U.S. patent number 10,213,603 [Application Number 15/584,867] was granted by the patent office on 2019-02-26 for arbitrary waveform generator and neural stimulation application with scalable waveform feature and charge balancing.
This patent grant is currently assigned to NUVECTRA CORPORATION. The grantee listed for this patent is Nuvectra Corporation. Invention is credited to Richard J. Polefko, Stephen C. Trier, Jeffrey A. Weisgarber.
United States Patent |
10,213,603 |
Trier , et al. |
February 26, 2019 |
Arbitrary waveform generator and neural stimulation application
with scalable waveform feature and charge balancing
Abstract
A method, device and/or system for generating arbitrary
waveforms of a desired shape that can be used for generating a
stimulation pulse for medical purposes such as for spinal cord
stimulation therapy, including the option of using such arbitrary
waveforms for charge balancing purposes.
Inventors: |
Trier; Stephen C. (Mayfield
Heights, OH), Weisgarber; Jeffrey A. (Jewett, OH),
Polefko; Richard J. (Parma, OH) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Nuvectra Corporation |
Plano |
TX |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
NUVECTRA CORPORATION (Plano,
TX)
|
Family
ID: |
48903569 |
Appl.
No.: |
15/584,867 |
Filed: |
May 2, 2017 |
Prior Publication Data
|
|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20170232258 A1 |
Aug 17, 2017 |
|
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
13828102 |
Mar 14, 2013 |
9656076 |
|
|
|
13081896 |
Mar 31, 2015 |
8996115 |
|
|
|
13082097 |
Mar 31, 2015 |
8996117 |
|
|
|
13081936 |
Oct 28, 2014 |
8874219 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61N
1/36125 (20130101); A61N 1/36146 (20130101); A61N
1/36071 (20130101); A61N 1/36128 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61N
1/00 (20060101); A61N 1/36 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;607/46 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10134277 |
|
Jan 2003 |
|
DE |
|
1995685 |
|
Nov 2008 |
|
EP |
|
426868 |
|
Mar 2001 |
|
TW |
|
WO 03090849 |
|
Nov 2003 |
|
WO |
|
Other References
European Application No. 13186926.5, Extended European Search
Report dated Jan. 8, 2014, 7 pgs. cited by applicant .
European Application No. 12163517.1, Extended European Search
Report dated Aug. 8, 2012, 8 pgs. cited by applicant .
Gwilliam, James Christian, et al., "A Charge-Balanced Pulse
Generator for Nerve Stimulation Applications", Journal of
Neuroscience methods, vol. 168, , pp. 146-150, (2008). cited by
applicant .
Kataoka, Kenichi, et al., "Contact Properties of Ni Micro-Springs
for MEMS Probe Card", IEEE, pp. 231-235 (2004). cited by applicant
.
Sit, Ji-Jon, et al., "A Low-Power Blocking capacitor-Free
Charge-Balanced Electrode-Stimulator Chip with Less Than 6 Na Dc
Error for 1-ma Fill-Scale Stimulation", pp. 172-183 (2007). cited
by applicant .
Hottowy, Pawel, et al., "An Integrated Multichannel Waveform
Generator for Large-Scale Spatio-Temporal Stimulation of Neural
Tissue" Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 55,
pp. 239-248 (2008). cited by applicant .
European Search Report, European Extended Search Report,
Application No. 12163520.5 dated Jul. 4, 2012, 7 pages. cited by
applicant .
European Search Report; European Extended Search Report,
Application No. 12163512.2, dated Jul. 27, 2012, 9 pages. cited by
applicant .
European Search Report; European Extended Search Report,
Application No. 15170882.3 dated Sep. 4, 2015, 8 pages. cited by
applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Hulbert; Amanda
Assistant Examiner: Edwards; Philip C
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Haynes and Boone, LLP Li; Eric
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/828,102, filed on Mar. 14, 2013, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/081,896
filed on Apr. 7, 2011, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,996,115, and
also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/081,936 filed on Apr. 7, 2011, now issued as U.S. Pat. No.
8,874,219, as well as a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/082,097 filed on Apr. 7, 2011, now issued
as U.S. Pat. No. 8,996,117, the contents of each of which are
herein incorporated herein by reference in their respective
entireties.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A medical waveform generator, comprising: a waveform generator
configured to generate an output waveform comprised of any of a
plurality of differently shaped waveforms; a time scaling circuit
configured to time scale, by a factor of k, the generator output
waveform, wherein k is an integer; a current divider configured to
scale, by a factor of 1/k, an amplitude of the time scaled
generator output waveform for outputting an amplitude scaled output
waveform; and an amplifier configured to amplify the amplitude
scaled output waveform for outputting a stimulation waveform.
2. The medical waveform generator of claim 1, further comprising a
controller configured for controlling the waveform generator, the
time scaling circuit, the current divider, and the amplifier for
generating the stimulation waveform having a desired waveform
shape, amplitude, and time scale.
3. The medical waveform generator of claim 1, further comprising: a
plurality of electrode outputs; and a plurality of amplifiers
configured to amplify an output of the current divider, each one of
said amplifiers being configured to output a stimulation waveform
corresponding to a different one of said electrode outputs.
4. The medical waveform generator of claim 3, further comprising a
passive discharge circuit connected to each one of the electrode
outputs.
5. The medical waveform generator of claim 1, wherein said
stimulation waveform is comprised of a plurality of active pulses,
wherein at least one of said plurality of active pulses is for
canceling a charge generated by one or more others of said
plurality of pulses.
6. The medical waveform generator of claim 1, wherein said waveform
generator includes at least one digital to analog converter
configured for converting a digital representation of the output
waveform into the output waveform that is analog.
7. The medical waveform generator of claim 1, wherein said waveform
generator includes at least one square wave generator configured to
generate one or more of the differently shaped waveforms shaped as
square waves, and wherein said waveform generator also includes a
plurality of memories, each one of said memories configured to
store a waveform template for generating a different one of the
differently shaped waveforms not shaped as square waves.
8. The medical waveform generator of claim 1, wherein said waveform
generator also includes at least one shape logic generator
configured to generate one or more of the differently shaped
waveforms shaped according to a mathematical function.
9. The medical waveform generator of claim 1, wherein said waveform
generator, said time scaling circuit, and said current divider are
comprised in an ASIC.
10. A medical waveform generator comprising: a plurality of
electrode outputs; a waveform generator configured to generate an
output waveform comprised of any of a plurality of differently
shaped waveforms; a time scaling circuit configured to input a
signal into the waveform generator for time scaling the generator
output waveform, wherein the time scaling circuit includes a clock
divider that is coupled between a clock signal and the waveform
generator, and wherein the clock divider is configured to perform
frequency division on the clock signal by a division factor that is
an integer; a current divider configured to scale an amplitude of
the generator output; a plurality of amplifiers, each one of the
amplifiers being configured to amplify an output of the current
divider for outputting a stimulation waveform corresponding to a
different one of the electrode outputs; and a controller configured
to control the waveform generator, the time scaling circuit, the
current divider, and the amplifiers to generate the stimulation
waveform having a desired waveform shape, amplitude, and time
scale.
11. The medical waveform generator of claim 10, further comprising
a passive discharge circuit connected to each one of the electrode
outputs.
12. The medical waveform generator of claim 10, wherein said
stimulation waveform is comprised of a plurality of active pulses,
wherein at least one of said plurality of active pulses is for
canceling a charge generated by one or more others of said
plurality of pulses.
13. The medical waveform generator of claim 10, wherein said
waveform generator includes at least one digital to analog
converter configured for converting a digital representation of the
output waveform into the output waveform that is analog.
14. The medical waveform generator of claim 10, wherein said
waveform generator includes at least one square wave generator
configured to generate one or more of the differently shaped
waveforms shaped as square waves, and wherein said waveform
generator also includes a plurality of memories, each one of said
memories configured to store a waveform template for generating a
different one of the differently shaped waveforms not shaped as
square waves.
15. The medical waveform generator of claim 14, wherein said
waveform generator also includes at least one shape logic generator
configured to generate one or more of the differently shaped
waveforms shaped according to a mathematical function.
16. A medical waveform generator, comprising: a waveform generator
configured to generate an output waveform that includes a plurality
of differently shaped waveforms; a time scaling circuit configured
to time scale the output waveform by a factor of k, wherein k is
integer, thereby producing a time-scaled output waveform; a current
divider configured to scale an amplitude of the time-scaled output
waveform by a factor of 1/k, thereby producing an amplitude-scaled
output waveform; an amplifier configured to amplify the
amplitude-scaled output waveform, thereby producing a stimulation
waveform for an electrical stimulation therapy; and a
micro-controller configured to generate one or more control
signals; wherein at least one of the waveform generator, the time
scaling circuit, the current divider, and the amplifier operates in
response to the one or more control signals from the
micro-controller.
17. The medical waveform generator of claim 16, further comprising:
a plurality of electrode outputs; a plurality of passive discharge
circuits that are each coupled to a respective one of the electrode
outputs; and a plurality of amplifiers that includes the amplifier,
wherein each amplifier of the plurality of amplifiers is configured
to output a respective stimulation waveform corresponding to a
different one of the electrode outputs.
18. The medical waveform generator of claim 16, wherein the
stimulation waveform includes a stimulation phase and a recovery
phase, and wherein a charge of the stimulation phase is equivalent
but inverse to a charge of the recovery phase.
19. The medical waveform generator of claim 16, further comprising
a digital-to-analog converter configured for convert a digital
representation of a waveform into an analog waveform.
20. The medical waveform generator of claim 16, further comprising:
a square wave generator configured to generate first members of the
differently shaped waveforms shaped as square waves, and a
plurality of memories, each one of said memories configured to
store a waveform template for generating second members of the
differently shaped waveforms not shaped as square waves.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This application relates generally to a device for generating
waveforms, and more specifically, this application relates to an
implantable medical device for generating waveforms for spinal cord
stimulation. This application also related generally to a method
for charge balancing, and more specifically, this application
relates to an implantable medical device for active charge
balancing arbitrary waveforms for spinal cord stimulation.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Programmable pulse generating systems are used to treat chronic
pain by providing electrical stimulation pulses from an electrode
array placed in or near a patient's spine. Such Spinal Cord
Stimulation (SCS) is useful for reducing pain in certain
populations of patients. SCS systems typically include one or more
electrodes connected to an External Pulse Generator (EPG) or an
Implanted Pulse Generator (IPG) via lead wires. In the case of an
EPG, the lead wires must be connected to the EPG via an exit from
the body. The pulse generator, whether implanted or external,
generates electrical pulses that are typically delivered to the
dorsal column fibers within the spinal cord through the electrodes
which are implanted along or near the epidural space of the spinal
cord. In a typical situation, the attached lead wires exit the
spinal cord and are tunneled within the torso of the patient to a
sub-cutaneous pocket where the IPG is implanted, or the wires exit
the patient for connection to the EPG.
Neural stimulators for SCS to date have been limited to waveform
shapes dictated by their circuitry. Most emit relatively simple
rectangular or trapezoidal stimulation phases with exponential,
clamped-exponential, or rectangular charge recovery phases. Similar
waveform limitations typically exist for stimulators used in other
medical applications such as cardiac implants, cochlear implants,
etc. Nevertheless, it is desirable that other waveform shapes be
available, as such shapes may be useful in controlling which nerve
fibers respond to a stimulation pulse. By selecting particular
fibers for response, the therapeutic benefit of neural stimulation
can be increased and side-effects decreased. Additionally, other
waveform shapes may achieve effective stimulation results while
requiring less energy than traditional waveforms, thereby extending
the battery life of the stimulator.
Currently, the principal way to select a stimulation waveform was
to design a stimulator that emitted that waveform as its only form,
or as one of a handful of parameter-driven options. For example, a
stimulator may be provided that adjusts the charge recovery phase
to either an exponential or a rectangular shape based on the pulse
rate selected by the user. The stimulation phase is typically
provided with only a fixed rectangular shape. In contrast, it would
be useful to allow the use of an arbitrary waveform shape for the
either the stimulation phase, charge recovery phase, or both,
rather than being limited to a simple waveform shape designed into
the circuitry.
Desired is a capability of producing complex waveform shapes,
whether or not they are inherently piecewise-linear, in particular
with an ability to adjust amplitudes and pulsewidths simply and
efficiently, such as, for example, by providing an ability to
rescale portions of a waveform in time, thus adjusting pulsewidths
on the fly without having to re-compute the waveform samples.
An additional problem with existing neural stimulators is that they
include DC blocking capacitors to balance charges and prevent the
flow of direct current to the body tissue. Balancing such charges
and blocking dc current flow is considered desirable for safety
reasons. Desired is an approach that removes or reduces the need
for such blocking capacitors by inherently balancing the
stimulation waveform charges and preventing the flow of direct
current.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Disclosed herein is a device/system capable of producing complex
waveform shapes, whether or not they are inherently
piecewise-linear. It is also capable of adjusting amplitudes and
pulsewidths simply and efficiently.
Also disclosed is a device/system that completely or partially
removes the need for blocking capacitors by inherently balancing
the stimulation waveform current and preventing the flow of direct
current, such as by providing a charge balancing phase that has a
charge that is equivalent but inverse to that delivered during the
stimulation phase.
Further disclosed herein is a device/system that can rescale
portions of a waveform in time, thus adjusting pulsewidths,
directly without having to recompute the waveform samples. Such a
device/system can also generate the waveform, for example by using
data from one or more small template waveshapes stored in a small
memory, permitting it to use much less memory for complex
waveforms.
Provided are a plurality of embodiments the invention, including,
but not limited to, a method for providing a therapy to a patient,
the method comprising the steps of: storing a plurality of discrete
samples of a waveform in a memory; defining a step size; retrieving
a series of the plurality of the samples from the memory, based on
the step size; reconstructing at least a part of the waveform using
the retrieved series of samples; and providing a stimulation pulse
with at least a substantial portion in a shape resembling the
reconstructed waveform for stimulating a stimulation region of the
patient.
Also provided is a method for balancing charges provided by a
medical device for providing a therapy to a patient, the method
comprising the steps of: providing a first portion of a stimulation
waveform for stimulating a stimulation region of a patient, the
first portion of the stimulation waveform inducing an electrical
charge at the stimulation region of the patient; and providing a
second portion of a stimulation waveform for stimulating the
stimulation region of the patient after providing the first portion
of the stimulation waveform for substantially canceling the
electrical charge at the stimulation region of the patient, wherein
the second portion of the stimulation waveform is primarily
comprised of a portion having a shape other than a square wave and
other than a decaying exponential.
Further provided is a method for providing a therapy to a patient,
the method comprising the steps of: providing a waveform generating
circuit for generating a waveform of a desired shape having an
amplitude and a duration; defining a scaling factor; using the
scaling factor for scaling the waveform generated by the waveform
generating circuit, such that both the amplitude and the duration
of the waveform is adjusted using the scaling factor; and providing
a stimulation pulse including at least a substantial portion that
is based on the scaled waveform having shape resembling the desired
shape of the waveform for stimulating a stimulation region of the
patient.
Also provided is a method for balancing charges provided by a
medical device for providing a therapy to a patient, the method
comprising the steps of: providing a first portion of a stimulation
waveform for stimulating a stimulation region of a patient, the
first portion of the stimulation waveform inducing a first
electrical charge at the stimulation region of the patient;
providing a second portion of the stimulation waveform determined
based on the first portion of the stimulation waveform for
stimulating the stimulation region of the patient after providing
the first portion of the stimulation waveform, the second portion
of the stimulation waveform having a shape other than a square wave
or a decaying exponential and substantially canceling the first
electrical charge at the stimulation region of the patient; and
providing a passive recovery phase after providing the second
portion of the stimulation waveform for removing any residual
charge at the stimulation region of the patient.
Still further provided is a method for balancing charges provided
by an implantable medical device for providing a therapy to a
patient at a stimulation region near the spine of a patient, the
method comprising the steps of: providing an electrode near the
stimulation region; providing an implanted waveform generating
device connected to the electrode; the waveform generating device
generating a first portion of a stimulation waveform for
stimulating the stimulation region using the electrode, the first
portion of the stimulation waveform inducing a first electrical
charge at the stimulation region; and the waveform generating
device generating a second portion of the stimulation waveform
based on the first portion of the stimulation waveform for
stimulating the stimulation region using the electrode after
providing the first portion of the stimulation waveform, with the
second portion of the stimulation waveform substantially canceling
the first charge at the stimulation region of the patient, wherein
the second portion of the stimulation waveform includes a
substantial portion having a shape other than a square wave and
other than a decaying exponential.
Also provided is a method for balancing charges provided by an
implantable medical device for providing stimulation to a patient
at a stimulation region of the patient, the method comprising the
steps of: providing an electrode near the stimulation region;
providing a waveform generating circuit connected to the electrode;
the waveform generating circuit generating a first portion of a
stimulation waveform by converting digital data into an analog
signal for stimulating the stimulation region using the electrode,
the first portion of the stimulation waveform inducing a first
electrical charge at the stimulation region; the waveform
generating circuit generating a second portion of the stimulation
waveform by converting digital data based on the first portion of
the stimulation waveform into an analog signal for stimulating the
stimulation region using the electrode after providing the first
portion of the stimulation waveform, the second portion of the
stimulation waveform including a substantial portion having a shape
other than a square wave and other than a decaying exponential with
the second portion of the stimulation waveform substantially
canceling the first electrical charge at the stimulation region of
the patient, wherein no substantial residual induced electrical
charge remains in the stimulation region subsequent to the second
portion of the stimulation waveform.
Also provided is medical waveform generator, comprising: a waveform
generator adapted for generating an output waveform comprised of
any of a plurality of differently shaped waveforms; a time scaling
circuit configured for time scaling the generator output waveform;
a current divider configured for scaling the amplitude of the time
scaled generator output waveform for outputting an amplitude scaled
output waveform; and an amplifier configured for amplifying the
amplitude scaled output waveform for outputting a stimulation
waveform.
In addition is provided medical waveform generator comprising: a
plurality of electrode outputs; a waveform generator configured for
generating an output waveform comprised of any of a plurality of
differently shaped waveforms; a time scaling circuit configured for
inputting a signal into the waveform generator for time scaling the
generator output waveform; a current divider configured for scaling
the amplitude of the generator output; a plurality of amplifiers,
each one of the amplifiers being configured for amplifying an
output of the current divider for outputting a stimulation waveform
corresponding to a different one of the electrode outputs; and a
controller configured for controlling the waveform generator, the
time scaling circuit, the current divider, and the amplifiers for
generating the stimulation waveform having the desired shape(s),
amplitude, and time scale.
Also provided is a medical waveform generator comprising: a
waveform generator configured for generating an output waveform
comprised of any of a plurality of differently shaped waveforms,
the waveform generator including: at least one square wave
generator configured for generating one or more of the differently
shaped waveforms shaped as square waves, and a plurality of
memories, each one of the memories storing a waveform template for
generating a different one of the differently shaped waveforms not
shaped as square waves; and an amplitude scaling circuit configured
for scaling the amplitude of the generator output waveform for
outputting a stimulation waveform.
Further provided is a device for stimulating a stimulation region
of a patient comprising: a waveform generation circuit for
providing a stimulation waveform by converting digital data into an
analog signal for providing to the stimulation region of the
patient; and a control device for controlling the waveform
generation circuit.
The above control device can be adapted for directing the waveform
generation circuit for generating a charge canceling waveform for
providing to the stimulation region of the patient subsequent to
providing a stimulation waveform to the stimulation region, such
that the charge canceling waveform is derived based on the shape of
the stimulation waveform.
In addition is provided a device for stimulating a stimulation
region within a patient comprising: an electrode adapted to be
provided near the stimulation region; a waveform generation device
adapted to be implanted in the patient, the waveform generation
device including: a waveform generation circuit connected to the
electrode for providing a stimulation waveform to the electrode by
converting digital data into an analog signal, and a control device
for controlling the waveform generation circuit.
The above control device can be adapted for directing the waveform
generation circuit for generating a charge canceling waveform by
converting digital data into an analog signal for providing to the
stimulation region within the patient subsequent to providing the
stimulation waveform, such that the charge canceling waveform
substantially cancels an electrical charge induced to the
stimulation region by the stimulation waveform.
The above control device can also adapted for accepting control
inputs for providing a second stimulation waveform having a
different shape than the first stimulation waveform, with the
control device being further adapted for providing a second charge
canceling waveform specifically based upon the second stimulation
waveform for canceling the charge provided to the stimulation
region by the second stimulation waveform.
Still further provided is a system for stimulating a stimulation
region of a patient utilizing the above devices and/or methods.
Such a system can also be provided to include one or more of an
electrode adapted to be provided near the stimulation region; a
waveform generation device such as one of the above disclosed
devices or such as a device for performing one or more of the above
methods; an external device for wirelessly connecting to the
control device for controlling an operation of the waveform
generation device; and/or an external power source for connecting
inductively to the energy storage device for recharging the energy
storage device when the energy storage device is in a vicinity of
the external power source.
Also provided are additional embodiments of the invention, some,
but not all of which, are described hereinbelow in more detail.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The features and advantages of the examples of the present
invention described herein will become apparent to those skilled in
the art to which the present invention relates upon reading the
following description, with reference to the accompanying drawings,
in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a high-level structure of an
example embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a more detailed structure of a
possible construction of the example embodiment used as an
implantable pulse generator;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example system used as an
external pulse generator;
FIG. 4 is a schematic of one example implementation of part of a
pulse generator circuit and supporting components in an example
system;
FIG. 5 is a schematic of another example implementation of part of
a pulse generator circuit and supporting components in another
example system;
FIG. 6 is a schematic of an example implementation of a waveform
generation circuit and supporting components in an example
system;
FIG. 7 is an example output waveform construction result of an
example waveform generation circuit;
FIG. 8 is another example output waveform construction result of an
example waveform generation circuit;
FIG. 9 is another example output waveform construction result of
the example waveform generation circuit;
FIG. 10 is another example output waveform construction result of
the example waveform generation circuit;
FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of an example amplitude dividing
circuit;
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a two-phase stimulation pulse
with charge balancing;
FIG. 13 is another diagram illustrating time scaling;
FIG. 14 is an example output waveform construction result of the
example waveform generation circuit using scaling features;
FIG. 15 is an example complex output waveform construction result
of the example waveform generation circuit;
FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example implantable pulse
generation device;
FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a medical application of some of
the example devices;
FIG. 18 is another example complex output waveform construction
result of the example waveform generation circuit; and
FIG. 19 is a circuit diagram of an example amplitude multiplier
circuit.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
Disclosed is a device, or system of devices cooperating with each
other, for providing a flexible and highly adaptable stimulation
waveform, such as might be used for medical purposes such as spinal
stimulation (such as for pain reduction, for example). This system
includes a neurostimulation pulse generator that uses digital
waveform synthesis techniques to generate stimulation pulses with
programmable waveshapes.
FIG. 1 is a generic diagram of an example stimulation system. Such
a system includes a Pulse Generator (PG) component 1, a set of two
or more electrodes (which may include the PG's enclosure) 2,
external programming and user controlling devices 3, 4, and a
connection to an external power supply 5. The Pulse Generator 1 is
typically generally comprised of an internal power supply 6, a
controller 7. Pulse Generator electronics 8, and a protection
circuit 9.
FIG. 2 shows a more specific example system where most of the
components for generating the stimulation waveform are implanted in
a patient for providing medical therapy by utilizing an implantable
PG (IPG) 101 that could utilize the disclosed features. This system
is comprised of the IPG 101 that includes a stimulation ASIC 108
and protection components 109. The IPG 101 is further comprised of
a microcontroller 107 for controlling the functions of the IPG via
the control bus 12, and a power ASIC 106 for powering the
components via a power bus 11. Because this implantable system
avoids the need for any components or wires that exit the body of
the patient 120, the IPG 101 includes an RF transceiver
(transmitter/receiver) 14 with an antenna 16 for allowing the IPG
to communicate with devices external to the patient's body, such as
a clinician programmer 103 and user controller(s) 104, which also
have antennas 18 and 19, respectively, to communicate with the
transceiver 14 via a wireless protocol. Furthermore, the IPG also
includes an embedded power supply including a power ASIC 106 for
conditioning the device power, a (long life) rechargeable battery
13, and a secondary inductive coil 15 (or some other means) for
receiving power from an external source outside the body of the
patient 120. A corresponding external power supply 105 would
typically require a corresponding primary charging coil 17 to
complete the power connection to the embedded power supply to
charge the battery 13. The IPG 101 is connected to one or more
electrode arrays 102 including a plurality of electrodes via a
header (not shown) connected via feedthroughs (not shown) to the
protection components 109. The IPG 101 is provided in a
hermetically sealed case made of, or coated by, human implantable
compatible materials, and requiring only that the contacts attached
to the lead body of the electrode array(s) be electrically
connectable to the IPG through the header. The electrode leads and
electrodes themselves, along with portions of the header that are
exposed to the patient, must all be made of, or coated by,
materials that are compatible with implantation in the human
body.
FIG. 3 shows an example system that can be provided with similar
capabilities, but without requiring an implantable PG. Instead, the
system of FIG. 3 uses an external PG (EPG) 201 that is provided
outside of the body of the patient 220. The EPG 201 can be
comprised of similar components as that of the IPG 101, except that
it need not be made of implantable materials. Instead, the EPG 201
is connected to the electrode array 202 via a percutaneous lead 22
that must exit the body. The lead 22 is then connected to the EPG
201 via a connector 23. The EPG 201 can be directly connected to
the corresponding clinician programmer 203 and user controller 204,
or a wireless connection similar to that of the IPG 101 could also
be used. The EPG can be powered via an internal battery or
connected to an external power source, as desired.
One end of the percutaneous lead 22 is typically surgically
implanted in or near the tissue to be stimulated. The other end is
brought through a wound in the skin, and can be connected to the
EPG when electrical stimulation is needed. The implanted end of the
Percutaneous Lead typically includes electrode surfaces similar to
those on the implanted lead(s). The EPG may be designed to be
mobile, such that it can be carried by the patient, such as by
mounting on a belt. In such a case, a battery would prove useful to
increase mobility.
An Implantable Pulse Generator is surgically placed inside the body
along with one or more implanted leads (as shown by example in FIG.
2 and discussed above). One end of each implanted lead (often
called the "proximal" end) is electrically and physically connected
to the IPG via the header, while the other end (often called the
"distal" end) is placed in or near the tissue to be electrically
stimulated. The distal end includes one or more exposed electrode
surfaces, electrically connected to the IPG, that transfer the
electrical stimulation pulses to the tissue.
Outside the body, the external power supply is used to transfer
power to the IPG, either for charging a battery or capacitor inside
the IPG or providing direct power for the IPG's electronics. This
is done via the charging coil, which is placed over or near the
area where the IPG is implanted, and forms the primary coil of a
transformer with the secondary coil inside the IPG, although a
separate coil electrically connected to the IPG but somewhat remote
from the IPG could be used. The two coils, coupled inductively,
provide power transfer through the skin. The external power supply
itself can be powered by a battery to allow for patient mobility,
or it may also draw power from a mains power source.
Also outside the body, the clinician programmer is used to program
the IPG, configuring it for the particular patient and defining the
electrical stimulation therapy to be delivered to the target
tissue. The clinician programmer is typically highly functional,
allowing IPG programs to be substantially modified by updating
programs and/or data stored in memory in the IPG, to allow great
flexibility in programming the IPG.
The user controller is used to control the operation of the IPG in
a manner limited by its programming. Thus, the user controller is
typically less functional than the clinician programmer. The user
controller can alter one or more parameters of the electrical
stimulation therapy to adjust the therapy to the liking of the
patient, depending on the IPG's program and configuration as set
with the clinician programmer.
The operation of an EPG (as shown by example in FIG. 3 and
discussed above) is similar, with the exception that there is
typically no need for inductive transfer of power as direct cable
connections can be used to recharge any battery, for example, and
the electrode leads must pass through the body to connect to the
EPG.
Pulse generators (PGs), whether implanted pulse generators (IPGs)
or external pulse generators (EPGs), have, to date, used waveforms
that are generally rectangular for the stimulation phase of the
waveform and either rectangular or exponential for the charge
recovery phase. However, waveform shapes other than these basic
choices may be effective in selecting which nerve fibers are
activated by an EPG or IPG. For example, one waveform shape may be
preferable for selecting large-diameter fibers, while another shape
may be preferable for small-diameter fibers. Because the fiber
diameter in a given nerve is related to the function of that fiber,
improved selectivity of one nerve fiber over another can improve
the likelihood of achieving the desired results of neural
stimulation, such as pain relief, with less occurrence of
undesirable side-effects such as pain or muscle spasms.
For safety reasons, most PGs use charge-balanced waveforms. A
charge-balanced waveform is one in which the effective DC current
is zero or nearly zero. For example, various national and
international standards limit the net DC current to 10 .mu.A
(AAMI/ANSI NS-14, incorporated by reference), or 0.1 .mu.A (ISO
45502-2-1, incorporated by reference), depending on the intended
use of the PG. A charge-balanced pulse is made up of at least two
phases of stimulation current, each phase having a single polarity,
such that the integral of the current over time of all the phases,
representing accumulated electrical charge, equals zero. Typically,
there are two phases, the first phase being intended to create the
desired effect in the tissue, and the second phase, of opposite
polarity, used to bring the waveform into charge balance.
To prevent tissue damage and/or electrode corrosion, charge
delivered on one electrode is usually recovered on the same
electrode, because any residual charge can change the chemical
composition of the tissue near the electrode. It does not take much
imbalance to get significant electrode corrosion, which is
particularly problematic in implanted devices.
Typically, charge-balancing is done with the aid of DC blocking
capacitors that are provided in the conditioning/protection
circuit, which serve the function of integrating the charge
transferred in the stimulation phases up to a given time. By
bringing the voltage on the capacitor to its original value during
the charge recovery phase of the pulse, the integral of the current
is brought to zero, assuring charge balance. These DC blocking
capacitors are bulky, which runs counter to the goal of making a PG
as small as possible (in particular, for an IPG). DC blocking
capacitors have other drawbacks as well, as in some designs, the DC
leakage through the capacitor dielectric and/or insulation results
in a DC current through the tissue, the opposite of the intended
reason for including the capacitors.
Thus, provisions for charge balancing without requiring DC blocking
capacitors is discussed herein as well. This feature permits the
construction of smaller PGs and eliminates the risk of DC leakage
through the capacitors.
The waveform generation core is the primary component that is
modified by this disclosure, and can be comprised of waveform
generation circuitry including any or all of the following
components: one or more memories to store waveshape templates, a
phase accumulator, a step-size register, one or more waveshape
calculation logic circuits, and a clock source. Which of these
devices are utilized depends on the desired implementation, any of
which may be omitted where not needed, and any of which can be
replicated as desired. Conditioning/protection components may also
be used, although at least some embodiments seek to avoid such
components through an active protection and charge dissipation
methodology. These components are described in more detail, below.
An example operation of a device comprising at least one of all of
these components can be generally described, along with at least
one medical application.
Provided is the utilization of a waveform shape stored in memory
and used as a template for generating shaped stimulation pulses.
These templates can be programmed via the clinician programmer,
which may have a selection of available shape templates for the
clinician to choose from, or the templates may be programmed into
the device during manufacture. The memory is structured such that
each memory location represents a time step, and the value stored
in each memory location represents the amplitude at that time step.
Basically, the waveform is generated by addressing a memory to
retrieve some number of waveform samples stored in a memory for any
of the desired waveform shapes, in the following manner: A waveform
is to be constructed using one or more phases for creating portions
of the stimulation pulse waveform, including both the stimulation
phase and the charge recovery phase. At the start of each phase of
the stimulation pulse, a phase accumulator is set to a programmed
offset value as a start address used to retrieve a waveform sample
value from memory. This offset value sets the sample, from the
waveshape template stored in memory, that will start the pulse.
As the phase continues, at each sample time the phase accumulator
is incremented by a step size stored in a step-size register to
calculate the next address value. This next address value is used
to select an additional sample from the stored waveshape template,
and the process is iterated again to retrieve additional amplitude
samples from the waveshape template that make up the current phase
of the pulse. The step size in the example is a fixed-point number
that can have both integer and fractional components, if desired.
By permitting fractional increments in the step size, it is
possible to generate waveshape durations of any integer length, not
just those that divide evenly into the number of samples in the
waveshape template. Also, if the fixed-point step size is less than
one, the pulse width will be made longer than the number of samples
in the template; samples can then be automatically be duplicated,
as necessary, to extend the pulse. This allows the memory size
required for reasonable fidelity to be optimized for the typical
pulse width used by the therapy, while still allowing very short or
very long pulse widths to be possible.
The output from the phase accumulator is used as an index into a
programmably selected waveform memory as described above, or it can
be used to index a shape-generating logic circuit, depending on the
current implementation and/or desired output waveform. A waveform
memory would be used to look up a waveform sample that was stored
in advance at the indexed location of the memory and output the
desired waveform shape, which allows a great flexibility in the
shapes of waveforms. A single register, in contrast, which outputs
the same (constant) programmed value regardless of the index could
be used to generate rectangular waveforms. A shape logic circuit,
in contrast, computes a fixed mathematical function based on the
input index (or based some other input or internal function) and
outputs the result as a waveform shape, which may be particularly
useful for situations where waveforms that are provided by simple
mathematical equations are desired (such as exponentials, ramps,
sine waves, etc.).
The output from the waveform memory or waveform calculation logic
(whichever was chosen) then drives a digital-to-analog converter
(DAC), called a "waveform DAC", which creates a reference current
(or voltage). This reference current (or voltage) is in turn used
as the input of several multiplying digital-to-analog converters,
called "amplitude multipliers". The data input of the converters
comes from programmable amplitude registers for that phase of the
stimulation waveform. The result of the multiplication is a current
(though a voltage could also be generated), positive or negative
(or equivalently, sink or source), which is output to the
electrodes in contact with body tissue. By adjusting the values in
the amplitude registers, the amount and polarity of current (or
voltage) output to each electrode can be adjusted, thus shaping the
electric field generated by the phase. Although the examples
provided herein focus on the use of a single waveform generation
circuit that can drive a plurality of electrodes by driving the
output into a number of amplitude-multiplying DACs, replication of
the waveform generation circuit can be used to provide additional
flexibility to the output, if desired, such that any given waveform
generation circuit may independently drive a subset of one or more
electrodes. In such a situation, the circuits could be modified to
share memories of waveform shape templates to reduce unnecessary
replication.
The stimulation waveform is divided into a series of pulses, each
of which is divided into a series of unipolar phases. Each phase
has a programmable repetition count (to repeat the phase a number
of times, if desired) and a programmable delay before the next
phase. Circuitry in the stimulator automatically sequences the
phases and their repetitions, and hence, the pulses that are made
up from the phases. This allows a single stimulation pulse to have
more than two phases defined for it. This structure allows for
"n-lets", or pulses that have repeated stimulation phases, as well
as one or more "pre-pulses", where one or more additional phases
are added prior to the stimulation phase to provide
pre-polarization.
Programmable dividers for amplitude (each called a "current
divider") and time (each called a "clock divider") can be used to
scale a waveform simultaneously in time and amplitude in such a way
that permits charge balancing in cases where the same shape is used
for both the stimulus and charge recovery phases. The current and
clock dividers can be omitted or can be included but unused, if
desired. In such a case, the current divider and clock divider
registers could be programmed appropriately to provide charge
balancing.
The pulse generator typically includes amplitude multipliers for
every channel on the device.
Pulse Generator Architecture
The improvements discussed herein can be used with an Implantable
Pulse Generator (IPG) as shown in FIG. 2 (discussed above) or an
External Pulse Generator (EPG) as shown in FIG. 3 (also discussed
above). The description below will focus on example implementations
using the IPG based system, but an EPG system could be easily
adapted in a similar manner.
As described above, a block diagram of the internal functions of an
example IPG system is shown in FIG. 2.
The microcontroller 107, which is implemented using a programmable
controller as is known in the art, controls at least the embedded
components of the system, stores stimulation program information,
and performs other control and management functions, some of which
are disclosed herein. The RF Transceiver 14 implements
bidirectional digital communications at radio frequencies in the
IPG with external devices as desired. The attached antenna 16 is
used to transmit and receive these radio signals, by which the IPG
communicates with such components as the User Controller 104,
Clinician Programmer 103, and/or External Power source 105, among
other possible devices.
The Power ASIC 106 is connected to the Battery 13, which provides
electrical power to the powered internal components. The Power ASIC
106 is also connected to the secondary coil 15, by which it
receives electrical energy inductively coupled through the
patient's body from the primary charging coil 17. The Battery 13
may be either primary or rechargeable, or may be omitted in lieu of
some other power source. If the battery 13 is a primary battery,
the external power unit 105, the charging coil 17 and secondary
coil 15 may be omitted. Typically, a secondary battery that is
rechargeable is desirable to lengthen the useful life of the
battery and avoid additional surgeries to replace the pulse
generator or its components. Other power supplies in the future may
prove useful to replace the battery implementation.
