U.S. patent number 10,118,712 [Application Number 15/088,051] was granted by the patent office on 2018-11-06 for electrical conductor pathway system and method of making the same.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Boeing Company. The grantee listed for this patent is The Boeing Company. Invention is credited to Jeffrey Lynn Duce, Victoria L. Garcia, Mark J. Gardner, Otis F. Layton, Joseph A. Marshall, IV.
United States Patent |
10,118,712 |
Garcia , et al. |
November 6, 2018 |
Electrical conductor pathway system and method of making the
same
Abstract
The disclosure provides in one embodiment an electrical
conductor pathway system for diverting an electric charge. The
electrical conductor pathway system includes a substrate having a
first surface to be printed on and having one or more grounding
points. The electrical conductor pathway system further includes a
direct write conductive material pattern printed directly onto the
first surface via a direct write printing process. The direct write
conductive material pattern forms one or more electrical pathways
interconnected with the one or more grounding points. The one or
more electrical pathways interconnected with the one or more
grounding points divert the electric charge from the first surface
to the one or more grounding points.
Inventors: |
Garcia; Victoria L. (Everett,
WA), Gardner; Mark J. (Snohomish, WA), Layton; Otis
F. (Bonney Lake, WA), Duce; Jeffrey Lynn (Maple Valley,
WA), Marshall, IV; Joseph A. (Kent, WA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
The Boeing Company |
Chicago |
IL |
US |
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Assignee: |
The Boeing Company (Chicago,
IL)
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Family
ID: |
57391751 |
Appl.
No.: |
15/088,051 |
Filed: |
March 31, 2016 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20160214735 A1 |
Jul 28, 2016 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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14138120 |
Dec 22, 2013 |
9391261 |
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13212037 |
Dec 24, 2013 |
8614724 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01M
5/0033 (20130101); G01M 5/0016 (20130101); H01L
41/1876 (20130101); H05K 1/0259 (20130101); H05K
1/0224 (20130101); B64D 45/02 (20130101); G01M
5/0083 (20130101); G01L 1/16 (20130101); H05K
1/097 (20130101); H01L 41/1132 (20130101); B64C
3/26 (20130101); B64C 1/12 (20130101); H05K
2201/10409 (20130101); B64D 2045/0085 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B64D
45/02 (20060101); H01L 41/317 (20130101); G01M
5/00 (20060101); G01L 1/16 (20060101); H01L
41/187 (20060101); H01L 41/113 (20060101); H05K
1/02 (20060101); H05K 1/09 (20060101) |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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0269775 |
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Jun 1988 |
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EP |
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02947972 |
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Nov 2015 |
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EP |
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Other References
European Patent Office Extended European Search Report, dated Nov.
13, 2017, for counterpart application No. EP 16195602.4, Applicant
The Boeing Company, 9 pages. cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Thompson; Timothy
Assistant Examiner: Patel; Amol
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation-in-part of and claims
priority to application Ser. No. 14/138,120, filed on Dec. 22,
2013, titled "STRUCTURES WITH PZT NANOPARTICLE INK BASED
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR ASSEMBLY", which is a continuation of and
claims priority to U.S. nonprovisional patent application Ser. No.
13/212,037, filed Aug. 17, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,614,724,
issued Dec. 24, 2013, titled "METHOD AND SYSTEM OF FABRICATING PZT
NANOPARTICLE INK BASED PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR", which is related to
U.S. nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 13/211,554, filed
on Aug. 17, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,005,465, issued Apr. 14,
2015, titled "METHODS FOR FORMING LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE
NANOPARTICLES", which is also related to U.S. nonprovisional patent
application Ser. No. 13/212,123, filed on Aug. 17, 2011, now U.S.
Pat. No. 8,766,511, issued Jul. 1, 2014, titled "METHOD AND SYSTEM
FOR DISTRIBUTED NETWORK OF NANOPARTICLE INK BASED PIEZOELECTRIC
SENSORS FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING". The contents of
application Ser. No. 14/138,120, application Ser. No. 13/212,037,
application Ser. No. 13/211,544, and application Ser. No.
13/212,123 are all hereby incorporated by reference in their
entireties.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An electrical conductor pathway system for diverting an electric
charge, the electrical conductor pathway system comprising: a
substrate having a first surface to be printed on and having one or
more grounding points; and a direct write conductive material
pattern printed directly onto the first surface via a direct write
printing process, the direct write conductive material pattern
forming one or more electrical pathways interconnected with the one
or more grounding points, and the direct write conductive material
pattern comprising a grid pattern having repeating geometric-shaped
units comprising one or more of, square-shaped units,
hexagon-shaped units, triangle-shaped units, and circle-shaped
units, wherein the one or more electrical pathways interconnected
with the one or more grounding points divert the electric charge
from the first surface to the one or more grounding points.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the substrate has a primer layer
applied over the first surface of the substrate to form a primed
substrate having a primed surface, and the direct write conductive
material pattern is printed directly onto the primed surface.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises one or
more of, a fiberglass material, a composite material, a metallic
material, and a combination of the composite material and the
metallic material.
4. The system of claim 1 further comprising a conductive coating
applied over the direct write conductive material pattern.
5. The system of claim 4 wherein the conductive coating comprises
one or more of, a conductive metal paint, and a conductive sealant,
the conductive metal paint and the conductive sealant both having a
conductive metallic material comprising one or more of, copper,
aluminum, titanium, nickel, bronze, gold, silver, and an alloy
thereof.
6. The system of claim 4 further comprising a topcoat layer applied
over the conductive coating.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein the direct write conductive
material pattern is made of a conductive material comprising one or
more of, copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel, bronze, gold, silver,
an alloy thereof, and a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle
ink.
8. The system of claim 1 wherein the direct write printing process
comprises one or more of, a jetted atomized deposition process, an
ink jet printing process, an aerosol printing process, a pulsed
laser evaporation process, a flexography printing process, a
micro-spray printing process, a flat bed silk screen printing
process, a rotary silk screen printing process, a gravure printing
process, and a plasma spraying process.
9. The system of claim 1 wherein the grid pattern comprises one or
more grid lines forming the one or more electrical pathways, the
one or more grid lines each having a width of from 0.1 inch to 0.3
inch.
10. The system of claim 1 wherein the electric charge comprises one
or more of, electric charge from a lightning strike, and electric
charge from precipitation static (P-static).
11. An air vehicle comprising: an air vehicle structure having an
electrical conductor pathway system, the electrical conductor
pathway system comprising: a primed substrate having a primed
surface to be printed on and having one or more grounding points; a
direct write conductive material pattern comprising a grid pattern
printed directly onto the primed surface via a direct write
printing process, the direct write conductive material pattern
forming one or more electrical pathways interconnected with the one
or more grounding points, and the direct write conductive material
pattern comprising a grid pattern having repeating geometric-shaped
units comprising one or more of, square-shaped units,
hexagon-shaped units, triangle-shaped units, and circle-shaped
units; a conductive coating applied over the direct write
conductive material pattern; and a topcoat layer applied over the
conductive coating, wherein the one or more electrical pathways
interconnected with the one or more grounding points divert an
electric charge from one or more of, a lightning strike, and
precipitation static (P-static) on an exterior surface of the air
vehicle structure to the one or more grounding points.
12. The air vehicle of claim 11 wherein the direct write conductive
material pattern is made of a conductive material comprising one or
more of, copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel, bronze, gold, silver,
an alloy thereof, and a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle
ink.
13. The air vehicle of claim 11 wherein the direct write printing
process comprises one or more of, a jetted atomized deposition
process, an ink jet printing process, an aerosol printing process,
a pulsed laser evaporation process, a flexography printing process,
a micro-spray printing process, a flat bed silk screen printing
process, a rotary silk screen printing process, a gravure printing
process, and a plasma spraying process.
14. The air vehicle of claim 11 wherein the one or more grounding
points comprise one or more of, one or more fasteners made of a
conductive metallic material, and one or more ground elements and
one or more ground connections, both made of the conductive
metallic material.
15. A method of making an electrical conductor pathway system for
diverting an electric charge on a structure, the method comprising
the steps of: providing the structure having a surface to be
printed on and having one or more grounding points; printing, via a
direct write printing process, a direct write conductive material
pattern onto the surface of the structure to form one or more
electrical pathways, the direct write conductive material pattern
comprising a grid pattern having repeating geometric-shaped units
comprising one or more of, square-shaped units, hexagon-shaped
units, triangle-shaped units, and circle-shaped units; and
interconnecting the one or more electrical pathways with the one or
more grounding points to divert the electric charge from the
surface to the one or more grounding points.
16. The method of claim 15 further comprising prior to printing,
applying a primer layer over the surface of the structure.
17. The method of claim 16 further comprising after
interconnecting, applying a conductive coating over the direct
write conductive material pattern.
18. The method of claim 17 further comprising after applying the
conductive coating, applying a topcoat layer over the conductive
coating.
19. The method of claim 15 wherein printing further comprises
printing the direct write conductive material pattern comprising
the grid pattern made of a conductive material comprising one or
more of, copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel, bronze, gold, silver,
an alloy thereof, and a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle
ink.
20. The method of claim 15 wherein printing further comprises
printing via the direct write printing process comprising one or
more of, a jetted atomized deposition process, an ink jet printing
process, an aerosol printing process, a pulsed laser evaporation
process, a flexography printing process, a micro-spray printing
process, a flat bed silk screen printing process, a rotary silk
screen printing process, a gravure printing process, and a plasma
spraying process.
Description
BACKGROUND
1) Field of the Disclosure
The disclosure relates generally to systems and methods using
conductive materials printed or deposited with direct write
printing processes, and more particularly, to lightning protection
systems and methods using conductive materials, such as
nanoparticle ink, printed or deposited with direct write printing
processes. The disclosure also relates generally to methods and
systems of fabricating sensors, and more particularly, to methods
and systems for fabricating nanoparticle piezoelectric sensors
deposited onto a structure.
2) Description of Related Art
Composite materials are used in a wide variety of structures and
component parts, including in the manufacture of air vehicles, such
as aircraft, spacecraft, and rotorcraft, and in the manufacture of
watercraft, automobiles, trucks, and other vehicles, due to their
high strength-to-weight ratios, corrosion resistance, and other
favorable properties. In particular, in aircraft construction,
composite structures and component parts are used in increasing
quantities to form the fuselage, wings, tail section, skin panels,
and other component parts of the aircraft.
However, composite materials are less conductive than metallic
materials, and composite structures and component parts may have
difficulty dissipating electric charge or energy from a lightning
strike or from P-static (precipitation static), as quickly or
efficiently as metallic structures and component parts.
Known systems and methods have been developed to manage lightning
strikes and static buildup, for example, P-static, on composite
structures of air vehicles, such as aircraft. Several known systems
and methods add metallic conductors or incorporate metal foil
systems of various configurations into composite structures and
component parts. The addition of such metallic conductors may
include metallic diverter strips applied to composite structures
and component parts. The incorporation of such metal foil systems
may include the use of copper or aluminum foil in the form of
metallic mesh embedded within composite structures and component
parts. However, such known metallic diverter strips and embedded
metallic mesh may have difficulty handling the fatigue of a
flexible surface, such as a flight control surface of a wing of an
aircraft, and may affect the structure of the composite material or
component part they are applied to or embedded within.
In addition, known applique-based systems may be used to manage
lightning strikes and static buildup for example, P-static, on
composite structures of air vehicles, such as aircraft. Such known
applique-based systems use alternate layers of dielectric and
conductive materials applied as an applique over the composite
structure surface and secured to the surface with an adhesive.
However, such known appliques may not be installed or applied
during manufacturing or during layup of the part, and may typically
be installed or applied after manufacturing in a secondary
operation. This may result in decreased producibility. Further,
such known appliques typically include a continuous layer applied
with an adhesive and may be difficult to repair or replace in
situ.
Another difficulty with such known systems and methods of managing
lightning strikes and static buildup is that they are not direct
write processed, but may require manufacturing with a special layup
process, which may increase the time and expense of manufacturing,
or may require application in a less permanent, secondary operation
after manufacturing.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for an improved electrical
conductor pathway system and method for managing electric charge,
such as from lightning strikes and P-static, on the surface of
composite structures and component parts, that provide advantages
over known systems and methods.
Small sensors, such as microsensors, may be used in a variety of
applications including in structural health monitoring (SHM)
systems and methods to continuously monitor structures, such as
composite or metal structures, and to measure material
characteristics and stress and strain levels in order to assess
performance, possible damage, and current state of the structures.
Known SHM systems and methods may include the use of small, stiff,
ceramic disk sensors integrated onto a polyimide substrate and
connected to power and communication wiring. Such known sensors are
typically manually bonded to a structure with an adhesive. Such
manual installation may increase labor and installation costs and
such adhesive may degrade over time and may result in the sensor
disbonding from the structure. In addition, such known sensors may
be made of rigid, planar, and/or brittle materials that may limit
their usage, for example, usage on a curved or non-planar substrate
surface may be difficult. Moreover, in a large array of such known
sensors, the amount of power and communication wiring required may
increase the complexity and the weight of the structure.
In addition, known sensor systems and methods, such as
micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and methods, may include the
use of depositing onto a substrate piezoelectric sensors, such as
lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sensors, having nanoparticles. Known
methods for making such MEMS may include molten salt synthesis of
PZT powder for direct write inks. However, the applications of the
PZT sensors fabricated with such known methods may be limited by
the physical geometry of the PZT sensors. Such physical geometry
limitations may result in inadequate sensing capacities or
inadequate actuation responses. Further, the PZT sensors fabricated
with such known methods may be unable to be applied or located in
areas where their function may be important due to the PZT sensor
fabrication method. For example, known molten salt synthesis
methods may require processing at higher temperatures than certain
application substrates can tolerate.
Further, such known MEMS systems and methods may also include the
use of sensors having nanoparticles which have not been
crystallized and which may be less efficient than nanoparticles
which have been crystallized. Non-crystallized structures typically
have greater disorganization resulting in decreased response
sensitivity to strain and voltage, whereas crystallized structures
typically have greater internal organization resulting in increased
response sensitivity to strain and decreased necessity for energy
to operate. In addition, the nanoparticles of the sensors may be
too large for some known deposition processes and systems, such as
a jetted atomized deposition (JAD) process, and such nanoparticles
may require a high temperature sintering/crystallization process
which may result in damage to temperature sensitive substrates or
structures.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for an improved method and
system of fabricating PZT piezoelectric sensors having
nanoparticles that may be used in structural health monitoring
systems and methods for structures, where such improved method and
system provide advantages over known methods and systems.
