U.S. patent number 10,553,923 [Application Number 15/533,433] was granted by the patent office on 2020-02-04 for parallel plate waveguide within a metal pipe.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.. The grantee listed for this patent is Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.. Invention is credited to David Andrew Barfoot, John Laureto Maida, Jr., Wolfgang Hartmut Nitsche, Etienne Marcel Samson.
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United States Patent |
10,553,923 |
Samson , et al. |
February 4, 2020 |
Parallel plate waveguide within a metal pipe
Abstract
A pipe has a longitudinal axis. A flex board extends along the
longitudinal axis within the pipe and curls around the longitudinal
axis. A cross-section of the flex board perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis has a flex-board curve shape that has a first
section on a first side of a line perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis and a second section on a second side of the line
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The first section has a
first section shape and the second section has a second section
shape. A first conductive stripe is coupled to the flex board,
extends along the longitudinal axis, and follows the contour of the
first section of the flex board. A second conductive stripe is
coupled to the flex board, extends along the longitudinal axis, and
follows the contour of the second section of the flex board.
Inventors: |
Samson; Etienne Marcel
(Cypress, TX), Maida, Jr.; John Laureto (Houston, TX),
Barfoot; David Andrew (Houston, TX), Nitsche; Wolfgang
Hartmut (Humble, TX) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. |
Houston |
TX |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Halliburton Energy Services,
Inc. (Houston, TX)
|
Family
ID: |
61832079 |
Appl.
No.: |
15/533,433 |
Filed: |
October 4, 2016 |
PCT
Filed: |
October 04, 2016 |
PCT No.: |
PCT/US2016/055251 |
371(c)(1),(2),(4) Date: |
June 06, 2017 |
PCT
Pub. No.: |
WO2018/067116 |
PCT
Pub. Date: |
April 12, 2018 |
Prior Publication Data
|
|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20190051962 A1 |
Feb 14, 2019 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
47/13 (20200501); H04B 10/90 (20130101); H01P
3/10 (20130101); H01P 3/20 (20130101); H01P
11/001 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01P
3/20 (20060101); E21B 47/12 (20120101); H04B
10/90 (20130101); H01P 3/10 (20060101); H01P
11/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;333/21R,137,243,244,256,257,260,261 ;340/854.9 ;166/248,60 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
DR Grischkowsky, THz Photonics: The Synergy of Ultrafast Optics,
Electronics, Micro-Microwaves, and Quasi-Optics, Oklahoma State
University., Pub: Terahertz Science and Technology, ISSN 1941-7411,
vol. 5, No. 1, Mar. 2012. cited by applicant .
Hou-Tong Chen, Igal Brener, Michael Cich, A Spatial Light Modulator
for terahertz beams; Applied Physics Letters 94, 213511 (2009).
cited by applicant .
J.W. Carlin, A. Maione, Experimental Verification of Low-loss TM
modes in dielectric-lined waveguide, The Bell system Technical
Journal vol. 52, No. 4, Apr. 1973. cited by applicant .
M.J. Fitch & R. Osiander, Terahertz Waves for Communications
and Sensing; Pub: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, vol. 25, No.
4 (2004). cited by applicant .
Menlo Systems GmbH, Munich Germany, Tera K15 Terahertz Kit, Menio
System K15 Spectrometer Manual, 2012. cited by applicant .
Moumita Mukherjee, Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Based Highpower ATT
Diodes in the MM-wave and THz Regime: Device Reliability,
Experimental Feasibility and Photo-sensitivity, Advanced Microwave
and Millimeter Wave Technologies Semiconductor Devices Circuits and
Systems, ISBN: 978-953-307-031-5, InTech (2010). cited by applicant
.
Sanaz Zarei, Broadband terahertz modulation based on reconfigurable
metallic slits, Photonics Society Winter Topicals Meeting Series
2010 IEEE Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. cited by applicant .
Thomas A. Abele, D.A. Alsberg, P.T. Hutchison, A High Capacity
Digital Communication System using TE transmission in circular
waveguide, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,
vol. 32, No. 4, Apr. 1975. cited by applicant .
International Searching Authority, Patent Cooperation Treaty,
International Search Report, International Application No.
PCT/US16/55251, which is a PCT parent to the instant application,
dated Mar. 27, 2017. cited by applicant .
International Searching Authority, Patent Cooperation Treaty,
Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority,
International Application No. PCT/US16/55251, which is a PCT parent
to the instant application, dated Mar. 27, 2017. cited by
applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Pascal; Robert J
Assistant Examiner: Salazar, Jr.; Jorge L
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Howard L. Speight, PLLC
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus comprising: a pipe having a longitudinal axis; a
flex board extending along the longitudinal axis within the pipe
and curled around the longitudinal axis, wherein a cross-section of
the flex board perpendicular to the longitudinal axis has a
flex-board curve shape that has a first section on a first side of
a line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and a second section
on a second side of the line perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis, the first section having a first section shape and the second
section having a second section shape; a first conductive stripe
coupled to the flex board, the first conductive stripe extending
along the longitudinal axis and following the contour of the first
section of the flex board; and a second conductive stripe coupled
to the flex board, the second conductive stripe extending along the
longitudinal axis and following the contour of the second section
of the flex board; a first spacer between the pipe and a first
section portion of the flex board having the first section shape;
and a second spacer between the pipe and a second section portion
of the flex board having the second section shape; wherein the
first spacer and the second space cause the flex-board curve shape
to be in the shape of a flattened C.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first section shape is a
reflection around the line of the second section shape.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the flex board is constructed
from a material chosen so that the flex board does not act as
additional waveguide walls.
4. An apparatus comprising: a pipe having a longitudinal axis; a
flex board extending along the longitudinal axis within the pipe
and curled around the longitudinal axis, wherein a cross-section of
the flex board perpendicular to the longitudinal axis has a
flex-board curve shape that has a first section on a first side of
a line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and a second section
on a second side of the line perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis, the first section having a first section shape and the second
section having a second section shape; a first conductive stripe
coupled to the flex board, the first conductive stripe extending
along the longitudinal axis and following the contour of the first
section of the flex board; and a second conductive stripe coupled
to the flex board, the second conductive stripe extending along the
longitudinal axis and following the contour of the second section
of the flex board; and wherein the flex board has an increased
thickness along longitudinal centers of the two conductive
stripes.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the flex-board curve shape is
the shape of a C.
6. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the flex-board curve shape is
the shape of a flattened C.
7. An apparatus comprising: a pipe having a longitudinal axis; a
flex board extending along the longitudinal axis within the pipe
and curled around the longitudinal axis, wherein a cross-section of
the flex board perpendicular to the longitudinal axis has a
flex-board curve shape that has a first section on a first side of
a line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and a second section
on a second side of the line perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis, the first section having a first section shape and the second
section having a second section shape; a first conductive stripe
coupled to the flex board, the first conductive stripe extending
along the longitudinal axis and following the contour of the first
section of the flex board; and a second conductive stripe coupled
to the flex board, the second conductive stripe extending along the
longitudinal axis and following the contour of the second section
of the flex board; and wherein the two conductive stripes have
increased thicknesses along longitudinal centers of the two
conductive stripes.
