U.S. patent application number 17/828238 was filed with the patent office on 2022-09-15 for closed-loop deployment of virtual functions and cloud infrastructure.
This patent application is currently assigned to AT&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.. The applicant listed for this patent is AT&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.. Invention is credited to Dean Bragg, Chuxin Chen, George Dome, John Ng, John Oetting.
Application Number | 20220294705 17/828238 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000006366410 |
Filed Date | 2022-09-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220294705 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Dome; George ; et
al. |
September 15, 2022 |
CLOSED-LOOP DEPLOYMENT OF VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS AND CLOUD
INFRASTRUCTURE
Abstract
A method includes receiving, by a processor, metadata for
deploying a virtual function on a cloud network. The method may
include determining, by the processor, whether deployment of the
virtual function is possible without conflicting with the metadata.
The method may include based on the determination that the
deployment of the virtual function is possible without conflicting
with the metadata, designing, by the processor, a cloud plan, or a
transport plan. The method may include determining, based on the
metadata, a network configuration to implement the cloud plan or
the transport plan. The method may include configuring, by the
processor, the cloud network using the network configuration.
Inventors: |
Dome; George; (Tinton Falls,
NJ) ; Bragg; Dean; (Toms River, NJ) ; Chen;
Chuxin; (San Francisco, CA) ; Ng; John;
(Morganville, NJ) ; Oetting; John; (Zionsville,
PA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
AT&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. |
Atlanta |
GA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
AT&T Intellectual Property I,
L.P.
Atlanta
GA
|
Family ID: |
1000006366410 |
Appl. No.: |
17/828238 |
Filed: |
May 31, 2022 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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17010076 |
Sep 2, 2020 |
11381469 |
|
|
17828238 |
|
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|
15488147 |
Apr 14, 2017 |
10805172 |
|
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17010076 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 67/34 20130101;
H04L 41/0816 20130101; H04L 41/0896 20130101; H04L 41/5096
20130101; H04L 41/5025 20130101; H04L 41/147 20130101; H04L 41/0893
20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04L 41/147 20060101
H04L041/147; H04L 67/00 20060101 H04L067/00; H04L 41/0893 20060101
H04L041/0893; H04L 41/0816 20060101 H04L041/0816; H04L 41/0896
20060101 H04L041/0896; H04L 41/5025 20060101 H04L041/5025 |
Claims
1. A device comprising: a processing system including a processor;
and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when
executed by the processing system, facilitate performance of
operations comprising: receiving metadata for deploying a virtual
function on a cloud network, the metadata indicating a design of
the virtual function; determining a forecasted demand of resources
on the cloud network; designing a plan to deploy the virtual
function on the cloud network, wherein the plan is based at least
in part on the forecasted demand, the plan comprising a cloud plan,
a transport plan, or a combination thereof; determining, based at
least in part on the metadata, a network configuration to implement
the plan; and configuring the cloud network using the network
configuration, resulting in a configured cloud network.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise
instantiating the virtual function on the configured cloud
network.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise
installing a new resource on the cloud network to satisfy the
network configuration.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein the designing the plan comprises
comparing a demand for the virtual function to a demand for a
second virtual function to allocate resources of the cloud network
to the virtual function.
5. The device of claim 1, wherein the metadata comprises
requirements and specifications of the virtual function.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein the metadata comprises at least
one of a recipe, a template, or a policy.
7. The device of claim 6, wherein the at least one of the recipe,
the template, or the policy comprises a rule for instantiation or
control of the virtual function.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise
reconciling the design with the network configuration, resulting in
a reconciled design.
9. The device of claim 8, wherein the configuring the cloud network
is based on the reconciled design.
10. The device of claim 1, wherein the metadata comprises an
affinity rule associated with the virtual function.
11. A method comprising: receiving, by a processing system
including a processor, metadata for deploying a virtual function on
a cloud network, the metadata indicating a design of the virtual
function; determining, by the processing system, a forecasted
demand of resources on the cloud network; designing, by the
processing system, a plan to deploy the virtual function on the
cloud network, wherein the plan is based at least in part on the
forecasted demand; determining, by the processing system based at
least in part on the metadata, a network configuration to implement
the plan; configuring, by the processing system, the cloud network
using the network configuration, resulting in a configured cloud
network; and instantiating, by the processing system, the virtual
function on the configured cloud network.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the plan comprises a cloud
plan, a transport plan, or a combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 11, further comprising installing, by the
processing system, a new resource on the cloud network to satisfy
the network configuration.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the designing the plan
comprises comparing a demand for the virtual function to a demand
for a second virtual function to allocate resources of the cloud
network to the virtual function.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the metadata comprises
requirements and specifications of the virtual function.
16. A non-transitory machine-readable medium comprising executable
instructions that, when executed by a processing system including a
processor, facilitate performance of operations comprising:
receiving metadata for deploying a virtual function on a cloud
network, the metadata indicating a design of the virtual function;
determining a forecasted demand of resources on the cloud network;
designing a plan to deploy the virtual function on the cloud
network, wherein the plan is based at least in part on the
forecasted demand, the plan comprising a cloud plan, a transport
plan, or a combination thereof; determining, based at least in part
on the metadata, a network configuration to implement the plan;
configuring the cloud network using the network configuration,
resulting in a configured cloud network; and instantiating the
virtual function on the configured cloud network.
17. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 16, further
comprising installing, by the processing system, a new resource on
the cloud network to satisfy the network configuration.
18. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 16, wherein
the designing the plan comprises comparing a demand for the virtual
function to a demand for a second virtual function to allocate
resources of the cloud network to the virtual function.
19. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 16, wherein
the metadata comprises requirements and specifications of the
virtual function.
20. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 16, wherein
the metadata comprises at least one of a recipe, a template, or a
policy, and wherein the at least one of the recipe, the template,
or the policy comprises a rule for instantiation or control of the
virtual function.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 17/010,076, filed Sep. 2, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S.
application Ser. No. 15/488,147, filed Apr. 14, 2017 (now U.S. Pat.
No. 10,805,172), which are incorporated herein by reference in
their entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The design and deployment of virtual functions and cloud
networks may include a variety of different stages, often performed
by different actors. At each of these stages, certain information
regarding the functionality, requirements, or design of the virtual
functions of cloud networks may be used. However, this information,
which may include design guidelines, may not be generally
accessible across each stage of the design and deployment process.
That is, at various stages, this information may be derived from
various sources, rather than from a single source. These disparate
and often conflicting information sources may introduce errors in
the design and deployment of virtual functions and cloud networks,
or may require more manual interference to correct or prevent such
errors. This may have negative effects on the deployment process,
such as increasing down time for the customers of the cloud
network, increased deployment time to launch a cloud service, or
the like.
SUMMARY
[0003] The disclosed systems, methods, and apparatuses allow for
deployment of a virtual function on a cloud network.
[0004] In an aspect, this disclosure is directed to a method. The
method may include receiving, by a processor, metadata for
deploying a virtual function on a cloud network. The method may
include determining, by the processor, whether deployment of the
virtual function is possible without conflicting with the metadata.
The method may include based on the determination that the
deployment of the virtual function is possible without conflicting
with the metadata, designing, by the processor, a cloud plan, or a
transport plan. The method may include determining, based on the
metadata, a network configuration to implement the cloud plan or
the transport plan. The method may include configuring, by the
processor, the cloud network using the network configuration.
[0005] In another aspect, this disclosure is directed to a device
having a processor and a memory coupled with the processor. The
processor effectuates operations including receiving metadata for
deploying a virtual function on a cloud network. The processor
further effectuates operations including determining whether
deployment of the virtual function is possible without conflicting
with the metadata. The processor further effectuates operations
including based on the determination that the deployment of the
virtual function is possible without conflicting with the metadata,
designing a cloud plan or a transport plan. The processor further
effectuates operations including determining, based on the
metadata, a network configuration to implement the cloud plan or
the transport plan. The processor further effectuates operations
including configuring the cloud network using the network
configuration.
[0006] The present disclosure is directed to a computer-readable
storage medium storing executable instructions that when executed
by a computing device cause said computing device to effectuate
operations including receiving metadata for deploying a virtual
function on a cloud network. Operations further include determining
whether deployment of the virtual function is possible without
conflicting with the metadata. Operations further include based on
the determination that the deployment of the virtual function is
possible without conflicting with the metadata, designing a cloud
plan or a transport plan. Operations further include determining,
based on the metadata, a network configuration to implement the
cloud plan or the transport plan. Operations further include
configuring the cloud network using the network configuration.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] Aspects of the herein virtual function and cloud network
deployment system are described more fully herein with reference to
the accompanying drawings, in which example embodiments are shown.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous
specific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding
of the various embodiments. However, the instant disclosure may be
embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as
limited to the example embodiments set forth herein. Where
convenient, like numbers refer to like elements.
[0008] FIG. 1A is a schematic of a system for deploying a virtual
function on a cloud network.
[0009] FIG. 1B is another schematic of a system for deploying a
virtual function on a cloud network.
[0010] FIG. 1C is another schematic of a system for deploying a
virtual function on a cloud network.
[0011] FIG. 1D is another schematic of a system for deploying a
virtual function on a cloud network.
[0012] FIG. 1E is another schematic of a system for deploying a
virtual function on a cloud network.
[0013] FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an exemplary method or deploying a
virtual function on a cloud network.
[0014] FIG. 3 is a schematic of an exemplary device that may be a
component of the system of FIG. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, or 1E.
[0015] FIG. 4 illustrates a functional block diagram depicting an
exemplary network architecture.
[0016] FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary diagrammatic representation of a
machine in the form of a computer system.
[0017] FIG. 6 is a diagram of an exemplary telecommunications
system in which the disclosed systems or methods may be
implemented.
[0018] FIG. 7 is an example system diagram of a radio access
network and a core network upon which an application may be
deployed using the disclosed systems or methods.
[0019] FIG. 8 illustrates an architecture of a GPRS network.
[0020] FIG. 9 illustrates a PLMN block diagram view of an example
of an architecture that may be replaced by a telecommunications
system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] FIG. 1A is a high-level schematic of a system 100 for
deploying a virtual function on cloud network 110. Generally,
system 100 may include a design framework 120 for designing the
virtual function. This design may include the functionality of the
virtual function itself, as well as identifying the network
resources of cloud network 110 that the virtual function will
need.
[0022] System 100 may also include a planning framework 130 for
planning how to deploy the virtual function. This may include
making determinations about the usage capacity, customer
supply/demand, optimizing cloud network to provide for the designed
virtual function as well as other virtual functions, and
identifying the amount of network resources necessary to deploy
enough instances of the virtual function on cloud network 110 to
meet market demand. In addition to designing the cloud plan for
configuring cloud network 110, planning framework 130 may design a
transport plan, which may be used to handle transportation of data
within cloud network 110, such as between datacenters.
[0023] System 100 may also include a cloud engineering framework
("engineering framework") 140 for planning how to configure cloud
network 110 to deploy the virtual function. Engineering framework
140 may be responsible for determining the new equipment required
to deploy the virtual function on cloud network 110. Engineering
framework 140 may also create a transport routing plan based on the
transport plan created by planning framework 130. Engineering
framework 140 may be responsible for ordering equipment and
installation of services on cloud network 110 to meet the
requirements for deploying the virtual function in the desired
manner.
[0024] System 110 may also include an execution framework 150 may
be responsible for the ultimate deployment of the virtual function
on cloud network 110. It may impose orchestration and control on
all or a portion of cloud network 110. For example, execution
framework 150 may discover all or a portion of the resources of
cloud network 110 (e.g. underlay 112) and deploy the virtual
function as a portion of an overlay 114.
[0025] In an aspect, each framework (e.g., design framework 120,
planning framework 130, engineering framework 140, execution
framework 150) may have its own view of what a component of cloud
network 110--including virtual components and network
resources--"looks like," including how such components operate.
These templates or profiles of components may be customized to
match the specific purposes of the framework using those templates.
For example, the goal of planning framework 130 may differ from the
goal of execution framework 150, but there may be certain
overlapping information that both frameworks may use in reaching
those goals. Further the information available to one framework may
not be as up-to-date or otherwise reliable as the information
available to another framework. For example, since execution
framework 150 may be responsible for orchestrating and controlling
cloud network 110, it may be aware when certain hardware of cloud
network 110 (e.g., underlay 112) is being used by another service
or is otherwise unavailable. However, unless that information is
provided by execution framework 150 to planning framework 130, the
capacity planning performed by planning framework 130 may rely on
outdated information.
[0026] Thus, a central repository of information regarding virtual
functions, resources, cloud templates, and other information may be
advantageous.
[0027] System 100 may provide a holistic approach using a single
design framework 120 for rapid and consistent on-boarding and rapid
deployment of a new virtual function in cloud network 110. The use
of a single design framework 120 may eliminate conflicting business
rules across the various components of system 100. Instantiation of
cloud components and virtual function may thus be delivered
consistently and error-free, eliminating or even eradicating
negative impacts on customers or end users of cloud network 110
that may be caused by deployment (or downtime) of virtual
functions.
[0028] Design framework 120 is described with further detail in
reference to FIG. 1B. A single design framework 120 may allow a
community of service designers, operations users, and planners to
consistently and rapidly prototype new services and features, test
and certify such services and features, iterate through an agile
process, and create lifecycle support for such services and
features, and deploy them into function in a coordinated
fashion.
[0029] Design framework 120 may include a design studio 121. Design
studio 121 may prove a catalog-driven visual modeling and design
system that builds metadata used to deploy the virtual function and
cloud components. This metadata may include recipes, templates, and
policies. Design studio 121 may provide a standard way of
identifying characteristics of allowable cloud configurations to
enable rapid onboarding, validation, certification, and cataloging
of virtual functions. Design framework 120 may play a key role in
the design phase of the lifecycle of a virtual function. During the
design phase, designers and operations users may create the
necessary recipes, templates, and rules for instantiation, control
data collection, and analysis functions. Policies and their
enforcement points (including those associated with the closed-loop
automation of portions of the life cycle of the virtual function)
may be defied for various service conditions that require a
response, along with the actors and their roles in orchestrating
the response. This upfront design--which includes not only
designing the virtual function but also setting for rules to
dictate operation and servicing of that virtual function--ensures
that the metadata (e.g., the logic and rules) are codified to
describe and manage this closed-loop behavior. In an aspect, this
metadata may be stored in a central or distributed catalog. This
catalog may be contained within design framework 120 or accessible
to design framework 120.
[0030] Design studio 121 may comprise an environment in which
different aspects may be designed and modeled by operators having
different perspectives and goals. For example, virtual function
providers may use design studio 121 to model the resource needs of
the virtual function being designed as a resource module 122. For
example, resource module 122 may model the designed virtual
function in terms of the resources needed to instantiate the
virtual function. Cloud experts may create cloud templates 123 that
identify characteristics of allowable cloud configurations.
Technology experts may use design studio 121 to create or upload
engineering rules 124. Engineering rules 124 may be guidelines for
configuring cloud network 110 (or a generic system) to meet network
deployment requirements. Engineering rules 124 may include, but are
not necessarily limited to, session rules interface and port rules,
context rules, subscriber rules, service rules, access rules, or
the like. Engineering rules 124 may pertain to a specific portion
of or the entirety of underlay 112, such as an operating system,
component, or platform of cloud network 110. Operations experts may
use design studio 121 to upload or create operations models 125.
Operation model 125 may define requirements for cloud network 110
such as governance, privacy, security, operations, management,
support, and monitoring. Design framework 120 may store these
models, rules, and templates (generally, metadata) in a catalog
126. Design framework 120 may also include at least one testing and
certification module 127 that may verify that there are no
conflicts among the metadata, or that deployment of a given virtual
function is possible without conflicting with this metadata. All or
a portion of the contents of catalog 126 may be shared with other
frameworks during the deployment process. A distribution 128 of
design framework 120 may be responsible for distributing metadata
from catalog 126 to the other frameworks.
[0031] Planning framework 130 of system 100 is described in more
detail with reference to FIG. 1C. As discussed in reference to FIG.
1B, distribution module 128 distributes metadata stored in catalog
126 of design framework 120 to planning framework 130. For example,
this metadata may include or indicate the requirements and
specifications of the virtual function, how the load or demand of
the virtual function may affect the platform or underlay 112,
configurations for standard cloud compute storage and networking
templates, or transport cost models. Planning framework 130 may
store this metadata in its catalog 131. Planning framework 130 may
use this metadata to create a cloud plan and a transport plan for
deploying the virtual function on cloud network 110.
[0032] Creating the cloud plan or the transport plan may consider
other data. For example, planning framework 130 may have a capacity
module 132 that may be used to determine the virtual function
capacity sizing by location and inter-connectivity between
locations. For example, capacity module 132 may determine how much
capacity a certain number of (e.g. a single) instances at a given
location may support, and the geographic area in which those users
of that instance may extend. This capacity determination may not be
determined in a vacuum. It may depend upon the design
specifications of that virtual function, and how much capacity a
single instance may support. For example, it may be determined
using the recipes that define the resource model, virtual function
behavior, features, hardware specification, and restoration
requirements contained in the metadata. Additionally or
alternatively, it may depend, for example, on forecasted growth 133
in that given geographic area. It may depend, as another example,
on interconnectivity between the location where that virtual
function may be instantiated and the associated geographic area. It
may also depend, as yet another example, on the capacity and usage
of cloud network 110. This third category of data, which may
include indications of the resource capacity and configuration of
cloud network 110 or the traffic pattern and capacity history of
cloud network 110, may be derived from data collected or analyzed
by execution framework 150. As discussed earlier, execution
framework 150 may be responsible for monitoring the operation of
services on cloud network 110, and this closed-loop feedback system
may be used to optimize or alter the implementation of other
virtual functions.
[0033] Given the constraints of the virtual function (e.g., from
design framework 120) and the constraints and demands of cloud
network 110 (e.g., from execution framework 150), capacity module
123 may determine the capacity of the virtual function operating
within cloud network 110. However, it may not be enough to simply
implement the virtual function in any place within cloud network
110 that it may fit. Thus, planning framework 130 may be
responsible for optimizing resources of cloud network 110, such as
by a resource optimization module 134.
[0034] Ideally, cloud network 110 may be able to support as many
instantiations of the virtual function to be deployed to meet the
expected demand, and those instantiations may be located as close
to the demand as possible to the end users, to decrease costs and
time spent transporting data from remote locations. However,
practical restraints, including the current or expected usage of
cloud network 110's resources by other virtual resources, and the
costs associated with expanding cloud network 110, present an
optimization problem. Thus, a resource optimization module 134 may
consider the virtual function capacity, the demand on cloud network
110 from other virtual functions or other sources, and capital
constraints 135 that may limit how much cloud network 110 may be
expanded. With these constraints taken into consideration, resource
optimization module may determine how and where to instantiate the
virtual function within cloud network 100. This plan may include,
if permissible, reallocating certain resources from other virtual
functions to the virtual function to be deployed. In this sense,
resource optimization module 134 may develop one or more plans,
such as a cloud plan and a transport plan that may be used to
deploy the virtual function. Planning framework 130 may provide
these cloud or transport plans to engineering framework 140.
[0035] Planning framework 130 may optimize holistically the
required cloud resources and networking augments or buildouts to
meet the virtual function capacity needs using the metadata (e.g.,
recipes) from design framework 120, which may include policies
regarding virtual function affinity rules, latency requirements,
survivability analysis, and transport cost. In addition to capacity
sizing, planning framework 130 may account for other areas such as
business and operational systems moving to the cloud environment.
In an aspect, planning framework 130 may allow users to select the
most feasible solution based on experience and affordability.
Additionally or alternatively, planning framework 130 may select a
feasible solution without user input.
[0036] Engineering framework 140 of system 100 is described in more
detail with reference to FIG. 1D. Engineering framework 140 may
design the planned augments or build-out of the cloud
infrastructure resources and necessary connectivity. As discussed
in reference to FIG. 1B, distribution module 128 distributes
metadata stored in catalog 126 of design framework 120 to
engineering framework 140. Engineering framework 140 may store that
metadata received from design framework 120 in a catalog 141. This
metadata may include catalog information on allowable vendor
technologies (e.g., servers, storage, switches, routers), naming
conventions, and design templates for specific configurations.
Engineering framework 140 may also receive information from
planning framework 130. For example, planning framework 130 may
provide the cloud plan or transport plan created within planning
framework 130. A transport routing engine 142 of engineering
framework 140 may use the transport plan from planning framework
130 along with the metadata of catalog 141 (that originated from
design framework 120) to create a transport routing plan.
Engineering framework 140 may provide the transport routing plan to
execution framework 150. Engineering framework 140 may use the
cloud plan received from planning framework 130, along with the
metadata stored in catalog 141 (that originated from design
framework 120) to design or alter cloud network 110 using a
template-driven cloud designer 143. Template-driven cloud designer
143 may compare the actual configuration or content of cloud
network 110 with the cloud plan from planning framework 130 to
determine whether additional equipment or services need to be
integrated into cloud network 110. Thus, template-driven cloud
designer 143 may receive information indicative of the content or
structure of cloud network 110 from execution network 150. Based on
this information, engineering framework 140 may communicate
equipment or services that need to be ordered or installed in cloud
network 110 with an equipment and service ordering module 144.
Further, engineering framework 140 may communicate planned
resources and configuration of cloud network 110 developed by
equipment and service ordering module 144 in conjunction with the
equipment and services ordered. For example, once the design is
approved, engineering framework 140 may order installation services
and equipment to complete the augmentation or build out of cloud
network 110.
[0037] Execution framework 150 of system 100 is described in more
detail with reference to FIG. 1E. As discussed in reference to FIG.
1B, distribution module 128 distributes metadata stored in catalog
126 of design framework 120 to execution framework 150. Execution
framework 150 may store this metadata in a catalog 151. While not
necessarily shown in FIG. 1E, catalog 151 may be in communication
with the other elements of execution framework 150, and the
templates, recipes, and policies in catalog 151 that originate from
design framework 120 may dictate the behavior of execution
framework 150.
[0038] Execution framework 150 may include an auto-discovery engine
152 to discover new hardware and connectivity in cloud network 110.
The auto-discovery engine 152 may monitor cloud network 110, which
may facilitate a network orchestration and control engine 153 of
execution framework 150 configuring overlay 114 and underlay 112 of
cloud network 110.
[0039] Execution framework 150 may receive information from
engineering framework 140. This information from engineering
framework 140 may include planned resources and configurations
created by template-driven cloud designer 143. This information
from engineering framework 140 may include transport routing plans
created by transport routing engine 142. Execution framework 150
may store information from engineering framework 140 in a cloud and
transport configurations catalog 154.
[0040] Execution framework 150 may include a reconciliation engine
155 to reconcile the design view (e.g., the metadata from design
framework 120, cloud/transport plans from planning framework 130)
to the discovered as-built cloud and infrastructure discovered by
auto-discovery engine 152. Creation, configuration, and testing of
overlay 114 and underlay 112 may be done using the recipes and
policies (e.g., metadata) from design framework 120 stored in
catalog 151.
[0041] Design framework 120, engineering framework 130, planning
network 140, and execution framework 150 work in conjunction to
manage cloud network 110 and deploy the virtual function on cloud
network 110. To create a cohesive process, each framework uses the
recipes, templates, and policies distributed by design framework
120.
[0042] FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an exemplary method 200 for
deploying a virtual function on cloud network 110.
[0043] At step 202, method 200 may include receiving metadata for
deploying a virtual function on cloud network 110. This metadata
may indicate a design of the virtual function. For example, the
metadata may include recipes, policies, and templates, such as the
requirements or specifications of the virtual function, the
management recipes and policies of the virtual function, the
recipes of the cloud resources (e.g., network hardware, software,
connectivity), transport provisioning recipes, cloud data models,
transport data models, templates for standard computing, storage,
and networking of cloud network 110, transport cost models, the
load/demand of the virtual function on cloud network 110, or the
like. This metadata may be updated, such as based on changes to
cloud network 110. For example, as new equipment or services are
installed in cloud network 100, the metadata may be updated to
include models, templates, policies, or recipes that describe or
incorporate such new equipment or services. Metadata may be
received at the frameworks of system 100. For example, design
framework 120 may distribute the metadata to the planning framework
130, the engineering framework 140, and the execution framework
150. Further, the content of the metadata may be updated based on
feedback received at design framework 120 from execution framework
150.
[0044] At step 204, method 200 may include determining a forecasted
growth affecting cloud network 110, such as a forecasted demand of
services or resources on cloud network 110 or a portion of cloud
network 110. The forecasted demand may include a predicted demand
for the virtual function, for example. The forecasted demand may
compare a predicted demand for the virtual function to be deployed
to other virtual functions or services, such as virtual functions
already deployed on cloud network 110. For example, this step may
be performed by planning framework 130.
[0045] At step 206, method 200 may include determining or design a
plan for the cloud or transport to deploy the virtual function on
cloud network 110. The cloud/transport plan(s) may be based on the
metadata received at step 206. Further the cloud/transport plan(s)
may factor in the forecasted growth or forecasted demand. For
example, this may include allocating resources of one virtual
function to the virtual function to be deployed, such as based on
relative forecasted demands. As discussed above, the
cloud/transport plan(s) may be determined based on optimizing the
usage of limited resources of cloud network 110. For example, this
step may be performed by planning framework 130.
[0046] At step 208, method 200 may include determining a network
configuration that will enable implementation of the
cloud/transport plan(s) on cloud network 110. The network
configuration may use the metadata received at step 202 to make
this determination. This may include reconciling the design view
indicated by the metadata with a structure of cloud network 110 or
the network configuration. For example, this step may be performed
by engineering framework 140.
[0047] At step 210, method 200 may include configuring cloud
network 110 according to the network configuration. This
configuration may enable or facilitate the operation of the virtual
function on cloud network 110. For example, this configuring of
cloud network 110 may include deploying the virtual function. It
may include allocating resources of cloud network 110 to the
virtual function. It may include installation of new equipment or
services on cloud network 110. This step may be performed by
execution framework 150. Configuring cloud network 110 may include
sensing a current configuration of cloud network 110, comparing the
current configuration to the network configuration determined at
step 208, and changing the current configuration to match the
network configuration. Configuring cloud network 110 may include
instantiating or installing the virtual function. Additionally or
alternatively, method 200 may include instantiating the virtual
function on the configured cloud network as an additional step.