The Stimulation ASIC 108 includes the stimulation pulse waveform
generation circuitry. This ASIC 108 is controlled by the
microcontroller 107 and has power supplied by the Battery and/or
Secondary Coil via the Power ASIC.
The Protection Components 109, if used, may include DC blocking
capacitors and electrical transient suppression components, among
other components. Together, these components protect the tissue
from unwanted electrical signals and DC currents, and protect the
PG from external electrical events such as electrostatic discharge,
defibrillation, or electrocautery. In some embodiments,
particularly those discussed in a related application, some of
these components might be reduced (in size and/or quantity) or
eliminated through the use of active charge balancing techniques.
Thus, for at least some embodiments (in particular embodiments
exclusively using active charge balancing), the waveform generation
core may consist of only the stimulation ASIC, along with any
supporting components, if necessary.
Waveform Generation Core
FIGS. 4 and 5 show generalized embodiments of potential waveform
generation core designs for use in providing the improved waveform
generation capabilities. In general, power and control connections
are not shown in these figures, as their use is within the skill of
the art based on this discussion.
FIG. 4 shows a simplified block diagram of a generic waveform
generation core of a stimulator system incorporating the waveform
generation improvements. A reference generator "Iref" 41 that is a
reference current source sets the over-all amplitude scaling of the
system. A clock signal CLK 42, sets the over-all time scaling of
the system, and the Clock Divider 43 scales the clock by a
configurable division factor. The Waveform Generator 40,
representing the core of the waveform generation function, outputs
the shape of each phase of the pulse, creating the "normalized
waveform" that basically forms the stimulation waveform into its
desired shape. The Current Divider 44 scales the output of the
Waveform Generator 40 by performing a division operation, creating
the "scaled waveform". Finally, the Amplitude Multipliers
45a.about.45n (typically one per channel) multiply the scaled
waveform by a configurable amplitude and polarity for each
individual channel CH1.about.CHn in the electrode array 49. The
peak amplitude and polarity for each channel do not vary during a
given phase of a pulse, but do change from one phase to the next.
Each Amplitude Multiplier 45 has an independent current output,
each of which can be used to drive a subset of one or more of the
stimulation electrodes. Furthermore, multiple current outputs can
be used to drive a single electrode.
FIG. 5 shows a simplified block diagram of a stimulator similar to
that of FIG. 4 with the addition of DC blocking capacitors
47a.about.47n and passive-recovery switches 46a.about.46n. The
addition of the blocking capacitors and passive-recovery switches
allows charge balancing to be achieved in a passive manner by
selectively closing the switches and connecting the capacitors to a
common node. Thus, the embodiment of FIG. 5 would be more likely
utilized where an active charge balance function is either not
utilized, or not sufficient to completely balance the charges
produced by the device, whereas the embodiment of FIG. 4 could be
utilized where an effective charge balancing procedure is used.
Although not shown, the waveform generation circuitry could be
replicated and provided with a multiplexor or set of switches
connected to the inputs of the amplitude-multiplying DACs in order
to allow different waveforms to drive various subsets of the
electrodes. However, in the example, one waveform generation
circuit is provided, and deemed satisfactory for many purposes.
Waveform Generator
The internal structure of an example embodiment of the Waveform
Generator 40 is shown in FIG. 6. Again, the power connections are
not shown, and only some of the control inputs most applicable to
this discussion are shown in this figure.
Generally, this example waveform generator is comprised of, for
example, a 24 bit input bus 601 for inputting a desired step size.
A summer 602 is used to increment an address value based on the
step size as the device iterates over each phase. An offset
register or input 613 can be used to correct for waveform
distortions that may occur for certain step sizes by being
preloaded in the preload, as described below. A digital preload
multiplexer 604 is used to switch between the offset at the start
of the phase or the sum value to continue the phase.
The output of the preload multiplexer 604 is carried by the address
bus 612 and contains the address value that is input into the delay
603 for a step delay for input into the summer 602 to increment the
address by one step size. For the example embodiment, only the
highest 8 bits of the address are input into the waveform
generating circuit 600. Other embodiments might use the entire
address, however, or may also use more or fewer bits depending on
the shape fidelity required for the therapeutic application.
The waveform generating circuit 600 outputs digital values
representing the desired amplitude values at each time step of the
waveform, and is comprised of those shape components that will
generate the desired waveform shapes. Such shape components can
include one or more RECT registers 607 which generate constant
values regardless of input address for generating square wave
pulses. Such shape components can also include one or more shape
logic circuits 605a, 605b . . . for generating waveforms based on
mathematical functions, for example. Furthermore, the waveform
generating circuit 600 can also be comprised of one or more memory
circuits 606a, 606b . . . that contain values representing
programmed shape templates of desired waveforms.
A shape multiplexor 608 is used for choosing which shape component
output is desired, based on a shape control input from the
microcontroller (not shown), for example. The shape multiplexor 608
output 614 is connected to a carry multiplexor 609 that is used to
zero the value at the start/end of the phase (when the summer
overflows, for example). A Digital to Analog converter 610 converts
the 8 bit shape data value into an analog value 611 of a current
or, in some embodiments, a voltage, which is then connected to
dividers and/or multipliers, as desired, to scale the shape into
the desired amplitude.
Example operations of the example Waveform Generator described
above can now be provided. In the first cycle of waveform
generation in this example, the preload input of the preload
multiplexor 604 has a value of "1". This causes the initial 24-bit
output on the address bus 612 to be the 24-bit value
OFFSET:$00:$00. That is to say, it is a 24-bit value with an OFFSET
value in the most significant eight bits, and the least significant
sixteen bits all zero. In subsequent cycles the preload input to
the multiplexor 604 is "0", and as a result, the 24-bit digital
word "STEP" input 601 is added in the summer 602 (.SIGMA.) to the
output of the unit delay 603 (z.sup.-1) block, making a new 24-bit
sum and one bit of carry. Tracing the path of the sum, one can see
that it then becomes the input to the unit delay 603 (z.sup.-1)
block. Thus, with each clock cycle, the sum on the address bus 612
increases by the amount "STEP".
In the Example shown in FIG. 6, the most significant eight bits of
the sum are used as the address into two memories, Memory 1 606a
and Memory 2 606b, which may be any kind of digital memory such as
RAM, ROM, EEPROM, Flash, or other types. The memories 606a and 606b
each store a different wave shape template of a desired waveform to
be generated. The address indexes the desired entry of the template
for the particular clock cycle. Note that the address does not
necessarily increment by one in every clock cycle. Depending on the
value of STEP, it could also increment by less than one, resulting
in multiple samples of a given entry in the template being used, or
it could increment by more than one, resulting in only some, but
not all, samples being used. Thus, an output waveform of arbitrary
duration is synthesized from a wave shape template of fixed
duration.
In the special case of rectangular waveforms, every element of the
memory would be set to the same value. Thus, to avoid this
inefficient use of memory space, the device can provide a number of
rectangle registers, numbered RECT1-RECTn. In the Example of FIG.
6, four such RECT1-RECT4 registers 607 are used. Since rectangular
waveforms have the same amplitude value for all addresses, it is
not necessary to actually address these registers.
Similarly, it is possible to use digital logic circuits in place of
a memory to generate useful waveforms. Two such logic circuits are
shown in FIG. 6 as blocks Shape Logic 1 605a and Shape Logic 2
605b. For example, a rising ramp waveform may be generated by
connecting the top 8 bits of the sum directly to one of the
multiplexer 608 inputs (in lieu of a memory), or a falling ramp may
be generated by connecting the logical inverses (using a NOT
operation) of the top 8 bits to the multiplexer input. Other
variations are possible, such as providing exponential generators,
sine wave generators, parabolic generators, etc. Such circuits
might utilize the address inputs as part of the mathematical
function or not, depending on the desired application.
The outputs of the memories 606a, 606b, rectangle registers 607,
and shape logic circuits 605a. 605b pass to the shape multiplexer
608, which is controlled by the SHAPE input. This input is
configured to select the desired waveform for a given phase, and is
typically held constant for the entire phase. By setting SHAPE to
the binary code 0111, for example, the waveform generated will use
the template contained in Memory 2 606b. This embodiment shows a
data bus width of 8 bits as the output of the shape multiplexor,
though more or fewer bits may be used to achieve the shape fidelity
required for the therapeutic application.
The output of the shape multiplexer 608 passes into the carry
multiplexer 609, which is controlled by the carry output from the
sum (.SIGMA.) block 602. The carry multiplexer 609 sets the output
of the waveform generator to zero when the sum overflows its 24
bits, for example.
Finally, the output of the carry multiplexer 609 drives a
digital-to-analog converter 610 (DAC), which emits the normalized
waveform output 611 from the Waveform Generator.
It can be seen that with each clock cycle, the sum, and hence the
address, is incremented by the amount "STEP". Hence, "STEP" is
called the "step size" and sets the rate at which elements of the
wave shape template are used to create the waveform. It also
implicitly sets the pulse width, since after enough steps of that
size, the sum operation will generate a carry, which signals that
the waveform generation is complete for the current phase.
The waveform generator constructs stimulation pulses via control
from a microcontroller and/or state machine (e.g., a sequencer)
that programs the desired shape, step size, and offset required for
each phase of the pulse. The microcontroller and/or state machine
also control the delays between pulse phases and provide the clock
source to the waveform generator.
