U.S. patent application number 17/627162 was filed with the patent office on 2022-09-08 for use of ion concentrations to increase the packaging efficiency of recombinant adeno-associated virus.
The applicant listed for this patent is CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES, INC.. Invention is credited to Qizhao WANG.
Application Number | 20220282277 17/627162 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000006351858 |
Filed Date | 2022-09-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220282277 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
WANG; Qizhao |
September 8, 2022 |
USE OF ION CONCENTRATIONS TO INCREASE THE PACKAGING EFFICIENCY OF
RECOMBINANT ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS
Abstract
The present invention is directed to methods for increasing the
efficiencies with which recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)
are packaged, so as to increase their production titers. More
specifically, the invention relates to a method for increasing the
production titer of rAAV by transfected cells by increasing the
ionic strength of the cell culture media through the administration
of additional ions.
Inventors: |
WANG; Qizhao; (Rockville,
MD) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES, INC. |
WILMINGTON |
MA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000006351858 |
Appl. No.: |
17/627162 |
Filed: |
August 12, 2020 |
PCT Filed: |
August 12, 2020 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US2020/045906 |
371 Date: |
January 14, 2022 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
16511612 |
Jul 15, 2019 |
10801042 |
|
|
17627162 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12N 2500/14 20130101;
C12N 7/00 20130101; C12N 2500/16 20130101; C12N 15/86 20130101;
C12N 2710/10041 20130101; C12N 5/16 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C12N 15/86 20060101
C12N015/86; C12N 7/00 20060101 C12N007/00; C12N 5/16 20060101
C12N005/16 |
Claims
1. A method for increasing the production titer of
recombinantly-modified adeno-associated virus (rAAV), wherein said
method comprises the steps: (A) culturing cells that have been
transfected with said rAAV in an initial culture medium for an
initial period under conditions sufficient to permit the production
of rAAV, wherein said cells additionally contain an AAV helper
function-providing polynucleotide and a non-AAV helper
function-providing polynucleotide; (B) changing the ionic strength
of said culture medium after said initial period by adding one or
more ions other than Na.sup.+ to said culture medium; and (C)
continuing said culturing of said cells to thereby produce a
production titer of with said rAAV that is greater than a titer
obtained in the absence of step (B).
2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of said added ion(s) is
provided in an amount sufficient to increase the concentration of
such ion in said initial culture medium by from about 10 mM to
about 80 mM.
3. The method of any one of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the
production titer is at least 50% greater than the titer obtained
from a similarly conducted cell culturing in the absence of said
step (B).
4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein said rAAV comprises
a transgene cassette that encodes a protein, or comprises a
transcribed nucleic acid, that is therapeutic for a genetic or
heritable disease or condition.
5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein said rAAV belongs
to the rAAV1, rAAV2, rAAV5, rAAV6, rAAV7, rAAV8, rAAV9 or rAAV10
serotype, or to a hybrid of said serotypes.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein said rAAV belongs to the rAAV2,
rAAV5, or rAAV9 serotype, or to a hybrid of said serotypes.
7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein said added ions
comprise one or more of K.sup.+, Ca.sup.++, or Mg.sup.++.
8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein said added ions
comprise one or more of CO.sub.3.sup..dbd., HCO.sub.3.sup.-,
HPO.sub.4.sup.-, PO.sub.4.sup..dbd., SCN.sup.-, SO.sub.4.sup..dbd.,
HSO.sub.4.sup.-, and Cl.sup.-.
9. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein said added ions
comprise one or more of acetate, aspartate, biphthalate,
bitartrate, butoxyethoxy acetate, caprylate, citrate,
dehydroacetate, diacetate, dihydroxy glycinate, d-saccharate,
gluconate, glutamate, glycinate, glycosulfate, hydroxymethane
sulfonate, lactate, methionate, oxalate, phenate, phenosulfonate,
propionate, propionate, saccharin, salicylate, sarcosinate,
sorbate, thioglycolate, and toluene sulfonate.
10. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein said added ions
comprise K.sup.+ and CO.sub.3.sup..dbd..
11. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein said cells are
human embryonic kidney cells.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein said cells are HEK293
cells.
13. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein said cells are
baby hamster kidney cells.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said cells are BHK21 cells.
15. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein said cells are
sf9 insect cells.
16. The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein said initial
culture medium is Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein said initial culture medium is
supplemented with serum.
18. A pharmaceutical composition that comprises: (A) a preparation
of recombinantly-modified adeno-associated virus (rAAV) produced by
the method of any one of claims 1-17, wherein said rAAV comprises a
transgene cassette that encodes a protein, or a transcribed nucleic
acid, that is therapeutic for a genetic or heritable disease or
condition, and wherein said pharmaceutical composition contains an
effective amount of said rAAV preparation; and (B) a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
19. The preparation of recombinantly-modified adeno-associated
virus (rAAV) produced by the method of any one of claims 1-17,
wherein the rAAV comprises a transgene cassette that encodes a
protein, or a transcribed nucleic acid, or the pharmaceutical
composition of claim 18, for use in the treatment of a genetic or
heritable disease or condition.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of, and claims priority
to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/511,612 (pending), which
was filed on Jul. 15, 2019, which application is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention is directed to methods for increasing
the efficiencies with which recombinant adeno-associated virus
(rAAV) are packaged, so as to increase their production titers.
More specifically, the invention relates to a method for increasing
the production titer of rAAV by transfected cells by increasing the
ionic strength of the cell culture media through the administration
of additional ions.
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING
[0003] This application includes one or more Sequence Listings
pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.821 et seq., which are disclosed in
computer-readable media (file name: 2650-0002US_ST25.txt, created
on Jul. 15, 2019, and having a size of 38,334 bytes), which file is
herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
I. Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)
[0004] Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) is a small,
naturally-occurring, non-pathogenic virus belonging to the
Dependovirus genus of the Parvoviridae (Balakrishnan, B. et al.
(2014) "Basic Biology of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vectors Used
in Gene Therapy," Curr. Gene Ther. 14(2):86-100; Zinn, E. et al.
(2014) "Adeno-Associated Virus: Fit To Serve," Curr. Opin. Virol.
0:90-97). Despite not causing disease, AAV is known to be able to
infect humans and other primates and is prevalent in human
populations (Johnson, F. B. et al. (1972) "Immunological Reactivity
of Antisera Prepared Against the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Treated
Structural Polypeptides of Adenovirus-Associated Virus," J. Virol.
9(6):1017-1026). AAV infect a broad range of different cell types
(e.g., cells of the central nervous system, heart, kidney, liver,
lung, pancreas, retinal pigment epithelium or photoreceptor cells,
or skeletal muscle cells). Twelve serotypes of the virus (e.g.,
AAV2, AAV5, AAV6, etc.), exhibiting different tissue infection
capabilities ("tropisms"), have been identified (Colella, P. et al.
(2018) "Emerging Issues in AAV-Mediated In Vivo Gene Therapy,"
Molec. Ther. Meth. Clin. Develop. 8:87-104; Hocquemiller, M. et al.
(2016) "Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Gene Therapy for CNS
Diseases," Hum. Gene Ther. 27(7):478-496; Lisowski, L. et al.
(2015) "Adeno-Associated Virus Serotypes For Gene Therapeutics,"
24:59-67).
[0005] AAV is a single-stranded DNA virus that is composed of
approximately 4,700 nucleotides. The viral genome may be described
as having a 5' half and a 3' half which together comprise the genes
that encode the virus' proteins (FIG. 1). The 5' half of the AAV
genome comprises the AAV rep gene, which, through the use of
multiple reading frames, staggered initiating promoters (p5, p19
and p40) and alternate splicing, encodes four non-structural Rep
proteins (Rep40, Rep52, Rep68 and Rep78) that are required for
viral transcription control and replication and for the packaging
of viral genomes into the viral capsule (Lackner, D. F. et al.
(2002) "Studies of the Mechanism of Transactivation of the
Adeno-Associated Virus p19 Promoter by Rep Protein," J. Virol.
76(16):8225-8235). The 3' half the AAV genome comprises the AAV
capsid gene (cap), which encodes three capsid proteins (VP): VP1,
VP2 and VP3. The three capsid proteins are translated from a single
mRNA transcript that is controlled by a single promoter (p40 in
case of AAV2). The 3' half of the AAV genome also comprises the AAP
gene, which encodes the AAV assembly-activating protein (AAP).
Sixty VP monomers (comprising approximately 5 copies of VP1, 5
copies of VP2, and 50 copies of VP3) self-assemble around the AAV
genome to form the icosahedral protein shell (capsid) of the mature
viral particle (Buning, H. et al. (2019) "Capsid Modifications for
Targeting and Improving the Efficacy of AAV Vectors," Mol. Ther.
Meth. Clin. Devel. 12:P248-P265; Van Vliet K. M. et al. (2008) The
Role of the Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid in Gene Transfer. In:
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, Jain, K. K. (eds.), Meth. Molec. Biol.
437:51-91). The AAV AAP protein is believed to be required for
stabilizing and transporting newly produced VP proteins from the
cytoplasm into the cell nucleus. The 3' half of the AAV genome also
comprises the AAV X gene, which is believed to encode a protein
that supports genome replication (Colella, P. et al. (2018)
"Emerging Issues in AAV-Mediated In Vivo Gene Therapy," Molec.
Ther. Meth. Clin. Develop. 8:87-104; Buning, H. et al. (2019)
"Capsid Modifications for Targeting and Improving the Efficacy of
AAV Vectors," Mol. Ther. Meth. Clin. Devel. 12:P248-P265; Cao, M.
et al. (2014) "The X Gene Of Adeno-Associated Virus 2 (AAV2) Is
Involved In Viral DNA Replication," PLoS ONE 9, e104596:1-10).
[0006] The above-described AAV gene-coding sequences are flanked by
two AAV-specific palindromic inverted terminal repeated sequences
(ITR) of 145 nucleotides (Balakrishnan, B. et al. (2014) "Basic
Biology of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vectors Used in Gene
Therapy," Curr. Gene Ther. 14(2):86-100; Colella, P. et al. (2018)
"Emerging Issues in AAV-Mediated In Vivo Gene Therapy," Molec.
Ther. Meth. Clin. Develop. 8:87-104).
[0007] AAV is an inherently defective virus, lacking the capacity
to perform at least two critical functions: the ability to initiate
the synthesis of viral-specific products and the ability to
assemble such products to form the icosahedral protein shell
(capsid) of the mature infectious viral particle. It thus requires
a co-infecting "helper" virus, such as adenovirus (Ad), herpes
simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), vaccinia virus or human
papillomavirus to provide the viral-associated (VA) RNA that is not
encoded by the genes of the AAV genome. Such VA RNA is not
translated, but plays a role in regulating the translation of other
viral genes. Similarly, the AAV genome does not include genes that
encode the viral proteins E1a, E1b, E2a, and E4 of Ad; thus, these
proteins must also be provided by a co-infecting "helper" virus.
The E1a protein greatly stimulate viral gene transcription during
the productive infection. The E1b protein block apoptosis in
adenovirus-infected cells, and thus allow productive infection to
proceed. The E2a protein plays a role in the elongation phase of
viral strand displacement replication by unwinding the template and
enhancing the initiation of transcription. The E4 protein has been
shown to affect transgene persistence, vector toxicity and
immunogenicity (see, Grieger, J. C. et al. (2012) "Adeno-Associated
Virus Vectorology, Manufacturing, and Clinical Applications," Meth.
Enzymol. 507:229-254; Dyson, N. et al. (1992) "Adenovirus E1A
Targets Key Regulators Of Cell Proliferation," Canc. Surv.
12:161-195; Jones N. C. (1990) "Transformation By The Human
Adenoviruses," Semin. Cancer Biol. 1(6):425-435; Ben-Israel, H. et
al. (2002) "Adenovirus and Cell Cycle Control," Front. Biosci.
7:d1369-d1395; Hoeben, R. C. et al. (2013) "Adenovirus DNA
Replication," Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 5:a013003 (pages
1-11); Berk, A. J. (2013) "Adenoviridae: The Viruses And Their
Replication, In: FIELDS VIROLOGY, 6.sup.th Edition (Knipe, D. M. et
al., Eds.), Vol. 2., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
Philadelphia, pages 1704-1731; Weitzman, M. D. (2005) "Functions Of
The Adenovirus E4 Proteins And Their Impact On Viral Vectors,"
Front. Biosci. 10:1106-1117).
[0008] AAV viruses infect both dividing and non-dividing cells, and
persist as circular episomal molecules or can be integrated into
the DNA of a host cell at specific chromosomic loci
(Adeno-Associated Virus Integration Sites or AAVS) (Duan, D. (2016)
"Systemic Delivery Of Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors," Curr. Opin.
Virol. 21:16-25; Grieger, J. C. et al. (2012) "Adeno-Associated
Virus Vectorology, Manufacturing, and Clinical Applications," Meth.
Enzymol. 507:229-254). AAV remains latent in such infected cells
unless a helper virus is present to provide the functions needed
for AAV replication and maturation.
II. rAAV and Their Use in Gene Therapy
[0009] In light of AAV's properties, recombinantly-modified
versions of AAV (rAAV) have found substantial utility as vectors
for gene therapy (see, Naso, M. F. et al. (2017) "Adeno-Associated
Virus (AAV) as a Vector for Gene Therapy," BioDrugs 31:317-334;
Berns, K. I. et al. (2017) "AAV: An Overview of Unanswered
Questions," Human Gene Ther. 28(4):308-313; Berry, G. E. et al.
(2016) "Cellular Transduction Mechanisms Of Adeno-Associated Viral
Vectors," Curr. Opin. Virol. 21:54-60; Blessing, D. et al. (2016)
"Adeno-Associated Virus And Lentivirus Vectors: A Refined Toolkit
For The Central Nervous System," 21:61-66; Santiago-Ortiz, J. L.
(2016) "Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vectors in Cancer Gene
Therapy," J. Control Release 240:287-301; Salganik, M. et al.
(2015) "Adeno-Associated Virus As A Mammalian DNA Vector,"
Microbiol. Spectr. 3(4):1-32; Hocquemiller, M. et al. (2016)
"Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Gene Therapy for CNS Diseases," Hum.
Gene Ther. 27(7):478-496; Lykken, E. A. et al. (2018) "Recent
Progress And Considerations For AAV Gene Therapies Targeting The
Central Nervous System," J. Neurodevelop. Dis. 10:16:1-10; Buning,
H. et al. (2019) "Capsid Modifications for Targeting and Improving
the Efficacy of AAV Vectors," Mol. Ther. Meth. Clin. Devel.
12:P248-P265; During, M. J. et al. (1998) "In Vivo Expression Of
Therapeutic Human Genes For Dopamine Production In The Caudates Of
MPTP-Treated Monkeys Using An AAV Vector," Gene Ther. 5:820-827;
Grieger, J. C. et al. (2012) "Adeno-Associated Virus Vectorology,
Manufacturing, and Clinical Applications," Meth. Enzymol.
507:229-254; Kotterman, M. A. et al. (2014) "Engineering
Adeno-Associated Viruses For Clinical Gene Therapy," Nat. Rev.
Genet. 15(7):445-451; Kwon, I. et al. (2007) "Designer Gene
Delivery Vectors: Molecular Engineering and Evolution of
Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors for Enhanced Gene Transfer," Pharm.
Res. 25(3):489-499).
[0010] rAAV are typically produced using circular plasmids ("rAAV
plasmid vector"). The AAV rep and cap genes are typically deleted
from such constructs and replaced with a promoter, a .beta.-globin
intron, a cloning site into which a therapeutic gene of choice
(transgene) has been inserted, and a poly-adenylation ("polyA")
site. The inverted terminal repeated sequences (ITR) of the rAAV
are, however, retained, so that the transgene expression cassette
of the rAAV plasmid vector is flanked by AAV ITR sequences
(Colella, P. et al. (2018) "Emerging Issues in AAV-Mediated In Vivo
Gene Therapy," Molec. Ther. Meth. Clin. Develop. 8:87-104; Buning,
H. et al. (2019) "Capsid Modifications for Targeting and Improving
the Efficacy of AAV Vectors," Mol. Ther. Meth. Clin. Devel.
12:P248-P265). Thus, in the 5' to 3' direction, the rAAV comprises
a 5' ITR, the transgene expression cassette of the rAAV, and a 3'
ITR.
[0011] rAAV have been used to deliver a transgene to patients
suffering from any of a multitude of genetic diseases (e.g.,
hereditary lipoprotein lipase deficiency (LPLD), Leber's congenital
amaurosis (LCA), aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
(AADC), choroideremia and hemophilia), and have utility in new
clinical modalities, such as in interfering RNA (RNAi) therapy and
gene-modifying strategies such as Crispr/Cas9 (U.S. Pat. Nos.
8,697,359, 10,000,772, 10,113,167, 10,227,611; Lino, C. A. et al.
(2018) "Delivering CRISPR: A Review Of The Challenges And
Approaches," Drug Deliv. 25(1):1234-1237; Ferreira, V. et al.
(2014) "Immune Responses To AAV-Vectors, The Glybera Example From
Bench To Bedside" Front. Immunol. 5(82):1-15), Buning, H. et al.
(2019) "Capsid Modifications for Targeting and Improving the
Efficacy of AAV Vectors," Mol. Ther. Meth. Clin. Devel.
12:P248-P265; Rastall, D. P. W. (2017) "Current and Future
Treatments for Lysosomal Storage Disorders," Curr. Treat Options
Neurol. 19(12):45; Kay, M. et al. (2017) "Future Of rAAV Gene
Therapy: Platform For RNA Gene Editing And Beyond," Human Gene
Ther. 28:361-372); Berns, K. I. et al. (2017) "AAV: An Overview of
Unanswered Questions," Human Gene Ther. 28(4):308-313). More than
150 clinical trials involving rAAV have been instituted (Buning, H.
et al. (2019) "Capsid Modifications for Targeting and Improving the
Efficacy of AAV Vectors," Mol. Ther. Meth. Clin. Devel.
12:P248-P265; Clement, N. et al. (2016) "Manufacturing Of
Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors For Clinical Trials,"
Meth. Clin. Develop. 3:16002:1-7). The most commonly used AAV
serotype for such recombinantly-modified AAV is AAV2, which is
capable of infecting cells of the central nervous system, kidney,
retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells. Another AAV
serotype is AAV9, which infects muscle cells, also has been widely
used (Duan, D. (2016) "Systemic Delivery Of Adeno-Associated Viral
Vectors," Curr. Opin. Virol. 21:16-25). AAV serotypes are described
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,301,650; 10,266,846; 10,265,417; 10,214,785;
10,214,566; 10,202,657; 10,046,016; 9,884,071; 9,856,539;
9,737,618; 9,677,089; 9,458,517; 9,457,103; 9,441,244; 9,193,956;
8,846,389; 8,507,267; 7,906,111; 7,479,554; 7,186,552; 7,105,345;
6,984,517; 6,962,815; and 6,733,757.
III. Methods of rAAV Production
[0012] rAAV containing a desired transgene expression cassette are
typically produced by human cells (such as HEK293) grown in either
adhesion or suspension. Since, as described above, rAAV are
defective viruses, additional functions must be provided in order
to replicate and package rAAV.
[0013] Typically, rAAV are produced by transiently transfecting
cells with an rAAV plasmid vector and a second plasmid vector that
comprises an AAV helper function-providing polynucleotide that
provides the Rep52 and Rep78 genes that are required for vector
transcription control and replication, and for the packaging of
viral genomes into the viral capsule (Rep40 and Rep68 are not
required for rAAV production) and the cap genes that were excised
from the AAV in order to produce the rAAV. The second plasmid
vector may additionally comprise a non-AAV helper
function-providing polynucleotide that encodes the viral
transcription and translation factors (E1a, E1b, E2a, VA and E4)
required for AAV proliferation, so as to comprise, in concert with
the rAAV, a double plasmid transfection system (Grimm, D. et al.
(1998) "Novel Tools For Production And Purification Of Recombinant
Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors," Hum. Gene Ther. 9:2745-2760;
Penaud-Budloo, M. et al. (2018) "Pharmacology of Recombinant
Adeno-associated Virus Production," Molec. Ther. Meth. Clin.
Develop. 8:166-180).
[0014] However, it has become increasingly common to clone the AAV
helper function-providing polynucleotide (which provides the
required rep and cap genes) into an "AAV helper plasmid," and to
clone the non-AAV helper function-providing polynucleotide (which
provides the genes that encode the viral transcription and
translation factors) on a different plasmid (i.e., an "Ad helper
plasmid"), so that such plasmids, in concert with an rAAV plasmid
vector, comprise a triple plasmid transfection system (FIG. 2). Use
of the triple plasmid transfection system has the advantage of
permitting one to easily switch one cap gene for another, thereby
facilitating changes in the rAAV's serotype. The use of helper
plasmids, rather than helper viruses, permits rAAV to be produced
without additionally producing particles of the helper virus
(Francois, A. et al. (2018) "Accurate Titration of Infectious AAV
Particles Requires Measurement of Biologically Active Vector
Genomes and Suitable Controls," Molec. Ther. Meth. Clin. Develop.
10:223-236; Matsushita, T. et al. (1998) "Adeno-Associated Virus
Vectors Can Be Efficiently Produced Without Helper Virus," Gene
Ther. 5:938-945).
[0015] The transient transfection of plasmid DNAs comprising an
rAAV plasmid vector, a plasmid vector providing AAV helper
functions rep and cap genes, and a plasmid vector providing non-AAV
helper functions into HEK293 cells by calcium phosphate
coprecipitation has become the standard method to produce rAAV in
the research laboratory (Grimm, D. et al. (1998) "Novel Tools For
Production And Purification Of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus
Vectors," Hum. Gene Ther. 9:2745-2760). However, the use of such a
calcium phosphate-mediated transfection process with
suspension-cultured transfected mammalian cells requires media
exchanges, and is thus not considered ideal for the large-scale
rAAV production that is required in order to produce therapeutic
doses of rAAV (Lock, M. et al. (2010) "Rapid, Simple, and Versatile
Manufacturing of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors at
Scale," Hum. Gene Ther. 21:1259-1271). For this reason,
polyethylenimine (PEI), has been used as a transfection reagent and
has been found to provide yields of virus that are similar to those
obtained using calcium phosphate-mediated transfection (Durocher,
Y. et al. (2007) "Scalable Serum-Free Production Of Recombinant
Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 By Transfection Of 293 Suspension
Cells," J. Virol. Meth. 144:32-40).
[0016] rAAV may alternatively be produced in insect cells (e.g.,
sf9 cells) using baculoviral vectors (see. e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.
9,879,282; 9,879,279; 8,945,918; 8,163,543; 7,271,002 and
6,723,551), or in HSV-infected baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells
(e.g., BHK21) (Francois, A. et al. (2018) "Accurate Titration of
Infectious AAV Particles Requires Measurement of Biologically
Active Vector Genomes and Suitable Controls," Molec. Ther. Meth.
Clin. Develop. 10:223-236). Methods of rAAV production are reviewed
in Grieger, J. C. et al. (2012) "Adeno-Associated Virus
Vectorology, Manufacturing, and Clinical Applications," Meth.
Enzymol. 507:229-254, and in Penaud-Budloo, M. et al. (2018)
"Pharmacology of Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Production,"
Molec. Ther. Meth. Clin. Develop. 8:166-180.
IV. Methods of rAAV Purification and Recovery
[0017] After production, rAAV are typically collected and purified
by one or more overnight CsCl gradient centrifugations (Zolotukhin,
S. et al. (1999) "Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Purification
Using Novel Methods Improves Infectious Titer And Yield," Gene
Ther. 6:973-985), followed by desalting to form a purified rAAV
production stock. Titers of 10.sup.12-10.sup.13 infectious rAAV
capsids/mL are obtainable.
[0018] Because rAAV infection does not cause a cytopathic effect,
plaque assays cannot be used to determine the infectious titer of
an rAAV preparation. Infectious titer is thus typically measured as
the median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50). In this method,
a HeLa-derived AAV2 rep- and cap-expressing cell line is grown in a
96-well plate and infected with replicate 10-fold serial dilutions
of the rAAV preparation, in the presence of adenovirus of serotype
5. After infection, vector genome replication is determined by
quantitative PCR (qPCR) (Zen, Z. et al. (2004) "Infectious Titer
Assay For Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors With Sensitivity
Sufficient To Detect Single Infectious Events," Hum. Gene Ther.
15:709-715). Alternatively, the infectious titer of an rAAV
preparation can be measured using the infectious center assay
(ICA). This assay uses HeLa rep-cap cells and Ad, but, after
incubation, involves transferring the cells to a membrane. A
labeled probe that is complementary to a portion of the employed
transgene is used to detect infectious centers (representing
individual infected cells) via hybridization. Although more widely
used, the TCID50 assay has been reported to lead to a higher
background than the ICA and to overestimate vector infectivity
relative to the ICA (Francois, A. et al. (2018) "Accurate Titration
of Infectious AAV Particles Requires Measurement of Biologically
Active Vector Genomes and Suitable Controls," Molec. Ther. Meth.
Clin. Develop. 10:223-236). Methods of producing and purifying rAAV
are described inter alia in U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,294,452; 10,161,011;
10,017,746; 9,598,703; 7,625,570; 7,439,065; 7,419,817; 7,208,315;
6,995,006; 6,989,264; 6,846,665 and 6,841,357.
[0019] As discussed above, multiple rounds of overnight cesium
chloride gradient centrifugation are typically employed in order to
produce rAAV in the research laboratory. However, prolonged
exposure to CsCl has been reported to compromise the potency of
rAAV plasmid vectors (Zolotukhin, S. et al. (1999) "Recombinant
Adeno-Associated Virus Purification Using Novel Methods Improves
Infectious Titer And Yield," Gene Ther. 6:973-985). Additionally,
such gradients have a limited loading capacity for cell lysate, and
thus limit the amount of rAAV that may be purified. Although an
isotonic alternative gradient medium, iodixanol, has been used to
purify rAAV plasmid vectors, iodixanol shares the same loading
capacity drawback as CsCl for rAAV production.
[0020] In order to overcome such gradient-specific constraints,
researchers have developed ion-exchange chromatographic methods,
affinity purification methods, and antibody-affinity based methods
of rAAV purification (Auricchio, A. et al. (2001) "Isolation Of
Highly Infectious And Pure Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Vectors
With A Single-Step Gravity-Flow Column," Hum. Gene Ther. 12:71-76;
Brument, N. et al. (2002) "A Versatile And Scalable Two-Step
Ion-Exchange Chromatography Process For The Purification Of
Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Serotypes-2 And -5," Mol. Ther.
6:678-686; Zolotukhin, S. et al. (2002) "Production And
Purification Of Serotype 1, 2, And 5 Recombinant Adeno-Associated
Viral Vectors," Methods 28:158-167; Davidoff, A. M. et al. (2004)
"Purification Of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Type 8 Vectors
By Ion Exchange Chromatography Generates Clinical Grade Vector
Stock," J. Virol. Methods 121:209-215; Smith, R. H. et al. (2009)
"A Simplified Baculovirus-AAV Expression Vector System Coupled With
One-Step Affinity Purification Yields High-Titer rAAV Stocks From
Insect Cells," Mol. Ther. 17:1888-1896; Lock, M. et al. (2010)
"Rapid, Simple, and Versatile Manufacturing of Recombinant
Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors at Scale," Hum. Gene Ther.
21:1259-1271). Unfortunately, however, such chromatography-based
purification methods are generally unable to separate
vector-related impurities, such as empty capsids from fully
functional vector particles. Thus, despite its drawbacks, CsCl
gradient centrifugation remains the best characterized method for
removing empty particles from rAAV vector preparations.
[0021] It has been observed that rAAV of various serotypes is
released to the supernatant in both calcium phosphate- and
PEI-transfected cultures (Lock, M. et al. (2010) "Rapid, Simple,
and Versatile Manufacturing of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral
Vectors at Scale," Hum. Gene Ther. 21:1259-1271; U.S. Pat. Nos.
6,566,118 and 6,989,264, and US Patent Publication US
2005/0266567). U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,118 and 6,989,264, and US
Patent Publication US 2005/0266567 disclose that high titers of
recombinant AAV vectors are released into the supernatant of cell
suspensions if the culture medium had been formulated to initially
comprise an osmolarity of between about 100 mOsM to about 650 mOsM
using NaCl (i.e., 50-325 mM NaCl) and other, but unspecified,
salts, mannitol or glucose, or by manipulating the conductivity of
the culture medium to be at least about 5 mS, using an ionic solute
such as Na.sup.+ or K.sup.+. An initial osmolarity of 300 mOsM (150
mM) NaCl was found to be optimal. Adamson-Small, L. et al. (2017)
similarly demonstrated that 60-90 mM sodium chloride in the
production medium resulted in a significant increase in rAAV9
transducing units and capsid proteins under infection conditions in
which increased sodium chloride was present 4-6 hr
post-transduction (WO 2017/112948; Adamson-Small, L. et al. (2017)
"Sodium Chloride Enhances Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus
Production in a Serum-Free Suspension Manufacturing Platform Using
the Herpes Simplex Virus System," Hum. Gene Ther. Meth.
28(1):1-14).
[0022] Lock, M. et al. (2010) disclose a PEI transfection-based-
and supernatant harvest-based-technique for facilitating the
recovery of rAAV particles (Lock, M. et al. (2010) "Rapid, Simple,
and Versatile Manufacturing of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral
Vectors at Scale," Hum. Gene Ther. 21:1259-1271). The method is
based on the observation that rAAV belonging to AAV serotypes other
than AAV2 were released primarily into the culture medium of
calcium phosphate-transfected cells and were not retained in the
cell lysate. As such, Lock, M. et al. (2010) discloses that for
such rAAV serotypes, the production culture medium represents a
relatively pure source of rAAV plasmid vector that possesses a
lower level of cellular contaminants and that these factors improve
the loading capacity and resolution of purification gradients. In
the disclosed method, rAAV, including rAAV belonging to AAV2
serotype, were transfected into HEK293 cells using calcium
phosphate. Seventy-two hours (or 120 hours) post-transfection,
serum-free media was added and the incubation was continued for an
additional 28 hours. Benzonase.RTM., a genetically engineered
endonuclease that degrades all forms for DNA and RNA, was then
added to the culture supernatant. After 2 hours, NaCl was added to
500 mM and the incubation was resumed for an additional 2 hr before
harvesting the culture medium. The clarified medium was then
concentrated 125-fold by tangential flow filtration (TFF), and the
rAAV was purified using iodixanol step gradients. The method could
be employed with AAV of serotypes AAV1, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, and AAV9.
Use of the high-salt incubation of Lock et al. (2010) is disclosed
to lead to a further 20% release of rAAV6 and rAAV9 plasmid vectors
to the culture medium (relative to the methods of U.S. Pat. Nos.
6,566,118 and 6,989,264 and US Patent Publication US 2005/0266567),
but was seen to have elicited little change with respect to other
serotypes. Although the average overall yields of rAAV8 and rAAV9
were high (2.2.times.10.sup.14 genome copies), yields of other rAAV
serotypes were significantly lower (e.g., 6.7.times.10.sup.13
genome copies for rAAV6). Although the estimated purity of the
produced rAAV exceeded 90%, between 35% and 50% of the produced
rAAV8 and rAAV9 were lost in the processing steps, and 80-85% of
the produced rAAV6 were lost in processing, and rAAV2 were mostly
retained within the cells and not released into the culture
medium.
[0023] Provision of salt has also been used to permeabilize cells
in order to more easily measure transgene-associated gene
expression. Thus, for example, During, M. J. et al. (1998) used a
"release buffer" containing 135 mm NaCl, 3 mm KCl, 1.2 mm
CaCl.sub.2, 1.0 mm MgCl.sub.2, 10 mm glucose, 200 mm ascorbate and
2 mm sodium mono- and dibasic phosphate buffered to pH 7.4 to
promote the release of dopamine from HEK 293 cells that had been
transfected with an rAAV expressing human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
and aromatic amino decarboxylase (AADC) (During, M. J. et al.
(1998) "In Vivo Expression Of Therapeutic Human Genes For Dopamine
Production In The Caudates Of MPTP-Treated Monkeys Using An AAV
Vector," Gene Ther. 5:820-827).
[0024] However, despite all such prior successes, a need remains to
develop methods capable of addressing problems that presently limit
the applicability of rAAV to gene therapy (Grieger, J. C. et al.
(2012) "Adeno-Associated Virus Vectorology, Manufacturing, and
Clinical Applications," Meth. Enzymol. 507:229-254; Kotterman, M.
A. et al. (2014) "Engineering Adeno-Associated Viruses For Clinical
Gene Therapy," Nat. Rev. Genet. 15(7):445-451; Kwon, I. et al.
(2007) "Designer Gene Delivery Vectors: Molecular Engineering and
Evolution of Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors for Enhanced Gene
Transfer," Pharm. Res. 25(3):489-499; Naso, M. F. et al. (2017)
"Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) as a Vector for Gene Therapy,"
BioDrugs 31:317-334). Such problems include: [0025] (1) The Limited
Tissue-Specific Tropism of rAAV: One such problem reflects the
limited tissue-specific tropisms of AAV and rAAV. The use of
multiple helper plasmids, encoding capsid proteins of differing
serotypes (i.e., "mosaic" capsids) has been exploited as a way to
increase the range of tissue types that can be infected by rAAV
(Hauck, B. et al. (2003) "Generation And Characterization Of
Chimeric Recombinant AAV Vectors," Mol. Ther. 7:419-425;
Rabinowitz, J. E. et al. (2004) "Crossdressing The Virion: The
Transcapsidation Of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotypes Functionally
Defines Subgroups," J. Virol. 78:4421-4432; Lisowski, L. et al.
(2015) "Adeno-Associated Virus Serotypes For Gene Therapeutics,"
24:59-67). [0026] (2) The Prevalence of anti-rAAV Immune Responses:
A second such problem reflects the fact that 30-80% of humans have
been naturally exposed to AAV infection (mainly AAV2) and 20-67% of
humans harbor titers of neutralizing anti-AAV capsid antibodies in
their blood and other bodily fluids (Liu, Q. et al. (2014)
"Neutralizing Antibodies Against AAV2, AAV5 And AAV8 In Healthy And
HIV-1-Infected Subjects In China: Implications For Gene Therapy
Using AAV Vectors," Gene Ther. 21:732-738; Vandamme, C. et al.
(2017) "Unraveling the Complex Story of Immune Responses to AAV
Vectors Trial After Trial," Hum. Gene. Ther. 28(11):1061-1074). The
presence of these antibodies attenuates the effectiveness of rAAV
therapy by preventing transgene expression. Synthetic polymer
conjugates (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG)) have been used as a
means for shielding rAAV from neutralizing antibodies (Le, H. T. et
al. (2005) "Utility Of Pegylated Recombinant Adeno-Associated
Viruses For Gene Transfer," J. Control. Release 108:161-177; Lee,
G. K. et al. (2005) "PEG Conjugation Moderately Protects
Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors Against Antibody Neutralization,"
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 92:24-34). The use of rAAV having alternative
serotypes or mutated non-immunogenic capsids has also been pursued
(Smith, J. K. et al. (2018) "Creating An Arsenal Of
Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Gene Delivery Stealth Vehicles," PLoS
Pathog. 14(5):1-6). [0027] (3) The Limitation of rAAV Packaging
Capacity: The packaging efficiency of rAAV has been found to
significantly decrease beyond 5 kb, with lager genomes being
encapsidated with 5' truncations (Wu, Z. et al. (2010) "Effect Of
Genome Size On AAV Vector Packaging," Molec. Ther. 18:80-86; Ghosh,
A. et al. (2007) "Expanding Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Capacity:
A Tale Of Two Vectors," Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. 24:165-177;
McClements, M. E. et al. (2017) "Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) Dual
Vector Strategies for Gene Therapy Encoding Large Transgenes," Yale
J. Biol. Med. 90:611-623). [0028] (4) The Limitations of
Large-Scale Manufacturing Technologies: The ability to manufacture
rAAV in amounts sufficient for use in large-scale therapy has been
a barrier to the successful application of the technology, with
process yields ranging from below 5% to below 30% (Lock, M. et al.
(2010) "Rapid, Simple, and Versatile Manufacturing of Recombinant
Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors at Scale," Hum. Gene Ther.
21:1259-1271).
[0029] These problems are, in some cases, inter-related. For
example, the presence of empty particles in the final product
exposes the recipient of the vector to a large source of AAV
antigen that can lead to unwanted immune responses and toxicity.
Thus, improved methods for increasing packaging efficiency and
obtaining high production titers are of great importance.
[0030] The present invention is directed to improved methods for
increasing the efficiency of rAAV packaging by altering the
concentration of ions in a culturing medium during the production
of rAAV.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0031] The present invention is directed to methods for increasing
the efficiency with which recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)
are packaged, so as to increase their production titers. More
specifically, the invention relates to a method for increasing the
production titer of rAAV by transfected cells by increasing the
ionic strength of the cell culture media through the administration
of additional ions.
[0032] In detail, the invention provides a method for increasing
the production titer of recombinantly-modified adeno-associated
virus (rAAV), wherein the method comprises the steps: [0033] (A)
culturing cells that have been transfected with the rAAV in an
initial culture medium for an initial period under conditions
sufficient to permit the production of rAAV, wherein the cells
additionally contain an AAV helper function-providing
polynucleotide and a non-AAV helper function-providing
polynucleotide; [0034] (B) changing the ionic strength of the
culture medium after the initial period by adding one or more ions
other than Na.sup.+ to the culture medium; and [0035] (C)
continuing the culturing of the cells to thereby produce a
production titer of with the rAAV that is greater than a titer
obtained in the absence of step (B).
[0036] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
method wherein each of the added ion(s) is provided in an amount
sufficient to increase the concentration of such ion in the initial
culture medium by from about 10 mM to about 80 mM.
[0037] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the production titer is at least 50% greater than
the titer obtained from a similarly conducted cell culturing in the
absence of the step (B).
[0038] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the rAAV comprises a transgene cassette that
encodes a protein, or comprises a transcribed nucleic acid, that is
therapeutic for a genetic or heritable disease or condition.
[0039] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the rAAV belongs to the rAAV1, rAAV2, rAAV5, rAAV6,
rAAV7, rAAV8, rAAV9 or rAAV10 serotype, or to a hybrid of such
serotypes.
[0040] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the rAAV belongs to the rAAV2, rAAV5, or rAAV9
serotype, or to a hybrid of the serotypes.
[0041] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the added ions comprise one or more of K.sup.+,
Ca.sup.++, or Mg.sup.++.
[0042] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the added ions comprise one or more of
CO.sub.3.sup..dbd., HCO.sub.3.sup.-, HPO.sub.4.sup.-,
PO.sub.4.sup..dbd., SCN.sup.-, SO.sub.4.sup..dbd., HSO.sub.4.sup.-,
and Cl.sup.-.
[0043] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the added ions comprise one or more of acetate,
aspartate, biphthalate, bitartrate, butoxyethoxy acetate,
caprylate, citrate, dehydroacetate, diacetate, dihydroxy glycinate,
d-saccharate, gluconate, glutamate, glycinate, glycosulfate,
hydroxymethane sulfonate, lactate, methionate, oxalate, phenate,
phenosulfonate, propionate, propionate, saccharin, salicylate,
sarcosinate, sorbate, thioglycolate, and toluene sulfonate.
[0044] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the added ions comprise K.sup.+ and
CO.sub.3.sup..dbd..
[0045] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the cells are human embryonic kidney cells, baby
hamster kidney cells or sf9 insect cells.
[0046] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the cells are HEK293 human embryonic kidney
cells.
[0047] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the cells are BHK21 baby hamster kidney cells.
[0048] The invention additionally provides the embodiment of such
methods wherein the initial culture medium is Dulbecco's Modified
Eagle's Medium or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented
with serum.
[0049] The invention additionally provides a pharmaceutical
composition that comprises: [0050] (A) a preparation of
recombinantly-modified adeno-associated virus (rAAV) produced by
any of the above-described methods, wherein the rAAV comprises a
transgene cassette that encodes a protein, or a transcribed nucleic
acid, that is therapeutic for a genetic or heritable disease or
condition, and wherein the pharmaceutical composition contains an
effective amount of the rAAV preparation; and [0051] (B) a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0052] The invention additionally provides a preparation of
recombinantly-modified adeno-associated virus (rAAV) produced by
any of the above-described methods, wherein the rAAV comprises a
transgene cassette that encodes a protein, or a transcribed nucleic
acid, or the above-described pharmaceutical composition for use in
the treatment of a genetic or heritable disease or condition.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0053] FIG. 1 provides a schematic genetic map of the wild-type
(Wt) AAV genome.
[0054] FIG. 2 provides a schematic of the structural domain of the
wild-type AAV2 genome (1), a recombinant AAV (rAAV) (2),
complementing "AAV helper plasmid" (3) and an adenovirus helper
plasmid ("Ad helper plasmid") (4). The wild-type (Wt) AAV2 (1) is
composed of AAV-specific palindromic inverted terminal repeated
sequences (ITR), a 5' half containing genes that encode the Rep
proteins and a 3' half containing genes that encode the Cap
proteins. The rAAV (2) is formed by replacing the Rep- and
Cap-encoding genes of the wild-type (Wt) AAV2 (1) with a transgene
cassette that comprises a promoter (Pro), the exogenous transgene
of interest, and a polyadenylation site (pA). In order to produce
the rAAV (2), a complementing "AAV helper" plasmid vector (3) and
an adenovirus helper plasmid vector (Ad helper plasmid) (4) are
provided. The complementing AAV helper plasmid (3) provides Rep and
Cap proteins. The Ad helper plasmid (4) provides adenovirus
proteins E1a, E1b, E2a, VA and E4.
[0055] FIG. 3 shows a map of the AAV helper plasmid vector
pAAV-RC2.
[0056] FIG. 4 shows a map of the non-AAV helper plasmid vector
pHelper-Kan.
[0057] FIG. 5 shows a map of the rAAV plasmid vector
pAV-CMV-EGFP.
[0058] FIG. 6 shows a map of the rAAV plasmid vector
pAV-TBG-EGFP.
[0059] FIGS. 7A-7C show the effect of cation and cation
concentration on the production of rAAV by transfected cells. FIG.
7A shows the extent of expression of the enhanced green fluorescent
protein (EGFP) in the transfected cells and the titering of the
rAAV stocks using the infectious center assay. Stocks were produced
by growing transfected HEK293 cells in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's
Medium in the presence of additionally added NaCl, KCl, CaCl.sub.2
or MgCl.sub.2. The additional concentration of such provided salt
is 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 mM. FIG. 7A shows the infectious center
assay. FIG. 7B is a graph of the fold-change in the titers of AAV
vectors and salt concentration. FIG. 7C is a graph of the
fold-change in Total Genomes (TG) of AAV as a function of cation
and cation concentration. The concentration shown in the Figure is
the concentration increase in the culturing medium provided by the
addition of such salts.
[0060] FIGS. 8A-8B show the effect of cation and cation
concentration on the production of rAAV stocks. FIG. 8A shows the
extent of expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein
(EGFP) in the transfected cells and the titering of the rAAV stocks
using the infectious center assay. Stocks were produced by growing
transfected HEK293 cells in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium in
the presence of additionally added 12 salts. The additional
concentration of such provided salt is 40, 50, 60 or 70 mM. FIG. 8A
shows the infectious center assay. FIG. 8B is a graph of the
fold-change in the titers of AAV vectors and salt concentration.
The Figure shows the fold-change in rAAV titer for rAAV that were
produced in the presence of different anions and differing
additionally provided concentrations of such anions. The
concentration shown in the Figure is the concentration increase in
the culturing medium provided by the addition of such anions.
[0061] FIGS. 9A-9B demonstrate that the provision of KHCO.sub.3
caused unexpectedly higher titers of rAAV, relative to other ions
(FIG. 9A: fold-change in AAV titer in culture medium; FIG. 9B:
fold-change in Total Genomes). The concentration shown in the
Figure (40, 50, 60 or 70 mM) is the concentration increase in the
culturing medium provided by the addition of such KHCO.sub.3.
[0062] FIG. 10 shows the fold-change in the total amount of rAAV
produced, and in the amount of rAAV released into the medium by
cells that had been co-transfected with an Ad helper plasmid, a
plasmid that provides the AAV ITRs, an enhanced green fluorescent
protein-encoding transgene cassette and either an AAV2 helper
plasmid or an AAV8 helper plasmid in order to provide the AAV rep
and cap gene functions. At 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours
post-transfection, KHCO.sub.3 was added to produce an additional
concentration of 30 mM in the culturing medium and the fold-change
of rAAV that had been released into the medium (AAV2-medium and
AAV8-medium) and the total genomes in the cell lysis (AAV2-total
and AAV8-total) were assessed at 72 hours post-transfection.
[0063] FIGS. 11A-11B show the effect of providing KHCO.sub.3 on the
enhancement of the production of rAAV of different serotypes. FIG.
11A: shows the fold-change of rAAV released into the medium after
24 hours; FIG. 11B shows the fold-change of total genomes of rAAV;
KHCO.sub.3-30 denotes that KHCO.sub.3 was added to produce an
additional concentration of 30 mM in the culturing medium;
KHCO.sub.3-55 denotes that KHCO.sub.3 was added to produce an
additional concentration of 55 mM in the culturing medium.
[0064] FIG. 12 shows the ability of cells cultured in suspension to
produce enhanced levels of rAAV in response to the provision of
KHCO.sub.3. Provision of KHCO.sub.3 sufficient to increase the
concentration of KHCO.sub.3 in the culturing medium by greater than
about 20 mM enhanced production of rAAV5 and rAAV6 after 20
hours.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
I. The Methods of the Present Invention
[0065] The present invention is directed to methods for increasing
the efficiencies with which recombinant adeno-associated virus
(rAAV) are packaged, so as to increase their production titers.
More specifically, the invention relates to a method for increasing
the production titer of rAAV by transfected cells by increasing the
ionic strength of the cell culture media through the administration
of additional ions.
[0066] As used herein, the term "AAV" is intended to denote
adeno-associated virus, and may be used to refer to the virus
itself or derivatives thereof. The term covers all subtypes and
both naturally-occurring and recombinant forms. As used herein, the
term "rAAV" is intended to denote a recombinantly-modified version
of AAV that comprises a polynucleotide sequence not of AAV origin
(i.e., a polynucleotide heterologous to AAV). The rAAV may be
single-stranded or double-stranded, and may be composed of
deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides.
[0067] As used herein, the term "AAV helper functions" denotes AAV
proteins (e.g., Rep and Cap) and/or polynucleotides of AAV that are
required for the replication and packaging of an rAAV. Such AAV
helper functions are provided by an "AAV helper function-providing
polynucleotide," which as such term is used herein is a virus,
plasmid vector, a non-plasmid vector, or a polynucleotide that has
been integrated into a cellular chromosome, that provides AAV
helper functions. AAV helper plasmids that may be used in
accordance with the present invention to provide AAV helper
functions, such as pAAV-RC (Agilent; Addgene; Cell Biolabs),
pAAV-RC2 (Cell Biolabs), etc., are commercially available. Plasmid
pAAV-RC2 (SEQ ID NO:1; FIG. 3) is an AAV helper plasmid that may be
used in accordance with the present invention to provide AAV helper
functions.
