltage of about -10 volts applied to roller
15' successfully neutralized the charge on sheets 37 which had been
shown to exhibit +1,000 volts by meter 25' before
neutralization.
The chopper 35 can be of any desired type for repeatedly cutting
across the web on appropriate lines to produce finished sheets of
the desired small size. One suitable chopper is described in U. S.
Pat. No. 3,000,250 which was granted Sept. 19, 1961 to H. C.
Altmann et al. Chopper 35 can be either hand operated or motor
driven.
FIG. 3 shows apparatus for treating a web 11" whose lower surface
carries a coating of an electrically conductive material such as
carbon, or a metal such as aluminum, silver or gold. For example,
photographic film often carries an electrically conductive
carbon-containing antihalation layer coated on one surface.
When treating such a material it is not necessary to pass the web
through a pair of pinch rolls as in FIGS. 1 and 2, thus avoiding
problems caused by pressure such as possible marking of the web,
and undesirable drag; and also permitting the apparatus to operate
in more confined spaces than are required for FIGS. 1 and 2.
In this modification, the web 11" is bent around a covered roller
15", of the type previously described, with the web's electrically
conductive coating on its first or bottom side out of contact with
the roller, and the appropriate charge is applied to the
non-conductive second or top side. Subsequently the web 11" passes
over an electrically grounded metal roller 43 with the web's
conductive bottom surface in contact therewith.
The charge applied by roller 15" on the second side induces a
charge of equal magnitude and opposite polarity in the conductive
coating on the first side. Hence the charge exists as a double, or
dipole layer and cannot be measured by field meters. For this
reason a voltmeter 41 is mounted about 1 mm from the web adjacent
grounded idler roller 43 as a basis for determining the magnitude
of the charge to be applied by roller 15" to develop a desired
charge condition on the web.
Successful tests have been conducted with the FIG. 3 modification
using rollers 15" covered with ordinary cotton cloth and with plush
cloth, both cloths having been treated with well known surfactants
to make them semi conductive. Among the surfactants are Tamol brand
sodium salt of sulfonated napthalene (Rohm & Haas) and Catanac
brand long chain quaternary ammonium salt (American Cyanamid Co.).
Another suitable roller material is formed of synthane phenol
formaldehyde resin filled with cloth and milled with Tamol
surfactant.
A web 11" that exhibited a charge of plus 75 volts at voltmeter 41
was brought back to zero by applying a negative charge of -400
volts to a roller 15" covered with Tamol treated cotton cloth;
brought to plus 200 volts by applying a positive charge of 600
volts.
A semi conductive plush covered roller 15" was somewhat more
effective, and a semi conductive synthane roller somewhat less
effective.
There are several modifications of the invention described above
which will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art. Among
the modifications are the following cases:
A. Arrangement of rollers illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, with the
voltage being applied to the soft covered roller 15 or 15', and the
metal roller 13 or 13' connected to ground. To neutralize or reduce
the charge on a sheet, a voltage of the opposite polarity to that
on the incoming sheet is applied.
B. Arrangement of rollers illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 with the
voltage being applied to the metal roller 13 or 13', and the soft
covered roller 15 or 15' being connected to ground. To neutralize
or reduce the charge on a sheet, a voltage of the same polarity as
that on the incoming sheet is applied.
C. Case A wherein the positions of rollers 13 and 15 (or 13' and
15') are interchanged, but with electrical connections and
operation being the same as Case A.
D. Case B wherein the positions of rollers 13 and 15 (or 13' and
15') are interchanged, but with electrical connections and
operation being the same as Case B.
E. Arrangement of rollers and mode of operation as shown and
described with reference to FIG. 3.
To summarize some of the improvements provided by the present
invention:
Spark discharges are prevented when a sheet of photographic
material is grounded, thus avoiding spark damage to the sheet
itself, and avoiding the exposure of other photographic materials
in the same dark room.
The formation of detrimental islands of high charge density on a
sheet of photographic film or paper base is prevented, thus
improving subsequent coating operations.
Accumulation of dust particles on a sheet of photographic material
can be prevented by reducing the static potential which tends to
attract and hold dust particles.
Spark discharges are avoided when two rollers are brought into
contact, as when a web breaks or runs out, or between spaced sheets
which are passing between the rollers.
The invention has been described in detail with particular
reference to preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be
understood that variations and modifications can be effected within
the spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *