U.S. patent application number 17/831486 was filed with the patent office on 2022-09-15 for method of manufacturing camera module.
This patent application is currently assigned to SAMSUNG ELECTRO-MECHANICS CO., LTD.. The applicant listed for this patent is SAMSUNG ELECTRO-MECHANICS CO., LTD.. Invention is credited to Gyu Won KIM, Kyoung Joong MIN.
Application Number | 20220294939 17/831486 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000006374364 |
Filed Date | 2022-09-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220294939 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
KIM; Gyu Won ; et
al. |
September 15, 2022 |
METHOD OF MANUFACTURING CAMERA MODULE
Abstract
A method of manufacturing a camera module that includes a
housing having an inner space, a frame disposed in the inner space
of the housing and configured to accommodate a lens barrel therein,
and optical image stabilization driving wires including driving
wires driving the frame in a direction perpendicular to an optical
axis. The method includes fixing both end portions of a target
driving wire, among the driving wires, to a first inner side
surface of the housing, disposing the frame adjacent a second inner
side surface of the housing that opposes the first inner side
surface, and coupling a center part of the target driving wire to a
mounting member of the frame that faces the first inner side
surface of the housing.
Inventors: |
KIM; Gyu Won; (Suwon-si,
KR) ; MIN; Kyoung Joong; (Suwon-si, KR) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
SAMSUNG ELECTRO-MECHANICS CO., LTD. |
Suwon-si |
|
KR |
|
|
Assignee: |
SAMSUNG ELECTRO-MECHANICS CO.,
LTD.
Suwon-si
KR
|
Family ID: |
1000006374364 |
Appl. No.: |
17/831486 |
Filed: |
June 3, 2022 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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17065960 |
Oct 8, 2020 |
11394858 |
|
|
17831486 |
|
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|
16429542 |
Jun 3, 2019 |
10841464 |
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17065960 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04N 5/23264 20130101;
H04N 5/2252 20130101; H04M 1/0264 20130101; G03B 17/02
20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04N 5/225 20060101
H04N005/225; G03B 17/02 20060101 G03B017/02; H04M 1/02 20060101
H04M001/02; H04N 5/232 20060101 H04N005/232 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Oct 15, 2018 |
KR |
10-2018-0122622 |
Claims
1. A method of manufacturing a camera module which includes a
housing having an inner space, a frame disposed in the inner space
of the housing and accommodating a lens barrel, and driving wires
configured to drive the frame in a direction perpendicular to an
optical axis, the method comprising: fixing a first target driving
wire, among the driving wires, to the housing; coupling the first
target driving wire to the frame positioned on a first position;
fixing a second target driving wire, among the driving wires, to
the housing; and coupling the second target driving wire to the
frame positioned on a second position different from the first
position.
2. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 1, wherein
the first target driving wire is coupled to the frame in a relaxed
state, and the second target driving wire is coupled to the frame
in a relaxed state.
3. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 1, wherein
both end portions of the first target driving wire are fixed at
corners formed by a first inner side surface of the housing, and
both end portions of the second target driving wire are fixed at
corners formed by a second inner side surface of the housing.
4. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 1, wherein
the frame is disposed in a center of the housing in a direction
perpendicular to driving forces produced by the first and second
target driving wires.
5. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 1, wherein
the housing comprises: a first mounting member coupled to the first
target driving wire and facing a first inner surface of the
housing; and a second mounting member coupled to the second target
driving wire and facing a second inner surface of the housing.
6. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 1, further
comprising: moving the frame from the first position to the second
position.
7. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 1, wherein
a first angle formed at a center part by both end portions of the
first target driving wire while the frame is positioned on the
first position is identical to a second angle formed at a center
part by both end portions of the second target driving wire while
the frame is positioned on the second position.
8. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 1, wherein
the driving wires include a first driving wire on the first inner
side surface of the housing, a second driving wire facing the first
driving wire, a third driving wire on a third inner side surface of
the housing that is adjacent to the first inner side surface, and a
fourth driving wire facing the third driving wire.
9. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 1, wherein
the housing comprises fixing connectors extending upwardly from
corners of the housing, and each of the driving wires is fixed to
two adjacent fixing connectors.
10. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 9, wherein
the fixing connectors comprise: first connectors connected to the
first target driving wire; and second connectors connected to the
second target driving wire, wherein a minimum length of the first
target driving wire is longer than a distance between the first
fixing connectors, and a minimum length of the second target
driving wire is longer than a distance between the second fixing
connectors.
11. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 1, wherein
each of lengths of the first and second target driving wires in a
most contracted state is longer than a distance between adjacent
corners of the housing.
12. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 1, wherein
each of the driving wires is formed of a shape memory alloy.
13. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 1, further
comprising: applying a correction coefficient to at least one of
driving signals for reducing an offset between the driving signals,
and wherein the driving signals are configured to drive the frame
in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis.
14. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 13,
wherein the offset corresponds to a difference value between slopes
of digital values according to the driving signals.
15. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 14,
wherein each of the slopes corresponds to a difference value
between a maximum value and a minimum value of a respective digital
value of the digital values.
16. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 15,
wherein the maximum value corresponds to a maximum duty of a
respective driving signal of the driving signals, and wherein the
minimum value corresponds to a minimum duty of a respective driving
signal of the driving signals.
17. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 14,
wherein the correction coefficient is based on a respective slope
of the slopes and a reference slope.
18. The method of manufacturing a camera module of claim 14,
wherein the digital values are based on thermal resistances of the
driving wires according to the driving signals.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of application Ser. No.
17/065,960 filed on Oct. 8, 2020, which is a continuation of
application Ser. No. 16/429,542 filed on Jun. 3, 2019, which claims
the benefit under 35 USC 119(a) of Korean Patent Application No.
10-2018-0122622 filed on Oct. 15, 2018 in the Korean Intellectual
Property Office, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated
herein by reference for all purposes.
BACKGROUND
1. Field
[0002] The following description relates to a method of
manufacturing a camera module.
2. Description of Background
[0003] For some time, a camera module has been a standard feature
in portable electronic devices such as a smartphone, a tablet
computer, or a laptop computer, and in accordance with this trend,
a camera module for mobile terminals has generally been implemented
with the capability to enable autofocusing (AF), optical image
stabilization (OIS), and optical zoom functions.