TABLE-US-00001 Coding Strand of Plasmid pAAV-RC2 (SEQ ID NO: 1):
ccgggccccc cctcgaggtc gacggtatcg ggggagctcg cagggtctcc attttgaagc
gggaggtttg aacgcgcagc cgccatgccg gggttttacg agattgtgat taaggtcccc
agcgaccttg acgagcatct gcccggcatt tctgacagct ttgtgaactg ggtggccgag
aaggaatggg agttgccgcc agattctgac atggatctga atctgattga gcaggcaccc
ctgaccgtgg ccgagaagct gcagcgcgac tttctgacgg aatggcgccg tgtgagtaag
gccccggagg ctcttttctt tgtgcaattt gagaagggag agagctactt ccacatgcac
gtgctcgtgg aaaccaccgg ggtgaaatcc atggttttgg gacgtttcct gagtcagatt
cgcgaaaaac tgattcagag aatttaccgc gggatcgagc cgactttgcc aaactggttc
gcggtcacaa agaccagaaa tggcgccgga ggcgggaaca aggtggtgga tgagtgctac
atccccaatt acttgctccc caaaacccag cctgagctcc agtgggcgtg gactaatatg
gaacagtatt taagcgcctg tttgaatctc acggagcgta aacggttggt ggcgcagcat
ctgacgcacg tgtcgcagac gcaggagcag aacaaagaga atcagaatcc caattctgat
gcgccggtga tcagatcaaa aacttcagcc aggtacatgg agctggtcgg gtggctcgtg
gacaagggga ttacctcgga gaagcagtgg atccaggagg accaggcctc atacatctcc
ttcaatgcgg cctccaactc gcggtcccaa atcaaggctg ccttggacaa tgcgggaaag
attatgagcc tgactaaaac cgcccccgac tacctggtgg gccagcagcc cgtggaggac
atttccagca atcggattta taaaattttg gaactaaacg ggtacgatcc ccaatatgcg
gcttccgtct ttctgggatg ggccacgaaa aagttcggca agaggaacac catctggctg
tttgggcctg caactaccgg gaagaccaac atcgcggagg ccatagccca cactgtgccc
ttctacgggt gcgtaaactg gaccaatgag aactttccct tcaacgactg tgtcgacaag
atggtgatct ggtgggagga ggggaagatg accgccaagg tcgtggagtc ggccaaagcc
attctcggag gaagcaaggt gcgcgtggac cagaaatgca agtcctcggc ccagatagac
ccgactcccg tgatcgtcac ctccaacacc aacatgtgcg ccgtgattga cgggaactca
acgaccttcg aacaccagca gccgttgcaa gaccggatgt tcaaatttga actcacccgc
cgtctggatc atgactttgg gaaggtcacc aagcaggaag tcaaagactt tttccggtgg
gcaaaggatc acgtggttga ggtggagcat gaattctacg tcaaaaaggg tggagccaag
aaaagacccg cccccagtga cgcagatata agtgagccca aacgggtgcg cgagtcagtt
gcgcagccat cgacgtcaga cgcggaagct tcgatcaact acgcagacag gtaccaaaac
aaatgttctc gtcacgtggg catgaatctg atgctgtttc cctgcagaca atgcgagaga
atgaatcaga attcaaatat ctgcttcact cacggacaga aagactgttt agagtgcttt
cccgtgtcag aatctcaacc cgtttctgtc gtcaaaaagg cgtatcagaa actgtgctac
attcatcata tcatgggaaa ggtgccagac gcttgcactg cctgcgatct ggtcaatgtg
gatttggatg actgcatctt tgaacaataa atgatttaaa tcaggtatgg ctgccgatgg
ttatcttcca gattggctcg aggacactct ctctgaagga ataagacagt ggtggaagct
caaacctggc ccaccaccac caaagcccgc agagcggcat aaggacgaca gcaggggtct
tgtgcttcct gggtacaagt acctcggacc cttcaacgga ctcgacaagg gagagccggt
caacgaggca gacgccgcgg ccctcgagca cgacaaagcc tacgaccggc agctcgacag
cggagacaac ccgtacctca agtacaacca cgccgacgcg gagtttcagg agcgccttaa
agaagatacg tcttttgggg gcaacctcgg acgagcagtc ttccaggcga aaaagagggt
tcttgaacct ctgggcctgg ttgaggaacc tgttaagacg gctccgggaa aaaagaggcc
ggtagagcac tctcctgtgg agccagactc ctcctcggga accggaaagg cgggccagca
gcctgcaaga aaaagattga attttggtca gactggagac gcagactcag tacctgaccc
ccagcctctc ggacagccac cagcagcccc ctctggtctg ggaactaata cgatggctac
aggcagtggc gcaccaatgg cagacaataa cgagggcgcc gacggagtgg gtaattcctc
gggaaattgg cattgcgatt ccacatggat gggcgacaga gtcatcacca ccagcacccg
aacctgggcc ctgcccacct acaacaacca cctctacaaa caaatttcca gccaatcagg
agcctcgaac gacaatcact actttggcta cagcacccct tgggggtatt ttgacttcaa
cagattccac tgccactttt caccacgtga ctggcaaaga ctcatcaaca acaactgggg
attccgaccc aagagactca acttcaagct ctttaacatt caagtcaaag aggtcacgca
gaatgacggt acgacgacga ttgccaataa ccttaccagc acggttcagg tgtttactga
ctcggagtac cagctcccgt acgtcctcgg ctcggcgcat caaggatgcc tcccgccgtt
cccagcagac gtcttcatgg tgccacagta tggatacctc accctgaaca acgggagtca
ggcagtagga cgctcttcat tttactgcct ggagtacttt ccttctcaga tgctgcgtac
cggaaacaac tttaccttca gctacacttt tgaggacgtt cctttccaca gcagctacgc
tcacagccag agtctggacc gtctcatgaa tcctctcatc gaccagtacc tgtattactt
gagcagaaca aacactccaa gtggaaccac cacgcagtca aggcttcagt tttctcaggc
cggagcgagt gacattcggg accagtctag gaactggctt cctggaccct gttaccgcca
gcagcgagta tcaaagacat ctgcggataa caacaacagt gaatactcgt ggactggagc
taccaagtac cacctcaatg gcagagactc tctggtgaat ccgggcccgg ccatggcaag
ccacaaggac gatgaagaaa agttttttcc tcagagcggg gttctcatct ttgggaagca
aggctcagag aaaacaaatg tggacattga aaaggtcatg attacagacg aagaggaaat
caggacaacc aatcccgtgg ctacggagca gtatggttct gtatctacca acctccagag
aggcaacaga caagcagcta ccgcagatgt caacacacaa ggcgttcttc caggcatggt
ctggcaggac agagatgtgt accttcaggg gcccatctgg gcaaagattc cacacacgga
cggacatttt cacccctctc ccctcatggg tggattcgga cttaaacacc ctcctccaca
gattctcatc aagaacaccc cggtacctgc gaatccttcg accaccttca gtgcggcaaa
gtttgcttcc ttcatcacac agtactccac gggacaggtc agcgtggaga tcgagtggga
gctgcagaag gaaaacagca aacgctggaa tcccgaaatt cagtacactt ccaactacaa
caagtctgtt aatgtggact ttactgtgga cactaatggc gtgtattcag agcctcgccc
cattggcacc agatacctga ctcgtaatct gtaattgctt gttaatcaat aaaccgttta
attcgtttca gttgaacttt ggtctctgcg tatttctttc ttatctagtt tccatgctct
aggatccact agtaacggcc gccagtgtgc tggaattcgg ctttgtagtt aatgattaac
ccgccatgct acttatctac gtagccatgc tctagaggtc ctgtattaga ggtcacgtga
gtgttttgcg acattttgcg acaccatgtg gtcacgctgg gtatttaagc ccgagtgagc
acgcagggtc tccattttga agcgggaggt ttgaacgcgc agccgccaag ccgaattctg
cagatatcca aacactggcg gccgctcgac tagagcggcc gccaccgcgg tggagctcca
gcttttgttc cctttagtga gggttaattg cgcgcttggc gtaatcatgg tcatagctgt
ttcctgtgtg aaattgttat ccgctcacaa ttccacacaa catacgagcc ggaagcataa
agtgtaaagc ctggggtgcc taatgagtga gctaactcac attaattgcg ttgcgctcac
tgcccgcttt ccagtcggga aacctgtcgt gccagctgca ttaatgaatc ggccaacgcg
cggggagagg cggtttgcgt attgggcgct cttccgcttc ctcgctcact gactcgctgc
gctcggtcgt tcggctgcgg cgagcggtat cagctcactc aaaggcggta atacggttat
ccacagaatc aggggataac gcaggaaaga acatgtgagc
aaaaggccag caaaaggcca ggaaccgtaa aaaggccgcg ttgctggcgt ttttccatag
gctccgcccc cctgacgagc atcacaaaaa tcgacgctca agtcagaggt ggcgaaaccc
gacaggacta taaagatacc aggcgtttcc ccctggaagc tccctcgtgc gctctcctgt
tccgaccctg ccgcttaccg gatacctgtc cgcctttctc ccttcgggaa gcgtggcgct
ttctcatagc tcacgctgta ggtatctcag ttcggtgtag gtcgttcgct ccaagctggg
ctgtgtgcac gaaccccccg ttcagcccga ccgctgcgcc ttatccggta actatcgtct
tgagtccaac ccggtaagac acgacttatc gccactggca gcagccactg gtaacaggat
tagcagagcg aggtatgtag gcggtgctac agagttcttg aagtggtggc ctaactacgg
ctacactaga agaacagtat ttggtatctg cgctctgctg aagccagtta ccttcggaaa
aagagttggt agctcttgat ccggcaaaca aaccaccgct ggtagcggtg gtttttttgt
ttgcaagcag cagattacgc gcagaaaaaa aggatctcaa gaagatcctt tgatcttttc
tacggggtct gacgctcagt ggaacgaaaa ctcacgttaa gggattttgg tcatgagatt
atcaaaaagg atcttcacct agatcctttt aaattaaaaa tgaagtttta aatcaatcta
aagtatatat gagtaaactt ggtctgacag ttaccaatgc ttaatcagtg aggcacctat
ctcagcgatc tgtctatttc gttcatccat agttgcctga ctccccgtcg tgtagataac
tacgatacgg gagggcttac catctggccc cagtgctgca atgataccgc gagacccacg
ctcaccggct ccagatttat cagcaataaa ccagccagcc ggaagggccg agcgcagaag
tggtcctgca actttatccg cctccatcca gtctattaat tgttgccggg aagctagagt
aagtagttcg ccagttaata gtttgcgcaa cgttgttgcc attgctacag gcatcgtggt
gtcacgctcg tcgtttggta tggcttcatt cagctccggt tcccaacgat caaggcgagt
tacatgatcc cccatgttgt gcaaaaaagc ggttagctcc ttcggtcctc cgatcgttgt
cagaagtaag ttggccgcag tgttatcact catggttatg gcagcactgc ataattctct
tactgtcatg ccatccgtaa gatgcttttc tgtgactggt gagtactcaa ccaagtcatt
ctgagaatag tgtatgcggc gaccgagttg ctcttgcccg gcgtcaatac gggataatac
cgcgccacat agcagaactt taaaagtgct catcattgga aaacgttctt cggggcgaaa
actctcaagg atcttaccgc tgttgagatc cagttcgatg taacccactc gtgcacccaa
ctgatcttca gcatctttta ctttcaccag cgtttctggg tgagcaaaaa caggaaggca
aaatgccgca aaaaagggaa taagggcgac acggaaatgt tgaatactca tactcttcct
ttttcaatat tattgaagca tttatcaggg ttattgtctc atgagcggat acatatttga
atgtatttag aaaaataaac aaataggggt tccgcgcaca tttccccgaa aagtgccacc
taaattgtaa gcgttaatat tttgttaaaa ttcgcgttaa atttttgtta aatcagctca
ttttttaacc aataggccga aatcggcaaa atcccttata aatcaaaaga atagaccgag
atagggttga gtgttgttcc agtttggaac aagagtccac tattaaagaa cgtggactcc
aacgtcaaag ggcgaaaaac cgtctatcag ggcgatggcc cactacgtga accatcaccc
taatcaagtt ttttggggtc gaggtgccgt aaagcactaa atcggaaccc taaagggagc
ccccgattta gagcttgacg gggaaagccg gcgaacgtgg cgagaaagga agggaagaaa
gcgaaaggag cgggcgctag ggcgctggca agtgtagcgg tcacgctgcg cgtaaccacc
acacccgccg cgcttaatgc gccgctacag ggcgcgtccc attcgccatt caggctgcgc
aactgttggg aagggcgatc ggtgcgggcc tcttcgctat tacgccagct ggcgaaaggg
ggatgtgctg caaggcgatt aagttgggta acgccagggt tttcccagtc acgacgttgt
aaaacgacgg ccagtgagcg cgcgtaatac gactcactat agggcgaatt gggta
[0068] In SEQ ID NO:1, residues 85-1950 of pAAV-RC2 encode the Rep
protein, Rep78 (with residues 484-663 corresponding to the P19
promoter, residues 1464-1643 corresponding to the P40 promoter and
residues 1668-1676 being a donor site); residues 1967-4174 encode
the capsid protein, VP1; residues 1992-2016 encodes a portion of
the Rep68 protein; residues 4175-4256 encode a polyA sequence;
residues 4610-4626 are M13 Rev sequences; residues 4634-4650 are
Lac operator sequences; 4658-4688 are Lac promoter sequences;
residues 4951-5675 correspond to pMB ori sequences, residues
5771-6631 encode an ampicillin resistance determinant; and residues
6632-6730 are bla promoter sequences (FIG. 3).
[0069] As used herein, the term "non-AAV helper functions" denotes
proteins of Ad, CMV, HSV or other non-AAD viruses (e.g., E1a, E1b,
E2a, VA and E4) and/or polynucleotides of Ad, CMV, HSV or other
non-AAD viruses that are required for the replication and packaging
of an rAAV. Such non-AAV helper functions are provided by a
"non-AAV helper function-providing polynucleotide," which as such
term is used herein is a virus, plasmid vector, a non-plasmid
vector, or a polynucleotide that has been integrated into a
cellular chromosome, that provides non-AAV helper functions. The
vector, pHelper and derivatives thereof (commercially available
from Cell Biolabs, Inc., Invitrogen and Stratagene) are suitable
non-AAV helper function-providing polynucleotide (see, e.g.,
Matsushita, T. et al. (1998) "Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors Can Be
Efficiently Produced Without Helper Virus," Gene Ther. 5:938-945;
Sharma, A. et al. (2010) "Transduction Efficiency Of AAV 2/6, 2/8
And 2/9 Vectors For Delivering Genes In Human Corneal Fibroblasts,"
Brain Res. Bull. 81(2-3):273-278). Plasmid pHelper-Kan (SEQ ID
NO:2; FIG. 4) is a non-AAV helper function-providing polynucleotide
that may be used in accordance with the present invention to
provide non-AAV helper functions.