SUMMARY
Example implementations of this disclosure provide an improved
electrical conductor pathway system and method. As discussed in the
below detailed description, embodiments of the improved electrical
conductor pathway system and method may provide significant
advantages over known systems and methods for managing electric
charge on a surface of a structure.
In an embodiment of the disclosure there is provided an electrical
conductor pathway system for diverting an electric charge. The
electrical conductor pathway system comprises a substrate having a
first surface to be printed on and having one or more grounding
points. The
The direct write conductive material pattern forms one or more
electrical pathways interconnected with the one or more grounding
points. The one or more electrical pathways interconnected with the
one or more grounding points divert the electric charge from the
first surface to the one or more grounding points.
In another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided an air
vehicle. The air vehicle comprises an air vehicle structure having
an electrical conductor pathway system.
The electrical conductor pathway system comprises a primed
substrate having a primed surface to be printed on and having one
or more grounding points. The electrical conductor pathway system
further comprises a direct write conductive material pattern
comprising a grid pattern printed directly onto the primed surface
via a direct write printing process. The direct write conductive
material pattern forms one or more electrical pathways
interconnected with the one or more grounding points.
The electrical conductor pathway system further comprises a
conductive coating applied over the direct write conductive
material pattern. The electrical conductor pathway system further
comprises a topcoat layer applied over the conductive coating. The
one or more electrical pathways interconnected with the one or more
grounding points divert an electric charge from a lightning strike
or from precipitation static (P-static) on an exterior surface of
the air vehicle structure to the one or more grounding points.
In another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a method
of making an electrical conductor pathway system for diverting an
electric charge on a structure. The method comprises the step of
providing the structure having a surface to be printed on and
having one or more grounding points. The method further comprises
the step of printing via a direct write printing process, a direct
write conductive material pattern onto the surface of the structure
to form one or more electrical pathways. The method further
comprises the step of interconnecting the one or more electrical
pathways with the one or more grounding points to divert the
electric charge from the surface to the one or more grounding
points.
In addition, this need for a method and system of fabricating lead
zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric sensors having nanoparticles
that may be used in structural health monitoring systems and
methods for structures is satisfied. As discussed in the below
detailed description, embodiments of the method and system may
provide significant advantages over existing methods and
systems.
In another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a method
of fabricating a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor. The method comprises formulating a PZT
nanoparticle ink. The method further comprises depositing the PZT
nanoparticle ink onto a substrate via an ink deposition process to
form a PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor.
In another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a method
of fabricating a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor. The method comprises formulating a PZT
nanoparticle ink comprising pre-crystallized PZT nanoparticles. The
method further comprises suspending the PZT nanoparticle ink in a
sol-gel based adhesion promoter. The method further comprises
depositing the PZT nanoparticle ink onto a substrate via a direct
write printing process to form a PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensor.
In another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a system
for fabricating a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor. The system comprises a formulated PZT
nanoparticle ink. The system further comprises an ink deposition
apparatus depositing the PZT nanoparticle ink onto a substrate to
form a PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor. The
structure may have a non-curved or planar surface, a curved or
non-planar surface, or a combination of a non-curved or planar
surface and a curved or non-planar surface. The PZT nanoparticle
ink based piezoelectric sensor may be deposited onto a surface of
the structure with one or more layers of insulation, coatings, or
paint in between a body of the structure and the PZT nanoparticle
ink based piezoelectric sensor.
In another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a
structure comprising a substrate and a direct write deposited lead
zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor assembly deposited on the substrate. The PZT nanoparticle
ink based piezoelectric sensor assembly comprises a PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor comprising a PZT
nanoparticle ink deposited onto the substrate via an ink deposition
direct write printing process. The PZT nanoparticle ink does not
require a high temperature sintering/crystallization process once
deposited. The PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor
assembly further comprises a power and communication wire assembly
coupled to the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor. The
power and communication wire assembly comprises a conductive ink
deposited onto the substrate via the ink deposition direct write
printing process.
In another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a
composite structure comprising a composite substrate and a direct
write deposited lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor assembly deposited on the composite
substrate. The PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor
assembly comprises a PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor comprising a PZT nanoparticle ink deposited onto the
composite substrate via an ink deposition direct write printing
process. The PZT nanoparticle ink does not require a high
temperature sintering/crystallization process once deposited. The
PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor assembly further
comprises a power and communication wire assembly coupled to the
PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor. The power and
communication wire assembly comprises a conductive ink deposited
onto the composite substrate via the ink deposition direct write
printing process.
In another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a
metallic structure comprising a metallic substrate and a direct
write deposited lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor assembly deposited on the metallic
substrate. The PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor
assembly comprises a PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor comprising a PZT nanoparticle ink deposited onto the
metallic substrate via an ink deposition direct write printing
process. The PZT nanoparticle ink does not require a high
temperature sintering/crystallization process once deposited. The
PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor assembly further
comprises a power and communication wire assembly coupled to the
PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor. The power and
communication wire assembly comprises a conductive ink deposited
onto the metallic substrate via the ink deposition direct write
printing process. The PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor assembly further comprises an insulation layer deposited
between the metallic substrate and the PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensor of the direct write deposited lead zirconate
titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor
assembly.
The features, functions, and advantages that have been discussed
can be achieved independently in various embodiments of the
disclosure or may be combined in yet other embodiments further
details of which can be seen with reference to the following
description and drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The disclosure can be better understood with reference to the
following detailed description taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings which illustrate preferred and exemplary
embodiments, but which are not necessarily drawn to scale,
wherein:
FIG. 1A is an illustration of a perspective view of an exemplary
aircraft for which one of the embodiments of the system and method
of the disclosure may be used;
FIG. 1B is an illustration of a flow diagram of an embodiment of an
aircraft manufacturing and service method;
FIG. 1C is an illustration of a functional block diagram of an
embodiment of an aircraft;
FIG. 2 is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of one of the
embodiments of a deposited PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor assembly;
FIG. 3 is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of another one
of the embodiments of a deposited PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensor assembly;
FIG. 4 is an illustration of a top perspective view of one of the
embodiments of a deposited PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor assembly deposited on a composite structure;
FIG. 5 is an illustration of a block diagram of one of the
embodiments of a system for fabricating a PZT nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor of the disclosure;
FIG. 6A is an illustration of a schematic view of one of the
embodiments of an ink deposition process and apparatus for
fabricating a PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor of
the disclosure;
FIG. 6B is an illustration of a close-up view of the PZT
piezoelectric nanoparticle ink based sensor being deposited on the
substrate;
FIG. 7 is an illustration of a schematic diagram of one of the
embodiments of a structural health monitoring system using the PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensors of the disclosure;
FIG. 8 is an illustration of a flow diagram of an embodiment of a
method of the disclosure;
FIG. 9 is an illustration of a flow diagram of another embodiment
of a method of the disclosure;
FIG. 10 is an illustration of a block diagram of embodiments of the
ink deposition processes and ink deposition apparatuses that may be
used to fabricate the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor of the disclosure;
FIG. 11A is an illustration of a top perspective sectional view of
an embodiment of an electrical conductor pathway system of the
disclosure;
FIG. 11B is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of the
electrical conductor pathway system of FIG. 11A;
FIG. 12A is an illustration of a top perspective sectional view of
another embodiment of an electrical conductor pathway system of the
disclosure;
FIG. 12B is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of the
electrical conductor pathway system of FIG. 12A;
FIG. 13A is an illustration of a top perspective sectional view of
yet another embodiment of an electrical conductor pathway system of
the disclosure;
FIG. 13B is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of the
electrical conductor pathway system of FIG. 13A;
FIG. 14A is an illustration of a top perspective sectional view of
yet another embodiment of an electrical conductor pathway system of
the disclosure;
FIG. 14B is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of the
electrical conductor pathway system of FIG. 14A;
FIG. 15 is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of an
embodiment of an electrical conductor pathway system having
grounding points in the form of fasteners;
FIG. 16A is an illustration of a top view of an embodiment of a
direct write conductive material pattern that may be used in an
embodiment of an electrical conductor pathway system of the
disclosure;
FIG. 16B is an illustration of a top view of another embodiment of
a direct write conductive material pattern that may be used in an
embodiment of an electrical conductor pathway system of the
disclosure;
FIG. 16C is an illustration of a top view of yet another embodiment
of a direct write conductive material pattern that may be used in
an embodiment of an electrical conductor pathway system of the
disclosure;
FIG. 17 is an illustration of a block diagram of an embodiment of a
vehicle with an electrical conductor pathway system of the
disclosure; and,
FIG. 18 is an illustration of a flow diagram of an embodiment of
another method of the disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Disclosed embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter
with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not
all of the disclosed embodiments are shown. Indeed, several
different embodiments may be provided and should not be construed
as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these
embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough
and complete and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to
those skilled in the art. The following detailed description is of
the best currently contemplated modes of carrying out the
disclosure. The description is not to be taken in a limiting sense,
but is made merely for the purpose of illustrating the general
principles of the disclosure, since the scope of the disclosure is
best defined by the appended claims.
Now referring to the Figures, FIG. 1A is an illustration of a
perspective view of an exemplary prior art aircraft 10 for which
one of the embodiments of a system 100 (see FIG. 5), a method 200
(see FIG. 8), or a method 250 (see FIG. 9), for fabricating a lead
zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor 110 (see FIG. 2) for a structure 30, such as composite
structure 102 (see FIG. 1A) or a metallic structure 132 (see FIG.
3), may be used. As used herein, the term "PZT" means lead
zirconate titanate--a piezoelectric, ferroelectric, ceramic
material composed of the chemical elements lead and zirconium and
the chemical compound titanate which may be combined under high
temperatures. PZT exhibits favorable piezoelectric properties. As
used herein, the term "piezoelectric" in relation to PZT means that
PZT develops a voltage or potential difference across two of its
faces when deformed, which is advantageous for sensor applications,
or it physically changes shape when an external electric field is
applied, which is advantageous for actuator applications. For
purposes of this application, the term "ferroelectric" in relation
to PZT means PZT has a spontaneous electric polarization or
electric dipole which can be reversed in the presence of an
electric field.
The aircraft 10 comprises a fuselage 12, a nose 14, a cockpit 16,
wings 18 operatively coupled to the fuselage 12, one or more
propulsion units 20, a tail vertical stabilizer 22, and one or more
tail horizontal stabilizers 24. Although the aircraft 10 shown in
FIG. 1A is generally representative of a commercial passenger
aircraft, the system 100 and methods 200, 250 disclosed herein may
also be employed in other types of aircraft. More specifically, the
teachings of the disclosed embodiments may be applied to other
passenger aircraft, cargo aircraft, military aircraft, rotorcraft,
and other types of aircraft or aerial vehicles, as well as
aerospace vehicles such as satellites, space launch vehicles,
rockets, and other types of aerospace vehicles. It may also be
appreciated that embodiments of systems, methods and apparatuses in
accordance with the disclosure may be utilized in other vehicles,
such as boats and other watercraft, trains, automobiles, trucks,
buses, and other types of vehicles. It may also be appreciated that
embodiments of systems, methods and apparatuses in accordance with
the disclosure may be utilized in architectural structures, turbine
blades, medical devices, electronic actuation equipment, consumer
electronic devices, vibratory equipment, passive and active
dampers, or other suitable structures.
Referring now to FIGS. 1B and 1C, FIG. 1B is an illustration of a
flow diagram of an embodiment of an aircraft manufacturing and
service method 31. FIG. 1C is an illustration of a functional block
diagram of an embodiment of an aircraft 46. Referring to FIGS.
1B-1C, embodiments of the disclosure may be described in the
context of the aircraft manufacturing and service method 31, as
shown in FIG. 1B, and the aircraft 46, as shown in FIG. 1C. During
pre-production, the exemplary aircraft manufacturing and service
method 31 (see FIG. 1B) may include specification and design 32
(see FIG. 1B) of the aircraft 46 (see FIG. 1C) and material
procurement 34 (see FIG. 1B). During manufacturing, component and
subassembly manufacturing 36 (see FIG. 1B) and system integration
38 (see FIG. 1B) of the aircraft 46 (see FIG. 1C) takes place.
Thereafter, the aircraft 46 (see FIG. 1C) may go through
certification and delivery 40 (see FIG. 1B) in order to be placed
in service 42 (see FIG. 1B). While in service 42 (see FIG. 1B) by a
customer, the aircraft 46 (see FIG. 1C) may be scheduled for
routine maintenance and service 44 (see FIG. 1B), which may also
include modification, reconfiguration, refurbishment, and other
suitable services.
Each of the processes of the aircraft manufacturing and service
method 31 (see FIG. 1B) may be performed or carried out by a system
integrator, a third party, and/or an operator (e.g., a customer).
For the purposes of this description, a system integrator may
include, without limitation, any number of aircraft manufacturers
and major-system subcontractors; a third party may include, without
limitation, any number of vendors, subcontractors, and suppliers;
and an operator may include an airline, leasing company, military
entity, service organization, and other suitable operators.
As shown in FIG. 1C, the aircraft 46 produced by the exemplary
aircraft manufacturing and service method 31 (see FIG. 1B) may
include an airframe 48 with a plurality of systems 50 and an
interior 52. As further shown in FIG. 1C, examples of the systems
50 may include one or more of a propulsion system 54, an electrical
system 56, a hydraulic system 58, and an environmental system 60.
Any number of other systems may be included. Although an aerospace
example is shown, the principles of the disclosure may be applied
to other industries, such as the automotive industry.
Methods and systems embodied herein may be employed during any one
or more of the stages of the aircraft manufacturing and service
method 31 (see FIG. 1B). For example, components or subassemblies
corresponding to component and subassembly manufacturing 36 (see
FIG. 1B) may be fabricated or manufactured in a manner similar to
components or subassemblies produced while the aircraft 46 (see
FIG. 1C) is in service 42 (see FIG. 1B). Also, one or more
apparatus embodiments, method embodiments, or a combination
thereof, may be utilized during component and subassembly
manufacturing 36 (see FIG. 1B) and system integration 38 (see FIG.
1B), for example, by substantially expediting assembly of or
reducing the cost of the aircraft 46 (see FIG. 1C). Similarly, one
or more of apparatus embodiments, method embodiments, or a
combination thereof, may be utilized while the aircraft 46 (see
FIG. 1C) is in service 42 (see FIG. 1B), for example and without
limitation, to maintenance and service 44 (see FIG. 1B).
In an embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a system 100
for fabricating the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor 110. FIG. 5 is an illustration of a
block diagram of one of the embodiments of the system 100 for
fabricating the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110
(see also FIG. 2) of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5, the system
100 for fabricating the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor 110 comprises a formulated lead zirconate titanate (PZT)
nanoparticle ink 104. The PZT nanoparticle ink 104 comprises
nanoscale PZT ink particles or nanoparticles 106. Preferably, the
nanoscale PZT ink nanoparticles are pre-crystallized. The PZT
nanoparticle ink 104 preferably has a nanoscale PZT particle size
in a range of from about 20 nanometers to about 1 micron. The
nanoscale PZT ink particles size allows for the PZT nanoparticle
ink 104 to be deposited using a wide range of ink deposition
processes, apparatuses, and systems, and in particular, allows for
the PZT nanoparticle ink 104 to be deposited using a jetted
atomized deposition process 126 (see FIGS. 6A and 10) system and a
jetted atomized deposition apparatus 146 (see FIGS. 6A and 10). The
PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110 may have a
thickness in a range of from about 1 micron to about 500 microns.
The thickness of the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor 110 may be measured in terms of a factor of nanoparticle
size of the PZT nanoparticles and the thickness of conductive
electrodes 114, 118 (see FIG. 2). Thickness of the PZT nanoparticle
ink based piezoelectric sensor 110 may also depend on the size of
the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110, as a
proper aspect ratio may increase the sensitivity of the PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110.
The PZT nanoparticle ink 104 may further comprise a sol-gel based
adhesion promoter 108 (see FIG. 5) for promoting adhesion of the
PZT nanoparticle ink 104 to a substrate 101. Alternatively, the PZT
nanoparticle ink 104 may further comprise a polymer based adhesion
promoter such as an epoxy or another suitable polymer based
adhesion promoter. The nanoscale PZT ink nanoparticles 106 may be
suspended in a silica sol-gel and then deposited using an ink
deposition process 122 such as a direct write printing process 124.
The silica sol-gel in the PZT nanoparticle ink formulation enables
the PZT nanoparticle ink 104 to bond to a wider variety of
substrates than certain known adhesion promoters. The PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110 preferably has
modalities based on ultrasonic wave propagation and
electromechanical impedance.
The formulated lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink 104
may be formulated by methods disclosed in contemporaneously filed
U.S. nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 13/211,554, titled
"METHODS FOR FORMING LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE NANOPARTICLES", filed
on Aug. 17, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
In particular, in such disclosure, methods for forming lead
zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticles are provided. The PZT
nanoparticles are formed from a precursor solution--comprising a
source of lead, a source of titanium, a source of zirconium, and a
mineraliser--that undergoes a hydrothermal process according to the
following reaction ("the hydrothermal process"):
Pb.sup.2++xTiO.sub.2+(1-x)ZrO.sub.2+2OH.sup.-PbTi.sub.xZr.sub.1-xO.sub.3+-
H.sub.2O
In the provided methods, the properties of the formed PZT
nanoparticles are dictated at least by the mineraliser
concentration, processing time, heating rate, and cooling rate.
In one aspect, a method is provided for forming a plurality of PZT
nanoparticles (also referred to herein as "nanocrystals"). In one
embodiment, the method includes the steps of: (a) providing an
aqueous precursor solution comprising a mineraliser solution, a
source of titanium, a source of zirconium, and a source of lead;
and (b) heating the precursor solution to produce PZT
nanoparticles, wherein heating the precursor solution comprises a
first heating schedule that includes at least the sequential steps
of: (i) heating the precursor solution at a first rate to a first
temperature, wherein said first rate is between about 1.degree.
C./min (degrees Celsius per minute) and about 30.degree. C./min,
and wherein said first temperature is between about 120.degree. C.
and about 350.degree. C.; (ii) holding for a first hold time at the
first temperature, wherein said first hold time is between about 5
to about 300 minutes; and (iii) cooling at a second rate to provide
a nanoparticle PZT solution comprising a suspended plurality of
perovskite PZT nanoparticles having a smallest dimension of between
about 20 nm (nanometer) and about 1000 nm, wherein said second rate
is between about 1.degree. C./min and about 30.degree. C./min.
Precursor Solution.
The precursor solution is defined by reactants that are processed
to form PZT nanoparticles. Specifically, the precursor solution
includes at least a source of titanium, a source of zirconium, a
source of lead, and a mineraliser. The precursor solution
optionally includes additional solvents or stabilizers, as will be
discussed in more detail below.
The components of the precursor solution may all be combined
simultaneously in a single reaction vessel, or may be combined
stepwise, depending on the character of the components of the
precursor solution and a potential need to minimize interaction
between the components of the precursor prior to hydrothermal
reaction to produce PZT nanoparticles. For example, the source of
titanium and the source of zinc may be combined to form a precursor
gel, which is then combined with a source of lead in aqueous form
and the mineraliser to provide the precursor solution. Such an
approach allows for maximum control over the relative molar amounts
of each of the reactants (i.e., the sources of titanium, zirconium,
and lead).
The sources of lead, titanium, and zirconium are present in the
precursor solution in molar amounts sufficient to obtain PZT
nanoparticles having the formula Pb.sub.xZi.sub.yTi.sub.zO.sub.3,
wherein x is between 0.8 and 2, wherein y is between 0.4 and 0.6,
and wherein y plus z equals 1. For example, a common formula for
perovskite PZT nanoparticles is Pb(Zr.sub.0.52Ti.sub.0.48)O.sub.3.
However, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that
the relative amounts of lead, zirconium, and titanium can be
modified within the provided ranges to produce the desired
characteristics of PZT nanoparticles.
The source of titanium in the precursor solution can be any
titanium-containing compound that allows for the formation of PZT
particles according to the method provided herein. In one
embodiment, the source of titanium is
Ti[OCH(CH.sub.3).sub.2].sub.4. Additional sources of titanium may
comprise TiO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2*nH.sub.2O, Ti(OC.sub.4H.sub.9),
Ti(NO.sub.3).sub.2, TiCl.sub.3, TiCl.sub.4.
The source of zirconium in the precursor solution can be any
zirconium-containing compound that allows for the formation of PZT
particles according to the method provided herein. In one
embodiment, the source of zirconium is
Zr[O(CH.sub.2).sub.2CH.sub.3].sub.4. Additional sources of
zirconium may comprise Zr(NO.sub.3).sub.4*5H.sub.2O,
ZrOC1.sub.2*8H.sub.2O, ZrO.sub.2*nH.sub.2O, ZrO.sub.2.
The source of lead in the precursor solution can be any
lead-containing compound that allows for the formation of PZT
particles according to the method provided herein. In one
embodiment, the source of lead is Pb(CH.sub.3COOH).sub.2.
Additional sources of lead may comprise Pb(NO.sub.3).sub.2,
Pb(OH).sub.2, PbO, Pb.sub.2O.sub.3, PbO.sub.2.
In certain embodiments, excess lead is added to the precursor
solution. As used herein, the term "excess lead" refers to a ratio
amount greater than one for the source of lead. Excess lead is a
means for exerting further control over the characteristics of the
PZT nanoparticles. Typically, the excess lead is achieved in the
precursor solution by adding an excess amount of the same source of
lead as described above. For example, if the source of lead is lead
acetate trihydrate, any amount of lead acetate trihydrate added to
the precursor solution that results in the ratio of the lead
acetate trihydrate to be greater than one compared to the source of
zirconium and the source of titanium will be considered an excess
amount of lead. In certain embodiments, the excess amount of lead
comes from a second, different, source of lead.
Excess lead does not alter the chemical composition of the PZT
nanoparticles, but instead modifies the hydrothermal reaction
conditions to produce several desirable effects on the formed PZT
nanoparticles. While the excess lead does not alter the fundamental
crystal structure of the PZT nanoparticles, it improves morphology,
reduces amorphous byproducts, and reduces the degree of
agglomeration between particles.
One less desirable side effect of excess lead is that it also leads
to the formation of a lead oxide compound that is an impurity.
However, the lead oxide impurity can be removed by washing the
formed PZT nanoparticles with an appropriate solvent (e.g., diluted
acetic acid).
The mineraliser in the precursor solution facilitates the formation
of PZT during the hydrothermal process. The mineraliser acts as a
source of hydroxide ions to facilitate the hydrothermal synthesis
of PZT. Representative mineralisers include KOH, NaOH, LiOH,
NH.sub.4OH, and combinations thereof. The concentration of the
mineraliser, in a mineraliser solution prior to adding to the other
components of the precursor solution, is from about 0.2 M to about
15 M if the mineraliser is liquid such as NaOH. If the mineraliser
is solid, such as KOH, DI water is first added into the Zr, Ti, Pb
mixture and then the solid mineraliser is added. The optimal
mineraliser concentration depends on the conditions of the
hydrothermal process, as is known to those of skill in the art.
The concentration of the mineraliser affects the size of PZT
nanoparticles produced. For example, similar PZT nanoparticles
formed using 5 M and 10 M KOH mineraliser have similar morphology,
but 5 M mineraliser results in smaller nanoparticles than those
formed with 10 M mineraliser, if all other processing conditions
are the same.
In certain embodiments, a stabilizer is added to the precursor to
prevent gelation and/or precipitation of certain components of the
precursor prior to the hydrothermal process. That is, stabilizers
may be required to maintain all of the necessary components of the
precursor in solution prior to the hydrothermal process. For
example, in one embodiment, acetylacetone ("AcAc") is added to the
source of titanium (e.g., titanium isopropoxide) to prevent
gelation and precipitation prior to reaction to form PZT. In
another embodiment, propoxide is added to the source of
titanium.
The precursor solution is typically aqueous, although it will be
appreciated that any other solvent capable of solvating the
components of the precursor solution and facilitating the formation
of PZT nanoparticles can also be used. Alternatives to water may
comprise aqueous solution, mixture of water and organic solvent, or
weak organic acid, for example, ethylenediamine, CH.sub.2C1.sub.2,
ammonium salt, acetic acid or another suitable alternative.
In an exemplary embodiment, the precursor solution comprises KOH as
the mineraliser solution, titanium isopropoxide as the source of
titanium, zirconium n-propoxide as the source of zirconium, lead
acetate trihydrate as the source of lead, acetylacetone as a
stabilizer, and water. The lead acetate trihydrate, zirconium
n-propoxide, and titanium isopropoxide are present in the precursor
in a weight ratio of from about 1 to about 2 parts lead acetate
trihydrate, from about 0.5 to about 1 parts zirconium n-propoxide,
and from about 0.8 to about 1.6 parts titanium isopropoxide. The
KOH mineraliser solution is from about 0.2 to about 15 M.
Heating Schedule.
PZT nanoparticles are formed through hydrothermal processing of the
precursor solution. The hydrothermal process includes a heating
schedule comprising a heating ramp to a first temperature, a hold
at the first temperature, and a cooling ramp to room
temperature.
The heating schedule is performed under pressure greater than 1 atm
(atmosphere). Accordingly, the precursor solution is contained
within an apparatus configured to both heat and pressurize. In
certain embodiments, the pressure applied during the heating
schedule is from about 1 atm to about 20 atm. In an exemplary
embodiment, the precursor solution is contained within an autoclave
and autogenous pressure builds in the autoclave over the course of
the heating schedule. Alternatively, a constant pressure can be
provided by a pump or other apparatus known to those of skill in
the art.
In one embodiment, heating the precursor solution to produce PZT
nanoparticles includes at least the sequential steps of: (i)
heating the precursor solution at a first rate to a first
temperature, wherein said first rate is between about 1.degree.
C./min (degrees Celsius per minute) and about 30.degree. C./min,
and wherein said first temperature is between about 120.degree. C.
and about 350.degree. C.; (ii) holding for a first hold time at the
first temperature, wherein said first hold time is between about 5
minutes to about 300 minutes; and, (iii) cooling at a second rate
to provide a nanoparticle PZT solution comprising a suspended
plurality of perovskite PZT nanoparticles having a smallest
dimension of between about 20 nm (nanometers) and about 1000 nm,
wherein said second rate is between about 1.degree. C./min and
about 30.degree. C./min.
The heating ramp rate ("first rate") is used to raise the
temperature of the precursor solution from about room temperature
(T.sub.RT) to the maximum hydrothermal processing temperature
(T.sub.max). The first rate is from about 1.degree. C./min and
about 30.degree. C./min.
The processing temperature ("first temperature"; T.sub.max) is
between about 120.degree. C. (Celsius) and about 350.degree. C. In
certain embodiments, the first temperature is 200.degree. C. or
less. While the heating schedule is primarily described herein as
including a single first temperature, to which the solution is
heated, it will be appreciated that the disclosed method
contemplates variations in the first temperature that may arise
from the hydrothermal reaction or inaccuracies in the heating
equipment. Furthermore, the heating step of the heating schedule
may include second, third, or further, temperatures to which the
heated precursor solution is subjected. The second, third, or
further temperatures may be higher or lower than the first
temperature, as required to produce the desired PZT
nanoparticles.
The first rate is particularly important to control the size of the
PZT nanoparticles produced. In this regard, as the temperature of
the precursor solution heats from T.sub.RT to T.sub.max, there is
an intermediate temperature, T.sub.nuc, at which PZT crystals begin
to nucleate ("Nucleation Zone"). Optimal PZT crystal growth occurs
at T.sub.max, and any crystals nucleated at a temperature lower
than T.sub.max will likely grow larger with bigger aggregates
and/or higher degree of agglomeration than PZT crystals nucleated
at T.sub.max.
A slow ramp rate results in a longer amount of time that the
precursor solution spends between T.sub.nuc and T.sub.max.
Accordingly, a slow ramp rate results in more PZT crystal
nucleation at temperatures below T.sub.max, resulting in
inconsistent PZT crystal size and crystal structure. As used
herein, the term "slow ramp rate" refers to a ramp rate of below
1.degree. C./min.
Conversely, a relatively fast ramp rate results in homogeneous PZT
crystal nucleation by passing the precursor solution quickly
through the temperature range between T.sub.nuc and T.sub.max. As
used herein, the term "fast ramp rate" refers to a ramp rate of
10.degree. C./min or greater. In certain embodiments, the high ramp
rate is a ramp rate of 20.degree. C./min or greater.
As a result of the nucleation dynamics described above, the higher
the ramp rate, the smaller the PZT particles generated. While the
heating ramp rate affects the size and number of PZT crystals, it
does not affect the crystal structure. Similarly, the cooling rate
does not affect the crystal structure.