[0004] As a camera module has become more complicated in structure
and has increased in size in order to implement various functions,
however, sizes of portable electronic devices in which such a
camera module is mounted have also increased.
[0005] As the market for smartphone camera modules grows, attempts
have been made to reduce and integrate functions of a regular
analog camera, such as AF and optical zoom functions, as well as an
OIS driving method. In line with structural diversity accompanied
therewith, there has been increasing demand for an OIS driving
method different from existing OIS methods.
SUMMARY
[0006] This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of
concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in
the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify
key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter,
nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of
the claimed subject matter.
[0007] In one general aspect, a method of manufacturing a camera
module capable of maximizing a driving force produced by a driving
wire upon contraction/expansion.
[0008] In another general aspect, a method of manufacturing a
camera module that includes a housing having an inner space, a
frame disposed in the inner space of the housing and accommodating
a lens barrel, and an optical image stabilization (OIS) driving
wire including a plurality of driving wires driving the frame in
directions perpendicular to an optical axis. The method includes
fixing both end portions of a target driving wire, among the
driving wires, to a first inner side surface of the housing;
disposing the frame adjacent a second inner side surface of the
housing that opposes the first inner side surface; and coupling a
center part of the target driving wire to a mounting member of the
frame that faces the first inner side surface of the housing.
[0009] The target driving wire may be coupled to the mounting
member of the frame in a relaxed state.
[0010] The both end portions of the target driving wire may be
fixed at corners formed by the first inner side surface of the
housing.
[0011] The frame may be disposed in a center of the housing in a
direction perpendicular to a driving force produced by the target
driving wire.
[0012] The method may include disposing both end portions of a
second target driving wire, among the driving wires, on the second
inner side surface of the housing.
[0013] The method may include disposing the frame adjacent the
first inner side surface of the housing.
[0014] The method may include coupling a center part of the second
target driving wire to a second mounting member of the frame that
faces the second inner side surface of the housing.
[0015] The driving wires may include a first driving wire on the
first inner side surface of the housing, a second driving wire
facing the first driving wire, a third driving wire on a third
inner side surface of the housing that is adjacent to the first
inner side surface, and a fourth driving wire facing the third
driving wire.
[0016] The housing may include fixing connectors extending upwardly
from corners of the housing, and each of the driving wires may be
fixed to two adjacent fixing connectors.
[0017] Each of the driving wires may be formed of a shape memory
alloy.
[0018] In another general aspect, a method of manufacturing a
camera module which includes a housing having an inner space, a
frame disposed in the inner space of the housing and accommodating
a lens barrel, and an optical image stabilization (OIS) driving
wire including driving wires driving the frame in a direction
perpendicular to an optical axis. The method includes fixing both
end portions of a target driving wire, among the driving wires, to
an inner side surface of the housing; and coupling a center part of
the target driving wire to a mounting member of the frame that
faces the inner side surface of the housing. The center part of the
target driving wire is coupled to the mounting member while an
angle formed at the center part by both end portions of the target
driving wire is minimized.
[0019] The target driving wire may be coupled to the mounting
member of the frame in a relaxed state.
[0020] The both end portions of the target driving wire may be
fixed at corners formed by the inner side surface of the
housing.
[0021] The frame may be disposed in a center of the housing, in a
direction perpendicular to a driving force produced by the target
driving wire.
[0022] The housing may include fixing connectors extending upwardly
from corners of the housing, and each of the driving wires may be
connected to two adjacent fixing connectors.
[0023] Each of the driving wires may be formed of a shape memory
alloy.
[0024] Other features and aspects will be apparent from the
following detailed description, the drawings, and the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0025] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example of an electronic
device according to an example.
[0026] FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of a camera module
according to an example.
[0027] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a camera module according to
an example.
[0028] FIG. 4 is a top view of a main part of a camera module
according to an example.
[0029] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a main part of a camera
module according to an example.
[0030] FIG. 6 is a length versus temperature graph for a shape
memory alloy (SMA) wire according to an example.
[0031] FIG. 7 is a graph between force F in a vertical direction
produced by a driving wire upon expansion/contraction and contained
angle A of the driving wire, when coupled according to an
example.
[0032] FIG. 8A, FIG. 8B, FIG. 8C, and FIG. 8D illustrate methods of
coupling OIS driving wires according to an example.
[0033] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an actuator used in a camera
module according to an example.
[0034] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a driving signal according
to an example.
[0035] FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate digital conversion operations
according to various examples.
[0036] FIG. 12 illustrates a dithering scheme according to an
example.
[0037] FIG. 13 illustrates graphs of digital values based on duties
of driving signals according to an example.
[0038] Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, the
same reference numerals refer to the same elements. The drawings
may not be to scale, and the relative size, proportions, and
depiction of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for
clarity, illustration, and convenience.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] The following detailed description is provided to assist the
reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the methods,
apparatuses, and/or systems described herein. However, various
changes, modifications, and equivalents of the methods,
apparatuses, and/or systems described herein will be apparent after
an understanding of the disclosure of this application. For
example, the sequences of operations described herein are merely
examples, and are not limited to those set forth herein, but may be
changed as will be apparent after an understanding of the
disclosure of this application, with the exception of operations
necessarily occurring in a certain order. Also, descriptions of
features that are known in the art may be omitted for increased
clarity and conciseness.
[0040] The features described herein may be embodied in different
forms, and are not to be construed as being limited to the examples
described herein. Rather, the examples described herein have been
provided merely to illustrate some of the many possible ways of
implementing the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described
herein that will be apparent after an understanding of the
disclosure of this application.
[0041] Herein, it is noted that use of the term "may" with respect
to an example or embodiment, e.g., as to what an example or
embodiment may include or implement, means that at least one
example or embodiment exists in which such a feature is included or
implemented while all examples and embodiments are not limited
thereto.
[0042] Throughout the specification, when an element, such as a
layer, region, or substrate, is described as being "on," "connected
to," or "coupled to" another element, it may be directly "on,"
"connected to," or "coupled to" the other element, or there may be
one or more other elements intervening therebetween. In contrast,
when an element is described as being "directly on," "directly
connected to," or "directly coupled to" another element, there can
be no other elements intervening therebetween.