TABLE-US-00002 Coding Strand of Plasmid pHelper-Kan (SEQ ID NO: 2):
ggtacccaac tccatgctta acagtcccca ggtacagccc accctgcgtc gcaaccagga
acagctctac agcttcctgg agcgccactc gccctacttc cgcagccaca gtgcgcagat
taggagcgcc acttcttttt gtcacttgaa aaacatgtaa aaataatgta ctaggagaca
ctttcaataa aggcaaatgt ttttatttgt acactctcgg gtgattattt accccccacc
cttgccgtct gcgccgttta aaaatcaaag gggttctgcc gcgcatcgct atgcgccact
ggcagggaca cgttgcgata ctggtgttta gtgctccact taaactcagg cacaaccatc
cgcggcagct cggtgaagtt ttcactccac aggctgcgca ccatcaccaa cgcgtttagc
aggtcgggcg ccgatatctt gaagtcgcag ttggggcctc cgccctgcgc gcgcgagttg
cgatacacag ggttgcagca ctggaacact atcagcgccg ggtggtgcac gctggccagc
acgctcttgt cggagatcag atccgcgtcc aggtcctccg cgttgctcag ggcgaacgga
gtcaactttg gtagctgcct tcccaaaaag ggtgcatgcc caggctttga gttgcactcg
caccgtagtg gcatcagaag gtgaccgtgc ccggtctggg cgttaggata cagcgcctgc
atgaaagcct tgatctgctt aaaagccacc tgagcctttg cgccttcaga gaagaacatg
ccgcaagact tgccggaaaa ctgattggcc ggacaggccg cgtcatgcac gcagcacctt
gcgtcggtgt tggagatctg caccacattt cggccccacc ggttcttcac gatcttggcc
ttgctagact gctccttcag cgcgcgctgc ccgttttcgc tcgtcacatc catttcaatc
acgtgctcct tatttatcat aatgctcccg tgtagacact taagctcgcc ttcgatctca
gcgcagcggt gcagccacaa cgcgcagccc gtgggctcgt ggtgcttgta ggttacctct
gcaaacgact gcaggtacgc ctgcaggaat cgccccatca tcgtcacaaa ggtcttgttg
ctggtgaagg tcagctgcaa cccgcggtgc tcctcgttta gccaggtctt gcatacggcc
gccagagctt ccacttggtc aggcagtagc ttgaagtttg cctttagatc gttatccacg
tggtacttgt ccatcaacgc gcgcgcagcc tccatgccct tctcccacgc agacacgatc
ggcaggctca gcgggtttat caccgtgctt tcactttccg cttcactgga ctcttccttt
tcctcttgcg tccgcatacc ccgcgccact gggtcgtctt cattcagccg ccgcaccgtg
cgcttacctc ccttgccgtg cttgattagc accggtgggt tgctgaaacc caccatttgt
agcgccacat cttctctttc ttcctcgctg tccacgatca cctctgggga tggcgggcgc
tcgggcttgg gagaggggcg cttctttttc tttttggacg caatggccaa atccgccgtc
gaggtcgatg gccgcgggct gggtgtgcgc ggcaccagcg catcttgtga cgagtcttct
tcgtcctcgg actcgagacg ccgcctcagc cgcttttttg ggggcgcgcg gggaggcggc
ggcgacggcg acggggacga cacgtcctcc atggttggtg gacgtcgcgc cgcaccgcgt
ccgcgctcgg gggtggtttc gcgctgctcc tcttcccgac tggccatttc cttctcctat
aggcagaaaa agatcatgga gtcagtcgag aaggaggaca gcctaaccgc cccctttgag
ttcgccacca ccgcctccac cgatgccgcc aacgcgccta ccaccttccc cgtcgaggca
cccccgcttg aggaggagga agtgattatc gagcaggacc caggttttgt aagcgaagac
gacgaggatc gctcagtacc aacagaggat aaaaagcaag accaggacga cgcagaggca
aacgaggaac aagtcgggcg gggggaccaa aggcatggcg actacctaga tgtgggagac
gacgtgctgt tgaagcatct gcagcgccag tgcgccatta tctgcgacgc gttgcaagag
cgcagcgatg tgcccctcgc catagcggat gtcagccttg cctacgaacg ccacctgttc
tcaccgcgcg taccccccaa acgccaagaa aacggcacat gcgagcccaa cccgcgcctc
aacttctacc ccgtatttgc cgtgccagag gtgcttgcca cctatcacat ctttttccaa
aactgcaaga tacccctatc ctgccgtgcc aaccgcagcc gagcggacaa gcagctggcc
ttgcggcagg gcgctgtcat acctgatatc gcctcgctcg acgaagtgcc aaaaatcttt
gagggtcttg gacgcgacga gaaacgcgcg gcaaacgctc tgcaacaaga aaacagcgaa
aatgaaagtc actgtggagt gctggtggaa cttgagggtg acaacgcgcg cctagccgtg
ctgaaacgca gcatcgaggt cacccacttt gcctacccgg cacttaacct accccccaag
gttatgagca cagtcatgag cgagctgatc gtgcgccgtg cacgacccct ggagagggat
gcaaacttgc aagaacaaac cgaggagggc ctacccgcag ttggcgatga gcagctggcg
cgctggcttg agacgcgcga gcctgccgac ttggaggagc gacgcaagct aatgatggcc
gcagtgcttg ttaccgtgga gcttgagtgc atgcagcggt tctttgctga cccggagatg
cagcgcaagc tagaggaaac gttgcactac acctttcgcc agggctacgt gcgccaggcc
tgcaaaattt ccaacgtgga gctctgcaac ctggtctcct accttggaat tttgcacgaa
aaccgcctcg ggcaaaacgt gcttcattcc acgctcaagg gcgaggcgcg ccgcgactac
gtccgcgact gcgtttactt atttctgtgc tacacctggc aaacggccat gggcgtgtgg
cagcaatgcc tggaggagcg caacctaaag gagctgcaga agctgctaaa gcaaaacttg
aaggacctat ggacggcctt caacgagcgc tccgtggccg cgcacctggc ggacattatc
ttccccgaac gcctgcttaa aaccctgcaa cagggtctgc cagacttcac cagtcaaagc
atgttgcaaa actttaggaa ctttatccta gagcgttcag gaattctgcc cgccacctgc
tgtgcgcttc ctagcgactt tgtgcccatt aagtaccgtg aatgccctcc gccgctttgg
ggtcactgct accttctgca gctagccaac taccttgcct accactccga catcatggaa
gacgtgagcg gtgacggcct actggagtgt cactgtcgct gcaacctatg caccccgcac
cgctccctgg tctgcaattc gcaactgctt agcgaaagtc aaattatcgg tacctttgag
ctgcagggtc cctcgcctga cgaaaagtcc gcggctccgg ggttgaaact cactccgggg
ctgtggacgt cggcttacct tcgcaaattt gtacctgagg actaccacgc ccacgagatt
aggttctacg aagaccaatc ccgcccgcca aatgcggagc ttaccgcctg cgtcattacc
cagggccaca tccttggcca attgcaagcc atcaacaaag cccgccaaga gtttctgcta
cgaaagggac ggggggttta cctggacccc cagtccggcg aggagctcaa cccaatcccc
ccgccgccgc agccctatca gcagccgcgg gcccttgctt cccaggatgg cacccaaaaa
gaagctgcag ctgccgccgc cgccacccac ggacgaggag gaatactggg acagtcaggc
agaggaggtt ttggacgagg aggaggagat gatggaagac tgggacagcc tagacgaagc
ttccgaggcc gaagaggtgt cagacgaaac accgtcaccc tcggtcgcat tcccctcgcc
ggcgccccag aaattggcaa ccgttcccag catcgctaca acctccgctc ctcaggcgcc
gccggcactg cctgttcgcc gacccaaccg tagatgggac accactggaa ccagggccgg
taagtctaag cagccgccgc cgttagccca agagcaacaa cagcgccaag gctaccgctc
gtggcgcggg cacaagaacg ccatagttgc ttgcttgcaa gactgtgggg gcaacatctc
cttcgcccgc cgctttcttc tctaccatca cggcgtggcc ttcccccgta acatcctgca
ttactaccgt catctctaca gcccctactg caccggcggc agcggcagcg gcagcaacag
cagcggtcac acagaagcaa aggcgaccgg atagcaagac tctgacaaag cccaagaaat
ccacagcggc ggcagcagca ggaggaggag cgctgcgtct ggcgcccaac gaacccgtat
cgacccgcga gcttagaaat aggatttttc ccactctgta tgctatattt caacaaagca
ggggccaaga acaagagctg aaaataaaaa acaggtctct gcgctccctc acccgcagct
gcctgtatca caaaagcgaa gatcagcttc ggcgcacgct ggaagacgcg gaggctctct
tcagcaaata ctgcgcgctg actcttaagg actagtttcg cgccctttct caaatttaag
cgcgaaaact acgtcatctc cagcggccac acccggcgcc
agcacctgtc gtcagcgcca ttatgagcaa ggaaattccc acgccctaca tgtggagtta
ccagccacaa atgggacttg cggctggagc tgcccaagac tactcaaccc gaataaacta
catgagcgcg ggaccccaca tgatatcccg ggtcaacgga atccgcgccc accgaaaccg
aattctcctc gaacaggcgg ctattaccac cacacctcgt aataacctta atccccgtag
ttggcccgct gccctggtgt accaggaaag tcccgctccc accactgtgg tacttcccag
agacgcccag gccgaagttc agatgactaa ctcaggggcg cagcttgcgg gcggctttcg
tcacagggtg cggtcgcccg ggcgttttag ggcggagtaa cttgcatgta ttgggaattg
tagttttttt aaaatgggaa gtgacgtatc gtgggaaaac ggaagtgaag atttgaggaa
gttgtgggtt ttttggcttt cgtttctggg cgtaggttcg cgtgcggttt tctgggtgtt
ttttgtggac tttaaccgtt acgtcatttt ttagtcctat atatactcgc tctgtacttg
gcccttttta cactgtgact gattgagctg gtgccgtgtc gagtggtgtt ttttaatagg
tttttttact ggtaaggctg actgttatgg ctgccgctgt ggaagcgctg tatgttgttc
tggagcggga gggtgctatt ttgcctaggc aggagggttt ttcaggtgtt tatgtgtttt
tctctcctat taattttgtt atacctccta tgggggctgt aatgttgtct ctacgcctgc
gggtatgtat tcccccgggc tatttcggtc gctttttagc actgaccgat gttaaccaac
ctgatgtgtt taccgagtct tacattatga ctccggacat gaccgaggaa ctgtcggtgg
tgctttttaa tcacggtgac cagttttttt acggtcacgc cggcatggcc gtagtccgtc
ttatgcttat aagggttgtt tttcctgttg taagacaggc ttctaatgtt taaatgtttt
tttttttgtt attttatttt gtgtttaatg caggaacccg cagacatgtt tgagagaaaa
atggtgtctt tttctgtggt ggttccggaa cttacctgcc tttatctgca tgagcatgac
tacgatgtgc ttgctttttt gcgcgaggct ttgcctgatt ttttgagcag caccttgcat
tttatatcgc cgcccatgca acaagcttac ataggggcta cgctggttag catagctccg
agtatgcgtg tcataatcag tgtgggttct tttgtcatgg ttcctggcgg ggaagtggcc
gcgctggtcc gtgcagacct gcacgattat gttcagctgg ccctgcgaag ggacctacgg
gatcgcggta tttttgttaa tgttccgctt ttgaatctta tacaggtctg tgaggaacct
gaatttttgc aatcatgatt cgctgcttga ggctgaaggt ggagggcgct ctggagcaga
tttttacaat ggccggactt aatattcggg atttgcttag agacatattg ataaggtggc
gagatgaaaa ttatttgggc atggttgaag gtgctggaat gtttatagag gagattcacc
ctgaagggtt tagcctttac gtccacttgg acgtgagggc agtttgcctt ttggaagcca
ttgtgcaaca tcttacaaat gccattatct gttctttggc tgtagagttt gaccacgcca
ccggagggga gcgcgttcac ttaatagatc ttcattttga ggttttggat aatcttttgg
aataaaaaaa aaaaaacatg gttcttccag ctcttcccgc tcctcccgtg tgtgactcgc
agaacgaatg tgtaggttgg ctgggtgtgg cttattctgc ggtggtggat gttatcaggg
cagcggcgca tgaaggagtt tacatagaac ccgaagccag ggggcgcctg gatgctttga
gagagtggat atactacaac tactacacag agcgagctaa gcgacgagac cggagacgca
gatctgtttg tcacgcccgc acctggtttt gcttcaggaa atatgactac gtccggcgtt
ccatttggca tgacactacg accaacacga tctcggttgt ctcggcgcac tccgtacagt
agggatcgcc tacctccttt tgagacagag acccgcgcta ccatactgga ggatcatccg
ctgctgcccg aatgtaacac tttgacaatg cacaacgtga gttacgtgcg aggtcttccc
tgcagtgtgg gatttacgct gattcaggaa tgggttgttc cctgggatat ggttctgacg
cgggaggagc ttgtaatcct gaggaagtgt atgcacgtgt gcctgtgttg tgccaacatt
gatatcatga cgagcatgat gatccatggt tacgagtcct gggctctcca ctgtcattgt
tccagtcccg gttccctgca gtgcatagcc ggcgggcagg ttttggccag ctggtttagg
atggtggtgg atggcgccat gtttaatcag aggtttatat ggtaccggga ggtggtgaat
tacaacatgc caaaagaggt aatgtttatg tccagcgtgt ttatgagggg tcgccactta
atctacctgc gcttgtggta tgatggccac gtgggttctg tggtccccgc catgagcttt
ggatacagcg ccttgcactg tgggattttg aacaatattg tggtgctgtg ctgcagttac
tgtgctgatt taagtgagat cagggtgcgc tgctgtgccc ggaggacaag gcgtctcatg
ctgcgggcgg tgcgaatcat cgctgaggag accactgcca tgttgtattc ctgcaggacg
gagcggcggc ggcagcagtt tattcgcgcg ctgctgcagc accaccgccc tatcctgatg
cacgattatg actctacccc catgtaggcg tggacttccc cttcgccgcc cgttgagcaa
ccgcaagttg gacagcagcc tgtggctcag cagctggaca gcgacatgaa cttaagcgag
ctgcccgggg agtttattaa tatcactgat gagcgtttgg ctcgacagga aaccgtgtgg
aatataacac ctaagaatat gtctgttacc catgatatga tgctttttaa ggccagccgg
ggagaaagga ctgtgtactc tgtgtgttgg gagggaggtg gcaggttgaa tactagggtt
ctgtgagttt gattaaggta cggtgatcaa tataagctat gtggtggtgg ggctatacta
ctgaatgaaa aatgacttga aattttctgc aattgaaaaa taaacacgtt gaaacataac
atgcaacagg ttcacgattc tttattcctg ggcaatgtag gagaaggtgt aagagttggt
agcaaaagtt tcagtggtgt attttccact ttcccaggac catgtaaaag acatagagta
agtgcttacc tcgctagttt ctgtggattc actagaatcg atgtaggatg ttgcccctcc
tgacgcggta ggagaagggg agggtgccct gcatgtctgc cgctgctctt gctcttgccg
ctgctgagga ggggggcgca tctgccgcag caccggatgc atctgggaaa agcaaaaaag
gggctcgtcc ctgtttccgg aggaatttgc aagcggggtc ttgcatgacg gggaggcaaa
cccccgttcg ccgcagtccg gccggcccga gactcgaacc gggggtcctg cgactcaacc
cttggaaaat aaccctccgg ctacagggag cgagccactt aatgctttcg ctttccagcc
taaccgctta cgccgcgcgc ggccagtggc caaaaaagct agcgcagcag ccgccgcgcc
tggaaggaag ccaaaaggag cgctcccccg ttgtctgacg tcgcacacct gggttcgaca
cgcgggcggt aaccgcatgg atcacggcgg acggccggat ccggggttcg aaccccggtc
gtccgccatg atacccttgc gaatttatcc accagaccac ggaagagtgc ccgcttacag
gctctccttt tgcacggtct agagcgtcaa cgactgcgca cgcctcaccg gccagagcgt
cccgaccatg gagcactttt tgccgctgcg caacatctgg aaccgcgtcc gcgactttcc
gcgcgcctcc accaccgccg ccggcatcac ctggatgtcc aggtacatct acggattacg
tcgacgttta aaccatatga tcagctcact caaaggcggt aatacggtta tccacagaat
caggggataa cgcaggaaag aacatgtgag caaaaggcca gcaaaaggcc aggaaccgta
aaaaggccgc gttgctggcg tttttccata ggctccgccc ccctgacgag catcacaaaa
atcgacgctc aagtcagagg tggcgaaacc cgacaggact ataaagatac caggcgtttc
cccctggaag ctccctcgtg cgctctcctg ttccgaccct gccgcttacc ggatacctgt
ccgcctttct cccttcggga agcgtggcgc tttctcatag ctcacgctgt aggtatctca
gttcggtgta ggtcgttcgc tccaagctgg gctgtgtgca cgaacccccc gttcagcccg
accgctgcgc cttatccggt aactatcgtc ttgagtccaa cccggtaaga cacgacttat
cgccactggc agcagccact ggtaacagga ttagcagagc gaggtatgta ggcggtgcta
cagagttctt gaagtggtgg cctaactacg gctacactag aagaacagta tttggtatct
gcgctctgct gaagccagtt accttcggaa aaagagttgg tagctcttga tccggcaaac
aaaccaccgc tggtagcggt ggtttttttg tttgcaagca gcagattacg
cgcagaaaaa
aaggatctca agaagatcct ttgatctttt ctacggggtc tgacgctcag tggaacgaaa
actcacgtta agggattttg gtcatgagat tatcaaaaag gatcttcacc tagatccttt
taaattaaaa atgaagtttt aaatcaatct aaagtatata tgagtaaact tggtctgaca
gtcagaagaa ctcgtcaaga aggcgataga aggcgatgcg ctgcgaatcg ggagcggcga
taccgtaaag cacgaggaag cggtcagccc attcgccgcc aagctcttca gcaatatcac
gggtagccaa cgctatgtcc tgatagcggt ccgccacacc cagccggcca cagtcgatga
atccagaaaa gcggccattt tccaccatga tattcggcaa gcaggcatcg ccatgggtca
cgacgagatc ctcgccgtcg ggcatgctcg ccttgagcct ggcgaacagt tcggctggcg
cgagcccctg atgctcttcg tccagatcat cctgatcgac aagaccggct tccatccgag
tacgtgctcg ctcgatgcga tgtttcgctt ggtggtcgaa tgggcaggta gccggatcaa
gcgtatgcag ccgccgcatt gcatcagcca tgatggatac tttctcggca ggagcaaggt
gagatgacag gagatcctgc cccggcactt cgcccaatag cagccagtcc cttcccgctt
cagtgacaac gtcgagtaca gctgcgcaag gaacgcccgt cgtggccagc cacgatagcc
gcgctgcctc gtcttgcagt tcattcaggg caccggacag gtcggtcttg acaaaaagaa
ccgggcgccc ctgcgctgac agccggaaca cggcggcatc agagcagccg attgtctgtt
gtgcccagtc atagccgaat agcctctcca cccaagcggc cggagaacct gcgtgcaatc
catcttgttc aatcatactc ttcctttttc aatattattg aagcatttat cagggttatt
gtctcatgag cggatacata tttgaatgta tttagaaaaa taaacaaata ggggttccgc
gcacatttcc ccgaaaagtg ccacctaaat tgtaagcgtt aatattttgt taaaattcgc
gttaaatttt tgttaaatca gctcattttt taaccaatag gccgaaatcg gcaaaatccc
ttataaatca aaagaataga ccgagatagg gttgagtgtt gttccagttt ggaacaagag
tccactatta aagaacgtgg actccaacgt caaagggcga aaaaccgtct atcagggcga
tggcccacta cgtgaaccat caccctaatc aagttttttg gggtcgaggt gccgtaaagc
actaaatcgg aaccctaaag ggagcccccg atttagagct tgacggggaa agccggcgaa
cgtggcgaga aaggaaggga agaaagcgaa aggagcgggc gctagggcgc tggcaagtgt
agcggtcacg ctgcgcgtaa ccaccacacc cgccgcgctt aatgcgccgc tacagggcgc
gatggatcc
[0070] In SEQ ID NO:2, residues 1-5343 of pHelper-Kan are derived
from adenovirus, and include a polynucleotide encoding the E2A
protein (residues 258-1847); residues 5344-8535 are derived from
adenovirus, and include a polynucleotide encoding the E4orf6
protein; residues 9423-10011 correspond to ori sequences; residues
10182-10976 encode a kanamycin resistance determinant expressed by
a bla promoter sequence (residues 10977-11081); residues
11107-11561 correspond to f1 ori sequences (FIG. 4).