8. A method comprising: manufacturing a flex board having a
longitudinal axis and having two conductive stripes extending along
the flex board parallel to the longitudinal axis; rolling the flex
board around the longitudinal axis so that the two conductive
stripes face each other across the longitudinal axis; inserting the
rolled flex board into a pipe; pressing the pipe, the rolled flex
board, and the two conductive stripes into an elliptical shape.
9. The method of claim 8 further comprising: inserting a first
spacer into the pipe with the rolled flex board on a first side of
the rolled flex board; and inserting a second spacer into the pipe
with the rolled flex board on a second side, opposite the first
side, of the rolled flex board.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein: manufacturing the flex board
comprises creating the two conductive stripes using electroless
plating and photoresist etching.
11. The method of claim 8 wherein: manufacturing the flex board
comprises creating the two conductive stripes using photoresist
etching.
12. The method of claim 8 wherein: manufacturing the flex board
comprises cementing the two conductive stripes to the flex
board.
13. A method comprising: manufacturing a flex board having a
longitudinal axis and having two conductive stripes extending along
the flex board parallel to the longitudinal axis; coupling the flex
board to a flat sheet of metal; rolling the metal and the flex
board to form a pipe; closing the pipe on its side by welding;
inserting a first spacer between the flex board and the flat sheet
of steel before rolling the steel and flex board; and inserting a
second spacer between the flex board and the flat sheet of steel
before rolling the steel and flex board.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein: manufacturing the flex board
comprises creating the two conductive stripes using electroless
plating and photoresist etching.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein: manufacturing the flex board
comprises creating the two conductive stripes using photoresist
etching.
16. The method of claim 13 wherein: manufacturing the flex board
comprises cementing the two conductive stripes to the flex
board.
17. The method of claim 13 wherein: the first spacer is inserted in
line with one of the two conductive stripes; and the second spacer
is inserted in line with the other of the two conductive stripes.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of International
Application No. PCT/US2014/056360, entitled "Quasioptical
Waveguides and Systems," filed on Sep. 18, 2014, which claims the
benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/880,426, filed Sep.
20, 2013.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates generally to apparatus, systems, and
methods related to oil and gas exploration.
BACKGROUND
In drilling wells for oil and gas exploration, understanding the
structure and properties of the associated geological formation
provides information to aid such exploration. Measurements in a
wellbore, also referred to as a borehole, are typically performed
to attain this understanding. However, the environment in which the
drilling tools operate is at significant distances below the
surface and measurements to manage operation of such equipment are
made at these locations. In addition, it is important to monitor
the physical conditions inside the borehole of the oil well, in
order to ensure proper operation of the well. In turn, the data
collected via monitoring and measurement is transmitted to the
surface for analysis and control purposes.
Electrical cables have been investigated for high speed
communications to and from downhole tools. However, use of
electrical cables for such communication has drawbacks due to
limitations with information bandwidth of electrical cables.
Optical fibers have been investigated for high speed communications
to and from downhole tools to overcome the information bandwidth
limitations of electrical cables. For real-time communications of
downhole measurements while drilling, there has been no realistic
electrical cable solution, to date, due primarily to the large
inductance and capacitance of such cables. Also, there has been no
realistic optical fiber cable solution, to date, due primarily to
the fact that near perfect optical alignment must be employed for
low signal loss. There is ongoing effort to develop systems and
methods that can allow for more flexibility without significant
loss of precision in relatively high speed communication from and
to tools located downhole at a drilling site.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows an example waveguide that can be used in downhole
communications, in accordance with various embodiments.
FIG. 2 shows an example of another form of a waveguide that can be
implemented for operation downhole in a wellbore, in accordance
with various embodiments.
FIG. 3 shows a test apparatus that demonstrates waveguide
transmission using terahertz wave radiation, in accordance with
various embodiments.
FIGS. 4A and 4B show a typical terahertz pulse and Fourier
transform of a quasioptical bandwidth, in accordance with various
embodiments.
FIG. 5 shows a block diagram representation of an example system
operable to transmit and receive quasioptical signals in a
wellbore, in accordance with various embodiments.
FIG. 6 shows a block diagram representation of an example system
operable to transmit and receive quasioptical signals in a
wellbore, in accordance with various embodiments.
FIG. 7A shows an example of a drill pipe having a waveguide
disposed within it, in accordance with various embodiments.
FIG. 7B shows an example of a number of drill pipes connected
together, where each drill pipe has a waveguide disposed within it,
as represented in FIG. 7A, in accordance with various
embodiments.
FIG. 8 shows an example of a drill pipe having a waveguide disposed
outside the drill pipe, in accordance with various embodiments.
FIG. 9 shows features of an example method of communicating using
quasioptical waves, in accordance with various embodiments.
FIG. 10 shows a flex board with two copper stripes on its
surface.
FIG. 11 shows the flex board of FIG. 10 rolled so that it forms a
pipe shape with the two copper stripes on the inside.
FIG. 12 shows the rolled flex board of FIG. 11 being inserted into
a metal pipe.
FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view of the flex board and metal
pipe of FIG. 12.
FIG. 14 shows a traditional parallel plate waveguide.
FIG. 15 shows the magnitude of the E.sub.X electric field component
and the magnitude of the H.sub.Y magnetic field component of the
TE.sub.1 mode inside the parallel plate waveguide of FIG. 14.
FIG. 16 shows the magnitude of the H.sub.Z magnetic field component
of the TE.sub.1 mode inside the parallel plate waveguide of FIG.
14.
FIG. 17 shows a waveguide with spacers to deform the flex board and
conductive stripes of FIGS. 12-13 into shapes closer to the
parallel plate waveguide of FIG. 14.
FIG. 18 shows a waveguide with a modified flex board to deform the
conductive stripes of FIGS. 12-13 into shapes closer to the
parallel plate waveguide of FIG. 14.
FIG. 19 shows a waveguide with a modified versions of the
conductive stripes of FIGS. 12-13 that more closely approximate the
parallel plate waveguide of FIG. 14.
FIG. 20 shows a waveguide in which the pipe has been pressed into
an elliptical shape to deform the flex board and conductive stripes
of FIGS. 12-13 into shapes closer to the parallel plate waveguide
of FIG. 14.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following detailed description refers to the accompanying
drawings that show, by way of illustration and not limitation,
various embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These
embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those
skilled in the art to practice these and other embodiments. Other
embodiments may be utilized, and structural, logical, and
electrical changes may be made to these embodiments. The various
embodiments are not necessarily mutually exclusive, as some
embodiments can be combined with one or more other embodiments to
form new embodiments. The following detailed description is,
therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense.
In various embodiments, quasioptical electromagnetic (EM) wave
energies can be used in methods for high speed command and data
communication along pipelines. Such methods can be used for
communications to and/or from downhole tools in a wellbore
including downhole telemetry, while drilling, logging, or drilling
and logging, and for terrestrial and aerial applications along
pipelines and power lines. Logging includes wireline, slickline,
and coiled tubing logging, among other types. These methods can
provide capabilities not currently available in existing "cabled"
forms of electromagnetic communications, such as electrical coaxial
cables, twisted-pair cables, and optical fiber cables. Quasioptical
EM wave energies are herein defined as EM wave energies of
frequencies from 30 Gigahertz (GHz) to 10 Terahertz (THz). This
frequency range includes EM frequency bands typically called
millimeter waves (30 GHz to 300 GHz) and terahertz waves (100 GHz
to 10 THz).