[0043] As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any one and any
combination of any two or more of the associated listed items.
[0044] Although terms such as "first," "second," and "third" may be
used herein to describe various members, components, regions,
layers, or sections, these members, components, regions, layers, or
sections are not to be limited by these terms. Rather, these terms
are only used to distinguish one member, component, region, layer,
or section from another member, component, region, layer, or
section. Thus, a first member, component, region, layer, or section
referred to in examples described herein may also be referred to as
a second member, component, region, layer, or section without
departing from the teachings of the examples.
[0045] Spatially relative terms such as "above," "upper," "below,"
and "lower" may be used herein for ease of description to describe
one element's relationship to another element as shown in the
figures. Such spatially relative terms are intended to encompass
different orientations of the device in use or operation in
addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example,
if the device in the figures is turned over, an element described
as being "above" or "upper" relative to another element will then
be "below" or "lower" relative to the other element. Thus, the term
"above" encompasses both the above and below orientations depending
on the spatial orientation of the device. The device may also be
oriented in other ways (for example, rotated 90 degrees or at other
orientations), and the spatially relative terms used herein are to
be interpreted accordingly.
[0046] The terminology used herein is for describing various
examples only, and is not to be used to limit the disclosure. The
articles "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural
forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The
terms "comprises," "includes," and "has" specify the presence of
stated features, numbers, operations, members, elements, and/or
combinations thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition
of one or more other features, numbers, operations, members,
elements, and/or combinations thereof.
[0047] Due to manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances,
variations of the shapes shown in the drawings may occur. Thus, the
examples described herein are not limited to the specific shapes
shown in the drawings, but include changes in shape that occur
during manufacturing.
[0048] The features of the examples described herein may be
combined in various ways as will be apparent after an understanding
of the disclosure of this application. Further, although the
examples described herein have a variety of configurations, other
configurations are possible as will be apparent after an
understanding of the disclosure of this application.
[0049] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example of an electronic
device.
[0050] Referring to FIG. 1, an electronic device 1 may be a mobile
electronic device, such as a portable communications terminal, a
smartphone, or a tablet PC. The portable electronic device 1
includes a camera module 10 capable of capturing an image of a
subject.
[0051] The camera module 10 is implemented with at least one of an
autofocusing (AF) function and an optical image stabilization (OIS)
function to provide an image signal of high resolution to the
electronic device 1.
[0052] FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of a camera module
according to an example, FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a camera
module according to an example, FIG. 4 is a top view of a main part
of a camera module according to an example, and FIG. 5 is a
cross-sectional view of a main part of a camera module according to
an example.
[0053] Referring to FIG. 2 through FIG. 5, a camera module 10
includes a housing 110, a frame 120, a lens barrel 130, an OIS
driving wire 140, an AF driving wire 150, and a case 160.
[0054] The housing 110 has a shape completely or partially housing
the frame 120. For example, the housing 110 may be a substantially
hexahedron in shape in which the top surface is open, wherein a
through hole 111 for an image sensor is formed on a bottom surface
of the housing 110. Corners of the housing 110 are provided with
first fixing connectors 112 extending upwardly therefrom, and both
end portions of the OIS driving wire 140 may be connected to the
first fixing connectors 112.
[0055] The case 160 is configured to cover a portion of the housing
110. For example, the case 160 may be configured to cover the top
surface and the four side surfaces of the housing 110.
Alternatively, the case 160 may be configured to cover only the
four side surfaces of the housing 110, or the case 160 may be
configured to only partially cover the top surface and the four
side surfaces of the housing 110. The case 160 may serve to shield
electromagnetic waves generated by the camera module during
operations. Electromagnetic waves are generated when operating the
camera module, and such electromagnetic waves, when released
externally, may influence other electronic components and cause
communications errors or malfunctions. The case 160 may be formed
of a metal material and grounded to a grounding pad of a substrate
mounted below the housing 110 to shield electromagnetic waves so
that the electromagnetic waves do not influence other electronic
components.
[0056] The frame 120 is disposed inside the housing 110 and
configured to be movable within the inner space of the housing 110.
For example, the frame 120 is configured to move within the inner
space of the housing 110 in the directions perpendicular to an
optical axis (Z axis in FIG. 2), such as a first direction (an X
axis direction) and a second direction (a Y axis direction). The
frame 120 may be a substantially hexahedron in shape. Each of four
external surfaces of the frame 120 is provided with a first
mounting member 122 to which the OIS driving wire 140 is coupled.
The first mounting member 122 may be disposed in a central part of
each of the external surface of the frame 120. The first mounting
member 122 may extend from a stepped portion 121 disposed on an
upper end portion of the frame 120.
[0057] On inner surfaces of the frame 120, there may be formed an
insertion recess 124 in which a second mounting member 132 of the
lens barrel 130 is inserted and disposed. The insertion recess 124
provides space in which the second mounting member 132 of the lens
barrel 130 can be disposed, when the lens barrel 130 is coupled to
the frame 120.
[0058] A second fixing connector 126 for installation of the AF
driving wire 150 may be provided on one inner side surface among
four inner side surfaces of the frame 120. The second fixing
connector 126 may be provided on a same inner side surface in which
the insertion recess 124 is formed. A pair of second fixing
connectors 126 may be provided on an upper end portion of the frame
120, and another pair of second fixing connectors 126 may be
provided on a lower end portion of the frame 120.
[0059] The lens barrel 130 is installed in the frame 120 and
configured to be movable in an optical axis direction (a Z axis
direction) with respect to the frame 120. On one side of the lens
barrel 130, a plurality of second mounting members 132 are
disposed. Two of the second mounting members 132 may be spaced
apart from each other in the optical axis direction (a Z axis
direction). The second mounting member 132 is inserted and disposed
in the insertion recess 124 of the frame 120.
[0060] The lens barrel 130 may be a hollow cylinder in shape,
capable of accommodating therein at least one lens capturing an
image of a subject, wherein the at least one lens is disposed in
the lens barrel 130 along the optical axis. The at least one lens
may include a plurality of lenses stacked one on top of the other
in accord with a specific design of the lens barrel 130, wherein
the plurality of lenses may have the same or different optical
properties, such as refractive indices, from each other.