[0071] As discussed above, AAV helper function-providing
polynucleotides and non-AAV helper function-providing
polynucleotides are typically employed in concert with an rAAV
plasmid vector to comprise a triple plasmid transfection system.
Multiple commercially available rAAV plasmid vectors (e.g.,
pAV-CMV-EGFP, pGOI, etc. (Cell Biolabs, Inc., Invitrogen and
Stratagene)) may be used in accordance with the present invention.
An illustrative rAAV plasmid vector that may be used in accordance
with the present invention is pAV-CMV-EGFP (SEQ ID NO:3; FIG. 5)
which comprises a 5' ITR, a U6 promoter, CMV enhancer and promoter
sequences, a polynucleotide encoding the enhanced green fluorescent
protein (EGFP) (Gambotto, A. et al. (2000) "Immunogenicity Of
Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) In BALB/C Mice:
Identification Of An H2-Kd-Restricted CTL Epitope," Gene Ther.
7(23):2036-2040; Tsien, R. Y. (1998) "The Green Fluorescent
Protein," Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67:509-544; Cinelli, R. A. et al.
(2000) "The Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein As A Tool For The
Analysis Of Protein Dynamics And Localization: Local Fluorescence
Study At The Single-Molecule Level," Photochem. Photobiol.
71(6):771-776; Chopra A. (2008) "Recombinant Adenovirus With
Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein," In: MOLECULAR IMAGING AND
CONTRAST AGENT DATABASE (MICAD), National Center for Biotechnology
Information, Bethesda Md.), FLAG-tag and 6.times.His-tag sites for
facilitating recovery or localization of expressed proteins, an
SV40 poly(A) site and a 3' ITR.
TABLE-US-00003 Coding Strand of Plasmid pAV-CMV-EGFP (SEQ ID NO:
3): cctgcaggca gctgcgcgct cgctcgctca ctgaggccgc ccgggcgtcg
ggcgaccttt ggtcgcccgg ccctccagtg agcgagcgcg cagagaggga gtggccaact
ccatcactag gggttcctgc ggccgcacgc gtctagttat taatagtaat cgaattcgtg
ttactcataa ctagtaaggt cgggcaggaa gagggcctat ttcccatgat tccttcatat
ttgcatatac gatacaaggc tgttagagag ataattagaa ttaatttgac tgtaaacaca
aagatattag tacaaaatac gtgacgtaga aagtaataat ttcttgggta gtttgcagtt
ttaaaattat gttttaaaat ggactatcat atgcttaccg taacttgaaa gtatttcgat
ttcttgggtt tatatatctt gtggaaagga cgcgggatcc actggaccag gcagcagcgt
cagaagactt ttttggaaaa gcttgactag taatactgta atagtaatca attacggggt
cattagttca tagcccatat atggagttcc gcgttacata acttacggta aatggcccgc
ctggctgacc gcccaacgac ccccgcccat tgacgtcaat aatgacgtat gttcccatag
taacgccaat agggactttc cattgacgtc aatgggtgga gtatttacgg taaactgccc
acttggcagt acatcaagtg tatcatatgc caagtacgcc ccctattgac gtcaatgacg
gtaaatggcc cgcctggcat tatgcccagt acatgacctt atgggacttt cctacttggc
agtacatcta cgtattagtc atcgctatta ccatggtgat gcggttttgg cagtacatca
atgggcgtgg atagcggttt gactcacggg gatttccaag tctccacccc attgacgtca
atgggagttt gttttgcacc aaaatcaacg ggactttcca aaatgtcgta acaactccgc
cccattgacg caaatgggcg gtaggcgtgt acggtgggag gtctatataa gcagagctgg
tttagtgaac cgtcagatcc gctagagatc cggtaccgag gagatctgcc gccgcgatcg
ccggcgcgcc agatctcacg cttaactagc tagcggaccg acgcgtacgc ggccgctcga
gatggtgagc aagggcgagg agctgttcac cggggtggtg cccatcctgg tcgagctgga
cggcgacgta aacggccaca agttcagcgt gtccggcgag ggcgagggcg atgccaccta
cggcaagctg accctgaagt tcatctgcac caccggcaag ctgcccgtgc cctggcccac
cctcgtgacc accctgacct acggcgtgca gtgcttcagc cgctaccccg accacatgaa
gcagcacgac ttcttcaagt ccgccatgcc cgaaggctac gtccaggagc gcaccatctt
cttcaaggac gacggcaact acaagacccg cgccgaggtg aagttcgagg gcgacaccct
ggtgaaccgc atcgagctga agggcatcga cttcaaggag gacggcaaca tcctggggca
caagctggag tacaactaca acagccacaa cgtctatatc atggccgaca agcagaagaa
cggcatcaag gtgaacttca agatccgcca caacatcgag gacggcagcg tgcagctcgc
cgaccactac cagcagaaca cccccatcgg cgacggcccc gtgctgctgc ccgacaacca
ctacctgagc acccagtccg ccctgagcaa agaccccaac gagaagcgcg atcacatggt
cctgctggag ttcgtgaccg ccgccgggat cactctcggc atggacgagc tgtacaagta
agtcgaggat tataaggatg acgacgataa attcgtcgag caccaccacc accaccacta
ataaggttta tccgatccac cggatctaga taagatatcc gatccaccgg atctagataa
ctgatcataa tcagccatac cacatttgta gaggttttac ttgctttaaa aaacctccca
cacctccccc tgaacctgaa acataaaatg aatgcaattg ttgttgttaa cttgtttatt
gcagcttata atggttacaa ataaagcaat agcatcacaa atttcacaaa taaagcattt
ttttcactgc attctagttg tggtttgtcc aaactcatca atgtatctta acgcggtaac
cacgtgcgga ccgagcggcc gcaggaaccc ctagtgatgg agttggccac tccctctctg
cgcgctcgct cgctcactga ggccgggcga ccaaaggtcg cccgacgccc gggctttgcc
cgggcggcct cagtgagcga gcgagcgcgc agctgcctgc aggggcgcct gatgcggtat
tttctcctta cgcatctgtg cggtatttca caccgcatac gtcaaagcaa ccatagtacg
cgccctgtag cggcgcatta agcgcggcgg gtgtggtggt tacgcgcagc gtgaccgcta
cacctgccag cgccttagcg cccgctcctt tcgctttctt cccttccttt ctcgccacgt
tcgccggctt tccccgtcaa gctctaaatc gggggctccc tttagggttc cgatttagtg
ctttacggca cctcgacccc aaaaaacttg atttgggtga tggttcacgt agtgggccat
cgccctgata gacggttttt cgccctttga cgttggagtc cacgttcttt aatagtggac
tcttgttcca aactggaaca acactcaacc ctatctcggg ctattctttt gatttataag
ggattttgcc gatttcggcc tattggttaa aaaatgagct gatttaacaa aaatttaacg
cgaattttaa caaaatatta acgtttacaa ttttatggtg cactctcagt acaatctgct
ctgatgccgc atagttaagc cagccccgac acccgccaac acccgctgac gcgccctgac
gggcttgtct gctcccggca tccgcttaca gacaagctgt gaccgtctcc gggagctgca
tgtgtcagag gttttcaccg tcatcaccga aacgcgcgag acgaaagggc ctcgtgatac
gcctattttt ataggttaat gtcatgataa taatggtttc ttagacgtca ggtggcactt
ttcggggaaa tgtgcgcgga acccctattt gtttattttt ctaaatacat tcaaatatgt
atccgctcat gagacaataa ccctgataaa tgcttcaata atattgaaaa aggaagagta
tgagtattca acatttccgt gtcgccctta ttcccttttt tgcggcattt tgccttcctg
tttttgctca cccagaaacg ctggtgaaag taaaagatgc tgaagatcag ttgggtgcac
gagtgggtta catcgaactg gatctcaaca gcggtaagat ccttgagagt tttcgccccg
aagaacgttt tccaatgatg agcactttta aagttctgct atgtggcgcg gtattatccc
gtattgacgc cgggcaagag caactcggtc gccgcataca ctattctcag aatgacttgg
ttgagtactc accagtcaca gaaaagcatc ttacggatgg catgacagta agagaattat
gcagtgctgc cataaccatg agtgataaca ctgcggccaa cttacttctg acaacgatcg
gaggaccgaa ggagctaacc gcttttttgc acaacatggg ggatcatgta actcgccttg
atcgttggga accggagctg aatgaagcca taccaaacga cgagcgtgac accacgatgc
ctgtagcaat ggcaacaacg ttgcgcaaac tattaactgg cgaactactt actctagctt
cccggcaaca attaatagac tggatggagg cggataaagt tgcaggacca cttctgcgct
cggcccttcc ggctggctgg tttattgctg ataaatctgg agccggtgag cgtgggtctc
gcggtatcat tgcagcactg gggccagatg gtaagccctc ccgtatcgta gttatctaca
cgacggggag tcaggcaact atggatgaac gaaatagaca gatcgctgag ataggtgcct
cactgattaa gcattggtaa ctgtcagacc aagtttactc atatatactt tagattgatt
taaaacttca tttttaattt aaaaggatct aggtgaagat cctttttgat aatctcatga
ccaaaatccc ttaacgtgag ttttcgttcc actgagcgtc agaccccgta gaaaagatca
aaggatcttc ttgagatcct ttttttctgc gcgtaatctg ctgcttgcaa acaaaaaaac
caccgctacc agcggtggtt tgtttgccgg atcaagagct accaactctt tttccgaagg
taactggctt cagcagagcg cagataccaa atactgtcct tctagtgtag ccgtagttag
gccaccactt caagaactct gtagcaccgc ctacatacct cgctctgcta atcctgttac
cagtggctgc tgccagtggc gataagtcgt gtcttaccgg gttggactca agacgatagt
taccggataa ggcgcagcgg tcgggctgaa cggggggttc gtgcacacag cccagcttgg
agcgaacgac ctacaccgaa ctgagatacc tacagcgtga gctatgagaa agcgccacgc
ttcccgaagg gagaaaggcg gacaggtatc cggtaagcgg cagggtcgga acaggagagc
gcacgaggga gcttccaggg ggaaacgcct ggtatcttta tagtcctgtc gggtttcgcc
acctctgact tgagcgtcga tttttgtgat gctcgtcagg ggggcggagc
ctatggaaaa acgccagcaa cgcggccttt ttacggttcc tggccttttg ctggcctttt
gctcacatgt
[0072] In SEQ ID NO:3, residues 1-128 of pAV-CMV-EGFP correspond to
the 5' ITR; residues 201-441 are U6 promoter sequences; residues
562-865 are human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early enhancer
sequences; residues 866-1068 comprise the CMV immediate early
promoter; residues 1192-1911 comprise a mammalian codon-optimized
polynucleotide that encodes the EGFP; residues 1918-1941 encode the
FLAG-tag; residues 1951-1968 encode the 6.times.His-tag; residues
2139-2260 encode the SV40 poly(A) sequence; residues 2293-2433
correspond to the 3' ITR; residues 2508-22963 correspond to F1 ori
sequences; residues 3350-4210 encode an ampicillin resistance
determinant and its signal sequence (residues 3350-3418) expressed
by a bla promoter sequence (residues 3245-3349); residues 4381-4969
correspond to an ori sequence (FIG. 5).
[0073] A second illustrative rAAV plasmid vector that may be used
in accordance with the present invention is pAV-TBG-EGFP (SEQ ID
NO:4; FIG. 6) which comprises a 5' ITR, a thyroid hormone-binding
globulin (TBG) promoter, a polynucleotide encoding the enhanced
green fluorescent protein (EGFP), FLAG-tag and 6.times.His-tag
sites for facilitating recovery or localization of expressed
proteins, an SV40 poly(A) site and a 3' ITR.