The "hold" step of the heating schedule allows the PZT crystals
time to form and grow. The hold step is between about 5 minutes and
about 300 minutes at the first temperature. Typically, a longer
hold time results in larger crystals. Holding time is preferably to
allow the crystals to grow. If the holding time is too short, the
end product may not have PZT composition.
After the hold step, the heating schedule proceeds to a "cooling"
step. The cooling rate reduces the temperature from the maximum
processing temperature to room temperature at a "second rate." The
range of the cooling rate is from about 1.degree. C./min to about
30.degree. C./min. The cooling rate impacts several aspects of the
PZT nanoparticles. The cooling rate partially determines the
morphology and size of the formed PZT nanoparticles. A relatively
fast cooling rate, for example, a cooling rate of greater than
20.degree. C. per minute, results in PZT nanoparticles in the range
of 100 nm to 500 nm and a distinct cubic shape.
Additionally, a relatively fast cooling rate results in PZT
nanoparticles that are physically bonded, as opposed to chemically
bonded. Physically bonded PZT nanoparticles are preferable to those
that are chemically bonded because separation of physically bonded
nanoparticles is accomplished more readily than the separation of
chemically bonded nanoparticles (e.g., by mechanical agitation).
Finally, a faster cooling rate minimizes the presence of
PbTiO.sub.3 phase in the final product. This is desirable because
PbTiO.sub.3 not only is an impurity that must be removed to obtain
pure PZT nanoparticles, but forming PbTiO.sub.3 also reduces the
yield of the PZT-formation reaction by consuming lead and titanium
in a form other than PZT.
In certain embodiments, the second rate is sufficiently large that
PZT particles are formed that are non-perovskite forms of PZT. In
this regard, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises a
step of treating the nanoparticle PZT solution to eliminate the
non-perovskite forms of PZT. Such a treatment may include
chemically-assisted dissolution, wet etching, acid washing, base
washing, and combinations thereof. Any method that selectively
eliminates (e.g., dissolves) the non-perovskite PZT can be used.
For example, a dilute acetic acid wash can be used to eliminate the
PbTiO.sub.3 non-perovskite component of the PZT hydrothermal
synthesis.
Alternatively, instead of eliminating the non-perovskite PZT
particles, in certain embodiments, the method further includes a
step of separating the perovskite PZT nanoparticles from the
non-perovskite forms of PZT in the nanoparticle PZT solution. The
end suspension is washed with DI water, diluted acid, or ethanol to
remove the non-perovskite forms.
In certain embodiments, the second rate is sufficiently large that
the nanoparticle PZT solution becomes supersaturated. Nucleation
and crystal growth is allowed when the solution is supersaturated
and they stop when the concentration reaches to an equilibrium. For
all temperatures, there is an equilibrium concentration responses
to it. Therefore, when the second rate is slow, the solution can be
supersaturated multiple times and the crystal can have a greater
opportunity to grow bigger. For a fast second rate, the initial
concentration can be way above equilibrium and the high
concentration may promote second nucleation to occur along with
crystal growth. Nucleation rate is high when the concentration is
high, so both nucleation and growth are rapid. Because of that,
most likely the secondary nucleation and growth will not form
stable crystals or create amorphous, which can be removed.
The route to forming the smallest and highest quality PZT
nanoparticles is achieved using the shortest possible processing
time for the hydrothermal processing, which includes using the
highest heating ramp rate, the fastest cooling ramp rate, and a
"medium" mineraliser concentration, since the required processing
time will be different if the mineraliser concentration is changed.
For example, if 5M mineraliser is used, the processing time can be
as short as one (1) hour but for 2M mineraliser, the required
processing time is three (3) hours. If the mineraliser
concentration is lower at 0.4M, no PZT will be formed regardless of
the processing time.
After the cooling step, a PZT nanoparticle solution is obtained.
The PZT nanoparticle solution contains a plurality of PZT
nanoparticles suspended in water. The PZT nanoparticle solution can
be filtered or otherwise manipulated to isolate the PZT
nanoparticles. Depending on the efficiency of the hydrothermal
process, the solution may also contain PbTiO.sub.3, PbZrO.sub.3,
PbO, TiO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, KOH or other potential impurities.
Washing the solution with acetic acid is one method for removing
PbO. Excess lead samples may be washed with acetic acid.
As shown in FIG. 5, the system 100 further comprises an ink
deposition apparatus 142 (see also FIG. 6A) that deposits the PZT
nanoparticle ink 104 onto a substrate 101 to form the PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110. The ink deposition
apparatus 142 and an ink deposition process 122 using the ink
deposition apparatus 142 do not require growth of PZT crystals 166
(see FIG. 6B) on the substrate 101. Because the PZT crystals 166
have already been grown in the PZT nanoparticles, the PZT
nanoparticle ink 104 does not require a high temperature sintering
process once deposited during the ink deposition process 122. The
ink deposition apparatus 142 preferably comprises a direct write
printing apparatus 144 (see FIG. 10). FIG. 10 is an illustration of
a block diagram of embodiments of the ink deposition apparatuses
and processes that may be used to fabricate the PZT nanoparticle
ink based piezoelectric sensor 110 of the disclosure. As shown in
FIG. 10, the direct write printing apparatus 144 may comprise a
jetted atomized deposition apparatus 146, an ink jet printing
apparatus 147, an aerosol printing apparatus 190, a pulsed laser
evaporation apparatus 192, a flexography printing apparatus 194, a
micro-spray printing apparatus 196, a flat bed silk screen printing
apparatus 197, a rotary silk screen printing apparatus 198 or
another suitable screen printing apparatus, a gravure printing
apparatus 199 or another suitable press printing apparatus, or
another suitable direct write printing apparatus 144.
The PZT nanoparticle ink 104 may be deposited onto the substrate
101 with the ink deposition apparatus 142 via an ink deposition
process 122 (see FIGS. 6A and 10). The ink deposition process 122
preferably comprises a direct write printing process 124 (see FIG.
10). As shown in FIG. 10, the direct write printing process 124 may
comprise a jetted atomized deposition process 126, an ink jet
printing process 128, an aerosol printing process 180, a pulsed
laser evaporation process 182, a flexography printing process 184,
a micro-spray printing process 186, a flat bed silk screen printing
process 187, a rotary silk screen printing process 188 or another
suitable screen printing process, a gravure printing process 189 or
another suitable press printing, or another suitable direct write
printing process 124.
As shown in FIG. 5, the substrate 101 may have a non-curved or
planar surface 136, a curved or non-planar surface 138, or a
combination of a non-curved or planar surface 136 and a curved or
non-planar surface 138. As shown in FIG. 2, the substrate 101 may
have a first surface 103a and a second surface 103b. The substrate
101 preferably comprises a composite material, a metallic material,
a combination of a composite material and a metallic material, or
another suitable material. As shown in the FIG. 2, the substrate
101 may comprise a composite structure 102. The composite structure
102 may comprise composite materials such as polymeric composites,
fiber-reinforced composite materials, fiber-reinforced polymers,
carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), glass-reinforced plastics
(GRP), thermoplastic composites, thermoset composites, epoxy resin
composites, shape memory polymer composites, ceramic matrix
composites, or another suitable composite material. As shown in
FIG. 3, the substrate 101 may comprise a metallic structure 132.
The metallic structure 132 may comprise metal materials such as
aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, alloys thereof, or another
suitable metal or metal alloy. The substrate 101 may also comprise
another suitable material.
FIG. 6A is an illustration of a schematic view of one of the
embodiments of an ink deposition process 122 and an ink deposition
apparatus 142 for fabricating the PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensor 110 of the disclosure. An exemplary direct
write printing process 124 and direct write printing apparatus 144
are shown in FIG. 6A, which shows the jetted atomized deposition
process 126 and the jetted atomized deposition apparatus 146. As
shown in FIG. 6A, nanoscale PZT ink nanoparticles 106 may be
transferred via an inlet 148 into a mixing vessel 150 containing a
solvent 152. The nanoscale PZT ink nanoparticles 106 are preferably
mixed with the solvent 152 in the mixing vessel to form a PZT
nanoparticle ink suspension 154. The PZT nanoparticle ink
suspension 154 may be atomized by an ultrasonic mechanism 158 to
form atomized PZT ink nanoparticles 156. The atomized PZT ink
nanoparticles 156 may then be transferred through a nozzle body 160
and directed through a nozzle tip 162 to the substrate 101 for
depositing and printing of the PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensor 110 onto the substrate 101.
FIG. 6B is an illustration of a close-up view of the PZT
piezoelectric nanoparticle ink based sensor 110 being deposited on
the substrate 101. FIG. 6B shows the atomized PZT ink nanoparticles
156 in the nozzle body 160 and the nozzle tip 162 being deposited
onto the substrate 101 to form the PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensor 110. As shown in FIG. 6B, the PZT nanoparticle
ink based piezoelectric sensor or sensors 110 may be deposited onto
the substrate 101 in a customized shape 164, such as letters,
designs, logos, or insignias, or geometric shapes such as circles,
squares, rectangles, triangles, or other geometric shapes, or
another desired customized shape. The ink deposition process 122
and the ink deposition apparatus 142 do not require growth of PZT
crystals 166 on the substrate 101. Moreover, the deposited
nanoscale PZT ink nanoparticles 106 contain a crystalline particle
structure that does not require any post processing steps to grow
the crystals. The PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor
110 may be deposited onto a surface of the structure 30 with one or
more layers of insulation, coatings, or paint in between a body of
the structure 30 and the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor 110.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show embodiments of a deposited PZT nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor assembly 115. FIG. 2 is an illustration
of a cross-sectional view of one of the embodiments of a deposited
PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor assembly 116 that
is deposited onto a substrate 101 comprising a composite structure
102. The deposited PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor
assembly 116 comprises the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor 110 coupled to a power and communication wire assembly 140
acting as an actuator 141 (see FIG. 4). The power and communication
wire assembly 140 is preferably formed of a conductive ink 168 (see
FIG. 4) that may be deposited via the ink deposition apparatus 142
and via the ink deposition process 122 onto the substrate 101. The
power and communication wire assembly 140 acting as an actuator 141
(see FIG. 4) may comprise a first conductive electrode 114, a
second conductive electrode 118, a first conductive trace wire
112a, and a second conductive trace wire 112b. The first conductive
electrode 114, the second conductive electrode 118, the first
conductive trace wire 112a, and the second conductive trace wire
112b may be adjacent to the PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensor 110.
FIG. 3 is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of another one
of the embodiments of a deposited PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensor assembly 130 that is deposited onto a
substrate 101 comprising a metallic structure 132. The deposited
PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor assembly 130
comprises the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110
coupled to a power and communication wire assembly 140 acting as an
actuator 141 (see FIG. 4). The power and communication wire
assembly 140 is preferably formed of a conductive ink 168 (see FIG.
4) that may be deposited via the ink deposition apparatus 142 and
via the ink deposition process 122 onto the substrate 101. The
power and communication wire assembly 140 acting as the actuator
141 may comprise the first conductive electrode 114, the second
conductive electrode 118, the first conductive trace wire 112a, and
the second conductive trace wire 112b. The first conductive
electrode 114, the second conductive electrode 118, the first
conductive trace wire 112a, and the second conductive trace wire
112b may be adjacent to the PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensor 110. As shown in FIG. 3, the deposited PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor assembly 130 further
comprises an insulation layer 134 deposited between the substrate
101 comprising the metallic structure 132 and the PZT nanoparticle
ink based piezoelectric sensor 110 coupled to the power and
communication wire assembly 140. The insulation layer 134 may
comprise an insulating polymer coating, a dielectric material, a
ceramic material, a polymer material, or another suitable
insulation material.
FIG. 4 is an illustration of a top perspective view of the
deposited PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor assembly
115 deposited on a composite structure 102. FIG. 4 shows a
plurality of PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensors 110
coupled to a plurality of power and communication wire assemblies
140, all deposited on the composite structure 102. Similarly, for a
metallic structure 132, the deposited PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensor assembly 130 may have a plurality of PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensors 110 coupled to a
plurality of power and communication wire assemblies 140, all
deposited on the metallic structure 132.
The deposition of the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensors 110 on the substrate 101 or structure 30 (see FIG. 7)
enables in situ installation of the PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 for applications such as structural
health monitoring. The PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensors 110 may be a key enabler of high density structural health
monitoring systems 170. FIG. 7 is an illustration of a block
diagram of one of the embodiments of a structural health monitoring
system 170 using the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensors 110 of the disclosure. Two or more nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 may be used to enable the structural
health monitoring system 170 for monitoring structural health 172
of a structure 30, such as a composite structure 102 (see FIG. 1A)
or a metallic structure 132 (see FIG. 3), or another suitable
structure, and providing structural health data 174. The structural
health data 174 may comprise disbonds, weak bonding, strain levels,
moisture ingression, materials change, cracks, voids, delamination,
porosity, or other suitable structural health data 174 or
electromechanical properties or other irregularities which may
adversely affect the performance of the structure 30.
The structural health monitoring system 170 preferably comprises a
deposited PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor assembly
115 (see also FIGS. 2 and 3). The deposited PZT nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor assembly 115 may comprise the deposited
PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor assembly 116 (see
FIG. 2), if used with the composite structure 102, and may comprise
the deposited PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor
assembly 130 (see FIG. 3), if used with a metallic structure 132.
The structural health monitoring system 170 may further comprise a
voltage supply source 176 that may be used for poling the PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110 prior to use in the
structural health monitoring system 170. As used herein, the term
"poling" means a process by which a strong electric field is
applied across a material, usually at elevated temperatures, in
order to orient or align dipoles or domains. The voltage supply
source 176 may also drive some PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 so that they become actuators 141 sending
interrogating signals to other piezoelectric sensors 110.
As shown in FIG. 7, the structural health monitoring system 170
further comprises an electrical power source 178 for providing
electrical power to the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensors 110. The electrical power source 178 may comprise
batteries, voltage, RFID (radio frequency identification), magnetic
induction transmission, or another suitable electrical power
source. The electrical power source 178 may be wireless. As shown
in FIG. 7, the system 170 may further comprise a digital data
communications network 179 for retrieving and processing structural
health data 174 from the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensors 110. The digital data communications network 179 may be
wireless. The digital data communications network 179 may retrieve
data received from the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensors 110, such as with a receiver (not shown), and may process
data received from the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensors 110, such as with a computer processor (not shown). The
digital data communications network 179 may be wireless.