[0061] The OIS driving wire 140 may be formed of a shape memory
alloy. Shape memory alloys are alloys with the shape memory effect,
which are formed in their original phase, and even after being
deformed to another phase through applications of an external
stimuli, e.g., heat, can restore their original shape when returned
to their original phase. Therefore, due to heat generated by an
electric current, the OIS driving wire 140 may experience
deformations through contraction and expansion. The OIS driving
wire 140 may be a component of an actuator which will be described
later.
[0062] The OIS driving wire 140 includes a first OIS driving wire
141 and a second OIS driving wire 142 for moving the frame 120 in
the first direction (an X axis direction), perpendicular to the
optical axis, and further includes a third OIS driving wire 143 and
a fourth OIS driving wire 144 for moving the frame 120 in the
second direction (a Y axis direction), perpendicular to the optical
axis.
[0063] The first OIS driving wire 141 and the second OIS driving
wire 142 may be coupled to first mounting members 122 on external
side surfaces of the frame 120 to face each other, and the third
OIS driving wire 143 and the fourth OIS driving wire 144 may be
coupled to first mounting members 122 on external side surfaces of
the frame 120 to face each other.
[0064] Each of the first OIS driving wire 141, the second OIS
driving wire 142, the third OIS driving wire 143, and the fourth
OIS driving wire 144 has both end portions installed at the first
fixing connectors 112 extending from adjacent corners of the
housing 110, and has a center part coupled to the first mounting
member 122 of the frame 120. The OIS driving wire 140 is installed
in the housing 110 and the frame 120 so as to form a substantially
V shape.
[0065] When a fixed amount of an electric current is provided to
the first OIS driving wire 141 and the second OIS driving wire 142
for moving the frame 120 in an X axis direction, and to the third
OIS driving wire 143 and the fourth OIS driving wire 144 for moving
the frame 120 in a Y axis direction, a center of the frame 120 and
a center of the housing 110 may coincide with each other.
[0066] When the first OIS driving wire 141 is contracted by
increasing an electric current provided to the first OIS driving
wire 141, and the second OIS driving wire 142 is relaxed by
decreasing an electric current provided to the second OIS driving
wire 142, the center of the frame 120 is moved left (with respect
to the view in FIG. 4) from the center of the housing 110.
Alternatively, when the first OIS driving wire 141 is relaxed by
decreasing an electric current provided to the first OIS driving
wire 141, and the second OIS driving wire 142 is contracted by
increasing an electric current provided to the second OIS driving
wire 142, the center of the frame 120 is moved right (with respect
to the view in FIG. 4) from the center of the housing 110.
[0067] Meanwhile, the frame 120 can be moved in a Y axis direction
by increasing or decreasing the amount of an electric current
provided to the third OIS driving wire 143 or/and the fourth OIS
driving wire 144 in the same scheme for contracting and relaxing
the first OIS driving wire 141 and the second OIS driving wire
142.
[0068] The AF driving wire 150 may be formed of a shape memory
alloy. The AF driving wire 150 is configured to move the lens
barrel 130 in a Z axis direction. For example, the AF driving wire
150 may be disposed on one of four inner side surfaces of the frame
120. The AF driving wire 150 may include a first AF driving wire
152 and a second AF driving wire 154 disposed below the first AF
driving wire 152.
[0069] The AF driving wire 150 has both end portions installed at
the second fixing connectors 126 disposed on the inner side
surfaces of the frame 120, and a center part of the AF driving wire
150 may be connected to the second mounting member 132 of the lens
barrel 130. The AF driving wire 150 is installed in the frame 120
and the lens barrel 130 so as to form a substantially V shape.
[0070] When a fixed amount of an electric current is provided to
the first AF driving wire 152 and the second AF driving wire 154,
the lens barrel 130 is disposed at a base position. When the first
AF driving wire 152 is contracted by increasing an electric current
provided to the first AF driving wire 152, and the second AF
driving wire 154 is relaxed by decreasing an electric current
provided to the second AF driving wire 154, the lens barrel 130 is
moved upwardly (with respect to the view in FIG. 2). Alternatively,
when the first AF driving wire 152 is relaxed by decreasing an
electric current provided to the first AF driving wire 152, and the
second AF driving wire 154 is contracted by increasing an electric
current provided to the second AF driving wire 154, the lens barrel
130 is moved downwardly (with respect to the view in FIG. 2).
[0071] FIG. 6 is a length versus temperature graph for a shape
memory alloy (SMA) wire according to an example.
[0072] Referring to FIG. 6, the OIS driving wire 140, which is
formed of a shape memory alloy, becomes shorter in length as the
temperature increases. Also, unlike T1 in FIG. 5, T2 is greater
than room temperature (25 C.), and L1>L2 where L1 and L2 are
lengths of the shape memory alloy (SMA) wire. Here, the L1 and the
L2 satisfy Equation 1 below, where L1 and L2 are lengths of the SMA
wire.
L2=0.978.times.L1 Equation 1:
[0073] Referring back to FIG. 4, a distance between an inner side
surface of the housing 110 and an inner side surface of a first
mounting member 122 satisfies Equation 2 below where d is a
distance between two adjacent first fixing connectors 112, L is a
length of an OIS driving wire 140, and h is a distance between an
inner side surface of the housing 110 and an inner side surface of
a first mounting member 122.
h={(L/2)2-(d/2)2}1/2 Equation 2:
[0074] For example, when the distance between the two adjacent
first fixing connectors 112, d, is 8.8 mm, and the length of the
OIS driving wire 140 at room temperature, L1, is 9.08 mm, and when
the OIS driving wire 140 is in a most relaxed state, the distance h
has a maximum value, wherein a maximum distance hmax is 1.12 mm.
Also, when the OIS driving wire 140 is in a most contracted state,
the distance h has a minimum value, wherein a minimum distance hmin
is 0.6 mm. Therefore, through contraction and expansion of the OIS
driving wire 140, the frame 120 can have a stroke (moving distance)
of 0.52 mm at maximum in the X axis direction and the Y axis
direction of FIG. 4.