TABLE-US-00004 Coding Strand of Plasmid pAV-TBG-EGFP (SEQ ID NO:
4): cctgcaggca gctgcgcgct cgctcgctca ctgaggccgc ccgggcgtcg
ggcgaccttt ggtcgcccgg cctcagtgag cgagcgagcg cgcagagagg gagtggccaa
ctccatcact aggggttcct gcggccggtc gcgtctagta ctagtaggtt aatttttaaa
aagcagtcaa aagtccaagt ggcccttggc agcatttact ctctctgttt gctctggtta
ataatctcag gagcacaaac attccagatc caggttaatt tttaaaaagc agtcaaaagt
ccaagtggcc cttggcagca tttactctct ctgtttgctc tggttaataa tctcaggagc
acaaacattc cagatccggc gcgccagggc tggaagctac ctttgacatc atttcctctg
cgaatgcatg tataatttct acagaaccta ttagaaagga tcacccagcc tctgcttttg
tacaactttc ccttaaaaaa ctgccaattc cactgctgtt tggcccaata gtgagaactt
tttcctgctg cctcttggtg cttttgccta tggcccctat tctgcctgct gaagacactc
ttgccagcat ggacttaaac ccctccagct ctgacaatcc tctttctctt ttgttttaca
tgaagggtct ggcagccaaa gcaatcactc aaagttcaaa ccttatcatt ttttgctttg
ttcctcttgg ccttggtttt gtacatcagc tttgaaaata ccatcccagg gttaatgctg
gggttaattt ataactaaga gtgctctagt tttgcaatac aggacatgct ataaaaatgg
aaagatgttg ctttctgaga gacaggtacc gaggagatct gccgccgcga tcgccaccat
ggtgagcaag ggcgaggagc tgttcaccgg ggtggtgccc atcctggtcg agctggacgg
cgacgtaaac ggccacaagt tcagcgtgtc cggcgagggc gagggcgatg ccacttacgg
caagctgacc ctgaagttca tctgcaccac cggcaagctg cccgtgccct ggcccaccct
cgtgaccacc ctgacctacg gcgtgcagtg cttcagccgc taccccgacc acatgaagca
gcacgacttc ttcaagtccg ccatgcccga aggctacgtc caggagcgca ccatcttctt
caaggacgac ggcaactaca agacccgcgc cgaggtgaag ttcgagggcg acaccctggt
gaaccgcatc gagctgaagg gcatcgactt caaggaggac ggcaacatcc tggggcacaa
gctggagtac aactacaaca gccacaacgt ctatatcatg gccgacaagc agaagaacgg
catcaaggtg aacttcaaga tccgccacaa catcgaggac ggcagcgtgc agctcgccga
ccactaccag cagaacaccc ccatcggcga cggccccgtg ctgctgcccg acaaccacta
cctgagcacc cagtccgccc tgagcaaaga ccccaacgag aagcgcgatc acatggtcct
gctggagttc gtgaccgccg ccgggatcac tctcggcatg gacgagctgt acaagtagac
gcgtacgcgg ccgctcgagg attataagga tgacgacgat aaattcgtcg agcaccacca
ccaccaccac taataaggtt tatccgatcc accggatcta gataagatat ccgatccacc
ggatctagat aactgatcat aatcagccat accacatttg tagaggtttt acttgcttta
aaaaacctcc cacacctccc cctgaacctg aaacataaaa tgaatgcaat tgttgttgtt
aacttgttta ttgcagctta taatggttac aaataaagca atagcatcac aaatttcaca
aataaagcat ttttttcact gcattctagt tgtggtttgt ccaaactcat caatgtatct
taacgcggta accacgtgcg gacccaacgg ccgcaggaac ccctagtgat ggagttggcc
actccctctc tgcgcgctcg ctcgctcact gaggccgggc gaccaaaggt cgcccgacgc
ccgggctttg cccgggcggc ctcagtgagc gagcgagcgc gcagctgcct gcaggggcgc
ctgatgcggt attttctcct tacgcatctg tgcggtattt cacaccgcat acgtcaaagc
aaccatagta cgcgccctgt agcggcacat taagcgcggc gggtgtggtg gttacgcgca
gcgtgaccgc tacacctgcc agcgccttag cgcccgctcc tttcgctttc ttcccttcct
ttctcgccac gttcgccggc tttccccgtc aagctctaaa tcgggggctc cctttagggt
tccgatttag tgctttacgg cacctcgacc ccaaaaaact tgatttgggt gatggttcac
gtagtgggcc atcgccctga tagacggttt ttcgcccttt gacgttggag tccacgttct
ttaatagtgg actcttgttc caaactggaa caacactcaa ctctatctcg ggctattctt
ttgatttata agggattttg ccgatttcgg tctattggtt aaaaaatgag ctgatttaac
aaaaatttaa cgcgaatttt aacaaaatat taacgtttac aattttatgg tgcactctca
gtacaatctg ctctgatgcc gcatagttaa gccagccccg acacccgcca acacccgctg
acgcgccctg acgggcttgt ctgctcccgg catccgctta cagacaagct gtgaccgtct
ccgggagctg catgtgtcag aggttttcac cgtcatcacc gaaacgcgcg agacgaaagg
gcctcgtgat acgcctattt ttataggtta atgtcatgat aataatggtt tcttagacgt
caggtggcac ttttcgggga aatgtgcgcg gaacccctat ttgtttattt ttctaaatac
attcaaatat gtatccgctc atgagacaat aaccctgata aatgcttcaa taatattgaa
aaaggaagag tatgagtatt caacatttcc gtgtcgccct tattcccttt tttgcggcat
tttgccttcc tgtttttgct cacccagaaa cgctggtgaa agtaaaagat gctgaagatc
agttgggtgc acgagtgggt tacatcgaac tggatctcaa cagcggtaag atccttgaga
gttttcgccc cgaagaacgt tttccaatga tgagcacttt taaagttctg ctatgtggcg
cggtattatc ccgtattgac gccgggcaag agcaactcgg tcgccgcata cactattctc
agaatgactt ggttgagtac tcaccagtca cagaaaagca tcttacggat ggcatgacag
taagagaatt atgcagtgct gccataacca tgagtgataa cactgcggcc aacttacttc
tgacaacgat cggaggaccg aaggagctaa ccgctttttt gcacaacatg ggggatcatg
taactcgcct tgatcgttgg gaaccggagc tgaatgaagc cataccaaac gacgagcgtg
acaccacgat gcctgtagca atggcaacaa cgttgcgcaa actattaact ggcgaactac
ttactctagc ttcccggcaa caattaatag actggatgga ggcggataaa gttgcaggac
cacttctgcg ctcggccctt ccggctggct ggtttattgc tgataaatct ggagccggtg
agcgtgggtc tcgcggtatc attgcagcac tggggccaga tggtaagccc tcccgtatcg
tagttatcta cacgacgggg agtcaggcaa ctatggatga acgaaataga cagatcgctg
agataggtgc ctcactgatt aagcattggt aactgtcaga ccaagtttac tcatatatac
tttagattga tttaaaactt catttttaat ttaaaaggat ctaggtgaag atcctttttg
ataatctcat gaccaaaatc ccttaacgtg agttttcgtt ccactgagcg tcagaccccg
tagaaaagat caaaggatct tcttgagatc ctttttttct gcgcgtaatc tgctgcttgc
aaacaaaaaa accaccgcta ccagcggtgg tttgtttgcc ggatcaagag ctaccaactc
tttttccgaa ggtaactggc ttcagcagag cgcagatacc aaatactgtt cttctagtgt
agccgtagtt aggccaccac ttcaagaact ctgtagcacc gcctacatac ctcgctctgc
taatcctgtt accagtggct gctgccagtg gcgataagtc gtgtcttacc gggttggact
caagacgata gttaccggat aaggcgcagc ggtcgggctg aacggggggt tcgtgcacac
agcccagctt ggagcgaacg acctacaccg aactgagata cctacagcgt gagctatgag
aaagcgccac gcttcccgaa gggagaaagg cggacaggta tccggtaagc ggcagggtcg
gaacaggaga gcgcacgagg gagcttccag ggggaaacgc ctggtatctt tatagtcctg
tcgggtttcg ccacctctga cttgagcgtc gatttttgtg atgctcgtca ggggggcgga
gcctatggaa aaacgccagc aacgcggcct ttttacggtt cctggccttt tgctggcctt
ttgctcacat gt
[0074] In SEQ ID NO:4, residues 1-130 of pAV-TBG-EGFP correspond to
the 5' ITR; residues 150-854 are TBG promoter sequences, with
residues 415-824 comprising the TBG promoter; residues 886-1608
encode the EGFP; residues 1630-1653 encode the FLAG-tag; residues
1663-1680 encode the 6.times.His-tag; residues 1851-1972 encode the
poly(A) sequence; residues 2005-2145 corresponds to the 3' ITR;
residues 2220-2675 correspond to F1 ori sequences; residues
3062-3922 encode an ampicillin resistance determinant and its
signal sequence (residues 3062-3130) expressed by a bla promoter
sequence (residues 2957-3061); residues 4093-4681 correspond to an
ori sequence (FIG. 6).
[0075] As used herein, the term "production titer" is intended to
denote the amount of concentration of infectious rAAV in a
preparation. Such amounts or concentrations are preferably
determined by titering the AAV or rAAV in such preparation. The
production titers of the rAAV preparations of the present invention
are preferably titered after subjecting producing cells (e.g.,
HEK293 transformed with an rAAV plasmid vector, an AAV helper
vector providing Rep and Cap proteins, and an Ad helper vector
providing required adenovirus transcription and translation
factors) to three rounds of freeze/thawing, followed by sonication
to release the rAAV particles. The preparation is then centrifuged.
The employed AAV vector is localized to the supernatant. An aliquot
of the preparation is treated with proteinase K, and the number of
AAV genomes is determined. An aliquot of the preparation is
infected into HeLa-32C2 cells (which express AAV2 Rep and Cap
proteins), and infectious titer is measured using the infectious
center assay (ICA) (Francois, A. et al. (2018) "Accurate Titration
of Infectious AAV Particles Requires Measurement of Biologically
Active Vector Genomes and Suitable Controls," Molec. Ther. Meth.
Clin. Develop. 10:223-236) or more preferably, as the median tissue
culture infective dose (TCID50) (Zen, Z. et al. (2004) "Infectious
Titer Assay For Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors With Sensitivity
Sufficient To Detect Single Infectious Events," Hum. Gene Ther.
15:709-715).
[0076] As used herein, an rAAV production titer is said to be
"increased" by the methods of the present invention if the
production titer obtained from the use of the methods of the
present invention is at least 10% greater, more preferably at least
20% greater, still more preferably at least 30% greater, still more
preferably at least 40% greater, still more preferably at least 50%
greater, still more preferably at least 60% greater, still more
preferably at least 70% greater, still more preferably at least 80%
greater, still more preferably at least 90% greater, still more
preferably at least 2-fold greater, still more preferably at least
110% greater, still more preferably at least 120% greater, still
more preferably at least 130% greater, still more preferably at
least 140% greater, still more preferably at least 2.5-fold
greater, still more preferably at least 160% greater, still more
preferably at least 170% greater, still more preferably at least
180% greater, still more preferably at least 190% greater, and
still more preferably at least 3-fold greater than the titer
obtained from a similarly conducted production in which the
additionally provided ions were not provided.
[0077] The rAAV whose production titer may be increased using the
methods of the present invention may comprise any transgene
cassette that permits the rAAV to be packaged into an rAAV plasmid
vector that may be encapsidated within an AAV capsid particle.
Without limitation, such transgene cassette(s) may be of human,
primate (including chimpanzee, gibbon, gorilla, orangutan, etc.),
cercopithecine (including baboon, cynomolgus monkey, velvet monkey,
etc.), canine, glirine (including rat, mouse, hamster, guinea pig,
etc.), feline, ovine, caprine, or equine origin.
[0078] In preferred embodiments, such an rAAV or rAAV plasmid
vector will encode a protein (e.g., an enzyme, hormone, antibody,
receptor, ligand, etc.), or comprise a transcribed nucleic acid,
that is relevant to a genetic or heritable disease or condition,
such that it may be used in gene therapy to treat such disease or
condition.
[0079] The methods of the present invention may be used to increase
the production titer of rAAV and rAAV plasmid vectors in cells that
have been transfected with a desired rAAV or rAAV plasmid vector,
and with such one or more viruses and/or helper plasmids that can
provide proteins or RNA molecules that are not provided by such
rAAV or rAAV plasmid vectors, but are required for their
production. As discussed above, such proteins or RNA molecules
include the genes encoding the Rep52 and Rep78 proteins that are
required for vector transcription control and replication, and for
the packaging of viral genomes into the viral capsule, and, in the
case of rAAV, cap genes that encode VP capsid proteins required to
form infectious particles. Such proteins or RNA molecules also
include the viral transcription and translation factors (E1a, E1b,
E2a, VA and E4) required for AAV proliferation. In one embodiment
for producing the rAAV of the present invention, all of these genes
and RNA molecules are provided on the same helper virus (or more
preferably, helper vector) so as to comprise, in concert with an
rAAV, a double plasmid transfection system. More preferably,
however, for producing the rAAV of the present invention, the
required rep and cap genes are provided by one plasmid, and the
genes that encode the viral transcription and translation factors
are provided on a second plasmid, so that such plasmids, in concert
with the rAAV, comprise a triple plasmid transfection system.
[0080] The methods of the present invention may be employed to
increase the production titer of rAAV belonging to any serotype,
including the AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9 and AAV10
serotypes and the rAAV1, rAAV2, rAAV5, rAAV6, rAAV7, rAAV8, rAAV9,
and rAAV10 serotypes, and including hybrid serotypes (e.g., AAV2/5
and rAAV2/5, which is a hybrid of serotypes 2 and 5 and thus has
the trophism of both such serotypes).
[0081] The methods of the present invention may be employed to
enhance the production titers of rAAV that are to be produced using
"helper" RNA or proteins provided by an adenovirus, a herpes
simplex virus, a cytomegalovirus, a vaccinia virus or a
papillomavirus.
[0082] The methods of the present invention may be employed to
enhance the production titers of rAAV produced by cells in adherent
monolayer culture or in suspension culture, and may be used with
any method capable of producing rAAV. Preferably, however, rAAV is
produced by transfecting baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, or more
preferably, human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells grown in tissue
culture with the plasmid vectors described above. The BHK cell line
BHK-21 (ATCC CCL-10), which lacks endogenous retroviruses is a
preferred BHK cell line. The HEK cell line HEK293 (ATCC CRL-1573)
and its derivatives, such as HEK293T (ATCC CRL-3216, which is a
highly transfectable derivative of the HEK293 cell line into which
the temperature-sensitive gene for SV40 T-antigen was inserted) or
HEK293T/17 (ATCC.RTM. CRL-11268, which was selected for its ease of
transfection) are particularly preferred. The HEK293T/17 SF cell
line (ATCC ACS-4500) is a derivative of the 293T/17 cell line (ATCC
CRL-11268), adapted to serum-free medium and suspension, and may be
employed if desired.
[0083] The preferred base medium of the present invention for
culturing such cells is Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (ATCC
Catalog No. 30-2003) or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM;
Mediatech, Manassas, Va.). Fetal bovine serum (e.g., FBS; HyClone
Laboratories, South Logan, Utah) is added to a final concentration
of 10% in order to make the complete growth medium. Eagle's Minimum
Essential Medium and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium are complex
media that contain amino acids, vitamins, and optionally glucose,
in addition to various inorganic salts. Although different sources
differ slightly in the concentrations of such salts, Dulbecco's
Modified Eagle's Medium (commercially available from, e.g.,
ThermoFisher Scientific) additionally contains approximately the
inorganic salts shown in Table 1. The media differ in that
Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium contains approximately four
times as much of the vitamins and amino acids present in the
original formula of Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium, and two to
four times as much glucose. Additionally, it contains iron in the
form of ferric sulfate and phenol red for pH indication (Yao, T et
al. (2017) "Animal-Cell Culture Media: History, Characteristics,
And Current Issues," Reproduc. Med. Biol. 16(2): 99-117).
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 1 Concentration Inorganic Salt Formula mg/L
Molarity Calcium Chloride CaCl.sub.2 200 1.80 mM Ferric Nitrate
Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3--9H.sub.2O 0.1 0.25 .mu.M Magnesium Sulfate
(Anhyd.) MgSO.sub.4 97.67 0.81 mM Potassium Chloride KCl 400 5.37
mM Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO.sub.3 3700 44.04 mM Sodium Chloride
NaCl 6400 109.5 mM Sodium Phosphate Monobasic
NaH.sub.2PO4--H.sub.2O 125 0.78 mM Sodium Phosphate Dibasic
Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4--H.sub.2O
[0084] Cells to be used for such transfection are preferably
passaged twice weekly to maintain them in exponential growth phase.
For small-scale transfections, an aliquot of, for example,
1.times.10.sup.6 HEK293 or BHK cells per well on a multi-well
plate, or 1.5.times.10.sup.7 HEK293 cells per 15-cm dish, may be
employed. For large-scale production HEK293 or BHK cells may be
collected from multiple confluent 15-cm plates, and split into two
10-layer cell stacks (Corning, Corning, N.Y.) containing 1 liter of
complete culturing medium. In one embodiment, such cells are grown
for 4 days in such medium before transfection. The day before
transfection, the two cell stacks may be trypsinized and the cells
(e.g., approximately 6.times.10.sup.8 cells) may be resuspended in
200 ml of medium. Preferably, the cells are allowed to attach for
24 hours before transfection. Confluency of the cell stacks may be
monitored using a Diaphot inverted microscope (Nikon, Melville,
N.Y.) from which the phase-contrast hardware had been removed in
order to accommodate the cell stack on the microscope stage.
[0085] As used herein, the phrase "ionic strength" is intended to
denote the concentration of ions in a solution. The present
invention enhances rAAV production titers by increasing the ionic
strength of the culture medium by providing additional ions to the
medium used to culture rAAV transfected cells. In one embodiment,
the provided ions are cations. Suitable cations include Na.sup.+,
K.sup.+, Ca.sup.++, and Mg.sup.++. Such cations may be provided as
an inorganic salt or as a salt of organic molecule. In another
embodiment, the provided ions are anions. Suitable anions include
inorganic anions such as: CO.sub.3.sup..dbd., HCO.sub.3.sup.-,
HPO.sub.4.sup.-, PO.sub.4.sup..dbd., SCN.sup.- (thiocyanate),
SO.sub.4.sup..dbd., HSO.sub.4.sup.-, and Cl.sup.-, and organic
ions, such as: acetate (CH.sub.3COO.sup.-), aspartate, biphthalate,
bitartrate, butoxyethoxy acetate, caprylate, citrate
(C.sub.6H.sub.5O.sub.7.sup..ident.), dehydroacetate, diacetate,
dihydroxy glycinate, d-saccharate, gluconate, glutamate, glycinate,
glycosulfate, hydroxymethane sulfonate, lactate, methionate,
oxalate, phenate, phenosulfonate, propionate, propionate,
saccharin, salicylate, sarcosinate, sorbate, thioglycolate, and
toluene sulfonate.