In an embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a method 200
of fabricating a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor 110. FIG. 8 is an illustration of a flow
diagram of an embodiment of the method 200 of the disclosure. The
method 200 comprises step 202 of formulating a lead zirconate
titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink 104. The PZT nanoparticle ink 104
comprises nanoscale PZT ink nanoparticles 106. As discussed above,
the PZT nanoparticle ink 104 preferably has a nanoscale PZT
particle size in a range of from about 20 nanometers to about 1
micron. The PZT nanoparticle ink 104 may comprise a sol-gel based
adhesion promoter 108 (see FIG. 5) for promoting adhesion of the
PZT nanoparticle ink 104 to the substrate 101. The PZT nanoparticle
ink 104 is formulated via the process as discussed in detail
above.
The method 200 further comprises step 204 of depositing the PZT
nanoparticle ink 104 onto the substrate 101 via an ink deposition
process 122 to form the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensor 110. The ink deposition process 122 preferably comprises a
direct write printing process 124 (see FIG. 10). As shown in FIG.
10, the direct write printing process 124 may comprise a jetted
atomized deposition process 126, an ink jet printing process 128,
an aerosol printing process 180, a pulsed laser evaporation process
182, a flexography printing process 184, a micro-spray printing
process 186, a flat bed silk screen printing process 187, a rotary
silk screen printing process 188 or another suitable screen
printing process, a gravure printing process 189 or another
suitable press printing, or another suitable direct write printing
process.
The substrate 101 preferably comprises a composite material, a
metallic material, a combination of a composite material and a
metallic material, or another suitable material. The substrate 101
preferably comprises a first surface 103a and a second surface
103b. The substrate 101 may have a non-curved or planar surface 136
(see FIG. 5), a curved or non-planar surface 138 (see FIG. 5), or a
combination of a non-curved or planar surface 136 (see FIG. 5) and
a curved or non-planar surface 138 (see FIG. 5). The ink deposition
process 122 does not require growth of PZT crystals 166 on the
substrate 101. Moreover, the deposited nanoscale PZT ink
nanoparticles 106 contain a crystalline particle structure which
does not require any post processing steps to grow the crystals.
The PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110 may be
deposited onto the substrate 101 in a customized shape 164 (see
FIG. 6B).
The PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110 may undergo
a poling process with a voltage supply source 176 (see FIG. 7)
prior to being used in the structural health monitoring system 170
for monitoring structural health 172 of a structure 30. The PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110 may be coupled to a
power and communication wire assembly 140 formed from a conductive
ink 168 deposited onto the substrate 101 via the ink deposition
process 122 prior to being used in the structural health monitoring
system 170. Two or more PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensors 110 may be used to enable the structural health monitoring
system 170.
In another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a method
250 of fabricating a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor 110. FIG. 9 is an illustration of a flow
diagram of another embodiment of the method 250 of the disclosure.
The method 250 comprises step 252 of formulating a lead zirconate
titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink 104 comprising nanoscale PZT ink
nanoparticles 106 that are pre-crystallized.
The method 250 further comprises step 254 of suspending the PZT
nanoparticle ink 104 in a sol-gel based adhesion promoter 108. The
method 250 further comprises step 256 of depositing the PZT
nanoparticle ink 104 onto a substrate 101 via a direct write
printing process 124 to form a PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensor 110. As shown in FIG. 10, the direct write
printing process 124 may comprise a jetted atomized deposition
process 126, an ink jet printing process 128, an aerosol printing
process 180, a pulsed laser evaporation process 182, a flexography
printing process 184, a micro-spray printing process 186, a flat
bed silk screen process 187, a rotary silk screen process 188 or
another suitable screen printing process, a gravure printing
process 189 or another suitable press printing, or another suitable
direct write printing process 124.
The substrate 101 preferably comprises a composite material, a
metallic material, a combination of a composite material and a
metallic material, or another suitable material. The substrate 101
preferably comprises a first surface 103a and a second surface
103b. The substrate 101 may have a non-curved or planar surface 136
(see FIG. 5), a curved or non-planar surface 138 (see FIG. 5), or a
combination of a non-curved or planar surface 136 (see FIG. 5) and
a curved or non-planar surface 138 (see FIG. 5). The ink deposition
process 122 does not require growth of PZT crystals 166 on the
substrate 101. Moreover, the deposited nanoscale PZT ink
nanoparticles 106 contain a crystalline particle structure which
does not require any post processing steps to grow the crystals.
The PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110 may be
deposited onto the substrate 101 in a customized shape 164 (see
FIG. 6B).
The PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensor 110 may undergo
a poling process with a voltage supply source 176 prior to being
used in the structural health monitoring system 170 for monitoring
structural health 172 of a structure 30. The PZT nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensor 110 may be coupled to a power and
communication wire assembly 140 formed from a conductive ink 168
deposited onto the substrate 101 via the ink deposition process 122
prior to being used in the structural health monitoring system 170.
Two or more PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensors 110
may be used to enable the structural health monitoring system
170.
The structure 30 may comprise an aircraft, a spacecraft, an
aerospace vehicle, a space launch vehicle, a rocket, a satellite, a
rotorcraft, a watercraft, a boat, a train, an automobile, a truck,
a bus, an architectural structure, a turbine blade, a medical
device, electronic actuation equipment, a consumer electronic
device, vibratory equipment, passive and active dampers, or another
suitable structure. The system 100 and methods 200, 250 may be used
across many industries including, for example, wind power
generation (health monitoring of turbine blades), aerospace
applications, military applications, medical applications,
electronic actuation equipment, consumer electronic products, or
any application where structures or materials require a monitoring
system.
Embodiments of the system 100 and methods 200, 250 disclosed herein
for fabricating the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensors 110 provide PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric
sensors 110 that may be used for a variety of applications
including ultrasonic damage detection for composite and metallic
structures, crack propagation detection sensors, pressure sensors,
or another suitable sensor. For example, the PZT nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensors 110 of the system 100 and methods 200,
250 provide cradle to grave health monitoring of various components
in aircraft such as damage detection for door surrounds, military
platforms such as crack growth detection for military aircraft, and
space systems such as cryo-tank health monitoring. The PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensors 110 may provide data
that was previously not available that may influence new and
efficient designs which may reduce costs.
Using the direct write printing process 124, and for example, the
jetted atomized deposition process 126, along with the formulated
PZT nanoparticle ink 104, allows many PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 to be deposited onto a substrate 101 or
structure 30 and at a decreased cost as compared to known
piezeoelectric sensors. Embodiments of the system 100 and methods
200, 250 disclosed herein provide PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 that allow for the placement of the PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensors 110 in numerous areas
of a structure and at large quantities, both of which may be
difficult with known piezoelectric sensors.
Moreover, embodiments of the system 100 and methods 200, 250
disclosed herein for fabricating the PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 provide PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 that are advantageous to known sensors
because they do not require an adhesive to bond them to the
structure, and this decreases the possibility that the PZT
nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensors 110 may disbond from
the structure. Embodiments of the system 100 and methods 200, 250
disclosed herein for fabricating the PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 provide PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 that are enabled by the availability of
nanoscale PZT ink nanoparticles 106 having favorable piezoelectric
properties and that are deposited onto a substrate or structure in
a desired configuration for use without the use of adhesive.
Because the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensors 110
may be deposited onto a substrate or structure with no adhesive
between the PZT nanoparticle ink based piezoelectric sensors 110
and the substrate or structure, improved signal coupling into the
structure being interrogated may be achieved.
Further, embodiments of the system 100 and methods 200, 250
disclosed herein for fabricating the PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 provide PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 do not require manual placement or
installation on the substrate or structure and may be deposited or
printed onto the substrate or structure, along with all the
required power and communication wire assemblies, thus decreasing
labor and installation costs, as well as decreasing complexity and
weight of the structure. In addition, the PZT nanoparticle ink
based piezoelectric sensors 110 may be fabricated from numerous
direct write printing processes, including the jetted atomized
deposition process 126; may be fabricated from nanoparticle size
particles which have been pre-crystallized and may be more
efficient than known sensors that have not been crystallized; do
not require a high temperature sintering/crystallization process
and thus reduce or eliminate possible damage to temperature
sensitive substrates or structures; may be deposited onto curved or
non-planar substrates or structures; have no or minimal physical
geometry limitations and thus decrease the possibility of
inadequate sensing capacities or inadequate actuation
responses.
Finally, embodiments of the system 100 and methods 200, 250
disclosed herein for fabricating the PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 provide PZT nanoparticle ink based
piezoelectric sensors 110 that may be used to predict deterioration
or weaknesses of a structure prior to the actual development of
such deterioration or weaknesses, and thus, may increase
reliability of the structure or structural component parts, and may
reduce overall manufacturing and maintenance costs over the life of
the structure or structural component parts; and that have the
ability to predict, monitor, and diagnose the integrity, health,
and fitness of a structure without having to disassemble or remove
the structure or drill holes into the structure for insertion of
any measurement tools.
Now referring to FIGS. 11A-14B, exemplary embodiments of an
electrical conductor pathway system 300 with a direct write
conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 11A-11B) printed or
deposited via the direct write printing process 124 (see FIGS. 10,
17), are shown. FIG. 17 is an illustration of a block diagram of an
embodiment of a vehicle 26, such as an air vehicle 26a,
incorporating the electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see
FIGS. 11A-11B) of the disclosure.
The electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B) is
configured to divert an electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17). The
electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17) may comprise, for example, one
from a lightning strike 302a (see FIG. 17), one from precipitation
static (P-static) 302b (see FIG. 17), or another type of electric
charge 302 (see FIG. 17). As used herein, "precipitation static
(P-static)" means electric charge built up on a surface. As used
herein, "lightning strike" means electrical discharge on a
surface.
The electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B) is
preferably configured to divert electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17)
to an existing lighting protection system 356 (see FIG. 17) and
functions as a lightning protection system 356 (see FIG. 17).
FIG. 11A is an illustration of a top perspective sectional view of
an embodiment of the electrical conductor pathway system 300, such
as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system 300a, of the
disclosure. FIG. 11B is an illustration of a cross-sectional view
of the electrical conductor pathway system 300, such as in the form
of electrical conductor pathway system 300a, of FIG. 11A.
As shown in FIGS. 11A-11B, the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300a, comprises a substrate 304 having a first surface 306a to be
printed on, a second surface 306b, and an interior 305. The
substrate 304 (see FIGS. 11A-11B) may comprise one or more of, a
fiberglass material 311 (see FIG. 17), a composite material 312
(see FIG. 17), a metallic material 314 (see FIG. 17), a combination
316 (see FIG. 17) of the composite material 312 (see FIG. 17) and
the metallic material 314 (see FIG. 17), and other suitable
materials.
The substrate 304 (see FIGS. 11A-11B) further has one or more
grounding points 318 (see FIGS. 11A-11B). The grounding points 318
(see FIGS. 11A-11B) may be defined grounding points that are part
of a lighting protection system 356 (see FIG. 17) that is
pre-existing or predetermined, or that are part of another
pre-existing or predetermined electrical system 56 (see FIG. 1C),
environmental system 60 (see FIG. 1C), or other system on a vehicle
26 (see FIG. 17), such as an air vehicle 26a (see FIG. 17).
The grounding points 318 (see FIGS. 11A-11B) may be in the form of
one or more of, one or more ground elements 319a (see FIG. 11A)
with one or more ground connectors 319b (see FIG. 11A); one or more
fasteners 348 (see FIG. 15); and other suitable grounding points
318 (see FIG. 17). Preferably, the grounding point 318 (see FIGS.
11A-15, 17) is made of or contains a conductive material 336 (see
FIG. 17), such as a conductive metallic material 336a (see FIG.
17), and is a conductor 364 (see FIG. 17) that effectively conducts
and grounds the electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17).
As shown in FIGS. 11A-11B, the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300a, further comprises a direct write conductive material pattern
320 printed or deposited directly onto the first surface 306a via
the direct write printing process 124 (see FIGS. 10, 17) using a
direct write printing process apparatus 144 (see FIGS. 10, 17). In
particular, as shown in FIG. 11A, the direct write conductive
material pattern 320 is applied directly to an exterior surface
309, such as an outer mold line 310 of the exterior surface 309,
and may be embossed on the exterior surface 309, rather than being
embedded within the interior 305 of the substrate 304. The direct
write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 11A, 17)
preferably extends over and along the one or more grounding points
318 (see FIGS. 11A, 17) to divert or direct the electric charge 302
(see FIG. 17) or current to ground.
As shown in FIGS. 11A-11B, the direct write conductive material
pattern 320 has a first side 324a and a second side 324b. The
direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 11A-11B)
may preferably comprise a grid pattern 320a (see FIGS. 11A-11B).
The grid pattern 320a (see FIGS. 11A-11B) is preferably formed of a
series of repeating geometric-shaped units 322 (see FIGS. 16A-16B),
such as comprising one or more of, square-shaped units 322a (see
FIG. 16A), hexagon-shaped units 322b (see FIG. 16B),
triangle-shaped units 322c (see FIG. 16C), circle-shaped units 322d
(see FIG. 17), and other suitable geometric-shaped units 322 (see
FIG. 17), and are discussed in more detail below.
The direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
11A-11B), such as in the form of grid pattern 320a (see FIGS.
11A-11B), comprises one or more grid lines 326 (see FIG. 11A). The
direct write printing process 124 (see FIGS. 10, 17) preferably
creates grid lines 326 (see FIG. 11A), i.e., electrical pathways
334 (discussed below), with smooth edges rather than sharp edges,
and that feather out along the grid lines 326 (see FIG. 11A) to
form one or more feathered portions 335 (see FIG. 17). The one or
more grid lines 326 (see FIG. 11A) may gradually feather out to the
edge of the grid line 326 (see FIG. 11A), which preferably reduces
discontinuities from the grid pattern 320a (see FIG. 11A).
The grid pattern 320a (see FIGS. 11A-11B, 17) may be in the form of
a square-shaped grid having a size or dimensions of, for example, 2
(two) inches wide by 2 (two) inches long. However, the grid pattern
320a (see FIGS. 11A-11B) may have other suitable dimensions and may
vary depending on the size and dimensions of the substrate 304 (see
FIGS. 11A, 17) or surface 28 (see FIG. 17) the grid pattern 320a
(see FIGS. 11A-11B), is being printed or deposited on.