[0075] Also, referring to FIG. 5, d is a distance between two
adjacent second fixing connectors 126, L is a length of an AF
driving wire 150, and h is a distance between a second fixing
connector 126 and a second mounting member 132. When the distance
between the two adjacent second fixing connectors 126, d, is 6.7
mm, and the length of the AF driving wire 150 at room temperature,
L1, is 6.86 mm, the distance h has a maximum value, wherein a
maximum distance hmax is 1.12 mm. Therefore, through contraction
and expansion of the AF driving wire 150, the lens barrel 130 can
have a stroke of 0.56 mm at maximum in the Z axis direction of FIG.
5.
[0076] According to an example, since OIS driving and AF driving
are performed through the OIS driving wire 140 and the AF driving
wire 150, the weight of the camera module 10 can be reduced, and by
simplifying a manufacturing process thereof, the manufacturing
costs of the camera module 10 can be reduced due to a reduced
process time.
[0077] However, in order to enable the camera module 10 to perform
AF function and OIS function, it is necessary that the OIS driving
wire 140 and the AF driving wire 150 secure a sufficient driving
force to drive the frame 120 and the lens barrel 130 within a
maximum stroke range. However, if the OIS driving wire 140 is
coupled to the housing 110 and the frame 120 when the frame 120 is
positioned in the center of the housing 110, the frame 120 cannot
be driven within the maximum stroke range.
[0078] FIG. 7 is a graph between force F in a vertical direction
produced by a driving wire upon expansion/contraction and contained
angle A of the driving wire, when coupled according to an
example.
[0079] The driving wire is coupled to the frame 120 and the like,
while the driving wire is in a most relaxed state. However, as can
be seen in FIG. 7, as the contained angle A of the driving wire
increases, the force F produced by the driving wire in a vertical
direction upon expansion/contraction decreases.
[0080] For example, referring back to FIG. 4, when coupling the
first OIS driving wire 141 to the frame 120, the contained angle A
of the first OIS driving wire 141 is smaller when the frame 120 is
disposed closer to a right side of the housing 110, compared to
when the frame 120 is positioned at a neutral position or disposed
closer to a left side of the housing 110. Therefore, the force F in
a vertical direction, the direction in which the first OIS driving
wire 141 relaxes--the (-) X axis direction of FIG. 4--can be
increased.
[0081] Accordingly, to maximize a force produced by the OIS driving
wire 140 upon expansion/contraction, it is necessary to control the
position of the frame 120 depending on a target driving wire to be
coupled thereto.
[0082] FIG. 8A, FIG. 8B, FIG. 8C, and FIG. 8D illustrate schemes
for coupling an OIS driving wire according to examples. In FIG. 8A,
FIG. 8B, FIG. 8C, FIG. 8D, and FIG. 8E, the first OIS driving wire
141, the second OIS driving wire 142, the third OIS driving wire
143, and the fourth OIS driving wire 144 are sequentially coupled
in this order.
[0083] However, the coupling order may be varied within a range for
maximizing forces produced by the first OIS driving wire 141, the
second OIS driving wire 142, the third OIS driving wire 143, and
the fourth OIS driving wire 144 upon expansion/contraction. For
example, the coupling may be performed in the following order: the
second OIS driving wire 142, the first OIS driving wire 141, the
fourth OIS driving wire 144, and the third OIS driving wire
143.
[0084] In an example, the frame 120 and a target driving wire are
coupled to each other while the frame 120 is disposed on a surface
opposing an inner side surface on which the target driving wire is
disposed. Here, when the target driving wire generates a driving
force in one direction perpendicular to an optical axis, the frame
120 may remain disposed in the center of the housing 110, in the
other direction perpendicular to the optical axis.
[0085] FIG. 8A illustrates a method for coupling the first OIS
driving wire 141, serving as a target driving wire, to the frame
120.
[0086] Referring to FIG. 8A, both end portions of the first OIS
driving wire 141 are coupled at corners formed by a first inner
surface of the housing 110. Also, a center part of the first OIS
driving wire 141 is coupled to a first mounting member 122 facing
the first inner surface of the housing 110 while the frame 120 is
positioned in the center of the housing 110 in the Y axis direction
of FIG. 8A and on (for example, adjacent to or in contact with) a
second inner surface of the housing 110 in the X axis direction of
FIG. 8A.
[0087] FIG. 8B illustrates a method for coupling the second OIS
driving wire 142, serving as a target driving wire, to the frame
120.
[0088] Referring to FIG. 8B, both end portions of the second OIS
driving wire 142 are coupled at corners formed by the second inner
surface of the housing 110. Also, a center part of the second
driving wire 142 is coupled to a first mounting member 122 facing
the second inner surface of the housing 110 while the frame 120 is
positioned in the center of the housing 110 in the Y axis direction
of FIG. 8B and on (for example, adjacent to or in contact with) the
first inner surface in the X axis direction of FIG. 8B.
[0089] FIG. 8C illustrates a method for coupling the third OIS
driving wire 143, serving as a target driving wire, to the frame
120.
[0090] Referring to FIG. 8C, both end portions of the third OIS
driving wire 143 are coupled at corners formed by a third inner
surface of the housing 110. Also, a center part of the third OIS
driving wire 143 is coupled to a first mounting member 122 facing
the third inner surface of the housing 110 while the frame 120 is
positioned in the center of the housing 110 in the X axis direction
of FIG. 8C and on (for example, adjacent to or in contact with) a
fourth inner surface of the housing 110 in the Y axis direction of
FIG. 8C.
[0091] FIG. 8D illustrates a method for coupling the fourth OIS
driving wire 144, serving as a target driving wire, to the frame
120.
[0092] Referring to FIG. 8D, both end portions of the fourth OIS
driving wire 144 are coupled at corners formed by the fourth inner
surface of the housing 110. Also, a center part of the fourth OIS
driving wire 144 is coupled to a first mounting member 122 facing
the fourth inner surface of the housing 110 while the frame 120 is
positioned in the center of the housing 110 in the X axis direction
of FIG. 8D and on (for example, adjacent to or in contact with) the
third inner surface in the Y axis direction of FIG. 8D.
[0093] According to an example, by coupling the target driving wire
to the frame 120 while the frame 120 is positioned on a surface
opposing the inner surface on which the target driving wire is
disposed, a driving force produced by the target driving wire to be
coupled, upon expansion/contraction, can be maximized.
[0094] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an actuator used in a camera
module according to an example, and FIG. 10 illustrates an example
of a driving signal according to an example.