[0048] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of network device 300 that may be
connected to or comprise a component of system 100. For example,
network device 300 may implement one or more portions of method 200
for placement of network components of application 102. Network
device 300 may comprise hardware or a combination of hardware and
software. The functionality to facilitate telecommunications via a
telecommunications network may reside in one or combination of
network devices 300. Network device 300 depicted in FIG. 3 may
represent or perform functionality of an appropriate network device
300, or combination of network devices 300, such as, for example, a
component or various components of a cellular broadcast system
wireless network, a processor, a server, a gateway, a node, a
mobile switching center (MSC), a short message service center
(SMSC), an ALFS, a gateway mobile location center (GMLC), a radio
access network (RAN), a serving mobile location center (SMLC), or
the like, or any appropriate combination thereof. It is emphasized
that the block diagram depicted in FIG. 3 is exemplary and not
intended to imply a limitation to a specific implementation or
configuration. Thus, network device 300 may be implemented in a
single device or multiple devices (e.g., single server or multiple
servers, single gateway or multiple gateways, single controller or
multiple controllers). Multiple network entities may be distributed
or centrally located. Multiple network entities may communicate
wirelessly, via hard wire, or any appropriate combination
thereof.
[0049] Network device 300 may comprise a processor 302 and a memory
304 coupled to processor 302. Memory 304 may contain executable
instructions that, when executed by processor 302, cause processor
302 to effectuate operations associated with mapping wireless
signal strength. As evident from the description herein, network
device 300 is not to be construed as software per se.
[0050] In addition to processor 302 and memory 304, network device
300 may include an input/output system 306. Processor 302, memory
304, and input/output system 306 may be coupled together (coupling
not shown in FIG. 3) to allow communications therebetween. Each
portion of network device 300 may comprise circuitry for performing
functions associated with each respective portion. Thus, each
portion may comprise hardware, or a combination of hardware and
software. Accordingly, each portion of network device 300 is not to
be construed as software per se. Input/output system 306 may be
capable of receiving or providing information from or to a
communications device or other network entities configured for
telecommunications. For example, input/output system 306 may
include a wireless communications (e.g., 3G/4G/GPS) card.
Input/output system 306 may be capable of receiving or sending
video information, audio information, control information, image
information, data, or any combination thereof. Input/output system
306 may be capable of transferring information with network device
300. In various configurations, input/output system 306 may receive
or provide information via any appropriate means, such as, for
example, optical means (e.g., infrared), electromagnetic means
(e.g., RF, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.RTM., ZigBee.RTM.), acoustic means
(e.g., speaker, microphone, ultrasonic receiver, ultrasonic
transmitter), or a combination thereof. In an example
configuration, input/output system 306 may comprise a Wi-Fi finder,
a two-way GPS chipset or equivalent, or the like, or a combination
thereof.
[0051] Input/output system 306 of network device 300 also may
contain a communication connection 308 that allows network device
300 to communicate with other devices, network entities, or the
like. Communication connection 308 may comprise communication
media. Communication media typically embody computer-readable
instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a
modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport
mechanism and includes any information delivery media. By way of
example, and not limitation, communication media may include wired
media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, or
wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, or other wireless
media. The term computer-readable media as used herein includes
both storage media and communication media. Input/output system 306
also may include an input device 310 such as keyboard, mouse, pen,
voice input device, or touch input device. Input/output system 306
may also include an output device 312, such as a display, speakers,
or a printer.
[0052] Processor 302 may be capable of performing functions
associated with telecommunications, such as functions for
processing broadcast messages, as described herein. For example,
processor 302 may be capable of, in conjunction with any other
portion of network device 300, determining a type of broadcast
message and acting according to the broadcast message type or
content, as described herein.
[0053] Memory 304 of network device 300 may comprise a storage
medium having a concrete, tangible, physical structure. As is
known, a signal does not have a concrete, tangible, physical
structure. Memory 304, as well as any computer-readable storage
medium described herein, is not to be construed as a signal. Memory
304, as well as any computer-readable storage medium described
herein, is not to be construed as a transient signal. Memory 304,
as well as any computer-readable storage medium described herein,
is not to be construed as a propagating signal. Memory 304, as well
as any computer-readable storage medium described herein, is to be
construed as an article of manufacture.
[0054] Memory 304 may store any information utilized in conjunction
with telecommunications. Depending upon the exact configuration or
type of processor, memory 304 may include a volatile storage 314
(such as some types of RAM), a nonvolatile storage 316 (such as
ROM, flash memory), or a combination thereof. Memory 304 may
include additional storage (e.g., a removable storage 318 or a
nonremovable storage 320) including, for example, tape, flash
memory, smart cards, CD-ROM, DVD, or other optical storage,
magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other
magnetic storage devices, USB-compatible memory, or any other
medium that can be used to store information and that can be
accessed by network device 300. Memory 304 may comprise executable
instructions that, when executed by processor 302, cause processor
302 to effectuate operations to map signal strengths in an area of
interest.
[0055] FIG. 4 illustrates a functional block diagram depicting one
example of an LTE-EPS network architecture 400 that may be at least
partially implemented as using virtualized functions. Network
architecture 400 disclosed herein is referred to as a modified
LTE-EPS architecture 400 to distinguish it from a traditional
LTE-EPS architecture.
[0056] An example modified LTE-EPS architecture 400 is based at
least in part on standards developed by the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP), with information available at
www.3gpp.org. LTE-EPS network architecture 400 may include an
access network 402, a core network 404, e.g., an EPC or Common
BackBone (CBB) and one or more external networks 406, sometimes
referred to as PDN or peer entities. Different external networks
406 can be distinguished from each other by a respective network
identifier, e.g., a label according to DNS naming conventions
describing an access point to the PDN. Such labels can be referred
to as Access Point Names (APN). External networks 406 can include
one or more trusted and non-trusted external networks such as an
internet protocol (IP) network 408, an IP multimedia subsystem
(IMS) network 410, and other networks 412, such as a service
network, a corporate network, or the like. In an aspect, access
network 402, core network 404, or external network 405 may include
or communicate with system 100.
[0057] Access network 402 can include an LTE network architecture
sometimes referred to as Evolved Universal mobile Telecommunication
system Terrestrial Radio Access (E UTRA) and evolved UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). Broadly, access network
402 can include one or more communication devices, commonly
referred to as UE 414, and one or more wireless access nodes, or
base stations 416a, 416b. During network operations, at least one
base station 416 communicates directly with UE 414. Base station
416 can be an evolved Node B (e-NodeB), with which UE 414
communicates over the air and wirelessly. UEs 414 can include,
without limitation, wireless devices, e.g., satellite communication
systems, portable digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers,
tablet devices and other mobile devices (e.g., cellular telephones,
smart appliances, and so on). UEs 414 can connect to eNBs 416 when
UE 414 is within range according to a corresponding wireless
communication technology.
[0058] UE 414 generally runs one or more applications that engage
in a transfer of packets between UE 414 and one or more external
networks 406. Such packet transfers can include one of downlink
packet transfers from external network 406 to UE 414, uplink packet
transfers from UE 414 to external network 406 or combinations of
uplink and downlink packet transfers. Applications can include,
without limitation, web browsing, VoIP, streaming media and the
like. Each application can pose different Quality of Service (QoS)
requirements on a respective packet transfer. Different packet
transfers can be served by different bearers within core network
404, e.g., according to parameters, such as the QoS.
[0059] Core network 404 uses a concept of bearers, e.g., EPS
bearers, to route packets, e.g., IP traffic, between a particular
gateway in core network 404 and UE 414. A bearer refers generally
to an IP packet flow with a defined QoS between the particular
gateway and UE 414. Access network 402, e.g., E UTRAN, and core
network 404 together set up and release bearers as required by the
various applications. Bearers can be classified in at least two
different categories: (i) minimum guaranteed bit rate bearers,
e.g., for applications, such as VoIP; and (ii) non-guaranteed bit
rate bearers that do not require guarantee bit rate, e.g., for
applications, such as web browsing.
[0060] In one embodiment, the core network 404 includes various
network entities, such as MME 418, SGW 420, Home Subscriber Server
(HSS) 422, Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) 424 and PGW
426. In one embodiment, MME 418 comprises a control node performing
a control signaling between various equipment and devices in access
network 402 and core network 404. The protocols running between UE
414 and core network 404 are generally known as Non-Access Stratum
(NAS) protocols.
[0061] For illustration purposes only, the terms MME 418, SGW 420,
HSS 422 and PGW 426, and so on, can be server devices, but may be
referred to in the subject disclosure without the word "server." It
is also understood that any form of such servers can operate in a
device, system, component, or other form of centralized or
distributed hardware and software. It is further noted that these
terms and other terms such as bearer paths and/or interfaces are
terms that can include features, methodologies, and/or fields that
may be described in whole or in part by standards bodies such as
the 3GPP. It is further noted that some or all embodiments of the
subject disclosure may in whole or in part modify, supplement, or
otherwise supersede final or proposed standards published and
promulgated by 3GPP.