Very long millimeter and sub-millimeter EM radiation can be
literally "piped" through long lengths of pipe forming a waveguide.
In a wellbore for instance, the waveguide can be constructed in
sections of jointed drill pipe lengths. Measurable zero-loss
interconnect, or substantially zero-loss, connected (segmented)
waveguide conduits may be used at standard drill pipe lengths, such
as 30 or 40 ft. In addition, use of quasioptical waves can provide
for a focused or highly directional signal in and out of structures
arranged to propagate the quasioptical waves.
Quasioptical EM energy can be carried by waveguides without use of
conventional electrical coaxial, twisted-pair conductors, or
smaller optical fibers. Such waveguides can be structured as
relatively large conduits, which can be hollow or filled. The
waveguides can be dielectrically lined or plugged. Each jointed
quasioptical waveguide can have electrically conductive and/or
non-electrically conductive connectors at every pipe joint. Such
segmented waveguides and connections can be arranged to operate as
waveguides via low-loss total-internal reflection, similar to
optical fibers, rather than a traditional electrical transmission
line circuit. Also, with quasioptical wavelengths being
approximately a thousand times larger than conventional
near-infrared optical telecommunications wavelengths, precision
physical connector alignment is not as difficult an issue as with
the conventional near-infrared wavelengths.
The quasioptical waveguide can be realized in a number of different
ways as a tube with an arbitrary cross section that is
substantially uniform along a length of the tube. The quasioptical
waveguide can be realized as a highly conductive metal to support
quasioptical radiation propagation in various transverse electric
(TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) waveguide modes of propagation.
The quasioptical waveguide can be structured to provide single mode
or multimode propagation. The conductive metal tube can be provided
as copper pipes/tubes, steel tubes, inner lined steel, or other
conductive metal tubes. As noted, tubes are not limited to circular
cross sections, but may include square, rectangular, elliptical, or
other cross sections. The conductive metal tube can be structured
as a hollow tube or a dielectrically lined or filled tube, where
the dielectric can be provided by vacuum, gas, liquid, or solid.
For example, nitrogen gas can be used to fill a conductive metal
tube. Other gases can be used that do not absorb the quasioptical
radiation. The solid fill material may be a polymer or other
structure that does not have a vibrational absorption band at the
quasioptical frequencies used.
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of an example waveguide 100 that can be
used in downhole communications. The waveguide 100 can include a
metal tube 105 with a conductive metal layer 107 on the inside
surface of metal tube 105 and a dielectric layer 109 covering the
conductive metal layer 107. Metal tube 105 can have an inner
diameter that is large relative to an optical fiber but small
relative to pipes used in drilling operations. The conductive metal
layer 107 can be used to provide a highly conductive layer that can
be relatively thin, such as, but not limited to, ranging from 1
micrometer (.mu.m) to 20 .mu.m, or about 2 .mu.m to 10 .mu.m, or
about 3 to 8 .mu.m. In one embodiment, the conductive layer may be
5 .mu.m thick layer of copper or other highly conductive material.
The dielectric layer 109 can provide a protective covering to the
conductive metal layer 107. The dielectric layer 109 can be a small
layer of a polymer, such as, but not limited to, polyethylene. The
dielectric layer 109 may range in thickness from 50 .mu.m to 500
.mu.m, or about 100 .mu.m to 250 .mu.m, or about 150 to 200 .mu.m.
In one embodiment, the dielectric layer 109 may be 180 .mu.m
thick.
The inside diameter (ID) of the waveguide 100 can be round or
rectangular (or square) or polygonal in geometric shape with
effective TE and TM modal volume cross-sectional areas being
similar. In FIG. 1, the inside diameter is shown as round, though
as noted, other geometrical shapes can be used. The typical
dimensions can be provided for a waveguide having a vacuum inner
region or a gas-filled inner region. However, the conducting
waveguide 100 may be filled with a solid dielectric, which will
alter vacuum/gas dimensions accordingly.
For a circular waveguide, the cutoff wavelength for ideal single
mode-only propagation can be given by 1.77r, where r is the inner
radius in meters. For example, for circular gas-filled waveguides
operating over the quasioptical EM band from 30 GHz (10,000 .mu.m)
to 10 THz (30 .mu.m), the inner radius of a perfectly conducting
tube can range from about 10,000 .mu.m/1.77 to 30 .mu.m/1.77, which
is an inner radii from about 5.6 mm (11.3 mm diameter) down to
about 17 .mu.m (34 .mu.m diameter). From these approximations,
inside diameters can range from about 34 .mu.m to as large as about
11 or 12 mm.
Internal dimensions will differ if the internal dielectric is a
solid non-conductor, for example Teflon or other polymer, or if an
inner thin dielectric coating is employed as shown by dielectric
layer 109 in FIG. 1. Partial inner dielectric layers/coatings may
be a small fraction of the overall inner diameter, which may be in
the range of, but not limited to, 0.5% to 5% of the thickness of
the inner diameter of the waveguide 100.
The waveguide 100 can have an outside diameter set to the inside
diameter summed with twice the sum of wall thicknesses. An example
of a range of outside diameters can include, but is not limited to,
about 0.1 inches to about 0.6 inches.
The metal tube 105 may be structured from a material that can
maintain its shape in harsh environments such as in wellbores. For
example, the metal tube 105 can be, but is not limited to, a steel
tube. The metal tube 105 can be selected of material of sufficient
strength not be crushed during drilling operations. For mechanical
crush resistance during installation and for good lifetime, the
wall thickness of the outermost protective hydrostatic pressure
barrier, such as but not limited to a stainless steel or incoloy
sheath layer, may typically be about 0.049'' thick, but can be 0.5
to 2.times. this typical thickness for good safe crush
resistance.
Though examples are provided for relative sizes of waveguide 100,
it is clear that other dimensions and materials can be used. The
dimensions can be selected based on the desired electromagnetic
mode to be propagated in waveguide 100.
FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of an example of another form of a
waveguide 200 that can be implemented for operation downhole in a
wellbore. Waveguide 200 can include a number of tubes 205-1, 205-2,
205-3, 205-4 . . . 205-N connected together with each tube having a
parallel plate waveguide disposed within it. Plate 207-1-1 and
plate 207-2-1 are structured as parallel plates in tube 205-1.
Plate 207-1-2 and plate 207-2-2 are structured as parallel plates
in tube 205-2. Plate 207-1-3 and plate 207-2-3 are structured as
parallel plates in tube 205-3. Plate 207-1-4 and plate 207-2-4 are
structured as parallel plates in tube 205-4. Plate 207-1-N and
plate 207-2-N are structured as parallel plates in tube 205-N.