[0095] An actuator 20 in FIG. 9 includes the OIS driving wires of
FIG. 2, and thus can perform an optical image stabilization
function of the camera module.
[0096] In an example, the actuator 20 includes a controller 210, a
driver 220, an OIS driving wire 230, and a digital converter 240.
The controller 210, the driver 220, and the digital converter 240
may be included in a single driver integrated circuit (IC). The OIS
driving wire 230 may include first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to
Wire4, and the first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4 are
components equivalent to the first OSI driving wire 141, the second
OSI driving wire 142, the third OSI driving wire 143, and the
fourth OSI driving wire 144 of FIG. 2.
[0097] The controller 210 can generate control signals Scon in
response to gyro signals Sgy and feedback signals Sf input from an
external source and can provide or output the generated control
signals Scon to the driver 220.
[0098] The gyro signals Sgy can be provided from a gyro sensor
included in the camera module or a mobile device. A target position
of a lens barrel can be determined by the gyro signals Sgy. The
gyro signals Sgy may be generated from a motion of the camera
module or the mobile device sensed by the gyro sensor.
[0099] The control signals Scon may include channel information of
the first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4 included in the
OIS driving wire 230, and electric current information of the first
to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4 at the target position of
the lens barrel.
[0100] The driver 220 generates driving signals Sdr based on
control signals Scon provided or output from the controller 210 and
provides or outputs the driving signals Sdr to the OIS driving wire
230. The driver 220 can modulate pulse widths of the driving
signals Sdr provided or output to the first to fourth driving wires
Wire1 to Wire4 based on the channel information and the electric
current information of the control signals Scon. For example, the
driver 220 may, by including a pulse width modulation PWM circuit,
adjust the pulse widths of the driving signals Sdr based on the
electric current information of the control signals Scon and drive
the first to fourth driving wires Wire to Wire4. The pulse widths
of the driving signals Sdr provided or output to the first to
fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4 may be different from each
other depending on the target position.
[0101] Referring to FIG. 10, the driver 220 can provide or output
the driving signals Sdr to the first to fourth driving wires Wire1
to Wire4 simultaneously, in order to simultaneously drive the first
to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4. However, in some examples,
the driver 220 may sequentially drive the first to fourth driving
wires Wire1 to Wire4 for a predetermined time period.
[0102] The digital converter 240 converts analog signals Sa of the
OIS driving wire 230 into digital signals to generate feedback
signals Sf and provides the generated feedback signals Sf to the
controller 210. The analog signals Sa of the OIS driving wire 230
may correspond to thermal resistances of the first to fourth
driving wires Wire1 to Wire4. The digital converter 240 can measure
thermal resistance of the OIS driving wire 230 and determine a
present position of the lens barrel or the frame moving together
with the lens barrel.
[0103] The digital converter 240 includes an analog to digital
conversion circuit performing an analog to digital conversion,
which converts the analog signals Sa into digital signals. The
analog to digital conversion circuit may be operated in a sample
and hold scheme to convert the analog signals Sa into digital
signals.
[0104] In an example, the digital converter 240 includes one analog
to digital conversion circuit in order to improve the efficiency of
the system resources. As illustrated in FIG. 10, the one analog to
digital conversion circuit may perform a digital conversion
operation ADC to sequentially convert the analog signals Sa of the
first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4 into digital
signals.
[0105] The digital converter 240, upon completion of the digital
conversion operation ADC, provides to the controller 210, an
interrupt signal announcing the completion of the digital
conversion operation ADC.
[0106] The digital converter 240 may perform a digital conversion
operation based on a start flag signal Ssf provided or output from
the controller 210. To determine a present position of the lens
barrel precisely, the controller 210 may provide or output the
start flag signal Ssf to the digital converter 240 so as to enable
the digital converter 240 to perform a digital conversion operation
in a time period during which a pulse of the driving signal Sdr is
at high level.
[0107] FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate digital conversion operations
according to various examples.
[0108] FIG. 11A illustrates a first digital conversion operation
and a second digital conversion operation according to an example,
and FIG. 11B illustrates a third digital conversion operation
according to an example.
[0109] Referring to FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B, the digital conversion
timing comes after a predetermined reference time from the output
of a start flag signal Ssf. At the digital conversion timing, when
the pulse of the driving signal Sdr is at high level, a digital
conversion operation ADC can be performed.
[0110] Referring to FIG. 11A, once a target driving wire to be read
is selected among a plurality of driving wires, and a target
high-level pulse to be read is selected among a plurality of
pulses, a start flag signal Ssf is provided or output based on the
target driving wire and the target high-level pulse, and the first
digital conversion operation may be performed within a pulse width
of a high-level pulse output at a digital conversion timing that
comes after a predetermined reference time from the output of the
start flag signal Ssf.
[0111] The first digital conversion operation may be understood as
a digital conversion operation performed in accordance with a start
flag signal Ssf output based on a driving wire corresponding to a
predetermined read target and a high-level pulse corresponding to a
read target.
[0112] Still referring to FIG. 11A, the second digital conversion
operation is similar to the first digital conversion operation but
may be performed within a central region of the high-level pulse
corresponding to the read target. To enable the second digital
conversion operation to be performed in the central region of the
high-level pulse corresponding to the read target, a half of a duty
width of the high-level pulse corresponding to the read target is
calculated, and a start flag signal Ssf is output based on the half
of the duty width calculated.
[0113] Referring to FIG. 11B, a digital conversion timing is
previously fixed, and then a start flag signal Ssf is periodically
provided or output before the digital conversion timing. The third
digital conversion operation ADC is performed after a predetermined
reference time from the output of the start flag signal Ssf.
However, the third digital conversion operation ADC may be
performed, not every time a predetermined reference signal is
output after the predetermined reference time from the output of a
start flag signal Ssf, but only when a high-level pulse of a
driving signal is output at the digital conversion timing.
[0114] FIG. 12 illustrates a dithering scheme according to an
example. In FIG. 12, the driving signal Sdr is illustrated as
including a first high-level pulse Pulse 1 to a fourth high-level
pulse Pulse 4 but is not limited thereto.