When memory devices are to be used for waveform generation using
stored shape templates, it is often desirable to ensure that a
particular point in the template is reached, such as guaranteeing
that the peak point of a sine wave is emitted, for example. If the
sum were to always start at zero, this may not be possible for some
step sizes on some shape samples as the peak could be bypassed in
some of those cases. By configuring the OFFSET input appropriately,
one can ensure that any selected single sample in the template
waveform will be emitted in the synthesized waveform by shifting
the chosen samples of the waveform. Thus, depending on the type of
waveform, or the scaling of a particular waveform, or both, an
appropriate OFFSET value is calculated by the microcontroller for
each phase to ensure that the desired particular point in each
phase is provided in the output waveform.
Similarly, the same issue can be addressed when using the shape
logic, where the OFFSET feature solves the problem in the same way.
For example, if the shape logic implements a sine or exponential
function, the OFFSET feature could be used to adjust for the
peaks.
As a possible example of the operation of the example waveform
generator of FIG. 6, consider the generation of a six-sample
half-sine-wave pulse. Assume the waveform memory is configured with
a template waveform of a half sine wave pulse, a portion of the
data for an example sampled waveform which is shown in TABLE 1.
Further suppose the STEP is set to $2AAAAB and the OFFSET is set to
$00. When the waveform generator is started, the phase accumulator
will take the values, in successive cycles, $000000, $2AAAAB,
$555556, $800001, $AAAAAC, and $D55557 before the sum overflows 24
bits and the waveform stops. The top eight bits of these values are
taken to compute the sequence $00, $2A, $55, $80, $AA, $D5, which
becomes the addresses into the shape memory. The memory then reads
out the values $02, $7F, $DD, $FF, $DD, $7F. FIG. 7 shows these
values as the bars, demonstrating the example waveform, while the
dashed line illustrates the continuous-time half-sine pulse that
these data points approximate. Although the data points are
numerically correct, in that they do lie on the sine waveform,
there is an asymmetry posed by the first chosen sample amplitude
being $02 without a corresponding sample of $02 at the finish,
thereby skewing the sine wave to the right. Thus, the overall shape
of the pulse might not have the desired fidelity to a sine
wave.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Address Data 00 02 01 05 02 08 03 0B . . . .
. . 15 43 . . . . . . 2A 7F . . . . . . 3F B3 . . . . . . 55 DD . .
. . . . 6A F6 . . . . . . 80 FF . . . . . . 95 F6 . . . . . . AA DD
. . . . . . BF B5 . . . . . . D5 7F . . . . . . EA 43 . . . . . .
FF 02
This asymmetry can be corrected by using an appropriate OFFSET
input. Again consider the generation of a six-step half-sine-wave
pulse, with the waveform memory configured with the data shown in
TABLE 1 and the STEP set to $2AAAAB. This time, however, suppose
the OFFSET is set to $15, Now, when the waveform generator is
started, the phase accumulator will take the values, in successive
cycles, $150000, $3FAAAB, $6A5556, $950001, $BFAAAC, and $EA5557,
which will result in the sequence of truncated addresses $15, $3F,
$6A, $95, $BF, $EA. For these addresses, the shape memory returns
the data sequence $43, $B3, $F6, $F6, $B5, $43. FIG. 8 shows these
data points as bars, with the continuous-time half sine wave pulse
approximated by these pulses drawn as a dashed line. It can easily
be seen that the data points both fit the sine wave curve well and
have good symmetry. Thus, the OFFSET input can be used as
illustrated to adjust the shape of the output waveform.
As a second example, consider the creation of an eight-sample
rising exponential pulse. The data loaded into the memory for an
example of such a sampled waveform are shown in part in TABLE 2.
The STEP input is set to $200000 and the OFFSET to $00. The phase
accumulator values are the sequence $000000, $200000, $400000,
$600000, $800000, $A00000, $000000, $E00000, and the addresses are
$00, $20, $40, $60, $80, $A0, $00, $E0. The resulting data sequence
is $01, $02, $04, $08, $10, $20, $41, $82. These data are plotted
as the bars in FIG. 9, with the continuous-time exponential pulse
these points approximate drawn as a dashed line. Although the data
fit the ideal exponential pulse, they never reach the maximum
amplitude of $FF, which may be considered undesirable. In this
situation, an OFFSET may be desirable.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Address Data 00 01 01 01 02 01 03 01 . . . .
. . 1F 02 20 02 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3F 04 40 04 . . . . . . 7F
10 80 10 . . . . . . 9F 20 A0 20 . . . . . . BF 3F C0 41 . . . . .
. DF 7F E0 82 . . . . . . FF FF
Accordingly, the exponential pulse can be configured to reach its
peak value by setting the OFFSET input to $1F. Now, the phase
accumulator values are $1F0000, $3F0000, $5F0000, $7F0000, $9F0000,
$BF0000, $DF0000, $FF0000, and the resulting addresses are $1F,
$3F, $5F, $7F, $9F, $BF, $DF, $FF. The resulting data sequence is
$02, $04, $08, $10, $20, $3F, $7F, $FF. These data are plotted as
the bars in FIG. 10, with the continuous-time exponential they
approximate plotted as a dashed line. It can be seen that the
points fit the continuous-time exponential well, and they reach the
maximum amplitude. Thus, the OFFSET input provides sufficient
control to ensure that a particular sample in the template
waveform--in this case the last and peak sample--is reached when
the waveform is generated.
Although both of the previous examples were of waveforms shorter
than the template waveform, the waveform generator can also be used
to create waveforms that are longer than the template waveform.
Consider what happens if the STEP input is $00418A and the OFFSET
is $00. The phase accumulator values are $000000, $00418A, $008314,
$00C49E, $010628, $0147B2, . . . $FEFCE8, $FF3E72, $FF7FFC,
$FFC186. With this STEP size, the waveform generator will make 1000
steps before the accumulator overflows 24 bits and waveform
generation stops. These phase accumulator values result in the
sequence of addresses $00, $00, $00, $00, $01, $01, $FE, $FF, $FF,
$FF. It can be seen that when the STEP input is sufficiently small
(less than $010000 in this example), the waveform generator will
repeat samples from the template waveform to create a pulse of the
desired width by stretching the waveform.
It is worth noting that there are trivial variations on this design
that are basically equivalent. For example, the memories could be
combined into a single larger memory, using one or more additional
address lines to select between multiple wave shape templates.
Similarly, enable inputs to the memories, rectangle registers,
and/or shape logic could achieve a selection function equivalent to
part or all of the shape multiplexer. Thus, there are a number of
variations that can be used to implement the features of the
waveform generator using different alternatives.
There are also several ways for the waveform generation circuitry
components to be realized in hardware. First, it is possible to
implement all of this circuitry in a single ASIC, either combined
on-chip with the microcontroller or separate from it. Second, it is
possible to combine some elements of this circuit on an ASIC with
various separate components, for example by building most of the
waveform generator in the ASIC and interfacing it to separate
memories that are not part of the ASIC. Finally, it is also
possible to build the waveform generator using discrete
components.
Depending on the complexity of the waveforms to be generated and
the therapeutic needs of the application, there are many ways to
structure the architecture to achieve the features described above.
A low-power microcontroller with dedicated programming stored in
ROM could be utilized. Or, rather than using a low-power
microcontroller, a device such as a more powerful central
processing unit or a digital signal processor with appropriate
programming stored in a computer readable medium, such as a memory
device, could be used to directly synthesize the waveforms. In
addition, field-programmable gate arrays could be programmed as a
control source, state machine, and/or waveform generator. In this
embodiment the preferred memory type for waveform template storage
is RAM, though it could be equally effective to use flash memory,
EEPROM, or some other form of ROM memory as is known in the
art.
Current Divider
In an example embodiment, the output from the waveform generator is
provided to a Current Divider to help provide relatively precise
control over the normalized waveform amplitude. The Current Divider
performs a division operation for scaling the waveform. As an
example, such a scaling factor can scale the waveform by a division
factor ranging from 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, and so on to 1/16.
With a current output from the example waveform generator described
above, an example current divider can be implemented as shown in
FIG. 11. Note that in FIG. 11, the notation "M=n" is used, where n
is some number that indicates that the corresponding FET is
replicated n times. Each of the n copies of that FET have the same
gate, drain, and source connection shown in the diagram.
The circuit in FIG. 11 adapts current mirror techniques to perform
current division on the normalized waveform. In the example, a
digital 4-bit divisor word enters on the D bus 32, and the analog
waveform to be divided enters on the I wire 31. To describe its
operation, it is first assumed that all of the FETs in the top row
(Q7-Q12) are functioning as switches and all are initially turned
"on". A portion of the waveform current coming in the I input 31
passes through FET Q7 and then FET Q1. FET Q1, having its gate tied
to its drain, sets the gate voltage for all of the rest of the
bottom-row FETs (Q2-Q6) to the value that is needed for it to carry
the current flowing through it. Thus, each individual FET in the
bottom row is biased to carry the same current value. However, many
of the FETs are replicated according to the M factor--for those
FETs, each replica is biased to carry that same current. Thus, if
all four of Q2-Q5 are carrying current, they will carry a total of
15 (8+4+2+1=15) times the current through Q1, and the current
through Q1 will be 1/16 of the current through the I input.