Connecting the set of tubes together in a serial construction can
be accomplished with adjacent plates 207-1-(i) and 207-1-(i+1)
coupled together and adjacent plates 207-2-(i) and 207-2-(i+1)
coupled together for i=1, 2 . . . N. The two plates may include
flex board plates with conductive traces thereon such that the
conductive traces are parallel to each other. The flex board plates
may be arranged as traces on curled or curved polyimide, where the
widths of the traces of the two plates together, across the cross
section of the respective tube, may be substantially equivalent to
the circumference of the inner diameter of the respective tube. The
tubes 205-1, 205-2, 205-3, 205-4 . . . 205-N may be structured as
steel tubes. As a non-limiting example, the tubes 205-1, 205-2,
205-3, 205-4 . . . 205-N may be structured similar to a
conventional 1/4'' steel control line used in drilling
operations.
FIG. 3 shows a test apparatus 300 that demonstrates waveguide
transmission using THz wave radiation. An experiment was conducted
with test apparatus 300 that demonstrated that THz wave radiation
can be coupled into ordinary jointed copper tubing and be made to
propagate along about 100 ft. with low power loss. A femtosecond
1560 nm laser driven THz Spectrometer (Menlo Systems/Batop Model
K15) was used as a source of THz wave radiation with a peak THz
wavelength of about 1 mm (300 GHz). The femtosecond laser 319 with
peak laser wavelength of 1560 nm provided a pulse-width of
approximately 100 fs with a 100 MHz repetition rate and 1450 nm to
1610 nm bandwidth. Various small copper pipes ranging in diameter
from about 1/4'' to 1/2'' were connected in a transmissive loop
configuration 315 between the THz emitter 320 and a detector 325. A
RF Exciter for THz stripline and dipole antennas 326 and an
oscilloscope 327 were used in the measurement of received power.
Relative received power levels were measured in an attempt to
measure transmission loss. The received power between the THz
emitter 320 butted to the detector 325 was measured as
non-saturated reference power. The received power with the long
copper piping of the transmissive loop configuration 315 inserted
in between the THz emitter 320 and the detector 325 was measured.
There was low THz power loss detected during the initial
investigation leading to the conclusion that low loss THz
transmission can be attained with conductive tubes. It is noted
that U.S. Pat. No. 8,259,022 along with proven electromagnetic
waveguide theory shows that a low loss THz transmission may be less
than about 1 dB/km using air-filled parallel-plate waveguides
between a transmitting end and a receiving end.
Research performed in the 1970s by Bell Laboratories provides a
demonstration of electromagnetic wave transmission in the frequency
band from 40 GHz to 110 GHz using TE.sub.01 waveguide mode. In this
demonstration, a bit stream of 274 Mbit/sec was transmitted along a
distance of 25 miles using a copper tube waveguide similar to the
test apparatus of FIG. 3. Attenuation in the waveguide was measured
to average approximately 0.6 dB/km with an 80 GHz wave frequency.
Theoretical modeling shows that the attenuation should continue to
decrease at higher frequencies for an ideal copper waveguide with a
dielectric coating. This research confirms theoretical calculations
presented in Microwave Engineering (by David M. Pozar) for circular
copper waveguides, which showed that the attenuation of the
TE.sub.01 decreases as wave frequency increases above 10 GHz.
Additionally, it is known that all TE.sub.0X modes show
monotonically decreasing attenuation with frequency for millimeter
waves. Therefore, primarily exciting these modes, when transmitting
into a circular waveguide, can provide for low attenuation in a
millimeter wave transmission system and can reduce power transfer
into other higher loss modes. In addition, although the TE modes
are thought to be the lowest loss modes for transmission of
millimeter waves in a circular waveguide, there is evidence
presented in "Experimental verification of low-loss TM modes in
dielectric-lined waveguide" (By J. W. CARLIN and A. MAIONE; The
Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 52, No. 4, April, 1973) that a
properly designed waveguide can transmit TM modes with attenuation
as low as 3.5 dB/km at 110 GHz, and perhaps lower attenuation at
higher frequencies.
In various embodiments, a system can be structured to transmit and
receive quasioptical signals. The system can include a transmitter
operable to generate electromagnetic radiation in the frequency
range from 30 GHz to 10 THz; a waveguide operatively coupled to the
transmitter to propagate the electromagnetic radiation generated
from the transmitter; a modulator disposed to receive the
electromagnetic radiation from the waveguide, to modulate the
electromagnetic radiation received from the waveguide, and to
direct the modulated electromagnetic radiation back through the
waveguide; and a detector operatively coupled to the waveguide to
receive the modulated electromagnetic radiation. The waveguide can
be structured as waveguide segments. The waveguide can have a cross
section structure to excite only TE.sub.01 propagation to the
modulator. Alternatively, the waveguide can have a cross section
structure to provide multi-mode propagation to the modulator. The
system can be structured for high speed command and data
communication in a wellbore or for terrestrial and aerial
applications along pipelines and power lines. Techniques for
generation and detection of quasioptical radiation for spectroscopy
and imaging applications can be used for transmitters and detectors
in systems taught herein. FIGS. 4A and 4B showed a typical THz
pulse and Fourier transform of a quasioptical bandwidth.
The modulator to receive the quasioptical wave from the waveguide
may be realized as a quasioptical wave modulator to modulate the
quasioptical wave by deformable mirrors, choppers, electro-optic,
or magneto-optic mechanisms. It is also anticipated that a CW
quasioptical carrier wave can be generated, launched into the
quasioptical waveguide, and transmitted to the modulator, where the
modulator impresses information directly onto the CW quasioptical
carrier wave. Quasioptical wave modulators suitable for high-speed
telemetry have been fabricated and demonstrated in a laboratory
setting. It is anticipated that quasioptical wave components, such
as modulators, power splitters, filters, switches, etc., can be
developed to impress and manipulate digital and/or analog
information onto/off the quasioptical carrier of systems similar to
or identical to systems discussed herein. Examples of efficient,
high-speed quasioptical wave modulators can be found in "Broadband
Terahertz Modulation based on Reconfigurable Metallic Slits" in
photonics society winter topical meeting series 2010 IEEE, and "A
spatial light modulator for terahertz beams" in Applied Physics
Letters 94, 213511 (2009). The electromagnetic radiation from the
transmitter may also be modulated by the same modulation method as
employed at the end of the waveguide. For example, a transmitter
and quasioptical wave modulator combination may be realized by
modulating an excitation source or by external deformable mirrors,
choppers, electro-optic, or magneto-optic mechanism modulating
output from the transmitter prior to injection into the
waveguide.
For frequencies below 1 THz, systems and methods, as taught herein,
may be provided as low cost embodiments that may be implemented
through the use of extremely high frequency semiconductor sources,
modulators, and receivers conventionally designed for use with
millimeter wave systems such as radar, wireless communication, etc.
Sources are available for operating in frequency ranges up to 300
GHz, including silicon impact ionization avalanche transit-time
(IMPATT) diodes and gun diodes as described in Microwave
Engineering, pages 609-612, by David M. Pozar and in Advanced
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies Semiconductor Devices
Circuits and Systems," (March 2010) edited by Moumita Mukherjee.
Systems disclosed herein can include combinations and/or
permutations of different components disclosed herein.
FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of an example system 500 operable to
transmit and receive quasioptical signals in a wellbore 511. The
system 500 can include a transmitter 520 operable to generate
electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 10
THz; a waveguide 505 operatively coupled to the transmitter 520 to
propagate the electromagnetic radiation generated from the
transmitter 520; a modulator 510 disposed to receive the
electromagnetic radiation from the waveguide 505, to modulate the
electromagnetic radiation received from the waveguide 505, and to
direct the modulated electromagnetic radiation back through the
waveguide 505; and a detector 525 operatively coupled to the
waveguide 505 to receive the modulated electromagnetic radiation.
The waveguide 505 can be structured as waveguide segments. This
system architecture provides for a single-ended (reflective)
waveguide configuration for transmission back to surface 504, where
it can be detected and demodulated using for example demodulator
526 to recover downhole tool information.
The transmitter 520 and the detector 525 can be disposed at a
surface region 504 of a wellbore 511 with the modulator 510
disposed at a tool 503 disposed downhole in the wellbore 511. The
waveguide 505 can be disposed in a drill pipe 515. Alternatively,
the waveguide 505 can be disposed on the outside of the drill pipe
515.
The transmitter 520 may be realized by a number of different
quasioptical wave generators/emitters. The quasioptical wave
generators/emitter may include a free electron laser, a gas laser,
a photoconductive dipole antenna, an electro-optic material with a
femtosecond laser, an electronic emitter such as Gunn, Bloch
oscillator, cold plasma emitters, or semiconductor THz laser. The
transmitter 520 may include an average power level in the range
from 10.sup.-9 to 10.sup.2 W. The transmitter 520 may be realized
as a pair of distributed feedback lasers operating together to
generate a beat note at a quasioptical frequency. The transmitter
520 can be selected based on a selected quasioptical frequency for
propagation in waveguide 505. The transmitter 520 may be used with
a modulator 512 to inject a quasioptical signal into waveguide 505.
For example, a quasioptical wave modulator may be realized by
modulating its excitation source at the surface 504 or by external
deformable mirrors, choppers, electro-optic, or magneto-optic
mechanism.
The detector 525 can be realized by a number of different
quasioptical wave detectors/receivers. The quasioptical wave
detectors/receiver can include a compact electronic detector, a
photoconductive dipole and array, an electro-optic crystal with a
femtosecond laser, a bolometer, or pyroelectric detector. The
detector 525 may have a noise equivalent power (NEP) in the range
10.sup.-10 to 10.sup.-18 W/Hz.sup.1/2. A quantum dot single photon
detector having a NEP of about 10.sup.-22 W/Hz.sup.1/2 may be
implemented.
The modulator 510 at the end of the waveguide 505 may be realized
as a quasioptical wave modulator by modulating the quasioptical
wave by deformable mirrors, choppers, electro-optic, or
magneto-optic mechanisms. At the surface, the electromagnetic
radiation from the transmitter 520 may also be modulated by the
same modulation method as employed at the end of the waveguide 505.
However, it is anticipated that a CW quasioptical wave can be
generated at the surface 504, launched into the quasioptical
waveguide 505 and transmitted downhole to the tool 503, whereby,
the tool 503 contains the modulator 510 to impress tool information
directly onto the CW quasioptical carrier wave. Quasioptical wave
modulators suitable for high-speed telemetry and downhole
communications can be used as taught herein.
FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of an example system 600 operable to
transmit and receive quasioptical signals in a wellbore 611. The
system 600 can include a transmitter 620 operable to generate
electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 10
THz; a first waveguide 605-1 operatively coupled to the transmitter
620 to propagate the electromagnetic radiation generated from the
transmitter 620; a modulator 610 disposed to receive the
electromagnetic radiation from the first waveguide 605-1, to
modulate the electromagnetic radiation received from the first
waveguide 605-1, and to direct the modulated electromagnetic
radiation back through a second waveguide 605-2; and a detector 625
operatively coupled to the second waveguide 605-2 to receive the
modulated electromagnetic radiation. The waveguides 605-1, 605-2
can be structured as waveguide segments. This system architecture
provides for a looped waveguide configuration (dual waveguide
configuration) for transmission back to surface 604, where it can
be detected and demodulated using for example demodulator 626 to
recover downhole tool information.
The transmitter 620 and the detector 625 can be disposed at a
surface region 604 of a wellbore 611 with the modulator 610
disposed at a tool 603 disposed downhole in the wellbore 611. The
waveguide 605-1 can be disposed in a drill pipe 615. Alternatively,
the waveguide 605-1 can be disposed on the outside of the drill
pipe 615. The waveguide 605-2 can be disposed in the drill pipe
615. Alternatively, the waveguide 605-2 can be disposed on the
outside of the drill pipe 615. The waveguides 605-1, 605-2 can have
a cross section structure to excite only TE.sub.01 propagation.
Alternatively, the waveguide waveguides 605-1, 605-2 can have a
cross section structure to provide multi-mode propagation.
The transmitter 620 may be realized by a number of different
quasioptical wave generators/emitters. The quasioptical wave
generators/emitter may include a free electron laser, a gas laser,
a photoconductive dipole antenna, an electro-optic material with a
femtosecond laser, an electronic emitter such as Gunn, Bloch
oscillator, cold plasma emitter, or semiconductor THz laser. The
transmitter 620 may include an average power level in the range
from 10.sup.-9 to 10.sup.2 W. The transmitter 620 may be realized
as a pair of distributed feedback lasers operating together to
generate a beat note at a quasioptical frequency. The transmitter
620 can be selected based on a selected quasioptical frequency for
propagation in waveguide 605-1 and/or the combination of
propagation in waveguides 605-1 and 605-2. The transmitter 620 may
be used with a modulator 612 to inject a quasioptical signal into
waveguide 605-1. For example, a quasioptical wave modulator may be
realized by modulating its excitation source at the surface 604 or
by external deformable mirrors, choppers, electro-optic, or
magneto-optic mechanism.
The detector 625 can be realized by a number of different
quasioptical wave detectors/receivers. The quasioptical wave
detectors/receiver can include a compact electronic detector, a
photoconductive dipole and array, an electro-optic crystal with a
femtosecond laser, a bolometer, or pyroelectric detector. The
detector 626 may have a noise equivalent power (NEP) in the range
10.sup.-10 to 10.sup.-18 W/Hz.sup.1/2. A quantum dot single photon
detector having a NEP of about 10.sup.-22 W/Hz.sup.1/2 may be
implemented.
The modulator 610 at the end of the waveguide 605-1 may be realized
as a quasioptical wave modulator by modulating the quasioptical
wave by deformable mirrors, choppers, electro-optic, or
magneto-optic mechanisms. At the surface, the electromagnetic
radiation from the transmitter 620 may also be modulated by the
same modulation method as employed at the end of the waveguide
605-1. However, it is anticipated that a CW quasioptical wave can
be generated at the surface 604, launched into the quasioptical
waveguide 605-1 and transmitted downhole to the tool 603, whereby,
the tool 603 contains the modulator 610 to impress tool information
directly onto the CW quasioptical carrier wave. Quasioptical wave
modulators suitable for high-speed telemetry and downhole
communications can be used as taught herein.