[0115] As described above, the driver 220 can adjust the pulse
width of a high-level pulse of a driving signal Sdr output to one
of the first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4, based on
channel information and electric current information of a control
signal Scon. Furthermore, the control signal Scon may further
include dithering information, and based on the dithering
information, the driver 220 can further adjust the pulse width of
the high-level pulse of the driving signal Sdr and synchronize the
digital conversion timing of the digital converter 240 with a
period of the high-level pulse of the driving signal output to the
driving wire.
[0116] More specifically, when the digital conversion timing of the
digital converter 240 differs from the period of the high-level
pulse of the driving signal output to the driving wire, the driver
220 can, based on the dithering information, synchronize the
digital conversion timing with the period of the high-level pulse
of the driving signal output to the driving wire.
[0117] The driver 220 can increase or decrease the pulse width of
the high-level pulse of a driving signal by a dithering width based
on the dithering information.
[0118] Referring to FIG. 12, the driver 220 may increase or
decrease a pulse width of one of the first high-level pulse Pulse 1
to the fourth high-level pulse Pulse 4 by a dithering width based
on dithering information. The driver 220 may increase the pulse
width of one high-level pulse of two adjacent high-level pulses by
a dithering width, while decreasing the pulse width of the other
high-level pulse of the adjacent pair by the dithering width.
[0119] For example, when the pulse width of the first high-level
pulse Pulse 1 is increased, the pulse width of the second
high-level pulse Pulse 2 may be decreased. Furthermore, when the
pulse width of the third high-level pulse Pulse 3 is increased, the
pulse width of the second high-level pulse Pulse 2 or the pulse
width of the fourth high-level pulse Pulse 4 may be decreased.
[0120] According to the examples, the pulse width of a driving
signal can be flexibly adjusted by applying a dithering scheme to
the driving signal. Accordingly, based on the driving signal to
which the dithering scheme is applied, a digital conversion
operation can be performed more precisely within a period of a
high-level pulse of the driving signal Sdr, to accurately detect a
present position of a lens barrel.
[0121] FIG. 13 is a graph of digital values based on duty of a
driving signal according to an example.
[0122] In an ideal case, when driving signals with an identical
duty are provided or output to the first to fourth driving wires
Wire1 to Wire4, digital values generated from thermal resistances
of the first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4 are
identical.
[0123] However, as can be seen in FIG. 13, even when driving
signals with an identical duty are provided or output to the first
to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4, digital values generated
from thermal resistances of the first to fourth driving wires Wire1
to Wire4 may be different from each other, and minimum duties and
maximum duties, which correspond to maximum values and minimum
values of the digital values, respectively, may be different from
each other.
[0124] Characteristics variations in the first to fourth driving
wires Wire1 to Wire4, such as different digital values, are
generated due to manufacturing tolerances of the first to fourth
driving wires Wire1 to Wire4. In particular, when the first to
fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4 are coupled in the schemes
illustrated in FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B, due to a load applied to each
of the first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4, there may be
greater characteristics variations among the first to fourth
driving wires Wire1 to Wire4.
[0125] Therefore, to enable precise operations of the first to
fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4, it is necessary that
characteristics variations in the first to fourth driving wires
Wire1 to Wire4 be corrected.
[0126] In an example, the controller 210 controls the driver 220 to
apply driving signals, from a minimum duty to a maximum duty, to
the first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4.
[0127] Once driving signals from zero duty to a full duty are
applied to the first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4, a
maximum digital value, a minimum duty corresponding to the maximum
digital value, a minimum digital value, and a maximum duty
corresponding to the minimum digital value are determined for each
driving wire. As can be seen in FIG. 13, a minimum duty corresponds
to a maximum digital value, and a maximum duty corresponds to a
minimum digital value.
[0128] When there are multiple duties with a maximum digital value,
the largest duty among the multiple duties can be determined as a
minimum duty corresponding to the maximum digital value. Also, when
there are multiple duties with a minimum digital value, the
smallest duty among the multiple duties can be selected as a
maximum duty corresponding to the minimum digital value.
[0129] Duty lengths of the first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to
Wire4, Duty_Length_w1 to Duty_Length_w4 are determined by Equation
3 below.
Duty_Length_w1=Max_Duty_w1-Min_Duty_w1
Duty_Length_w2=Max_Duty_w2-Min_Duty_w2
Duty_Length_w3=Max_Duty_w3-Min_Duty_w3
Duty_Length_w4=Max_Duty_w4-Min_Duty_w4 Equation 3:
[0130] According to Equation 3, a duty length of the first driving
wire Wire1, Duty_Length_w1, is determined by a difference between a
maximum duty of the first driving wire Wire1, Max_Duty_w1, and a
minimum duty of the first driving wire Wire1, Min_Duty_w1; a duty
length of the second driving wire Wire2, Duty_Length_w2, is
determined by a difference between a maximum duty of the second
driving wire Wire2, Max_Duty_w2, and a minimum duty of the second
driving wire Wire2, Min_Duty_w2; a duty length of the third driving
wire Wire3, Duty_Length_w3, is determined by a difference between a
maximum duty of the third driving wire Wire3, Max_Duty_w3, and a
minimum duty of the third driving wire Wire3, Min_Duty_w3; and a
duty length of the fourth driving wire Wire4, Duty_Length_w4, is
determined by a difference between a maximum duty of the fourth
driving wire Wire4, Max_Duty_w4, and a minimum duty of the fourth
driving wire Wire4, Min_Duty_w4.
[0131] Once the duty lengths of the first to fourth driving wires
Wire1 to Wire4, Duty_Length_w1 to Duty_Length_w4 are generated, the
smallest duty length thereof is determined as a minimum duty length
Min_Duty_Length. By determining the smallest duty length as the
minimum duty length Min_Duty_Length, duty lengths of the other
wires can be normalized with respect to the driving wire having the
smallest duty length.
[0132] Controllable maximum driving duties of the first to fourth
driving wires Wire1 to Wire4, Max_Duty_drive_w1 to
Max_Duty_drive_w4, are determined by Equation 4 below.