Each grid line 326 (see FIG. 11A), i.e., electrical pathway 334
(discussed below), preferably has a width 327a (see FIG. 17) of
from about 0.1 inch to about 0.3 inch. However, another suitable
width 327a (see FIG. 17) may be used. Each grid line 326 (see FIG.
11A), i.e., electrical pathway 334 (discussed below), preferably
has a height 327b (see FIG. 17) that is compatible with and would
not interfere with any aerodynamic conditions or other surface
conditions that the first surface 306a (see FIG. 11A) of the
substrate 304 (see FIG. 11A), or surface 28 (see FIG. 17) of the
structure 30 (see FIG. 17), operates under.
The width 327a (see FIG. 17) and height 327b (see FIG. 17) may vary
depending on the substrate 304 (see FIGS. 11A, 17) or structure 30
(see FIG. 17) the direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see
FIGS. 11A-11B), such as in the form of grid pattern 320a (see FIGS.
11A-11B), is being printed or deposited on. In addition, the width
327a (see FIG. 17) and height 327b (see FIG. 17) may vary depending
on conductivity 366 (see FIG. 17) requirements of the first surface
306a (see FIG. 11A) of the substrate 304 (see FIG. 11A), or surface
28 (see FIG. 17) of the structure 30 (see FIG. 17), and amount of
flexibility 368 (see FIG. 17) of the first surface 306a (see FIG.
11A) of the substrate 304 (see FIG. 11A), or surface 28 (see FIG.
17) of the structure 30 (see FIG. 17), that is, whether a flexible
surface 307 (see FIG. 17) is present.
The direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
11A-11B), such as in the form of grid pattern 320a (see FIGS.
11A-11B), is preferably made of a conductive material 336 (see FIG.
17). The conductive material 336 (see FIG. 17) may comprise a
conductive metallic material 336a (see FIG. 17), such as copper,
aluminum, titanium, nickel, bronze, gold, silver, an alloy thereof,
or another suitable conductive metallic material 336a. The
conductive material 336 (see FIG. 17) may further comprise a
conductive ink 168 (see FIG. 17) comprising a zirconate titanate
(PZT) nanoparticle ink 104 (see FIG. 17). The conductive material
336 (see FIG. 17), as well as the shape, width 327a (see FIG. 17),
and height 327b (see FIG. 17), of the direct write conductive
material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 11A-11B), such as in the form of
grid pattern 320a (see FIGS. 11A-11B), may be varied to maximize
conductivity 366 (see FIG. 17) or flexibility 368 (see FIG.
17).
The direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
11A-11B) is printed or deposited via the direct write printing
process 124 (see FIGS. 10, 17). The direct write printing process
124 (see FIGS. 10, 17) may comprise one of a jetted atomized
deposition process 126 (see FIG. 10), an ink jet printing process
128 (see FIG. 10), an aerosol printing process 180 (see FIG. 10), a
pulsed laser evaporation process 182 (see FIG. 10), a flexography
printing process 184 (see FIG. 10), a micro-spray printing process
186 (see FIG. 10), a flat bed silk screen printing process 187 (see
FIG. 10), a rotary silk screen printing process 188 (see FIG. 10),
a gravure printing process 189 (see FIG. 10), a plasma spraying
process 352 (see FIG. 17), or another suitable direct write
printing process 124 (see FIGS. 10, 17).
With the plasma spraying process 352 (see FIG. 17), the conductive
material 336 (see FIG. 17) may be deposited as a powder, a liquid,
a suspension, or a wire, and is introduced into a plasma jet,
emanating from a plasma torch. In the plasma jet, the conductive
material 336 (see FIG. 17) is propelled towards the substrate 304
(see FIG. 11A). There, the molten droplets flatten, rapidly
solidify, and form a deposit.
The direct write printing process 124 (see FIGS. 10, 17) is
preferably performed or carried out using the direct write printing
apparatus 144 (see FIGS. 10, 17). The direct write printing
apparatus 144 (see FIGS. 10, 17) may comprise one of a jetted
atomized deposition apparatus 146 (see FIG. 10), an ink jet
printing apparatus 147 (see FIG. 10), an aerosol printing apparatus
190 (see FIG. 10), a pulsed laser evaporation apparatus 192 (see
FIG. 10), a flexography printing apparatus 194 (see FIG. 10), a
micro-spray printing apparatus 196 (see FIG. 10), a flat bed silk
screen printing apparatus 197 (see FIG. 10), a rotary silk screen
printing process 198 (see FIG. 10), a gravure printing process 199
(see FIG. 10), a plasma spraying apparatus 354 (see FIG. 17), or
another suitable direct write printing apparatus 144 (see FIGS. 10,
17).
FIGS. 11A-11B show one or more locations 328 on the first side 324a
where the direct write conductive material pattern 320 forms one or
more electrical pathways 334 interconnected with the one or more
grounding points 318. The one or more electrical pathways 334 (see
FIGS. 11A-11B) interconnected with the one or more grounding points
318 (see FIGS. 11A-11B) divert the electric charge 302 (see FIG.
17) from the first surface 306a (see FIGS. 11A-11B), or the
exterior surface 309 (see FIG. 11A), to the one or more grounding
points 318 (see FIGS. 11A-11B). The one or more electrical pathways
334 (see FIGS. 11A-11B) form interconnections 338 (see FIG. 17)
with the one or more grounding points 318 (see FIGS. 11A-11B) to
divert or direct the electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17) to ground.
Preferably, the electrical pathway 334 (see FIGS. 11A-11B) is a
good conductor 364 (see FIG. 17) that gives very little or no
resistance to the flow of the electric charge 302 (see FIG.
17).
FIG. 12A is an illustration of a top perspective sectional view of
another embodiment of the electrical conductor pathway system 300,
such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system 300b, of
the disclosure, that includes a primer layer 330. FIG. 12B is an
illustration of a cross-sectional view of the electrical conductor
pathway system 300, such as in the form of electrical conductor
pathway system 300b, of FIG. 12A.
As shown in FIGS. 12A-12B, the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300b, comprises the substrate 304 having the first surface 306a to
be printed on and the second surface 306b, and having one or more
grounding points 318.
In this embodiment shown in FIGS. 12A-12B, the substrate 304 has
the primer layer 330 applied over the first surface 306a of the
substrate 304 to form a primed substrate 304a having a primed
surface 308. The primer layer 330 (see FIGS. 12A-12B) comprises a
first side 332a (see FIGS. 12A-12B) and a second side 332b (see
FIGS. 12A-12B). As shown in FIGS. 12A-12B, the second side 332b of
the primer layer 330 is adjacent the first side 306a of the
substrate 304.
The primer layer 330 (see FIGS. 12A-12B) may comprise an epoxy
primer such as a water reducible epoxy primer, a solvent based
epoxy primer, or another suitable epoxy primer, a urethane primer,
or another suitable primer.
The substrate 304 (see FIGS. 12A-12B) may also undergo, in addition
to application of the primer layer 330 (see FIGS. 12A-12B), or
alternatively to application of the primer layer 330 (see FIGS.
12A-12B), a priming process 333 (see FIG. 17), or surface
preparation process, to prime or prepare the first surface 306a of
the substrate 304 (see FIGS. 12A-12B), or to prime or prepare an
exterior surface 309 (see FIG. 11A) of a structure 30 (see FIG.
17), in order to obtain the primed substrate 304a (see FIGS.
12A-12B). For example, the priming process 333 (see FIG. 17), or
surface preparation process, to prime or prepare the first surface
306a (see FIGS. 12A-12B), or to prime or prepare the exterior
surface 309 (see FIG. 11A) of the structure 30 (see FIG. 17), such
as an air vehicle structure 350 (see FIG. 17), may comprise
cleaning with a cleaning agent or solvent, sanding or abrading,
smoothing, polishing, etching, or another suitable priming process
333 (see FIG. 17) or surface preparation process.
As shown in FIGS. 12A-12B, the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300b, further comprises the direct write conductive material
pattern 320 printed directly onto the primed surface 308 via the
direct write printing process 124 (see FIGS. 10, 17) using the
direct write printing process apparatus 144 (see FIGS. 10, 17).
The direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
12A-12B), such as in the form of grid pattern 320a (see FIGS.
12A-12B), comprises one or more grid lines 326 (see FIG. 12A). As
shown in FIGS. 12A-12B, the direct write conductive material
pattern 320 has the first side 324a and the second side 324b. The
first side 332a (see FIGS. 12A-12B) of the primer layer 330 (see
FIGS. 12A-12B) is adjacent the second side 324b (see FIGS. 12A-12B)
of the direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
12A-12B).
FIGS. 12A-12B show one or more locations 328 on the first side 324a
where the direct write conductive material pattern 320 forms one or
more electrical pathways 334 interconnected with the one or more
grounding points 318. The one or more electrical pathways 334 (see
FIGS. 12A-12B) interconnected with the one or more grounding points
318 (see FIGS. 12A-12B) divert the electric charge 302 (see FIG.
17) from the first surface 306a (see FIGS. 12A-12B) or the primed
surface 308 (see FIGS. 12A-12B) to the one or more grounding points
318 (see FIGS. 12A-12B).
FIG. 13A is an illustration of a top perspective sectional view of
yet another embodiment of the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300c, of the disclosure, that includes a primer layer 330 and a
conductive coating 340. FIG. 13B is an illustration of a
cross-sectional view of the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300c, of FIG. 13A.
As shown in FIGS. 13A-13B, in this embodiment, the electrical
conductor pathway system 300, such as in the form of electrical
conductor pathway system 300c, further comprises the conductive
coating 340 applied over the direct write conductive material
pattern 320. The conductive coating 340 (see FIGS. 13A-13B)
comprises a first side 342a (see FIGS. 13A-13B) and a second side
342a (see FIGS. 13A-13B). As shown in FIGS. 13A-13B, the second
side 342b of the conductive coating 340 is adjacent the first side
324a of the direct write conductive material pattern 320.
In one embodiment, the conductive coating 340 (see FIGS. 13A-13B)
may be in the form of a conductive metal paint 340a (see FIGS.
13A-13B, 17) made of, or containing, a conductive metallic material
336a (see FIG. 17) comprising one or more of, copper, aluminum,
titanium, nickel, bronze, gold, silver, an alloy thereof, and other
suitable conductive metallic materials 336a (see FIG. 17). In
another embodiment, the conductive coating 340 (see FIGS. 13A-13B)
may be in the form of a conductive sealant 340b (see FIG. 17) made
of, or containing, a conductive metallic material 336a (see FIG.
17) comprising one or more of, copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel,
bronze, gold, silver, an alloy thereof, and other suitable
conductive metallic materials 336a (see FIG. 17). The conductive
coating 340 (see FIGS. 13A-13B) provides an overall surface
protection to dissipate or spread out the electric charge 302 (see
FIG. 17), energy 362 (see FIG. 17) from a lightning strike 302a
(see FIG. 17), or energy 362 (see FIG. 17) from precipitation
static (P-static) 302b (see FIG. 17). The use of the metal loaded
conductive coating 340 (see FIGS. 13A-13B) applied or deposited
over the direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
13A, 17) preferably increases the conductivity 366 (see FIG. 17) of
the electrical conductor pathway system 300 and provides a
continuous conductive surface over the direct write conductive
material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 13A, 17) for increased lightning
protection.
As shown in FIGS. 13A-13B, the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300c, comprises the substrate 304 having the first surface 306a to
be printed on and the second surface 306b, and having one or more
grounding points 318.
In this embodiment shown in FIGS. 13A-13B, the substrate 304 has
the primer layer 330 applied over the first surface 306a of the
substrate 304 to form the primed substrate 304a having the primed
surface 308. The primer layer 330 (see FIGS. 13A-13B) comprises the
first side 332a (see FIGS. 13A-13B) and the second side 332b (see
FIGS. 13A-13B). As shown in FIGS. 13A-13B, the second side 332b of
the primer layer 330 is adjacent the first side 306a of the
substrate 304.
As shown in FIGS. 13A-13B, the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300c, further comprises the direct write conductive material
pattern 320 printed directly onto the primed surface 308 via the
direct write printing process 124 (see FIGS. 10, 17) using the
direct write printing process apparatus 144 (see FIGS. 10, 17).
The direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
13A-13B), such as in the form of grid pattern 320a (see FIGS.
13A-13B), comprises one or more grid lines 326 (see FIG. 13A). As
shown in FIGS. 13A-13B, the direct write conductive material
pattern 320 has the first side 324a and the second side 324b. The
first side 332a (see FIGS. 13A-13B) of the primer layer 330 (see
FIGS. 13A-13B) is adjacent the second side 324b (see FIGS. 13A-13B)
of the direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
13A-13B).
FIGS. 13A-13B show one or more locations 328 on the first side 324a
where the direct write conductive material pattern 320 forms one or
more electrical pathways 334 interconnected with the one or more
grounding points 318. The one or more electrical pathways 334 (see
FIGS. 13A-13B) interconnected with the one or more grounding points
318 (see FIGS. 13A-13B) divert the electric charge 302 (see FIG.
17) from the first surface 306a (see FIGS. 13A-13B) or the primed
surface 308 (see FIGS. 13A-13B) to the one or more grounding points
318 (see FIGS. 13A-13B).
FIG. 14A is an illustration of a top perspective sectional view of
yet another embodiment of the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300d, of the disclosure, that includes a primer layer 330, a
conductive coating 340, and a topcoat layer 344. FIG. 14B is an
illustration of a cross-sectional view of the electrical conductor
pathway system 300, such as in the form of electrical conductor
pathway system 300d, of FIG. 14A.
As shown in FIGS. 14A-14B, in this embodiment, the electrical
conductor pathway system 300, such as in the form of electrical
conductor pathway system 300d, further comprises the topcoat layer
344 applied over the conductive coating 340. The topcoat layer 344
(see FIGS. 14A-14B) comprises a first side 346a (see FIGS. 14A-14B)
and a second side 346b (see FIGS. 14A-14B). As shown in FIGS.
14A-14B, the second side 346b of the topcoat layer 344 is adjacent
the first side 342a of the conductive coating 340.
The topcoat layer 344 (see FIGS. 14A-14B) may function as a
protective coating over all, or substantially all, of the
conductive coating 340 (see FIGS. 14A-14B), or may be applied for
visual or aesthetic appearance purposes. The topcoat layer 344 (see
FIGS. 14A-14B) may comprise a polyurethane paint or coating, a
urethane paint or coating, an acrylic paint or coating, an adhesive
coating, a combination thereof, or another suitable topcoat layer
344 (see FIG. 17). Preferably, the topcoat layer 344 (see FIGS.