[0062] According to traditional implementations of LTE-EPS
architectures, SGW 420 routes and forwards all user data packets.
SGW 420 also acts as a mobility anchor for user plane operation
during handovers between base stations, e.g., during a handover
from first eNB 416a to second eNB 416b as may be the result of UE
414 moving from one area of coverage, e.g., cell, to another. SGW
420 can also terminate a downlink data path, e.g., from external
network 406 to UE 414 in an idle state and trigger a paging
operation when downlink data arrives for UE 414. SGW 420 can also
be configured to manage and store a context for UE 414, e.g.,
including one or more of parameters of the IP bearer service and
network internal routing information. In addition, SGW 420 can
perform administrative functions, e.g., in a visited network, such
as collecting information for charging (e.g., the volume of data
sent to or received from the user), and/or replicate user traffic,
e.g., to support a lawful interception. SGW 420 also serves as the
mobility anchor for interworking with other 3GPP technologies such
as universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS).
[0063] At any given time, UE 414 is generally in one of three
different states: detached, idle, or active. The detached state is
typically a transitory state in which UE 414 is powered on but is
engaged in a process of searching and registering with network 402.
In the active state, UE 414 is registered with access network 402
and has established a wireless connection, e.g., radio resource
control (RRC) connection, with eNB 416. Whether UE 414 is in an
active state can depend on the state of a packet data session, and
whether there is an active packet data session. In the idle state,
UE 414 is generally in a power conservation state in which UE 414
typically does not communicate packets. When UE 414 is idle, SGW
420 can terminate a downlink data path, e.g., from one peer entity,
and triggers paging of UE 414 when data arrives for UE 414. If UE
414 responds to the page, SGW 420 can forward the IP packet to eNB
416a.
[0064] HSS 422 can manage subscription-related information for a
user of UE 414. For example, HSS 422 can store information such as
authorization of the user, security requirements for the user,
quality of service (QoS) requirements for the user, etc. HSS 422
can also hold information about external networks 406 to which the
user can connect, e.g., in the form of an APN of external networks
406. For example, MME 418 can communicate with HSS 422 to determine
if UE 414 is authorized to establish a call, e.g., a voice over IP
(VoIP) call before the call is established.
[0065] PCRF 424 can perform QoS management functions and policy
control. PCRF 424 is responsible for policy control
decision-making, as well as for controlling the flow-based charging
functionalities in a policy control enforcement function (PCEF),
which resides in PGW 426. PCRF 424 provides the QoS authorization,
e.g., QoS class identifier and bit rates that decide how a certain
data flow will be treated in the PCEF and ensures that this is in
accordance with the user's subscription profile.
[0066] PGW 426 can provide connectivity between the UE 414 and one
or more of the external networks 406. In illustrative network
architecture 400, PGW 426 can be responsible for IP address
allocation for UE 414, as well as one or more of QoS enforcement
and flow-based charging, e.g., according to rules from the PCRF
424. PGW 426 is also typically responsible for filtering downlink
user IP packets into the different QoS-based bearers. In at least
some embodiments, such filtering can be performed based on traffic
flow templates. PGW 426 can also perform QoS enforcement, e.g., for
guaranteed bit rate bearers. PGW 426 also serves as a mobility
anchor for interworking with non-3GPP technologies such as
CDMA2000.
[0067] Within access network 402 and core network 404 there may be
various bearer paths/interfaces, e.g., represented by solid lines
428 and 430. Some of the bearer paths can be referred to by a
specific label. For example, solid line 428 can be considered an
S1-U bearer and solid line 432 can be considered an S5/S8 bearer
according to LTE-EPS architecture standards. Without limitation,
reference to various interfaces, such as S1, X2, S5, S8, S11 refer
to EPS interfaces. In some instances, such interface designations
are combined with a suffix, e.g., a "U" or a "C" to signify whether
the interface relates to a "User plane" or a "Control plane." In
addition, the core network 404 can include various signaling bearer
paths/interfaces, e.g., control plane paths/interfaces represented
by dashed lines 430, 434, 436, and 438. Some of the signaling
bearer paths may be referred to by a specific label. For example,
dashed line 430 can be considered as an S1-MME signaling bearer,
dashed line 434 can be considered as an S11 signaling bearer and
dashed line 436 can be considered as an S6a signaling bearer, e.g.,
according to LTE-EPS architecture standards. The above bearer paths
and signaling bearer paths are only illustrated as examples and it
should be noted that additional bearer paths and signaling bearer
paths may exist that are not illustrated.
[0068] Also shown is a novel user plane path/interface, referred to
as the S1-U+ interface 466. In the illustrative example, the S1-U+
user plane interface extends between the eNB 416a and PGW 426.
Notably, S1-U+ path/interface does not include SGW 420, a node that
is otherwise instrumental in configuring and/or managing packet
forwarding between eNB 416a and one or more external networks 406
by way of PGW 426. As disclosed herein, the S1-U+ path/interface
facilitates autonomous learning of peer transport layer addresses
by one or more of the network nodes to facilitate a
self-configuring of the packet forwarding path. In particular, such
self-configuring can be accomplished during handovers in most
scenarios so as to reduce any extra signaling load on the S/PGWs
420, 426 due to excessive handover events.
[0069] In some embodiments, PGW 426 is coupled to storage device
440, shown in phantom. Storage device 440 can be integral to one of
the network nodes, such as PGW 426, for example, in the form of
internal memory and/or disk drive. It is understood that storage
device 440 can include registers suitable for storing address
values. Alternatively or in addition, storage device 440 can be
separate from PGW 426, for example, as an external hard drive, a
flash drive, and/or network storage.
[0070] Storage device 440 selectively stores one or more values
relevant to the forwarding of packet data. For example, storage
device 440 can store identities and/or addresses of network
entities, such as any of network nodes 418, 420, 422, 424, and 426,
eNBs 416 and/or UE 414. In the illustrative example, storage device
440 includes a first storage location 442 and a second storage
location 444. First storage location 442 can be dedicated to
storing a Currently Used Downlink address value 442. Likewise,
second storage location 444 can be dedicated to storing a Default
Downlink Forwarding address value 444. PGW 426 can read and/or
write values into either of storage locations 442, 444, for
example, managing Currently Used Downlink Forwarding address value
442 and Default Downlink Forwarding address value 444 as disclosed
herein.
[0071] In some embodiments, the Default Downlink Forwarding address
for each EPS bearer is the SGW S5-U address for each EPS Bearer.
The Currently Used Downlink Forwarding address" for each EPS bearer
in PGW 426 can be set every time when PGW 426 receives an uplink
packet, e.g., a GTP-U uplink packet, with a new source address for
a corresponding EPS bearer. When UE 414 is in an idle state, the
"Current Used Downlink Forwarding address" field for each EPS
bearer of UE 414 can be set to a "null" or other suitable
value.
[0072] In some embodiments, the Default Downlink Forwarding address
is only updated when PGW 426 receives a new SGW S5-U address in a
predetermined message or messages. For example, the Default
Downlink Forwarding address is only updated when PGW 426 receives
one of a Create Session Request, Modify Bearer Request and Create
Bearer Response messages from SGW 420.
[0073] As values 442, 444 can be maintained and otherwise
manipulated on a per bearer basis, it is understood that the
storage locations can take the form of tables, spreadsheets, lists,
and/or other data structures generally well understood and suitable
for maintaining and/or otherwise manipulate forwarding addresses on
a per bearer basis.
[0074] It should be noted that access network 402 and core network
404 are illustrated in a simplified block diagram in FIG. 4. In
other words, either or both of access network 402 and the core
network 404 can include additional network elements that are not
shown, such as various routers, switches, and controllers. In
addition, although FIG. 4 illustrates only a single one of each of
the various network elements, it should be noted that access
network 402 and core network 404 can include any number of the
various network elements. For example, core network 404 can include
a pool (i.e., more than one) of MMEs 418, SGWs 420 or PGWs 426.
[0075] In the illustrative example, data traversing a network path
between UE 414, eNB 416a, SGW 420, PGW 426 and external network 406
may be considered to constitute data transferred according to an
end-to-end IP service. However, for the present disclosure, to
properly perform establishment management in LTE-EPS network
architecture 400, the core network, data bearer portion of the
end-to-end IP service is analyzed.
[0076] An establishment may be defined herein as a connection set
up request between any two elements within LTE-EPS network
architecture 400. The connection set up request may be for user
data or for signaling. A failed establishment may be defined as a
connection set up request that was unsuccessful. A successful
establishment may be defined as a connection set up request that
was successful.