Max_Duty_drive_w1=Min_Duty_w1+Min_Duty_Length
Max_Duty_drive_w2=Min_Duty_w2+Min_Duty_Length
Max_Duty_drive_w3=Min_Duty_w3+Min_Duty_Length
Max_Duty_drive_w4=Min_Duty_w4+Min_Duty_Length Equation 4:
[0133] Once a minimum duty length Min_Duty_Length is determined, a
median value of the minimum duty length Min_Duty_Length, half
Min_Duty_Length, is generated. Once the median value of the minimum
duty length, half_Min_Duty_Length, is generated, centers of the
duty lengths Duty_Length, Duty_Length_center, of the first to
fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4 can be determined by Equation 5
below.
Duty_Length_w1_center=Min_Duty_w1+half Min_Duty_Length
Duty_Length_w2_center=Min_Duty_w2+half Min_Duty_Length
Duty_Length_w3_center=Min_Duty_w3+half Min_Duty_Length
Duty_Length_w4_center=Min_Duty_w4+half Min_Duty_Length Equation
5:
[0134] The controller 210 can drive the first to fourth driving
wires Wire1 to Wire4 more precisely by using information on the
centers of the duty lengths of the first to fourth driving wires
Wire1 to Wire4, Duty_Length_w1_center to Duty_Length_w4_center.
[0135] Further, as can be seen in Equation 6 below, differences in
digital values of the first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4,
Digital_value_diff_w1 to Digital_value_diff_w4, are determined by a
difference between a maximum digital value and a minimum digital
value of each driving wire.
Digital_value_diff_w1=Max_Digital_value_w1-Min_Digital_value_w1
Digital_value_diff_w2=Max_Digital_value_w2-Min_Digital_value_w2
Digital_value_diff_w3=Max_Digital_value_w3-Min_Digital_value_w3
Digital_value_diff_w4=Max_Digital_value_w4-Min_Digital_value_w4
Equation 6:
[0136] Once the differences in digital values of the first to
fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4, Digital_value_diff_w1 to
Digital_value_diff_w4, are generated, slopes of digital values
based on duties of the first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to
Wire4, slope_w1 to slope_w4 are generated. The slopes of digital
values based on duties of the first to fourth driving wires Wire1
to Wire4 are determined by Equation 7 below.
slope_w1=Digital_value_diff_w1/Duty_Length_w1
slope_w2=Digital_value_diff_w2/Duty_Length_w2
slope_w3=Digital_value_diff_w3/Duty_Length_w3
slope_w4=Digital_value_diff_w4/Duty_Length_w4 Equation 7:
[0137] Once the slopes of digital values based on duties of the
first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4 are generated, a slope
of one driving wire among the first to fourth driving wires Wire1
to Wire4 is selected as a reference slope, and based on the
selected slope, offsets of the other slopes are generated. As an
example, the one driving wire having the reference slope may be the
same as the driving wire having the smallest duty length.
[0138] Once the reference slope Reference_slope is determined,
offsets are generated by Equation 8, as ratios of a slope of each
of the first to fourth driving wires Wire1 to Wire4 to the
reference slope Reference_slope, and correction coefficients are
generated by the generated offsets. The controller 210 may apply
the generated correction coefficients to driving signals to correct
characteristics variations in the first to fourth driving wires
Wire1 to Wire4.
Offset_w1=slope_w1/Reference_slope
Offset_w2=slope_w2/Reference_slope
Offset_w3=slope_w3/Reference_slope
Offset_w4=slope_w4/Reference_slope Equation 8:
[0139] According to the examples, a method of manufacturing a
camera module can maximize a driving force produced by a driving
wire upon expansion/contraction.
[0140] The controller in FIG. 9, for example, that performs the
operations described in this application are implemented by
hardware components configured to perform the operations described
in this application that are performed by the hardware components.
Examples of hardware components that may be used to perform the
operations described in this application where appropriate include
controllers, sensors, generators, drivers, memories, comparators,
arithmetic logic units, adders, subtractors, multipliers, dividers,
integrators, and any other electronic components configured to
perform the operations described in this application. In other
examples, one or more of the hardware components that perform the
operations described in this application are implemented by
computing hardware, for example, by one or more processors or
computers. A processor or computer may be implemented by one or
more processing elements, such as an array of logic gates, a
controller and an arithmetic logic unit, a digital signal
processor, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller, a
field-programmable gate array, a programmable logic array, a
microprocessor, or any other device or combination of devices that
is configured to respond to and execute instructions in a defined
manner to achieve a desired result. In one example, a processor or
computer includes, or is connected to, one or more memories storing
instructions or software that are executed by the processor or
computer. Hardware components implemented by a processor or
computer may execute instructions or software, such as an operating
system (OS) and one or more software applications that run on the
OS, to perform the operations described in this application. The
hardware components may also access, manipulate, process, create,
and store data in response to execution of the instructions or
software. For simplicity, the singular term "processor" or
"computer" may be used in the description of the examples described
in this application, but in other examples multiple processors or
computers may be used, or a processor or computer may include
multiple processing elements, or multiple types of processing
elements, or both. For example, a single hardware component or two
or more hardware components may be implemented by a single
processor, or two or more processors, or a processor and a
controller. One or more hardware components may be implemented by
one or more processors, or a processor and a controller, and one or
more other hardware components may be implemented by one or more
other processors, or another processor and another controller. One
or more processors, or a processor and a controller, may implement
a single hardware component, or two or more hardware components. A
hardware component may have any one or more of different processing
configurations, examples of which include a single processor,
independent processors, parallel processors, single-instruction
single-data (SISD) multiprocessing, single-instruction
multiple-data (SIMD) multiprocessing, multiple-instruction
single-data (MISD) multiprocessing, and multiple-instruction
multiple-data (MIMD) multiprocessing.
[0141] While this disclosure includes specific examples, it will be
apparent after an understanding of the disclosure of this
application that various changes in form and details may be made in
these examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the
claims and their equivalents. The examples described herein are to
be considered in a descriptive sense only, and not for purposes of
limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects in each example are
to be considered as being applicable to similar features or aspects
in other examples. Suitable results may be achieved if the
described techniques are performed in a different order, and/or if
components in a described system, architecture, device, or circuit
are combined in a different manner, and/or replaced or supplemented
by other components or their equivalents. Therefore, the scope of
the disclosure is defined not by the detailed description, but by
the claims and their equivalents, and all variations within the
scope of the claims and their equivalents are to be construed as
being included in the disclosure.
* * * * *