14A-14B) is durable, abrasion and chemical resistant, heat
resistant, and visually appealing.
As shown in FIGS. 14A-14B, the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300d, further comprises the conductive coating 340 applied over the
direct write conductive material pattern 320. The conductive
coating 340 (see FIGS. 14A-14B) comprises the first side 342a (see
FIGS. 14A-14B) and the second side 342a (see FIGS. 14A-14B). As
shown in FIGS. 14A-14B, the second side 342a of the conductive
coating 340 is adjacent the first side 324a of the direct write
conductive material pattern 320.
As shown in FIGS. 14A-14B, the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300d, comprises the substrate 304 having the first surface 306a to
be printed on and the second surface 306b, and having one or more
grounding points 318.
In this embodiment shown in FIGS. 14A-14B, the substrate 304 has
the primer layer 330 applied over the first surface 306a of the
substrate 304 to form the primed substrate 304a having the primed
surface 308. The primer layer 330 (see FIGS. 14A-14B) comprises the
first side 332a (see FIGS. 14A-14B) and the second side 332b (see
FIGS. 14A-14B). As shown in FIGS. 14A-14B, the second side 332b of
the primer layer 330 is adjacent the first side 306a of the
substrate 304.
As shown in FIGS. 14A-14B, the electrical conductor pathway system
300, such as in the form of electrical conductor pathway system
300d, further comprises the direct write conductive material
pattern 320 printed directly onto the primed surface 308 via the
direct write printing process 124 (see FIGS. 10, 17) using the
direct write printing process apparatus 144 (see FIGS. 10, 17).
The direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
14A-14B), such as in the form of grid pattern 320a (see FIGS.
14A-14B), comprises one or more grid lines 326 (see FIG. 14A). As
shown in FIGS. 14A-14B, the direct write conductive material
pattern 320 has the first side 324a and the second side 324b. The
first side 332a (see FIGS. 14A-14B) of the primer layer 330 (see
FIGS. 14A-14B) is adjacent the second side 324b (see FIGS. 14A-14B)
of the direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
14A-14B).
FIGS. 14A-14B show one or more locations 328 on the first side 324a
where the direct write conductive material pattern 320 forms one or
more electrical pathways 334 interconnected with the one or more
grounding points 318. The one or more electrical pathways 334 (see
FIGS. 14A-14B) interconnected with the one or more grounding points
318 (see FIGS. 14A-14B) divert the electric charge 302 (see FIG.
17) from the first surface 306a (see FIGS. 14A-14B) or the primed
surface 308 (see FIGS. 14A-14B) to the one or more grounding points
318 (see FIGS. 14A-14B).
FIG. 15 is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of an
embodiment of the electrical conductor pathway system 300 having
grounding points 318 in the form of fasteners 348. As shown in FIG.
15, one or more grounding points 318 in the form of fasteners 348,
such as bolts 348a, are used to attach the substrate 304, to the
structure 30, such as an air vehicle structure 350, for example, a
panel structure 350b (see FIG. 17), a stringer, a rib, a spar, or
another suitable air vehicle structure 350. The fasteners 348 (see
FIG. 15) may be inserted through a surface 28 (see FIG. 15), such
as a flight control surface 350a (see FIG. 17), of the substrate
304 to attach to the structure 30 (see FIG. 15).
As shown in FIG. 15, the electrical conductor pathway system 300 is
integrated onto the air vehicle structure 350, and the direct write
conductive material pattern 320, such as grid pattern 320a, is
applied directly to and extends over the fasteners 348 and is
sealed with a conductive coating 340, such as in the form of a
conductive sealant 340b. An optional topcoat layer 344 (see FIG.
15) may be applied over the conductive coating 340 (see FIG. 15).
An optional primer layer 330 (see FIG. 15) may be applied over the
substrate 304 (see FIG. 15).
As shown in FIG. 15, the substrate 304 has the first surface 306a
and the second surface 306b. The structure 30 (see FIG. 15), such
as in the form of air vehicle structure 350 (see FIG. 15),
comprises a first side 351a (see FIG. 15) and a second side 351b
(see FIG. 15). As shown in FIG. 15, the first side 351a of the
structure 30 is adjacent the second surface 306b of the substrate
304.
As further shown in FIG. 15, the optional primer layer 330 has the
first side 332a and the second side 332b, the conductive coating
340 has the first side 342a and the second side 342b, and the
optional topcoat layer 344 has the first side 346a and the second
side 346b. FIG. 15 shows the locations 328 of the electrical
pathways 334 to the grounding points 318, such as in the form of
fasteners 348.
FIG. 16A is an illustration of a top view of an embodiment of a
direct write conductive material pattern 320, such as in the form
of grid pattern 320a, that is used in an embodiment of the
electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) of
the disclosure. FIG. 16A shows the first side 324a of the grid
pattern 320a comprising repeating geometric-shaped units 322, such
as square-shaped units 322a, made up of grid lines 326. As further
shown in FIG. 16A, the grid pattern 320a includes one or more
locations 328 for the electrical pathways 334 (see FIGS. 11A-11B)
to the grounding points 318 (see FIGS. 11A-14B).
FIG. 16B is an illustration of a top view of another embodiment of
a direct write conductive material pattern 320, such as in the form
of grid pattern 320a, that is used in an embodiment of the
electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) of
the disclosure. FIG. 16B shows the first side 324a of the grid
pattern 320a comprising repeating geometric-shaped units 322, such
as hexagon-shaped units 322b, made up of grid lines 326. As further
shown in FIG. 16B, the grid pattern 320a includes one or more
locations 328 for the electrical pathways 334 (see FIGS. 11A-11B)
to the grounding points 318 (see FIGS. 11A-14B).
FIG. 16C is an illustration of a top view of yet another embodiment
of a direct write conductive material pattern that is used in an
embodiment of the electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see
FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) of the disclosure. FIG. 16C shows the first side
324a of the grid pattern 320a comprising repeating geometric-shaped
units 322, such as triangle-shaped units 322c, made up of grid
lines 326. As further shown in FIG. 16C, the grid pattern 320a
includes one or more locations 328 for the electrical pathways 334
(see FIGS. 11A-11B) to the grounding points 318 (see FIGS.
11A-14B).
FIG. 17 is an illustration of a block diagram of an embodiment of a
vehicle 26, such as an air vehicle 26a, with an electrical
conductor pathway system 300 of the disclosure. As shown in FIG.
17, the vehicle 26, such as air vehicle 26a, comprises a structure
30, such as an air vehicle structure 350, having the electrical
conductor pathway system 300. The structure 30 (see FIG. 17) has a
surface 28 (see FIG. 17), such as a flight control surface 350a
(see FIG. 17). The air vehicle structure 350 (see FIG. 17) may
comprise a panel structure 350b (see FIG. 17), a stringer, a rib, a
spar, or another suitable air vehicle structure 350 (see FIG.
17).
As shown in FIG. 17, the electrical conductor pathway system 300
comprises a substrate 304 with one or more grounding points 318.
The substrate 304 (see FIG. 17) may comprise one or more of, a
fiberglass material 311 (see FIG. 17), a composite material 312
(see FIG. 17), a metallic material 314 (see FIG. 17), a combination
316 (see FIG. 17) of the composite material 312 (see FIG. 17) and
the metallic material 314 (see FIG. 17), and other suitable
materials.
The one or more grounding points 318 (see FIG. 17) may be defined
grounding points that are part of a lighting protection system 356
(see FIG. 17) that is pre-existing or predetermined, or that are
part of another pre-existing or predetermined electrical system 56
(see FIG. 1C), environmental system 60 (see FIG. 1C), or other
system on the vehicle 26 (see FIG. 17), such as the air vehicle 26a
(see FIG. 17).
The grounding points 318 (see FIG. 17) may be in the form of one or
more of, one or more ground elements 319a (see FIG. 11A) with one
or more ground connectors 319b (see FIG. 11A); one or more
fasteners 348 (see FIG. 17); and other suitable grounding points
318 (see FIG. 17). Preferably, the grounding point 318 (see FIG.
17) is made of or contains a conductive material 336 (see FIG. 17),
such as a conductive metallic material 336a (see FIG. 17), and is a
conductor 364 (see FIG. 17) that effectively conducts and grounds
the electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17).
The substrate 304 (see FIG. 17) may comprise a primed substrate
304a (see FIG. 17) having a primed surface 308 (see FIG. 17), if a
primer layer 330 (see FIG. 17) is applied to the substrate 304 (see
FIG. 17), or if the substrate 304 (see FIG. 17) undergoes a priming
process 333 (see FIG. 17).
As shown in FIG. 17, the electrical conductor pathway system 300
further comprises a direct write conductive material pattern 320
printed or deposited directly onto the first surface 306a (see FIG.
11A) of the substrate 304, or surface 28 (see FIG. 17) of the
structure 30 (see FIG. 17), via the direct write printing process
124 (discussed in detail above) using the direct write printing
process apparatus 144 (discussed in detail above), for example, a
plasma spraying process 352 using a plasma spraying apparatus 354.
In particular, the direct write conductive material pattern 320
(see FIG. 17) may be applied directly to an exterior surface 309
(see FIG. 17), such as an outer mold line 310 (see FIG. 17) of the
exterior surface 309 (see FIG. 17), and may be deposited or
embossed on the exterior surface 309 (see FIG. 17), rather than
being embedded within the interior 305 (see FIG. 11A) of the
substrate 304 (see FIG. 17).
As shown in FIG. 17, the direct write conductive material pattern
320 preferably comprises a grid pattern 320a having one or more
grid lines 326 with a width 327a and a height 327b. The direct
write printing process 124 (see FIG. 17) preferably creates grid
lines 326 (see FIG. 17) with smooth edges rather than sharp edges,
that feather out along the grid lines 326 (see FIG. 17) to form one
or more feathered portions 335 (see FIG. 17). As discussed above,
the width 327a (see FIG. 17) and height 327b (see FIG. 17) of the
grid lines 326 (see FIG. 17) may be varied depending on
conductivity 366 (see FIG. 17) requirements of the first surface
306a (see FIG. 11A) of the substrate 304 (see FIG. 17), or surface
28 (see FIG. 17) of the structure 30 (see FIG. 17), and whether a
flexible surface 307 (see FIG. 17) is present.
The grid pattern 320a (see FIG. 17) is preferably formed of a
series of repeating geometric-shaped units 322 (see FIG. 17), such
as comprising one or more of, square-shaped units 322a (see FIG.
17), hexagon-shaped units 322b (see FIG. 17), triangle-shaped units
322c (see FIG. 17), circle-shaped units 322d (see FIG. 17), and
other suitable geometric-shaped units 322 (see FIG. 17).
The direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIG. 17),
such as in the form of grid pattern 320a (see FIG. 17), is
preferably made of a conductive material 336 (see FIG. 17), as
discussed in detail above. The conductive material 336 (see FIG.
17) may comprise a conductive ink 168 (see FIG. 17) comprising a
zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink 104 (see FIG. 17). The
conductive material 336 (see FIG. 17) may be varied to maximize
conductivity 366 (see FIG. 17) or flexibility 368 (see FIG.
17).
The direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIG. 17)
forms one or more electrical pathways 334 (see FIG. 17)
interconnected with the one or more grounding points 318 (see FIG.
17). The direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIG. 17)
has one or more locations 328 (see FIG. 17), where one or more
interconnections 338 (see FIG. 17) are formed between the one or
more electrical pathways 334 (see FIG. 17) and the one or more
grounding points 318 (see FIG. 17).
The one or more electrical pathways 334 (see FIG. 17)
interconnected with the one or more grounding points 318 (see FIG.
17) preferably divert an electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17) from a
lightning strike 302a (see FIG. 17) or from precipitation static
(P-static) 302b (see FIG. 17) on the exterior surface 309 (see FIG.
17) of the structure 30 (see FIG. 17), such as the air vehicle
structure 350 (see FIG. 17), to the one or more grounding points
318 (see FIG. 17). The one or more electrical pathways 334 (see
FIG. 17) of the electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see FIG.
17) may function as a lightning protection path 358 (see FIG. 17),
and preferably provide protection against electromagnetic effects
360 (see FIG. 17) due to lightning strikes 302a (see FIG. 17).
The electrical conductor pathway system 300 preferably disperses
and dissipates the electric charge 302, such as P-static 302b (see
FIG. 17), thereby mitigating buildup of the P-static 302b (see FIG.
17) on the exterior surface 309 (see FIG. 17), or in a localized
area, on the vehicle 26 (see FIG. 17), such as the air vehicle 26a
(see FIG. 17). This dispersion and dissipation reduces the
possibility of electrical discharge 370 (see FIG. 17), which may be
a source of electrical noise to various communication systems
onboard the air vehicle 26a (see FIG. 17) during flight. This
dispersion and dissipation also reduces the possibility of
personnel injuries if a person contacts the exterior surface 309
(see FIG. 17), such as a panel structure 350b (see FIG. 17), or
skin, of the air vehicle 26a (see FIG. 17), after the air vehicle
26a (see FIG. 17) lands but before the air vehicle 26a (see FIG.
17) is electrically grounded.
As shown in FIG. 17, the electrical conductor pathway system 300
may further comprise a conductive coating 340 applied over the
direct write conductive material pattern 320. The conductive
coating 340 (see FIG. 17) preferably has conductive properties 343
(see FIG. 17), and may comprise one or more of, a conductive metal
paint 340a (see FIG. 17), a conductive sealant 340b (see FIG. 17),
and other suitable conductive coatings 340 (see FIG. 17).
As shown in FIG. 17, the electrical conductor pathway system 300
may further comprise a topcoat layer 344 applied over the
conductive coating 340. As discussed above, the topcoat layer 344
(see FIG. 17) may function as a protective coating over all or
substantially all of the conductive coating 340 (see FIG. 17) or
may be applied for visual or aesthetic appearance purposes.
In another embodiment there is provided a method 400 (see FIG. 18)
of making an electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see FIGS.
11A-15) for diverting an electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17) on a
surface 28 (see FIGS. 15, 17) of a structure 30 (see FIGS. 15, 17).
FIG. 18 is an illustration of a flow diagram of an embodiment of
the method 400.