[0077] In one embodiment, a data bearer portion comprises a first
portion (e.g., a data radio bearer 446) between UE 414 and eNB
416a, a second portion (e.g., an S1 data bearer 428) between eNB
416a and SGW 420, and a third portion (e.g., an S5/S8 bearer 432)
between SGW 420 and PGW 426. Various signaling bearer portions are
also illustrated in FIG. 4. For example, a first signaling portion
(e.g., a signaling radio bearer 448) between UE 414 and eNB 416a,
and a second signaling portion (e.g., S1 signaling bearer 430)
between eNB 416a and MME 418.
[0078] In at least some embodiments, the data bearer can include
tunneling, e.g., IP tunneling, by which data packets can be
forwarded in an encapsulated manner, between tunnel endpoints.
Tunnels, or tunnel connections can be identified in one or more
nodes, e.g., by one or more of tunnel endpoint identifiers, an IP
address, and a user datagram protocol port number. Within a
particular tunnel connection, payloads, e.g., packet data, which
may or may not include protocol related information, are forwarded
between tunnel endpoints.
[0079] An example of first tunnel solution 450 includes a first
tunnel 452a between two tunnel endpoints 454a and 456a, and a
second tunnel 452b between two tunnel endpoints 454b and 456b. In
the illustrative example, first tunnel 452a is established between
eNB 416a and SGW 420. Accordingly, first tunnel 452a includes a
first tunnel endpoint 454a corresponding to an S1-U address of eNB
416a (referred to herein as the eNB S1-U address), and second
tunnel endpoint 456a corresponding to an S1-U address of SGW 420
(referred to herein as the SGW S1-U address). Likewise, second
tunnel 452b includes first tunnel endpoint 454b corresponding to an
S5-U address of SGW 420 (referred to herein as the SGW S5-U
address), and second tunnel endpoint 456b corresponding to an S5-U
address of PGW 426 (referred to herein as the PGW S5-U
address).
[0080] In at least some embodiments, first tunnel solution 450 is
referred to as a two-tunnel solution, e.g., according to the GPRS
Tunneling Protocol User Plane (GTPv1-U based), as described in 3GPP
specification TS 29.281, incorporated herein in its entirety. It is
understood that one or more tunnels are permitted between each set
of tunnel end points. For example, each subscriber can have one or
more tunnels, e.g., one for each PDP context that they have active,
as well as possibly having separate tunnels for specific
connections with different quality of service requirements, and so
on.
[0081] An example of second tunnel solution 458 includes a single
or direct tunnel 460 between tunnel endpoints 462 and 464. In the
illustrative example, direct tunnel 460 is established between eNB
416a and PGW 426, without subjecting packet transfers to processing
related to SGW 420. Accordingly, direct tunnel 460 includes first
tunnel endpoint 462 corresponding to the eNB S1-U address, and
second tunnel endpoint 464 corresponding to the PGW S5-U address.
Packet data received at either end can be encapsulated into a
payload and directed to the corresponding address of the other end
of the tunnel. Such direct tunneling avoids processing, e.g., by
SGW 420 that would otherwise relay packets between the same two
endpoints, e.g., according to a protocol, such as the GTP-U
protocol.
[0082] In some scenarios, direct tunneling solution 458 can forward
user plane data packets between eNB 416a and PGW 426, by way of SGW
420. For example, SGW 420 can serve a relay function, by relaying
packets between two tunnel endpoints 416a, 426. In other scenarios,
direct tunneling solution 458 can forward user data packets between
eNB 416a and PGW 426, by way of the S1 U+ interface, thereby
bypassing SGW 420.
[0083] Generally, UE 414 can have one or more bearers at any one
time. The number and types of bearers can depend on applications,
default requirements, and so on. It is understood that the
techniques disclosed herein, including the configuration,
management and use of various tunnel solutions 450, 458, can be
applied to the bearers on an individual basis. For example, if user
data packets of one bearer, say a bearer associated with a VoIP
service of UE 414, then the forwarding of all packets of that
bearer are handled in a similar manner Continuing with this
example, the same UE 414 can have another bearer associated with it
through the same eNB 416a. This other bearer, for example, can be
associated with a relatively low rate data session forwarding user
data packets through core network 404 simultaneously with the first
bearer. Likewise, the user data packets of the other bearer are
also handled in a similar manner, without necessarily following a
forwarding path or solution of the first bearer. Thus, one of the
bearers may be forwarded through direct tunnel 458; whereas,
another one of the bearers may be forwarded through a two-tunnel
solution 450.
[0084] FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary diagrammatic representation of a
machine in the form of a computer system 500 within which a set of
instructions, when executed, may cause the machine to perform any
one or more of the methods described above. One or more instances
of the machine can operate, for example, as processor 302, UE 414,
eNB 416, MME 418, SGW 420, HSS 422, PCRF 424, PGW 426 and other
devices of FIGS. 1, 2, and 4. In some embodiments, the machine may
be connected (e.g., using a network 502) to other machines. In a
networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a
server or a client user machine in a server-client user network
environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or
distributed) network environment.
[0085] The machine may comprise a server computer, a client user
computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet, a smart phone, a
laptop computer, a desktop computer, a control system, a network
router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set
of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to
be taken by that machine. It will be understood that a
communication device of the subject disclosure includes broadly any
electronic device that provides voice, video, or data
communication. Further, while a single machine is illustrated, the
term "machine" shall also be taken to include any collection of
machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple
sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methods
discussed herein.
[0086] Computer system 500 may include a processor (or controller)
504 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU)), a graphics processing
unit (GPU, or both), a main memory 506 and a static memory 508,
which communicate with each other via a bus 510. The computer
system 500 may further include a display unit 512 (e.g., a liquid
crystal display (LCD), a flat panel, or a solid-state display).
Computer system 500 may include an input device 514 (e.g., a
keyboard), a cursor control device 516 (e.g., a mouse), a disk
drive unit 518, a signal generation device 520 (e.g., a speaker or
remote control) and a network interface device 522. In distributed
environments, the embodiments described in the subject disclosure
can be adapted to utilize multiple display units 512 controlled by
two or more computer systems 500. In this configuration,
presentations described by the subject disclosure may in part be
shown in a first of display units 512, while the remaining portion
is presented in a second of display units 512.
[0087] The disk drive unit 518 may include a tangible
computer-readable storage medium 524 on which is stored one or more
sets of instructions (e.g., software 526) embodying any one or more
of the methods or functions described herein, including those
methods illustrated above. Instructions 526 may also reside,
completely or at least partially, within main memory 506, static
memory 508, or within processor 504 during execution thereof by the
computer system 500. Main memory 506 and processor 504 also may
constitute tangible computer-readable storage media.
[0088] As shown in FIG. 6, telecommunication system 600 may include
wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 602, a RAN 604, a core
network 606, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 608, the
Internet 610, or other networks 612, though it will be appreciated
that the disclosed examples contemplate any number of WTRUs, base
stations, networks, or network elements. Each WTRU 602 may be any
type of device configured to operate or communicate in a wireless
environment. For example, a WTRU may comprise a mobile device,
network device 300, or the like, or any combination thereof. By way
of example, WTRUs 602 may be configured to transmit or receive
wireless signals and may include a UE, a mobile station, a mobile
device, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, a cellular
telephone, a PDA, a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal
computer, a wireless sensor, consumer electronics, or the like.
WTRUs 602 may be configured to transmit or receive wireless signals
over an air interface 614.
[0089] Telecommunication system 600 may also include one or more
base stations 616. Each of base stations 616 may be any type of
device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the
WTRUs 602 to facilitate access to one or more communication
networks, such as core network 606, PTSN 608, Internet 610, or
other networks 612. By way of example, base stations 616 may be a
base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node
B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a
wireless router, or the like. While base stations 616 are each
depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that base
stations 616 may include any number of interconnected base stations
or network elements.
[0090] RAN 604 may include one or more base stations 616, along
with other network elements (not shown), such as a base station
controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), or relay nodes.
One or more base stations 616 may be configured to transmit or
receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region,
which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). The cell may
further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell
associated with base station 616 may be divided into three sectors
such that base station 616 may include three transceivers: one for
each sector of the cell. In another example, base station 616 may
employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and,
therefore, may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the
cell.
[0091] Base stations 616 may communicate with one or more of WTRUs
602 over air interface 614, which may be any suitable wireless
communication link (e.g., RF, microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet
(UV), or visible light). Air interface 614 may be established using
any suitable radio access technology (RAT).
[0092] More specifically, as noted above, telecommunication system
600 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more
channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA,
or the like. For example, base station 616 in RAN 604 and WTRUs 602
connected to RAN 604 may implement a radio technology such as
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio
Access (UTRA) that may establish air interface 614 using wideband
CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols, such as
High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may
include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) or High-Speed
Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).
[0093] As another example base station 616 and WTRUs 602 that are
connected to RAN 604 may implement a radio technology such as
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish
air interface 614 using LTE or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A).