Now, consider the function of the D input 32, which is a 4-bit
value controlling Q8-Q11 as switches. When D has the binary value
0000, all four switches (Q8-Q11) are turned off, and the full
current of the I input 31 (which is based on the output of the DAC
in the Waveform Generator) will flow through Q1. When D has the
binary value 0001, Q11 will be turned on, so half the current from
I will flow through Q1 and half will flow through Q5. When has the
binary value 0100, Q9 will be turned on, enabling the corresponding
M=4 FET (Q3). The result is that 1/5 of the input current I will
flow through the Q1 and 4/5 will flow through Q3. Thus, the binary
value of the input acts as a divisor, controlling how much of the
input current I flows through Q1.
The output from the current divider is created by Q6. Its gate
voltage is set by Q1, causing the current through it to be the same
as that flowing through Q1. Thus, as the D and I inputs are varied,
the current sunk at the output is equal to the current sunk by the
I input, divided by (D+1), thereby providing a current sink 33 that
is a value of I/(D+1)
Q7 and Q12 are configured as switches that are permanently turned
on. Their purpose is to match the electrical environment of Q1 and
Q6 to that of Q2-Q5, so that all of the bottom-row FETs see similar
voltage, resistance, and capacitance in their connected components.
This matching improves the accuracy of the division operation.
An alternative implementation could be provided using complimentary
circuitry to provide a controlled voltage output when the DAC
converter outputs a voltage rather than a current. It is also
possible to bypass or eliminate the current divider for
applications where its use is not necessary.
Amplitude Multiplier
The output from the waveform generation circuitry is passed to the
amplitude multipliers that are associated with corresponding
channels. The output from the waveform generation circuitry is
replicated in a current mirror, creating one copy of the current
per amplitude multiplier. Those copies of the current are passed to
the amplitude multipliers that are associated with corresponding
channels. Each amplitude multiplier is comprised of two sets of
switched current mirrors, one using p-channel FETs (pFETs) and one
using n-channel FETs (nFETs). A schematic of one amplitude
multiplier (for a single one of the channels) is shown in FIG. 19.
The PG contains multiple amplitude multipliers, one for each
stimulation channel. In this diagram, the notation "M=n" is again
used, where n is some number that indicates that the corresponding
FET on the diagram is replicated n times in practice.
To understand the amplitude multiplier, first consider just the
pFET side, FETs Q100.about.Q270 in FIG. 19. The top row, FETs
Q100.about.Q170, forms a current mirror that multiplies the current
from FET Q101, which is driven by the current divider output 33.
The gate voltage developed by FET Q101 then controls the current
through the replicated FETs Q100.about.Q170. Thus, FETs Q170,
marked M=128 (and thus representing a FET replicated 128 times),
attempts to output 128 times the current through Q101, whereas the
FET marked M=64, Q160, attempts to output 64 times the current
through Q101, and so on.
The second row of FETs, Q200.about.Q270, function as switches that
controllably connect the FETs of the first row to the output, CHn
39 representing one channel. To determine how much current is to be
supplied on CHn, the suitable switches are turned on. For example,
a binary code of 1100 0000 on the bus 34 (AMPn) turns on Q270 and
Q260, permitting (128+64)=192 times the current through Q101 to
flow to the output CHn.
The bottom two rows of nFETs behave similarly. The bottom row of
nFETs, Q400.about.Q470, form a current mirror that multiplies the
current from Q102. nFETs Q300.about.Q370 serve as a set of switches
that controllably connect Q400.about.Q470 to the output CHn 39. As
with the pFETs, the binary code controlling the Q300.about.Q370
switches sets the current that flows to the output CHn.
The binary codes controlling the pFET and nFET switches are
developed by the digital logic on the left side of FIG. 129. The
AMPn signal 34 is an 8-bit binary bus that sets the multiplication
factor, and the POL input 35 sets the polarity. The POL input 35
controls two multiplexers, 36, 37 that switch the AMPn
multiplication factor to either the pFET or nFET switches,
respectively, and switch $00, meaning all switches open, to the
other set of switches. The output from the multiplexer 36 passes
through an inverting level-shift operation 38, before connecting to
the pFETs Q200.about.Q270. The output from the multiplexer 37
drives the nFETs Q300.about.Q370 directly. While this embodiment
shows an 8-bit bus for selecting the multiplication factor, any
number of bits may be used to achieve the amplitude resolution
desired.
Thus, the current from the current divider is multiplied by the
AMPn 34 amplitude value and assigned a polarity set by the PUL 35
bit. The resulting current is then output on CHn 39. The CHn output
channel 39 is either connected through a detachable lead and an
electrode contact to the tissue to be stimulated, or through
protection circuitry to the lead and electrode contact, if
protection circuitry is utilized.
It should be noted here that variations of the amplitude multiplier
circuitry discussed herein may be included to achieve better
accuracy or to meet timing or power requirements. This embodiment
of the amplitude multiplier is only one of many configurations that
can be used to transfer the output of the waveform generator into
an output signal that is provided at the desired electrodes.
Clock Divider
The clock divider 43 (see FIGS. 4, 5) uses standard digital logic
techniques to perform frequency division on the CLK input 42. The
division factor is configurable and must be an integer. That is to
say, if the division factor is 3, then the clock divider outputs
one clock cycle for every three cycles of the CLK input. If the
division factor is 5, the clock divider outputs one clock cycle for
every five cycles of the CLK input. Thus, the CLK frequency should
be chosen sufficiently high to satisfy the shortest pulse width
that would be expected, and must be high enough to consider the
maximum number of samples that are to be used in any given pulse
width (or "phase" as that term is used below).
Accordingly, with the application of both time dividing and current
dividing, the example PG is capable of performing true division on
the output current, without being constrained to integer quotients,
and to similarly divide the clock signal to cover a longer period
of time. (Note that division of a clock signal results in
multiplication of time).
Active Charge Balancing
As defined above, a charge-balanced pulse is one in which the net
DC current is zero. This is often done using a passive balancing
scheme by accumulating a voltage on a DC blocking capacitor during
the stimulation phase, then discharging this voltage during a
charge recovery (sometimes called "recharge") phase. This is termed
"passive recovery", since the capacitor is passively permitted to
discharge to its resting value. In these stimulators, the recovery
phase is either exponential or a clamped exponential (owing to the
nature of capacitor discharge). A controlled-current recovery phase
could also be used, which can be used to avoid the long exponential
tail required in passive recovery. In these stimulators, the
recovery phase is substantially rectangular. However, accuracy
limitations (explained below) mean that one must either give up
amplitude resolution or make the recovery phase partially passive
in order to ensure a net DC current of zero. In contrast, the PG
described herein and in related applications is capable of wave
shapes for all phases of the pulse, including both the stimulation
and recovery phases. To perform this task, a more sophisticated
approach to charge balance is provided.
Desired is a means to control the aspect ratio of the charge
recovery phase as a function of the amplitude and pulse width of
the stimulation phase. Consider FIG. 12, which shows a two-phase
stimulation pulse. The first phase 61, the stimulation phase, has a
negative polarity, an amplitude of np and a pulse width of tp. The
second phase 62, the recovery phase, has a positive polarity, an
amplitude of nr and a pulse width of tr. Both amplitudes np and nr
have units of digital-to-analog converter (DAC) current or voltage
units and are nonnegative integers. Both pulse widths tp and tr
have units of clock cycles and are nonnegative integers. The net
charge of the pulse is (nrtr+nptp). If the aspect ratio of the
recovery phase is defined by a scaling factor k, such that the
amplitude is scaled by (nr=np/k) and the pulse width is scaled by
(tr=ktp), the charge delivered during the recovery phase is equal
to the charge delivered during the stimulation phase.
FIG. 13 illustrates a simple example of how the scaling factor k
can be utilized, showing k being used to divide the clock (so that
only every k clock cycles are utilized) thereby stretching the wave
in time, and a divisor k in amplitude, thereby preserving the
overall areas of the waveform pulse 1 50 and pulse 2 51. Such a
division results in the same amount of charge transferred by each
of the two curves, as their areas are basically equal, but because
their polarity is opposite, the charges cancel out. Thus, FIG. 13
shows how a pulse can be modified while preserving the charge using
these scaling operations.
FIG. 14 shows this feature being applied to a half-sine wave shape.
In this figure, both the stimulation 52 and charge recovery 53
phases are half-sine-waves using five samples each based on the
same sample stored in memory. The recovery phase is scaled by two
(k=2) using that value as both the current and clock dividers.
Thus, the recovery phase has half the amplitude and twice the
duration of the stimulation phase, the net DC charge is zero, and
the pulse is charge-balanced, except for possible effects of
residual inaccuracies in the system. Because the division is done
in analog instead of by changing the amplitude multiplier DAC
values, the relationship is truly independent of the amplitude
value chosen.
Some residual inaccuracies in the pulse generator circuitry may
cause the pulse to have a slightly non-zero net DC current. If this
residual current is unacceptable, a solution is to include DC
blocking capacitors and passive recovery switches that connect all
of the stimulation outputs to a common point, restoring charge
balance, as is shown in FIG. 5.
Furthermore, when a pulse consists of phases of different shapes,
it may not be possible to generate a completely charge-balanced
waveform while maintaining the intended shapes. In such situations,
the DC blocking capacitors and passive recovery switches may be
used to add a passive charge recovery phase to remove any residual
charge.