As shown in FIG. 18, the method (400) comprises step 402 of
providing the structure 30 (see FIGS. 15, 17) having the surface 28
(see FIGS. 15, 17) to be printed on and having one or more
grounding points 318 (see FIGS. 15, 17). The structure 30 (see
FIGS. 15, 17) may include the substrate 304 (see FIG. 11A) having
the first surface 306a (see FIG. 11A), or the primed substrate 304a
(see FIG. 12A) having the primed surface 308 (see FIG. 12A),
attached to the structure 30 (see FIGS. 15, 17), such as the air
vehicle structure 350 (see FIG. 17). The surface 28 (see FIGS. 15,
17) may comprise a flight control surface 350a (see FIG. 17) and is
preferably an exterior surface 309 (see FIG. 17), such as with an
outer mold line 310 (see FIG. 17).
As shown in FIG. 18, the method 400 may further comprise step 404
of optionally, applying a primer layer 330 (see FIGS. 12A-12B, 17)
over the surface 28 (see FIGS. 15, 17) of the structure 30 (see
FIGS. 15, 17). As discussed above, the primer layer 330 (see FIGS.
12A-12B) may comprise an epoxy primer, such as a water reducible
epoxy primer, a solvent based epoxy primer, or another suitable
epoxy primer, a urethane primer, or another suitable primer.
The substrate 304 (see FIGS. 12A-12B) may also undergo, in addition
to application of the primer layer 330 (see FIGS. 12A-12B), or
alternatively to application of the primer layer 330 (see FIGS.
12A-12B), a priming process 333 (see FIG. 17), or surface
preparation process, to prime or prepare the first surface 306a of
the substrate 304 (see FIGS. 12A-12B), or the surface 28 (see FIG.
17) of the structure 30 (see FIG. 17), in order to obtain the
primed substrate 304a (see FIGS. 12A-12B). For example, the priming
process 333 (see FIG. 17) or surface preparation process to prime
or prepare the first surface 306a (see FIGS. 12A-12B), or to prime
or prepare the surface 28 (see FIG. 17), such as the exterior
surface 309 (see FIGS. 11A, 17) of the structure 30 (see FIG. 17),
such as an air vehicle structure 350 (see FIG. 17), may comprise
cleaning with a cleaning agent or solvent, sanding or abrading,
smoothing, polishing, etching, or another suitable priming process
or surface preparation process.
As shown in FIG. 18, the method 400 further comprises step 406 of
printing via a direct write printing process 124 (see FIG. 17), a
direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 15, 17)
onto the surface 28 (see FIGS. 15, 17) of the structure 30 (see
FIGS. 15, 17) to form one or more electrical pathways 334 (see
FIGS. 15, 17). The printing step 406 comprises printing the direct
write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 15, 17) comprising
a grid pattern 320a (see FIGS. 15, 17) made of a conductive
material 336 (see FIG. 17) comprising copper, aluminum, titanium,
nickel, bronze, gold, silver, or an alloy thereof, or a lead
zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink 104 (see FIG. 17), or
another suitable conductive material 336 (see FIG. 17).
The printing step 406 (see FIG. 18) further comprises printing via
the direct write printing process 124 (see FIGS. 10, 17) comprising
one of a jetted atomized deposition process 126 (see FIG. 10), an
ink jet printing process 128 (see FIG. 10), an aerosol printing
process 180 (see FIG. 10), a pulsed laser evaporation process 182
(see FIG. 10), a flexography printing process 184 (see FIG. 10), a
micro-spray printing process 186 (see FIG. 10), a flat bed silk
screen printing process 187 (see FIG. 10), a rotary silk screen
printing process 188 (see FIG. 10), a gravure printing process 189
(see FIG. 10), and a plasma spraying process 352 (see FIG. 17).
As shown in FIG. 18, the method 400 further comprises step 408 of
interconnecting the one or more electrical pathways 334 (see FIGS.
15, 17) with the one or more grounding points 318 (see FIGS. 15,
17) to divert the electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17) from the
surface 28 (see FIGS. 15, 17) to the one or more grounding points
318 (see FIGS. 15, 17).
As shown in FIG. 18, the method 400 may further comprise step 410
of optionally, applying a conductive coating 340 (see FIGS. 15, 17)
over the direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
15, 17). As discussed above, the conductive coating 340 (see FIGS.
13A-13B) may be in the form of a conductive metal paint 340a (see
FIGS. 13A-13B, 17) made of, or containing, a conductive metallic
material 336a (see FIG. 17) comprising one or more of, copper,
aluminum, titanium, nickel, bronze, gold, silver, an alloy thereof,
and other suitable conductive metallic materials 336a (see FIG.
17). In another embodiment, the conductive coating 340 (see FIGS.
13A-13B) may be in the form a conductive sealant 340b (see FIG. 17)
made of, or containing, a conductive metallic material 336a (see
FIG. 17) comprising one or more of, copper, aluminum, titanium,
nickel, bronze, gold, silver, an alloy thereof, and other suitable
conductive metallic materials 336a (see FIG. 17). The conductive
coating 340 (see FIGS. 13A-13B) provides an overall surface
protection to dissipate or spread out the electric charge 302 (see
FIG. 17), energy 362 (see FIG. 17) from a lightning strike 302a
(see FIG. 17) or energy 362 (see FIG. 17) from precipitation static
(P-static) 302b (see FIG. 17). The use of the metal loaded
conductive coating 340 (see FIGS. 13A-13B) applied or deposited
over the direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS.
13A, 17) preferably increases the conductivity 366 (see FIG. 17) of
the electrical conductor pathway system 300 and provides a
continuous conductive surface over the direct write conductive
material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 13A, 17) for increased lightning
protection.
As shown in FIG. 18, the method 400 may further comprise step 412
of optionally, applying a topcoat layer 344 (see FIGS. 15, 17) over
the conductive coating 340 (see FIGS. 15, 17). As discussed above,
the topcoat layer 344 (see FIGS. 14A-14B) may function as a
protective coating over all, or substantially all, of the
conductive coating 340 (see FIGS. 14A-14B), or may be applied for
visual or aesthetic appearance purposes. The topcoat layer 344 (see
FIGS. 14A-14B) may comprise a polyurethane paint or coating, a
urethane paint or coating, an acrylic paint or coating, a
combination thereof, or another suitable topcoat layer 344 (see
FIG. 17). Preferably, the topcoat layer 344 (see FIGS. 14A-14B) is
durable, abrasion and chemical resistant, heat resistant, and
visually appealing.
Embodiments of the electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see
FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) and method 400 (see FIG. 18) disclosed herein
provide one or more electrical pathways 334 (see FIGS. 11A-15, 17)
that are printed or deposited via a direct write printing process
124 (see FIG. 17) onto a first surface 306a (see FIG. 11A) of a
substrate 304 (see FIG. 11A), or onto a surface 28 (see FIG. 17) of
a structure 30 (see FIG. 17), such as an exterior surface 309 (see
FIG. 17) of an air vehicle structure 350 (see FIG. 17), and that
conduct electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17), or electricity, from the
first surface 306a (see FIG. 11A) of the substrate 304 (see FIG.
11A), or the surface 28 (see FIG. 17) of the structure 30 (see FIG.
17), to and between one or more grounding points 318 (see FIGS.
11A-15, 17). The one or more electrical pathways 334 (see FIGS.
11A-15, 17) are preferably printed or deposited as a direct write
conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 11A-15, 17), in the form
of a grid pattern 320a (see FIG. 11A, 17). The one or more
electrical pathways 334 (see FIGS. 11A-15, 17) may be constructed
of a conductive material 336, such as a conductive metallic
material 336a, or of a conductive ink 168 (see FIG. 17), such as a
lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticle ink 104 (see FIG. 17).
The direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 11A-15,
17), such as a grid pattern 320a (see FIGS. 11A-15, 17), is
configured to maximize conductivity 366 (see FIG. 17) and
flexibility 368 (see FIG. 17). Optionally, a conductive coating 340
(see FIGS. 13A, 15, 17) may be added over the direct write
conductive material pattern 320 (see FIG. 13A) to increase the
conductivity 366 (see FIG. 17) and provide a continuous conductive
surface over the grid pattern 320a (see FIGS. 11A-15, 17) for
increased lightning protection.
The direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 11A-15,
17), such as a grid pattern 320a (see FIGS. 11A-15, 17), is printed
or deposited directly on an exterior surface 309, such as, for
example, an outer mold line 310 (see FIG. 17) of the exterior
surface 309 (see FIG. 17), such as a flight control surface 350a
(see FIG. 17), that may be made of a fiberglass material 311 (see
FIG. 17), and does not require any special layup of the fiberglass
layers. Thus, the electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see
FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) does not affect the construction or design of
the structure 30 (see FIG. 17), such as a composite structure 102
(see FIG. 7) or a metallic structure 132 (see FIG. 7), and
decreases the chance of formation of any microcracks. The use of
the direct write printing process 124 (see FIG. 17) may be applied
directly to the outer mold line 310 (see FIG. 17) of the exterior
surface 309 (see FIG. 17), rather than embedded within the
fiberglass layers of the substrate 304 (see FIG. 11A) or the flight
control surface 350a (see FIG. 17).
The electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17)
disclosed herein does not require manufacturing with a special
layup process, which may result in decreased time and expense of
manufacturing. In addition, the direct write conductive material
pattern 320 (see FIGS. 11A-15, 17), such as in the form of grid
pattern 320a (see FIG. 11A, 17), may be printed or deposited during
manufacture of the structure 30 (see FIG. 17), such as an air
vehicle structure 350 (see FIG. 17), and does not require
application in a less permanent, secondary operation after
manufacturing.
In addition, embodiments of the electrical conductor pathway system
300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) and method 400 (see FIG. 18) disclosed
herein provide protection against electromagnetic effects 360 (see
FIG. 17) due to lightning strikes 302a (see FIG. 17) and divert
electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17), such as from lightning strikes
302a (see FIG. 17) and P-static 302b (see FIG. 17) on the surface
28 (see FIGS. 15, 17). The direct write conductive material pattern
320 (see FIGS. 11A-15, 17), in the form of a grid pattern 320a (see
FIG. 11A, 17), and the optional conductive coating 340 (see FIG.
17), may be used with the one or more grounding points 318 (see
FIG. 17) to provide one or more electrical pathways 334 (see FIG.
17) to ground for the electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17) and energy
362 (see FIG. 17) from lightning strikes 302a (see FIG. 17) or
P-static 302b (see FIG. 17). The electrical conductor pathway
system 300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) and method 400 (see FIG. 18)
disclosed herein further provide a conductive path for diversion
and distribution of lightning current which, in combination with
grounding points 318 (see FIG. 17), such as fasteners 348 (see FIG.
17), and other features, provides a lightning protection path 358
(see FIG. 17) and a lightning protection system 356 (see FIG. 17)
for structures 30 (see FIG. 17), such as composite structures 102
(see FIG. 7) or metallic structures 132 (see FIG. 7), and provide
protection of the vehicle 26 (see FIG. 17), such as the air vehicle
26a (see FIG. 17) structures 30 (see FIG. 17) and systems 50 (see
FIG. 1C). The disclosed embodiments of the electrical conductor
pathway system 300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) and method 400 (see FIG.
18) advantageously divert electric charge 302 (see FIG. 17) from a
lightning strike 302a (see FIG. 17) or P-static 302b (see FIG. 17)
to create a robust lightning protection system 356 (see FIG. 17)
for a vehicle 26 (see FIG. 17), such as an air vehicle 26a (see
FIG. 17).
With embodiments of the electrical conductor pathway system 300
(see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) and method 400 (see FIG. 18) disclosed
herein, if there is a direct lightning strike 302a (see FIG. 17) on
the area or region of the direct write conductive material pattern
320 (see FIGS. 11A-15, 17), such as in the form of grid pattern
320a (see FIG. 11A, 17), over the one or more grounding points 318
(see FIG. 17), such as fasteners 348 (see FIG. 71), the conductor
pathway system 300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) protects the underlying
structure 30 (see FIG. 17) of the substrate 304 (see FIG. 17). The
electrical conductor pathway system 300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17)
does not affect the construction of the composite material or
component part it is applied to.
Moreover, embodiments of the electrical conductor pathway system
300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) and method 400 (see FIG. 18) disclosed
herein provide a more producible and installable electrical
conductor pathway system 300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) and lightning
protection system 356 (see FIG. 17) for flexible surfaces 307 (see
FIG. 17), such as flight control surfaces 350a (see FIG. 17), than
known lightning strike protection systems and methods. The direct
write printing process 124 (see FIG. 17) preferably achieves a very
thin grid line 326 (see FIG. 17) of metallic particles of
conductive material 336 (see FIG. 17), allowing the grid pattern
320a (see FIG. 17) to be printed or deposited on a flexible surface
307 (see FIG. 17). In addition, the direct write printing process
124 (see FIG. 17) results in a thin metallic deposit that adheres
to the substrate 304 (see FIG. 11A), such as the flight control
surface 350a (see FIG. 17) made of fiberglass, and may better
handle the fatigue of a flexible surface 307 (see FIG. 17) than
known lightning strike protection systems and methods, such as
known embedded metallic mesh designs or metallic mesh layer
overlays.
In addition, embodiments of the electrical conductor pathway system
300 (see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) and method 400 (see FIG. 18) disclosed
herein may have increased durability and repairability that may
eliminate or decrease the amount of repairs that may be needed. The
direct write conductive material pattern 320 (see FIGS. 11A-15,
17), such as the grid pattern 320a (see FIGS. 11A-15, 17), is
discontinuous and may be more easily reapplied or repaired in situ,
as compared to known lightning strike protection systems and
methods, such as known appliques, which include a continuous layer
applied with an adhesive and may not be easily repaired or
reapplied.
Further, embodiments of the electrical conductor pathway system 300
(see FIGS. 11A-14B, 17) and method 400 (see FIG. 18) disclosed
herein may be printed, deposited or applied directly to an exterior
surface 309 (see FIG. 17) that requires protection, such as a
flight control surface 350a, but is also a conductor 364 (see FIG.
17) that may achieve a high conductivity 366 (see FIG. 17) and may
be patterned to achieve such high conductivity 366 (see FIG. 17).
The use of a metal loaded conductive coating 340 (see FIG. 17)
applied over the direct write conductive metal pattern 320 (see
FIG. 17) further increases the conductivity 366 (see FIG. 17).
Finally, a topcoat layer 344 (see FIG. 17) may be applied for
visual appearance or additional protection.
Many modifications and other embodiments of the disclosure will
come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this disclosure
pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the
foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. The embodiments
described herein are meant to be illustrative and are not intended
to be limiting or exhaustive. Although specific terms are employed
herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and
not for purposes of limitation.
* * * * *