[0094] Optionally base station 616 and WTRUs 602 connected to RAN
604 may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 602.16 (i.e.,
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000,
CDMA2000 1.times., CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000),
Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), GSM,
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), or
the like.
[0095] Base station 616 may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home
eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable
RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area,
such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, or the
like. For example, base station 616 and associated WTRUs 602 may
implement a radio technology such as IEEE 602.11 to establish a
wireless local area network (WLAN). As another example, base
station 616 and associated WTRUs 602 may implement a radio
technology such as IEEE 602.15 to establish a wireless personal
area network (WPAN). In yet another example, base station 616 and
associated WTRUs 602 may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA,
CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or
femtocell. As shown in FIG. 6, base station 616 may have a direct
connection to Internet 610. Thus, base station 616 may not be
required to access Internet 610 via core network 606.
[0096] RAN 604 may be in communication with core network 606, which
may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data,
applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services
to one or more WTRUs 602. For example, core network 606 may provide
call control, billing services, mobile location-based services,
pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution or
high-level security functions, such as user authentication.
Although not shown in FIG. 6, it will be appreciated that RAN 604
or core network 606 may be in direct or indirect communication with
other RANs that employ the same RAT as RAN 604 or a different RAT.
For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 604, which may
be utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, core network 606 may also
be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM
radio technology.
[0097] Core network 606 may also serve as a gateway for WTRUs 602
to access PSTN 608, Internet 610, or other networks 612. PSTN 608
may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain
old telephone service (POTS). For LTE core networks, core network
606 may use IMS core 614 to provide access to PSTN 608. Internet
610 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks
or devices that use common communication protocols, such as the
transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP),
or IP in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. Other networks 612 may
include wired or wireless communications networks owned or operated
by other service providers. For example, other networks 612 may
include another core network connected to one or more RANs, which
may employ the same RAT as RAN 604 or a different RAT.
[0098] Some or all WTRUs 602 in telecommunication system 600 may
include multi-mode capabilities. For example, WTRUs 602 may include
multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless
networks over different wireless links. For example, one or more
WTRUs 602 may be configured to communicate with base station 616,
which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with base
station 616, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.
[0099] FIG. 7 is an example system 700 including RAN 604 and core
network 606. As noted above, RAN 604 may employ an E-UTRA radio
technology to communicate with WTRUs 602 over air interface 614.
RAN 604 may also be in communication with core network 606.
[0100] RAN 604 may include any number of eNode-Bs 702 while
remaining consistent with the disclosed technology. One or more
eNode-Bs 702 may include one or more transceivers for communicating
with the WTRUs 602 over air interface 614. Optionally, eNode-Bs 702
may implement MIMO technology. Thus, one of eNode-Bs 702, for
example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to,
or receive wireless signals from, one of WTRUs 602.
[0101] Each of eNode-Bs 702 may be associated with a particular
cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource
management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in
the uplink or downlink, or the like. As shown in FIG. 7 eNode-Bs
702 may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.
[0102] Core network 606 shown in FIG. 7 may include a mobility
management gateway or entity (MME) 704, a serving gateway 706, or a
packet data network (PDN) gateway 708. While each of the foregoing
elements are depicted as part of core network 606, it will be
appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned or operated
by an entity other than the core network operator.
[0103] MME 704 may be connected to each of eNode-Bs 702 in RAN 604
via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example,
MME 704 may be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 602,
bearer activation or deactivation, selecting a particular serving
gateway during an initial attach of WTRUs 602, or the like. MME 704
may also provide a control plane function for switching between RAN
604 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio
technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA.
[0104] Serving gateway 706 may be connected to each of eNode-Bs 702
in RAN 604 via the S1 interface. Serving gateway 706 may generally
route or forward user data packets to or from the WTRUs 602.
Serving gateway 706 may also perform other functions, such as
anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering
paging when downlink data is available for WTRUs 602, managing or
storing contexts of WTRUs 602, or the like.
[0105] Serving gateway 706 may also be connected to PDN gateway
708, which may provide WTRUs 602 with access to packet-switched
networks, such as Internet 610, to facilitate communications
between WTRUs 602 and IP-enabled devices.
[0106] Core network 606 may facilitate communications with other
networks. For example, core network 606 may provide WTRUs 602 with
access to circuit-switched networks, such as PSTN 608, such as
through IMS core 614, to facilitate communications between WTRUs
602 and traditional land-line communications devices. In addition,
core network 606 may provide the WTRUs 602 with access to other
networks 612, which may include other wired or wireless networks
that are owned or operated by other service providers.
[0107] FIG. 8 illustrates an architecture of a typical GPRS network
900 as described herein. The architecture depicted in FIG. 8 may be
segmented into four groups: users 902, RAN 904, core network 906,
and interconnect network 908. Users 902 comprise a plurality of end
users, who each may use one or more devices 910. Note that device
910 is referred to as a mobile subscriber (MS) in the description
of network shown in FIG. 8. In an example, device 910 comprises a
communications device (e.g., device 120, network device 300, or the
like, or any combination thereof). Radio access network 904
comprises a plurality of BSSs such as BSS 912, which includes a BTS
914 and a BSC 916. Core network 906 may include a host of various
network elements. As illustrated in FIG. 8, core network 906 may
comprise MSC 918, service control point (SCP) 920, gateway MSC
(GMSC) 922, SGSN 924, home location register (HLR) 926,
authentication center (AuC) 928, domain name system (DNS) server
930, and GGSN 932. Interconnect network 908 may also comprise a
host of various networks or other network elements. As illustrated
in FIG. 8, interconnect network 908 comprises a PSTN 934, an
FES/Internet 936, a firewall 1038, or a corporate network 940.
[0108] An MSC can be connected to a large number of BSCs. At MSC
918, for instance, depending on the type of traffic, the traffic
may be separated in that voice may be sent to PSTN 934 through GMSC
922, or data may be sent to SGSN 924, which then sends the data
traffic to GGSN 932 for further forwarding.
[0109] When MSC 918 receives call traffic, for example, from BSC
916, it sends a query to a database hosted by SCP 920, which
processes the request and issues a response to MSC 918 so that it
may continue call processing as appropriate.
[0110] HLR 926 is a centralized database for users to register to
the GPRS network. HLR 926 stores static information about the
subscribers such as the International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI), subscribed services, or a key for authenticating the
subscriber. HLR 926 also stores dynamic subscriber information such
as the current location of the MS. Associated with HLR 926 is AuC
928, which is a database that contains the algorithms for
authenticating subscribers and includes the associated keys for
encryption to safeguard the user input for authentication.
[0111] In the following, depending on context, "mobile subscriber"
or "MS" sometimes refers to the end user and sometimes to the
actual portable device, such as a mobile device, used by an end
user of the mobile cellular service. When a mobile subscriber turns
on his or her mobile device, the mobile device goes through an
attach process by which the mobile device attaches to an SGSN of
the GPRS network. In FIG. 8, when MS 910 initiates the attach
process by turning on the network capabilities of the mobile
device, an attach request is sent by MS 910 to SGSN 924. The SGSN
924 queries another SGSN, to which MS 910 was attached before, for
the identity of MS 910. Upon receiving the identity of MS 910 from
the other SGSN, SGSN 924 requests more information from MS 910.
This information is used to authenticate MS 910 together with the
information provided by HLR 926. Once verified, SGSN 924 sends a
location update to HLR 926 indicating the change of location to a
new SGSN, in this case SGSN 924. HLR 926 notifies the old SGSN, to
which MS 910 was attached before, to cancel the location process
for MS 910. HLR 926 then notifies SGSN 924 that the location update
has been performed. At this time, SGSN 924 sends an Attach Accept
message to MS 910, which in turn sends an Attach Complete message
to SGSN 924.
[0112] Next, MS 910 establishes a user session with the destination
network, corporate network 940, by going through a Packet Data
Protocol (PDP) activation process. Briefly, in the process, MS 910
requests access to the Access Point Name (APN), for example,
UPS.com, and SGSN 924 receives the activation request from MS 910.
SGSN 924 then initiates a DNS query to learn which GGSN 932 has
access to the UPS.com APN. The DNS query is sent to a DNS server
within core network 906, such as DNS server 930, which is
provisioned to map to one or more GGSNs in core network 906. Based
on the APN, the mapped GGSN 932 can access requested corporate
network 940. SGSN 924 then sends to GGSN 932 a Create PDP Context
Request message that contains necessary information. GGSN 932 sends
a Create PDP Context Response message to SGSN 924, which then sends
an Activate PDP Context Accept message to MS 910.
[0113] Once activated, data packets of the call made by MS 910 can
then go through RAN 904, core network 906, and interconnect network
908, in a particular FES/Internet 936 and firewall 1038, to reach
corporate network 940.
[0114] FIG. 9 illustrates a PLMN block diagram view of an example
architecture that may be replaced by a telecommunications system.