FIG. 7A shows cross-sections of an embodiment of an example a drill
pipe 715 and a waveguide 705, where the waveguide 705 disposed
within the drill pipe 715. The waveguide 705 can be realized as a
conductive structure, as taught herein. The drill pipe 715 may be
made of a material and have a geometric shape and length of a
standard drill pipe used in the oil and gas industry. The use of
such waveguides allows for connections that do not require the
precision alignment associated with optical fibers. The waveguide
705 in drill pipe 715 arrangement can allow installation of the
arrangement in a segmented control line style quasioptical wave
transmission line within connected drill pipes during construction
of a drill string via connection/disconnection with hydraulic wet
connectors, as drill pipe is added or removed. It is noted that a
waveguide such as waveguide 705 may be disposed in standard
structures for terrestrial and aerial applications along pipelines
and power lines.
FIG. 7B shows an embodiment of an example of a number of drill
pipes 715-1, 715-2, 715-3 . . . 715-N connected together at each
pipe joint, where each drill pipe has a waveguide disposed within
it, such as represented in FIG. 7A. The combination of drill pipe
715-1 with its inner disposed waveguide 705-1 can be connected to
the combination of drill pipe 715-2 and its inner disposed
waveguide (not shown) by connector 706-1. The combination of drill
pipe 715-2 and its inner disposed waveguide (not shown) can be
connected to the combination of the combination of drill pipe 715-3
and its inner disposed waveguide (not shown) by connector 706-2.
Each drill pipe/waveguide can be connected in such a manner up to
connector 706-(N-1) connecting the combination of the last drill
pipe 705-N and its inner disposed waveguide 705-N. The connected
drill pipes 715-1, 715-2, 715-3 . . . 715-N provide for a
quasioptical wave to be injected into and propagated in their
associated waveguides. The connections may be hydraulic
connections. Additional connectors can be used as a combination of
drill pipe and inner disposed waveguide is added. Further, the
connectors can be structured such that the combination of drill
pipe and inner disposed waveguide can be removed.
FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of an example drill pipe 815 having a
waveguide 805 disposed outside the drill pipe 815. The waveguide
805 can be realized as a conductive structure, as taught herein.
The drill pipe 815 may be made of a material and have a geometric
shape and length of a standard drill pipe used in the oil and gas
industry. The use of such waveguides allows for connections that do
not require the precision alignment associated with optical fibers.
The combination of the drill pipe 815 and the waveguide 805 can be
connected to other combinations of drill pipe and outside waveguide
using connectors in a manner similar to FIG. 7B. The waveguide 805
on the outside of the drill pipe 815 arrangement can allow
installation of the arrangement in a segmented control line style
quasioptical wave transmission line in conjunction with connected
drill pipes during construction of a drill string via
connection/disconnection with hydraulic wet connectors, as drill
pipe is added or removed. It is noted that a waveguide, such as
waveguide 805, may be disposed on standard structures for
terrestrial and aerial applications along pipelines and power
lines.
FIG. 9 shows features of an embodiment of an example method of
communicating using quasioptical waves. At 910, electromagnetic
radiation in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 10 THz is generated
from a transmitter. At 920, the electromagnetic radiation is
propagated through a waveguide to a modulator. Propagating the
electromagnetic radiation through the waveguide to the modulator
can include propagating only a TE.sub.01 mode. The method may
include modulating the generated electromagnetic radiation before
injecting the generated electromagnetic radiation into the
waveguide. Modulating the generated electromagnetic radiation
before injecting the generated electromagnetic radiation into the
waveguide may include modulating the generated electromagnetic
radiation using a deformable mirror.
At 930, the electromagnetic radiation is modulated by the
modulator. Modulating the electromagnetic radiation can include
modulating the electromagnetic radiation using a deformable mirror.
Modulating the electromagnetic radiation can include inserting a
data signal onto the electromagnetic radiation from a tool disposed
downhole in a wellbore. At 940, the modulated electromagnetic
radiation is propagated to a detector using the waveguide or
another waveguide. At 950, the modulated electromagnetic radiation
is detected at the detector. Generating electromagnetic radiation
from the transmitter can include generating electromagnetic
radiation from the transmitter disposed at a surface region of a
wellbore; and propagating the modulated electromagnetic radiation
to the detector can include propagating the modulated
electromagnetic radiation to the detector disposed on the surface
region of the wellbore. Methods disclosed herein can include
combinations and/or permutations of different operational features
disclosed herein.
Parallel Plate Waveguides
Researchers at Rice University recently showed that parallel plate
waveguides can be used to transport terahertz (THz) radiation over
long distance with extremely low losses (see U.S. Pat. Nos.
8,259,022 and 8,309,925).
Parallel plate waveguides typically have two plates with openings
between the two plates on their boundaries. That is, the two plates
in a parallel plate waveguide are finite in extent, are separated
by a gap, and the gap opens into space at the boundaries of the
plates. As such, it is impractical to insert parallel plate
waveguide into oil well because fluids in the oil well, such as
drilling mud and hydrocarbons, would flow into the openings around
the boundaries of the plates and deteriorate the electromagnetic
properties of the waveguide. In one or more embodiments, this
problem is solved by filling the gap between the parallel plates
with a dielectric material capable of surviving the high pressures
and high temperatures in the oil well.
In one or more embodiments, the parallel plate waveguide is
constructed inside a metal pipe, thereby combining the low losses
of the parallel plate waveguide, the mechanical strength of the
metal pipe, and the property of the metal pipe that it will exclude
oil well fluids from flowing between the two plates.
FIG. 10 shows a flex board with two copper stripes on its surface,
which is used to construct a parallel plate waveguide. A flex board
1002 is manufactured to have a longitudinal axis 1004. The flex
board 1002 is constructed of polyimide or another suitable
material. Two conductive stripes 1006, 1008 extend along the flex
board 1002 parallel to the longitudinal axis 1004. The conductive
stripes 1006, 1008 are constructed of copper or another suitable
conductive material. The conductive stripes 1006, 1008 maybe formed
using electroless plating with standard photoresist etching
techniques, such as those used to create a desired copper pattern
on printed circuit boards, or by manufacturing the conductive
stripes 1006, 1008 apart from the flex board 1002 and then affixing
the conductive stripes 1006, 1008 to the flex board 1002 using an
adhesive or another suitable technique.
FIG. 11 shows the flex board of FIG. 10 rolled so that it forms a
pipe shape with the two copper stripes on the inside. This is done
by rolling the flex board 1002 around the longitudinal axis 1004 so
that the two conductive stripes 1006, 1008 face each other across
the longitudinal axis 1004.
FIG. 12 shows the rolled flex board of FIG. 11 being inserted into
a metal pipe. This is done by inserting the rolled flex board 1002
into a pipe 1202. The pipe 1202 is constructed of steel, stainless
steel, or another suitable metal or material for use in downhole
environments, such as INCOLOY.RTM. (INCOLOY.RTM. is a registered
trademark of Huntington Alloys Corporation), and has a wall
thickness determined, for example, by the well-known Lame formula,
a discussion of which is found at
http://www.finetubes.co.uk/uploads/docs/e118_Safe_Tube_Pressures_Lo_Res.p-
df, so that it can withstand the high downhole pressures, even if
the parallel plate waveguide inside the pipe is filled with vacuum.