Accordingly, by utilizing the time clock and current division
functions, such balancing operations and scaling of waveform shapes
is accommodated.
Arbitrary Waveform Creation
The hardware discussed above is primarily intended to be utilized
to generate a waveform of an arbitrary shape to be used for such
purposes as spinal stimulation, such as for pain control, for
example, for implementation in systems such as those described in
FIGS. 1-3. Some examples of waveforms that can be generated by this
arrangement are described below, although it must be emphasized
that one of the primary benefits of this approach is that waveforms
of almost any desired arbitrary shape (scaled in amplitude and
time) can be provided using these techniques.
By adding further modifications to the example embodiments, even
more flexibility in generating waveform shapes can be provided. For
example, utilizing the entire address bus (or even increasing its
size) to address much more memory to access many different waveform
samples could be utilized. Additional RECT registers can be added
to increase the options for rectangular pulses, and/or any number
of shape logic circuits could be utilized to provide complex
mathematical shapes. As discussed above, the waveform generation
circuitry could be replicated to provide additional flexibility in
generating output waveforms to the electrodes. Thus, these concepts
offer nearly infinite possibilities in generating waveform shapes,
as desired, by providing the appropriate adaptations.
As an example of the flexibility of waveform generation, a pulse
using these techniques can be divided into two or more phases of
stimulation, an example of which is illustrated in FIG. 15, where
three different phases are shown, one used twice. For any given
channel, each phase has a single polarity and amplitude defined.
Each phase has associated with it a clock divider value, a current
divider value, a repetition count, a delay value, a waveform step
size, a waveform offset value, and a waveform shape. Before
generating a pulse, the external microcontroller loads registers in
the stimulation ASIC with values representing the phases of the
pulse.
To generate the example waveform of FIG. 15, when the
microcontroller commands the ASIC to start the pulse, the ASIC then
generates the phases in sequence. As each phase begins, the
amplitude multipliers are loaded with the amplitude values and the
polarities of each channel. The waveform generator is configured
for the selected waveform for the phase, the current divider is
loaded with the current division factor for the phase, and the
clock divider is loaded with the clock division factor for the
phase. The waveform generator then generates the waveform for the
phase, after which the ASIC inserts a pre-programmed delay before
starting the next phase. Phases can be repeated if the phase
repetition count is set to a value greater than zero. Once the
repetitions, if any, are completed, the ASIC then proceeds to
generate the next phase of the pulse.
Thus, in the example of FIG. 15, a first phase 1 54 is generated
consisting of a rectangular pulse 54' and a delay 54'', a repeat of
phase 1 55, a phase 2 56 consisting of a half-sine pulse 56' and a
delay 56'', and phase 3 pulse 57 consisting of a dying exponential
curve 57' and a delay 57''.
In the additional example of FIG. 18, another waveform is generated
including a first phase 1 74 consisting of a rectangular pulse 74'
with negative polarity and a delay 74'', a phase 2 75 consisting of
a rising exponential pulse 75' with negative polarity and a delay
75'', and phase 3 76 consisting of a quarter-sine pulse 76' with
positive polarity and a delay 76''.
By the above example architectures, the rectangular pulse could be
generated using a RECT register, while the dying exponential,
rising exponential, half-sine and quarter-sine pulses could be
generated either by sampling respective normalized sine and
exponential curves stored in memories, or by using a sine or
exponential generator shape logic function, or some combination
thereof.
At the microcontroller's command, charge balancing may be achieved
by closing the switches that connect all of the DC blocking
capacitors (if present) to a common node to passively balance the
charge, or by generating an inverse of the curve of FIG. 15 (or a
new curve of equal but inverse area) to actively balance the
charge, or some combination of the two or by using the scaling
procedure discussed above on the curve but changing its scale at an
equal inverse charge. It is also possible for charge balance to be
achieved in a non-passive manner. Note that because phases 1 and 2
of FIG. 15 are negative pulses, but phase 3 is a positive pulse, by
ensuring that the area of phase three is equal to the sum of the
areas of phase 1 times 2 plus phase 2 (or adding an additional
phase to counter any residual charge), active charge balancing is
possible for at least some circumstances. It is also possible to
use a combination of active and passive charge balancing.
FIG. 16 shows an example IPG implementation useful for spinal pain
management using an implanted PG that can utilize the features
described above in more detail.
The microcontroller 307 will run the software and control the IPG's
output. The microcontroller 307 will interface to other functional
blocks to monitor IPG status, to send and receive communications,
and to drive the channel configuration and output waveforms.
The RF transceiver 314 and matching network 340 and antenna 316
will provide a wireless communications interface to several
external devices. The transceiver 314 will send and receive data
while automatically handling data flow, RF channel control, error
correction, and wakeup detection. The matching network 340 will
provide the interface to the IPG's antenna 316, which will be
located in the header of the device.
The power architecture consists of the rechargeable battery 313,
the Power ASIC 306, recharge coil 315, along with a rectifier 330
and data modulation circuitry 331. The rechargeable battery 313
will provide raw power to the IPG. The recharge coil 315 and
rectifier 330 will accept power from a transcutaneous power link
and convert it to a DC voltage, while the data modulation circuit
331 will use this link to transfer data to and from the external
charger. The Power ASIC 306 will provide control of the recharge
process, battery protection, and power for the digital, analog, and
high-voltage components of the system.
The Stimulation ASIC 308 will produce the waveforms for
stimulation, for example using one of the techniques identified
hereinabove. It will provide pulse shaping in arbitrary waveforms
to allow complete control of nerve fiber recruitment.
The protection circuitry 309 will enhance safety for both the
patient and the IPG itself. The protection circuitry 309 will
include protection from electrostatic discharge (ESD) and
over-voltage conditions (from defibrillation pulses and
electrocautery). The protection circuitry 309 will also include EMI
filters. Ultimately, the pulses are delivered to the desired site
within the patient by a series of electrodes 302.
Thus, active charge balancing can utilize the same or completely
different arbitrary waveforms generated by the PG, reducing or
eliminating the need for passive charge balancing using capacitors.
For example, the controller could easily initiate an active charge
balancing procedure by repeating any given stimulation waveform in
a scaled inverse manner for any given electrode, which should
substantially balance the charge.
FIG. 17 shows an example application of the stimulator system for
providing spinal stimulation. In that figure, the IPG 1 (or 101) is
shown implanted in a patient. Also shown is the human spine
comprising the C1-C7 cervical vertebrae 65, the T1-T12 thoracic
vertebrae 66, the L1-L5 lumbar vertebrae 67, and the S1-S6 S5
sacral vertebrae 68. Electrodes 63 are shown disposed at the distal
end of the lead 64, which is routed near and along the spine so
that the electrodes 63 are positioned near the thoracic vertebrae
66. The electrodes 63 are attached to the IPG 1 via the lead
64.
The leads and electrodes may be positioned anywhere along the spine
to deliver/achieve the intended therapeutic effects of spinal cord
electrical stimulation in the desired region of the spine. The
distal end of the lead with its accompanying electrodes may be
located beneath the dura along the epidural space and adjacent to a
desired portion of the spinal cord using well-established and known
techniques for implanting and positioning SCS leads and electrodes,
and the IPG 61 may be programmed using a clinician programmer,
patient programmer, or other type of programming device 3, 4 (or
103, 104), as desired (and further described above).
With respect to the Waveform Generator inside the Stimulation ASIC,
the provided reference output to the Amplitude Multipliers could be
a current, a voltage, or a digital value; all three forms can be
similarly utilized, and thus only the current output embodiments
are shown. Similarly, the output from the Current Divider could be
a current, a voltage, or a digital value. The output of the Iref
generator could be either a current or a voltage, or the Iref
generator could be omitted if the Waveform Generator outputs a
digital value. Thus, using the techniques described herein modified
according to the particular output needs can be used to apply these
concepts to a great number of different applications.
Furthermore, the Current Divider could be connected between the
Iref and the Waveform Generator, or it could be connected between
the Waveform Generator and the Amplitude Multipliers. The Current
Divider could also be bypassed or omitted. The outputs from the
Amplitude Multipliers could be voltages instead of currents.
The terminology of current "flowing to" and "flowing from", or
"sink" and "source", can vary depending on whether one uses the
convention of current flowing from positive to negative or from
negative to positive. Whichever convention one uses is not
important to practicing the invention.
The current divider and waveform multiplier could be built with
thermometer encoding instead of binary weighting.
The current divider and waveform multiplier could have built-in
fixed scaling factors (.times.2, .times.4, .times.1/2, .times.1/4,
etc.).
The operation of truncating the phase accumulator to generate the
address could be replaced by a round-to-nearest or ceiling
(round-upwards) operation. If a large memory is available,
truncation or rounding could be skipped and the entire phase
accumulator used as the address.
Many other example embodiments of the invention can be provided
through various combinations of the above described features.
Although the invention has been described hereinabove using
specific examples and embodiments, it will be understood by those
skilled in the art that various alternatives may be used and
equivalents may be substituted for elements and/or steps described
herein, without necessarily deviating from the intended scope of
the invention. Modifications may be necessary to adapt the
invention to a particular situation or to particular needs without
departing from the intended scope of the invention. It is intended
that the invention not be limited to the particular implementations
and embodiments described herein, but that the claims be given
their broadest reasonable interpretation to cover all novel and
non-obvious embodiments, literal or equivalent, disclosed or not,
covered thereby.
* * * * *