In FIG. 9, solid lines may represent user traffic signals, and
dashed lines may represent support signaling. MS 1002 is the
physical equipment used by the PLMN subscriber. For example, device
120, vehicle 103, network device 300, the like, or any combination
thereof may serve as MS 1002. MS 1002 may be one of, but not
limited to, a cellular telephone, a cellular telephone in
combination with another electronic device or any other wireless
mobile communication device.
[0115] MS 1002 may communicate wirelessly with BSS 1004. BSS 1004
contains BSC 1006 and a BTS 1008. BSS 1004 may include a single BSC
1006/BTS 1008 pair (base station) or a system of BSC/BTS pairs that
are part of a larger network. BSS 1004 is responsible for
communicating with MS 1002 and may support one or more cells. BSS
1004 is responsible for handling cellular traffic and signaling
between MS 1002 and a core network 1010. Typically, BSS 1004
performs functions that include, but are not limited to, digital
conversion of speech channels, allocation of channels to mobile
devices, paging, or transmission/reception of cellular signals.
[0116] Additionally, MS 1002 may communicate wirelessly with RNS
1012. RNS 1012 contains a Radio Network Controller (RNC) 1014 and
one or more Nodes B 1016. RNS 1012 may support one or more cells.
RNS 1012 may also include one or more RNC 1014/Node B 1016 pairs or
alternatively a single RNC 1014 may manage multiple Nodes B 1016.
RNS 1012 is responsible for communicating with MS 1002 in its
geographically defined area. RNC 1014 is responsible for
controlling Nodes B 1016 that are connected to it and is a control
element in a UMTS radio access network. RNC 1014 performs functions
such as, but not limited to, load control, packet scheduling,
handover control, security functions, or controlling MS 1002 access
to core network 1010.
[0117] An E-UTRA Network (E-UTRAN) 1018 is a RAN that provides
wireless data communications for MS 1002 and UE 1024. E-UTRAN 1018
provides higher data rates than traditional UMTS. It is part of the
LTE upgrade for mobile networks, and later releases meet the
requirements of the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)
Advanced and are commonly known as a 4G networks. E-UTRAN 1018 may
include of series of logical network components such as E-UTRAN
Node B (eNB) 1020 and E-UTRAN Node B (eNB) 1022. E-UTRAN 1018 may
contain one or more eNBs. User equipment (UE) 1024 may be any
mobile device capable of connecting to E-UTRAN 1018 including, but
not limited to, a personal computer, laptop, mobile device,
wireless router, or other device capable of wireless connectivity
to E-UTRAN 1018. The improved performance of the E-UTRAN 1018
relative to a typical UMTS network allows for increased bandwidth,
spectral efficiency, and functionality including, but not limited
to, voice, high-speed applications, large data transfer or IPTV,
while still allowing for full mobility.
[0118] Typically, MS 1002 may communicate with any or all of BSS
1004, RNS 1012, or E-UTRAN 1018. In an illustrative system, each of
BSS 1004, RNS 1012, and E-UTRAN 1018 may provide MS 1002 with
access to core network 1010. Core network 1010 may include of a
series of devices that route data and communications between end
users. Core network 1010 may provide network service functions to
users in the circuit switched (CS) domain or the packet switched
(PS) domain. The CS domain refers to connections in which dedicated
network resources are allocated at the time of connection
establishment and then released when the connection is terminated.
The PS domain refers to communications and data transfers that make
use of autonomous groupings of bits called packets. Each packet may
be routed, manipulated, processed, or handled independently of all
other packets in the PS domain and does not require dedicated
network resources.
[0119] The circuit-switched MGW function (CS-MGW) 1026 is part of
core network 1010 and interacts with VLR/MSC server 1028 and GMSC
server 1030 in order to facilitate core network 1010 resource
control in the CS domain. Functions of CS-MGW 1026 include, but are
not limited to, media conversion, bearer control, payload
processing or other mobile network processing such as handover or
anchoring. CS-MGW 1026 may receive connections to MS 1002 through
BSS 1004 or RNS 1012.
[0120] SGSN 1032 stores subscriber data regarding MS 1002 in order
to facilitate network functionality. SGSN 1032 may store
subscription information such as, but not limited to, the IMSI,
temporary identities, or PDP addresses. SGSN 1032 may also store
location data such as, but not limited to, GGSN address for each
GGSN 1034 where an active PDP exists. GGSN 1034 may implement a
location register function to store subscriber data it receives
from SGSN 1032 such as subscription or location data.
[0121] Serving gateway (S-GW) 1036 is an interface which provides
connectivity between E-UTRAN 1018 and core network 1010. Functions
of S-GW 1036 include, but are not limited to, packet routing,
packet forwarding, transport level packet processing, or user plane
mobility anchoring for inter-network mobility. PCRF 1038 uses
information gathered from P-GW 1036, as well as other sources, to
make applicable policy and charging decisions related to data
flows, network resources or other network administration functions.
PDN gateway (PDN-GW) 1040 may provide user-to-services connectivity
functionality including, but not limited to, GPRS/EPC network
anchoring, bearer session anchoring and control, or IP address
allocation for PS domain connections.
[0122] HSS 1042 is a database for user information and stores
subscription data regarding MS 1002 or UE 1024 for handling calls
or data sessions. Networks may contain one HSS 1042 or more if
additional resources are required. Example data stored by HSS 1042
include, but is not limited to, user identification, numbering or
addressing information, security information, or location data. HSS
1042 may also provide call or session establishment procedures in
both the PS and CS domains.
[0123] VLR/MSC Server 1028 provides user location functionality.
When MS 1002 enters a new network location, it begins a
registration procedure. An MSC server for that location transfers
the location data to the VLR for the area. A VLR and MSC server may
be located in the same computing environment, as is shown by
VLR/MSC server 1028, or alternatively may be located in separate
computing environments. A VLR may contain, but is not limited to,
user information such as the IMSI, the Temporary Mobile Station
Identity (TMSI), the Local Mobile Station Identity (LMSI), the last
known location of the mobile station, or the SGSN where the mobile
station was previously registered. The MSC server may contain
information such as, but not limited to, procedures for MS 1002
registration or procedures for handover of MS 1002 to a different
section of core network 1010. GMSC server 1030 may serve as a
connection to alternate GMSC servers for other MSs in larger
networks.
[0124] EIR 1044 is a logical element which may store the IMEI for
MS 1002. User equipment may be classified as either "white listed"
or "blacklisted" depending on its status in the network. If MS 1002
is stolen and put to use by an unauthorized user, it may be
registered as "blacklisted" in EIR 1044, preventing its use on the
network. An MME 1046 is a control node which may track MS 1002 or
UE 1024 if the devices are idle. Additional functionality may
include the ability of MME 1046 to contact idle MS 1002 or UE 1024
if retransmission of a previous session is required.
[0125] While examples of a telecommunications system in which
virtual functions can be deployed have been described in connection
with various computing devices/processors, the underlying concepts
may be applied to any computing device, processor, or system
capable of facilitating a telecommunications system. The various
techniques described herein may be implemented in connection with
hardware or software or, where appropriate, with a combination of
both. Thus, the methods and devices may take the form of program
code (i.e., instructions) embodied in concrete, tangible, storage
media having a concrete, tangible, physical structure. Examples of
tangible storage media include floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, DVDs,
hard drives, or any other tangible machine-readable storage medium
(computer-readable storage medium). Thus, a computer-readable
storage medium is not a signal. A computer-readable storage medium
is not a transient signal. Further, a computer-readable storage
medium is not a propagating signal. A computer-readable storage
medium as described herein is an article of manufacture. When the
program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a
computer, the machine becomes a device for telecommunications. In
the case of program code execution on programmable computers, the
computing device will generally include a processor, a storage
medium readable by the processor (including volatile or nonvolatile
memory or storage elements), at least one input device, and at
least one output device. The program(s) can be implemented in
assembly or machine language, if desired. The language can be a
compiled or interpreted language, and may be combined with hardware
implementations.
[0126] The methods and devices associated with a telecommunications
system as described herein also may be practiced via communications
embodied in the form of program code that is transmitted over some
transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling,
through fiber optics, or via any other form of transmission,
wherein, when the program code is received and loaded into and
executed by a machine, such as an EPROM, a gate array, a
programmable logic device (PLD), a client computer, or the like,
the machine becomes an device for implementing telecommunications
as described herein. When implemented on a general-purpose
processor, the program code combines with the processor to provide
a unique device that operates to invoke the functionality of a
telecommunications system.
[0127] While a telecommunications system has been described in
connection with the various examples of the various figures, it is
to be understood that other similar implementations may be used or
modifications and additions may be made to the described examples
of a telecommunications system without deviating therefrom. For
example, one skilled in the art will recognize that a
telecommunications system as described in the instant application
may apply to any environment, whether wired or wireless, and may be
applied to any number of such devices connected via a
communications network and interacting across the network.
Therefore, a telecommunications system as described herein should
not be limited to any single example, but rather should be
construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the appended
claims.
* * * * *
References