As can be seen, the flex board 1002 presses against the inner
surface of the pipe 1202 because it has a radial restoring force
(i.e. a radial force attempting to unroll the rolled flex board
1002). Friction between the flex board 1002 and the pipe 1202 keeps
the flex board 1002 in a fixed position and prevents it from
slipping.
Alternatively, rather than inserting the rolled flex board 1002
into the pipe 1202, the flex board and the two conductive stripes
1006, 1008 may be inserted as the pipe 1202 is being manufactured.
To do this, a flex board 1002 is manufactured to have a
longitudinal axis 1004 and to have two conductive stripes 1006,
1008 extending along the flex board 1002 parallel to the
longitudinal axis 1004. The flex board 1002 is coupled to a flat
sheet of metal (pipe 1202 before rolling and welding). The metal
(pipe 1202 before rolling and welding) and the flex board 1002 are
rolled to form a pipe 1202. The pipe 1202 is closed on its side by
welding. In one or more embodiments, the flex board 1002 is rolled
before it is coupled to the flat sheet of metal (pipe 1202 before
rolling and welding). In one or more embodiments, the flex board
1002 is flat, as shown in FIG. 10, before it is coupled to the flat
sheet of metal (pipe 1202 before rolling and welding).
FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view of the flex board and metal
pipe of FIG. 12. The pipe 1202 has a longitudinal axis 1004 (which
is the same as the longitudinal axis 1004 of the rolled flex board
1002). The flex board 1002 extends along the longitudinal axis 1004
within the pipe 1202 and curls around the longitudinal axis 1004. A
cross-section of the flex board 1002 perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis 1004, as shown in FIG. 13, has a flex-board curve
shape (i.e., a "C" shape in FIG. 13) that has a first section 1302
on a first side of a line 1304 perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis 1004 and a second section 1306 on a second side of the line
1304 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 1004. The first section
1302 has a first section shape and the second section 1306 has a
second section shape.
The first conductive plate 1006 is coupled to the flex board 1002,
extends along the longitudinal axis 1004, and follows the contour
of the first section 1302 of the flex board 1002. The second
conductive plate is coupled to the flex board 1002, extends along
the longitudinal axis, and follows the contour of the second
section 1306 of the flex board 1002.
In one or more embodiments, the first section shape is a reflection
around the line 1304 of the second section shape. More generally,
however, as shown in FIG. 13, the first section shape is not a
perfect reflection around the line 1304 of the second section
shape, but is as close to that relationship as manufacturing
standards allow. In one or more embodiments (not shown), the first
section shape is not related (i.e., is not a (near) reflection, a
(near) translation, or combination of such reflection and
translation) of the second section shape, but the first section
shape and the second section shape are chosen to create the best
possibility of a parallel plate waveguide given the constraints of
the downhole environment.
FIG. 14 shows a traditional parallel plate waveguide. In a
traditional parallel plate waveguide 1402, two plates 1404, 1406
are separated by a gap 1408. In FIG. 14, plate 1404 is at y=0 and
has a width w in the x direction. Plate 1406 is at y=b and has a
width w in the x and z directions.
FIG. 15 shows the magnitude of the E.sub.X electric field component
and the magnitude of the H.sub.Y magnetic field component of the
TE.sub.1 mode inside the parallel plate waveguide of FIG. 14. FIG.
16 shows the magnitude of the H.sub.Z magnetic field component of
the TE.sub.N mode inside the parallel plate waveguide of FIG. 14.
As can be seen, |E.sub.X| and |H.sub.Y| approach 0 at the surfaces
of the plates (i.e., at y=0 and at y=b), which means that these
components do not cause any losses because the zero field
magnitudes do not induce any currents within the plates 1404, 1406.
While |H.sub.Z| has a non-zero amplitude at the plates 1404, 1406
and can induce current and causes losses, in a highly overmoded
case (i.e., at high frequencies (i.e., 10 GHz to 10 THz) or for
large distances (i.e., more than 5 mm) between the plates 1404,
1406), |H.sub.Z| becomes very small and the corresponding losses
become very small, as can be calculated by the equation in U.S.
Pat. No. 8,259,022, col. 8, lines 60-64. |E.sub.X| and |H.sub.Y|
reach a maximum amplitude in the plane half way between the two
plates (i.e., at y=b/2) but, in the traditional parallel plate
waveguide, this magnitude do not cause any losses by inducing
current because there is only vacuum in this plane. This is best
achieved if the gap 1408 at the ends of the plate is open, as shown
in FIG. 14. If these gaps are closed with metal or a dielectric the
fields will induce current and produce losses. The parallel plate
waveguide shown in FIGS. 10-13 is designed so that the pipe 1202
and the flex board 1002 do not effectively act as additional
waveguide walls and avoid converting the parallel plate waveguide
into a rectangular waveguide with walls on all 4 sides.
FIG. 17 shows a waveguide with spacers to deform the flex board and
conductive stripes of FIGS. 12-13 into shapes closer to the
parallel plate waveguide of FIG. 14. In one or more embodiments,
the arrangement in FIGS. 10-13 is modified by adding a first spacer
1702 between the pipe 1202 and the first section portion 1302 of
the flex board 1002 and a second spacer 1704 between the pipe 1202
and the second section portion 1306 of the flex board 1002. The
spacers 1702, 1704 change the shape of the flex board 1002 to a
flattened C and change the shape of the conductive stripes 1006,
1008 as shown. As a result, the copper stripes 1006, 1008 are
shaped more like parallel plates.
FIG. 18 shows a waveguide with a modified flex board to deform the
conductive stripes of FIGS. 12-13 into shapes closer to the
parallel plate waveguide of FIG. 14. In one or more embodiments,
rather than using the spacers 1702, 1704, the thickness of the flex
board 1002 is increased at locations 1802, 1804 to deform the
conductive stripes 1006, 1008.
FIG. 19 shows a waveguide with a modified versions of the
conductive stripes of FIGS. 12-13 that more closely approximate the
parallel plate waveguide of FIG. 14. In one or more embodiments,
rather than using the spacers 1702, 1704, the thickness of the
conductive stripes 1006, 1008 is increased at locations 1902 and
1904 to deform the conductive stripes 1006, 1008.
FIG. 20 shows a waveguide in which the pipe has been pressed into
an elliptical shape to deform the flex board and conductive stripes
of FIGS. 12-13 into shapes closer to the parallel plate waveguide
of FIG. 14. Rather than using the spacers 1702, 1704, the entire
pipe 1202 is pressed into an elliptical shape, as shown in FIG.
20.
In one or more embodiments, the tubes 205-1, 205-2, 205-3, 205-4 .
. . 205-N discussed above in connection with FIG. 2 are replaced by
parallel plate waveguides as shown in FIGS. 12, 13, 17-20.
In one or more embodiments, the waveguide 505, or segments thereof,
discussed above in connection with FIG. 5 is replaced by a parallel
plate waveguide as shown in FIGS. 12, 13, 17-20.
In one or more embodiments, the waveguides 605-1 and 605-2, or
segments thereof, discussed above in connection with FIG. 6 are
replaced by parallel plate waveguides as shown in FIGS. 12, 13,
17-20.
In one or more embodiments, the waveguide 705, or segments thereof,
discussed above in connection with FIG. 7 is replaced by a parallel
plate waveguide as shown in FIGS. 12, 13, 17-20.
In one or more embodiments, the waveguides 705-1, 705-2, 705-3,
705-4 . . . 705-N discussed above in connection with FIG. 7B are
replaced by parallel plate waveguides as shown in FIGS. 12, 13,
17-20.
In one or more embodiments, the waveguide 805 discussed above in
connection with FIG. 8 is replaced by parallel plate waveguides as
shown in FIGS. 12, 13, 17-20.
In one aspect, an apparatus includes a pipe having a longitudinal
axis. The apparatus includes a flex board extending along the
longitudinal axis within the pipe and curled around the
longitudinal axis. A cross-section of the flex board perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis has a flex-board curve shape that has a
first section on a first side of a line perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis and a second section on a second side of the line
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The first section has a
first section shape and the second section has a second section
shape. A first conductive stripe is coupled to the flex board. The
first conductive stripe extends along the longitudinal axis and
follows the contour of the first section of the flex board. A
second conductive stripe is coupled to the flex board. The second
conductive stripe extends along the longitudinal axis and follows
the contour of the second section of the flex board.
Implementations may include one or more of the following. The first
section shape may be a reflection around the line of the second
section shape. The flex-board curve shape may be the shape of a C.
The flex-board curve shape may be the shape of a flattened C. The
apparatus may include a first spacer between the pipe and a first
section portion of the flex board having the first section shape
and a second spacer between the pipe and a second section portion
of the flex board having the second section shape. The first spacer
and the second space may cause the flex-board curve shape to be in
the shape of a flattened C. The flex board may be constructed from
a material chosen so that the flex board does not act as additional
waveguide walls. The flex board may have an increased thickness
adjacent to the two conductive stripes. The two conductive stripes
may have increased thicknesses along longitudinal centers of the
two conductive stripes.
In one aspect, a method includes manufacturing a flex board having
a longitudinal axis and having two conductive stripes extending
along the flex board parallel to the longitudinal axis. The method
includes rolling the flex board around the longitudinal axis so
that the two conductive stripes face each other across the
longitudinal axis. The method includes inserting the rolled flex
board into a pipe.
Implementations may include one or more of the following.
Manufacturing the flex board may include creating the two
conductive stripes using electroless plating and photoresist
etching. Manufacturing the flex board may include creating the two
conductive stripes using photoresist etching. Manufacturing the
flex board may include cementing the two conductive stripes to the
flex board. The method may include inserting a first spacer into
the pipe with the rolled flex board on a first side of the rolled
flex board and inserting a second spacer into the pipe with the
rolled flex board on a second side, opposite the first side, of the
rolled flex board. The flex board may have an increased thickness
adjacent to the two conductive stripes. The two conductive stripes
may have increased thicknesses along longitudinal centers of the
two conductive stripes. The method may include pressing the pipe,
the rolled flex board, and the two conductive stripes into an
elliptical shape.
In one aspect, a method includes manufacturing a flex board having
a longitudinal axis and having two conductive stripes extending
along the flex board parallel to the longitudinal axis. The method
includes coupling the flex board to a flat sheet of metal. The
method includes rolling the metal and the flex board to form a
pipe. The method includes closing the pipe on its side by
welding.
Implementations may include one or more of the following.
Manufacturing the flex board may include creating the two
conductive stripes using electroless plating and photoresist
etching. Manufacturing the flex board may include creating the two
conductive stripes using photoresist etching. Manufacturing the
flex board may include cementing the two conductive stripes to the
flex board. The method may include inserting a first spacer between
the flex board and the flat sheet of steel before rolling the steel
and flex board and inserting a second spacer between the flex board
and the flat sheet of steel before rolling the steel and flex
board. The first spacer may be inserted in line with one of the two
conductive stripes. The second spacer may be inserted in line with
the other of the two conductive stripes. The flex board may have an
increased thickness adjacent to the two conductive stripes. The two
conductive stripes may have increased thicknesses along
longitudinal centers of the two conductive stripes. The method may
include pressing the pipe, the rolled flex board, and the two
conductive stripes into an elliptical shape.
In one aspect, a system includes a transmitter operable to generate
electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 10
THz. The system further includes a parallel-plate waveguide
operatively coupled to the transmitter to propagate the
electromagnetic radiation generated from the transmitter. The
parallel-plate waveguide has a steel pipe having a longitudinal
axis, a flex board extending along the longitudinal axis within the
steel pipe and curled around the longitudinal axis. A cross-section
of the flex board perpendicular to the longitudinal axis is shaped
in a curve that has a first section on a first side of a line
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and a second section on a
second side of the line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The
first section has a first section shape and the second section has
a second section shape. The first section shape is a reflection
around the line of the second section shape. A first conductive
plate is coupled to the flex board. The first conductive plate
extends along the longitudinal axis and follows the contour of the
first section of the flex board. A second conductive plate is
coupled to the flex board. The second conductive plate extends
along the longitudinal axis and follows the contour of the second
section of the flex board. A modulator is disposed to receive the
electromagnetic radiation from the waveguide, to modulate the
electromagnetic radiation received from the waveguide, and to
direct the modulated electromagnetic radiation back through the
waveguide. A detector is operatively coupled to the waveguide to
receive the modulated electromagnetic radiation.
Implementations may include one or more of the following. The
waveguide may be structured as waveguide segments. The transmitter
and the detector may be disposed at a surface region of a wellbore
and the modulator may be disposed at a tool disposed downhole in
the wellbore. The waveguide may be disposed in a drill pipe. The
waveguide may be disposed on the outside of a drill pipe. The
waveguide may have a cross section structure to excite only
TE.sub.1 propagation to the modulator. The waveguide may have a
cross section structure to provide multi-mode propagation to the
modulator.
Systems and methods, similar or identical to systems and methods
discussed herein, can provide quasioptical electromagnetic
waveguide telemetry links deployed within a wellbore while drilling
to provide real-time high speed telemetry to and from the downhole
drill bit control assembly, where conventional systems and methods
do not exist to provide such functionality and capabilities.
Embodiments of system and methods can be realized for either
single-ended waveguide (reflective configuration) or looped (dual
waveguide configuration) transmission back to the surface, where
quasioptical waves modulated downhole in a wellbore can be detected
and demodulated to recover downhole tool information. Embodiments
of system and methods, as taught herein, can allow high speed
(potentially mega-bit to gigabit) telemetry rates along standard
drill pipes, outside or inside of the drill pipes, which can
provide data while drilling. Such embodiments can allow
installation of 30 ft to 40 ft standard drill pipe lengths having a
segmented control line style quasioptical wave transmission line
within the connected drill pipes during construction of a drill
string via connection/disconnection with hydraulic wet connectors,
as drill pipe is added or removed.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described
herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the
art that any arrangement that is calculated to achieve the same
purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown.
Various embodiments use permutations and/or combinations of
embodiments described herein. It is to be understood that the above
description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive,
and that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the
purpose of description. Combinations of the above embodiments and
other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art
upon studying the above description.
* * * * *
References