[0086] Such cations or anions may be provided at any concentration
sufficient to enhance rAAV production titers over the titers
produced in the same culture medium without any such additionally
provided cations. Suitable concentrations of such cations or anions
include concentrations sufficient to increase the initial
concentration of such ion in a culturing medium by from about 30 mM
to about 80 mM, by from about 40 mM to about 80 mM, by from about
50 mM to about 80 mM, by from about 60 mM to about 80 mM, by from
about 70 mM to about 80 mM, or by about 80 mM, with such
concentrations being in addition to any concentration of such ion
present in such culture medium prior to such addition. If such
culture medium did not initially contain the ions to be
administered, then such added ions are preferably provided in an
amount sufficient to provide concentrations of the provided ions in
such culture medium of from about 30 mM to about 80 mM, by from
about 40 mM to about 80 mM, by from about 50 mM to about 80 mM, by
from about 60 mM to about 80 mM, by from about 70 mM to about 80 mM
or to about 80 mM.
[0087] The ions or salts that are to be added to the initial
culture medium may be added at any time prior to the harvesting of
produced rAAV. Preferably, such ions or salts will have been added
at least about 1 hour, at least about 2 hours, at least about 3
hours, at least about 4 hours, at least about 5 hours, at least
about 6 hours, at least about 7 hours, at least about 8 hours, at
least about 9 hours, at least about 10 hours, at least about 12
hours, at least about 15 hours, at least about 18 hours, at least
about 20 hours, at least about 22 hours, or at least about 24 hours
after the initiation of the culturing.
[0088] As used herein, the term "about" when used with reference to
a concentration, amount, or time, is intended to denote such
concentration and also a range of concentrations that is within
.+-.40% of such concentration, and more preferably within .+-.30%
of such concentration, and still more preferably within .+-.20% of
such concentration, and still more preferably within .+-.10% of
such concentration, and still more preferably within .+-.5% of such
concentration. Thus, for example, a recited concentration of 10.0
mM denotes a concentration of 10.0 mM, as well as a concentration
between 6-14 mM, and more preferably a concentration between 7-13
mM and still more preferably a concentration between 8-12 mM, and
still more preferably a concentration between 9-11 mM, and still
more preferably a concentration between 9.5-10.5 mM.
[0089] Thus, for example, since Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
has an initial K.sup.+ concentration of about 5.37 mM, a provision
of additional K.sup.+ sufficient to increase the concentration of
such cation by about 30 mM would cause the culture medium to have a
resultant Na.sup.+ concentration of about 35.4 mM. Likewise, since
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium has an initial HCO.sub.3.sup.-
concentration of about 44.04 mM, a provision of additional
HCO.sub.3.sup.- sufficient to increase the concentration of such
cation by about 30 mM would cause the culture medium to have a
resultant HCO.sub.3.sup.- concentration of about 74.04 mM.
[0090] In particular, the present invention thus provides a method
for increasing the production titer of recombinantly-modified AAV
(rAAV) that comprises the steps: [0091] (A) culturing cells that
have been transfected with such rAAV in a culture medium for an
initial period under conditions sufficient to permit the production
of rAAV; [0092] (B) changing the ionic strength of the culture
medium after the initial period by adding one or more ions, and
preferably one or more ions other than Na.sup.+, to the culture
medium, in an amount sufficient to increase the concentration of
such ion in the culture medium by from about 30 mM to about 80 mM;
[0093] (C) continuing the culturing of the cells to thereby produce
a production titer of rAAV that is greater than a titer obtained in
the absence of step (B).
[0094] The invention particularly contemplates the use of
KHCO.sub.3 to enhance rAAV production titer. Such KHCO.sub.3 is
preferably provided in an amount sufficient to increase the
concentrations of K.sup.+ and HCO.sub.3.sup.- in the culture medium
by about 20 mM, by about 30 mM, by about 40 mM, or by about 50 mM.
Such addition would cause the K.sup.+ concentration in Dulbecco's
Modified Eagle's Medium to be about 25 mM, about 35 mM, about 45
mM, or about 55 mM, and would cause the HCO.sub.3.sup.-
concentration in such medium to be about 64 mM, about 74 mM, about
84 mM or about 94 mM. If such culture medium did not contain
K.sup.+ and HCO.sub.3.sup.- ions, then such KHCO.sub.3 is
preferably provided in an amount sufficient to provide
concentrations of K.sup.+ and HCO.sub.3.sup.- in such culture
medium of about 20 mM, of about 30 mM, or of about 40 mM.
II. Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Present Invention
[0095] The invention additionally includes pharmaceutical
compositions that comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable
preparation of rAAV produced in accordance with the methods of the
present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The
rAAV of such pharmaceutical compositions comprises a transgene
cassette that encodes a protein, or comprises a transcribed nucleic
acid, that is therapeutic for a genetic or heritable disease or
condition, and is present in such pharmaceutical composition in an
amount effective to ("effective amount")
[0096] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" means approved by a
regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in
the US Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for
use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term "carrier"
refers to a diluent, adjuvant (e.g., Freund's adjuvant complete and
incomplete), excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is
administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids,
such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal,
vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil,
mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier
when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously.
Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can
also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable
solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch,
glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk,
silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium
chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water,
ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain
minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering
agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions,
suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders,
sustained-release formulations and the like. Suitable
pharmaceutical excipients are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
8,852,607; 8,192,975; 6,764,845; 6,759,050; and 7,598,070.
[0097] Generally, the ingredients of compositions of the invention
are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage
form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water-free
concentrate, or as an aqueous solution in a hermetically sealed
container such as a vial, an ampoule or sachette indicating the
quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to be
administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion
bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline.
Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of
sterile water for injection or saline, or other diluent can be
provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to
administration.
[0098] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit
comprising one or more containers such pharmaceutical composition.
Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the
form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the
manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products,
which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or
sale for human administration.
[0099] The rAAV of such pharmaceutical compositions is preferably
packaged in a hermetically sealed container, such as a vial, an
ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of the molecule, and
optionally including instructions for use. In one embodiment, the
rAAV of such kit is supplied as a dry sterilized lyophilized powder
or water-free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container and
can be reconstituted, e.g., with water, saline, or other diluent to
the appropriate concentration for administration to a subject. The
lyophilized material should be stored at between 2.degree. C. and
8.degree. C. in their original container and the material should be
administered within 12 hours, preferably within 6 hours, within 5
hours, within 3 hours, or within 1 hour after being reconstituted.
In another embodiment, the rAAV of such kit is supplied as an
aqueous solution in a hermetically sealed container and can be
diluted, e.g., with water, saline, or other diluent, to the
appropriate concentration for administration to a subject. The kit
can further comprise one or more other prophylactic and/or
therapeutic agents useful for the treatment of the disease or
condition, in one or more containers; and/or the kit can further
comprise one or more cytotoxic antibodies that bind one or more
cancer antigens associated with cancer. In certain embodiments, the
other prophylactic or therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic. In
other embodiments, the prophylactic or therapeutic agent is a
biological or hormonal therapeutic.
III. Uses of the Invention
[0100] The methods of the present invention may be used to
facilitate the production of rAAV, and may particularly be used to
facilitate the production of rAAV that comprise transgene cassettes
that encode a protein (e.g., an enzyme, hormone, antibody,
receptor, ligand, etc.), or of rAAV that comprise a transcribed
nucleic acid, that is relevant to a genetic or heritable disease or
condition, such that it may be used in gene therapy to treat such
disease or condition. Examples of such diseases and conditions
include: achromatopsia (ACHM); alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)
deficiency; Alzheimer's Disease; aromatic L-amino acid
decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency; choroideremia (CHM); cancer;
Duchenne muscular dystrophy; dysferlin deficiency; follistatin gene
deficiency (BMDSIBM); hemophilia A; hemophilia B; hepatitis A;
hepatitis B; hepatitis C; Huntington's disease; idiopathic
Parkinson's disease; late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
(LINCL, an infantile form of Batten disease); Leber congenital
amaurosis (LCA); Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON); limb
girdle muscular dystrophy 1B (LGMD1B); limb girdle muscular
dystrophy 1C (LGMD1C); limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2A (LGMD2A);
limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B (LGMD2B); limb girdle muscular
dystrophy 2I (LGMD2I); limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2L (LGMD2L);
lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency; metachromatic leukodystrophy;
neurological disability; neuromotor deficit; neuroskeletal
impairment; Parkinson's disease; rheumatoid arthritis; Sanfilippo A
syndrome; spinal muscular atrophy (SMA); X-linked retinoschisis
(XLRS); .alpha.-sarcoglycan deficiency (LGMD2D); .beta.-sarcoglycan
deficiency (LGMD2E); .gamma.-sarcoglycan deficiency (LGMD2C) and
.delta.-sarcoglycan deficiency (LGMD2F).
IV. Embodiments of the Invention
[0101] The invention concerns a method for increasing the
production titer of recombinantly-modified adeno-associated virus
(rAAV), the recombinantly-modified adeno-associated virus (AAV)
helper vector produced from such method, and uses and compositions
thereof. It is particularly directed to the following embodiments
E1-E19: [0102] E1. A method for increasing the production titer of
recombinantly-modified adeno-associated virus (rAAV), wherein the
method comprises the steps: [0103] (A) culturing cells that have
been transfected with the rAAV in an initial culture medium for an
initial period under conditions sufficient to permit the production
of rAAV, wherein the cells additionally contain an AAV helper
function-providing polynucleotide and a non-AAV helper
function-providing polynucleotide; [0104] (B) changing the ionic
strength of the culture medium after the initial period by adding
one or more ions other than Na.sup.+ to the culture medium; and
[0105] (C) continuing the culturing of the cells to thereby produce
a production titer of with the rAAV that is greater than a titer
obtained in the absence of step (B). [0106] E2. The method of E1,
wherein each of the added ion(s) is provided in an amount
sufficient to increase the concentration of such ion in the initial
culture medium by from about 10 mM to about 80 mM. [0107] E3. The
method of any one of E1 or E2, wherein the production titer is at
least 50% greater than the titer obtained from a similarly
conducted cell culturing in the absence of the step (B). [0108] E4.
The method of any one of E1-E3, wherein the rAAV comprises a
transgene cassette that encodes a protein, or comprises a
transcribed nucleic acid, that is therapeutic for a genetic or
heritable disease or condition. [0109] E5. The method of any one of
E1-E4, wherein the rAAV belongs to the rAAV1, rAAV2, rAAV5, rAAV6,
rAAV7, rAAV8, rAAV9 or rAAV10 serotype, or to a hybrid of the
serotypes. [0110] E6. The method of E5, wherein the rAAV belongs to
the rAAV2, rAAV5, or rAAV9 serotype, or to a hybrid of the
serotypes. [0111] E7. The method of any one of E1-E6, wherein the
added ions comprise one or more of K.sup.+, Ca.sup.++, or
Mg.sup.++. [0112] E8. The method of any one of E1-E7, wherein the
added ions comprise one or more of CO.sub.3.sup..dbd.,
HCO.sub.3.sup.-, HPO.sub.4.sup.-, PO.sub.4.sup..dbd., SCN.sup.-,
SO.sub.4.sup..dbd., HSO.sub.4.sup.-, and Cl.sup.-. [0113] E9. The
method of any one of E1-E7, wherein the added ions comprise one or
more of acetate, aspartate, biphthalate, bitartrate, butoxyethoxy
acetate, caprylate, citrate, dehydroacetate, diacetate, dihydroxy
glycinate, d-saccharate, gluconate, glutamate, glycinate,
glycosulfate, hydroxymethane sulfonate, lactate, methionate,
oxalate, phenate, phenosulfonate, propionate, propionate,
saccharin, salicylate, sarcosinate, sorbate, thioglycolate, and
toluene sulfonate. [0114] E10. The method of any one of E1-E8,
wherein the added ions comprise K.sup.+ and CO.sub.3.sup..dbd..
[0115] E11. The method of any one of E1-E10, wherein the cells are
human embryonic kidney cells. [0116] E12. The method of E11,
wherein the cells are HEK293 cells. [0117] E13. The method of any
one of E1-E10, wherein the cells are baby hamster kidney cells.
[0118] E14. The method of E13, wherein the cells are BHK21 cells.
[0119] E15. The method of any one of E1-E10, wherein the cells are
sf9 insect cells. [0120] E16. The method of any one of E1-E15,
wherein the initial culture medium is Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's
Medium. [0121] E17. The method of E16, wherein the initial culture
medium is supplemented with serum. [0122] E18. A pharmaceutical
composition that comprises: [0123] (A) a preparation of
recombinantly-modified adeno-associated virus (rAAV) produced by
the method of any one of E1-E17, wherein the rAAV comprises a
transgene cassette that encodes a protein, or a transcribed nucleic
acid, that is therapeutic for a genetic or heritable disease or
condition, and wherein the pharmaceutical composition contains an
effective amount of the rAAV preparation; and [0124] (B) a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. [0125] E19. The preparation of
recombinantly-modified adeno-associated virus (rAAV) produced by
the method of any one of E1-E17, wherein the rAAV comprises a
transgene cassette that encodes a protein, or a transcribed nucleic
acid, or the pharmaceutical composition of E18, for use in the
treatment of a genetic or heritable disease or condition.
EXAMPLES
[0126] Having now generally described the invention, the same will
be more readily understood through reference to the following
examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not
intended to be limiting of the present invention unless
specified.
Example 1
Effect of Cation and Cation Concentration on rAAV Production
[0127] The effect of cation and cation concentration on AAV
production was demonstrated using cultured HEK293 cells. The
culture medium was changed, and then, one hour later, the cells
were transfected with: [0128] (1) the plasmid vector pAAV-RC2,
which is capable of expressing the AAV rep and cap gene functions
that are required for the replication and packaging of an rAAV;
[0129] (2) the plasmid vector pHelper, which is capable of
providing the viral transcription and translation factors (E1a,
E1b, E2a, VA and E4) required for AAV proliferation; and [0130] (3)
the rAAV plasmid vector pAV-CMV-EGFP, which comprises the transgene
cassette encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and
the AAV ITRs.
[0131] Five hours after such transfection, salt (either NaCl, KCl,
CaCl.sub.2 or MgCl.sub.2) was provided to a final concentration of
0, 20, 40, 60 80 or 100 mM. FIG. 7A shows the extent of expression
of EGFP in the transfected cells and the titering of the rAAV
stocks using the infectious center assay. FIG. 7B is a graph of the
fold-change in infectious centers as a function of such cation and
cation concentrations. FIG. 7C is a graph of the fold-change in
Total Genomes (TG) of AAV as a function of such cation and cation
concentrations. The results show that the provision of cations
affected the total genomes (TG) produced and that the provision of
NaCl, KCl and MgCl.sub.2 increased AAV genome replication and AAV
production. Provision of NaCl and KCl was found to cause the
highest titers of total genomes and the greatest increase in AAV
production, with the greatest increase seen at NaCl and KCl
concentrations that are sufficient to increase the concentrations
of such ions in the culture medium by between about 40 mM to about
80 mM. The provision of higher concentrations of cations was found
to inhibit EGFP expression (NaCl .gtoreq.180 mM; KCl .gtoreq.100
mM; MgCl.sub.2 .gtoreq.60 mM).
Example 2
Effect of Anion and Anion Concentration on rAAV Production
[0132] The effect of anion and anion concentration on AAV
production was also demonstrated using cultured HEK293 cells. As in
Example 1, the culture medium was changed, and one hour later, the
cells were transfected with the Ad helper plasmid, the AAV helper
plasmid, and the pAAV-ITR plasmid vector that provides the AAV ITRs
and transgene cassette encoding the enhanced green fluorescent
protein. Five hours after such transfection, salt (either
K.sub.2CO.sub.3, KHCO.sub.3, KH.sub.2PO.sub.4, KCH.sub.3COO
(potassium acetate), KCNS, K.sub.2SO.sub.4, KNO.sub.3,
K.sub.3C.sub.6H.sub.5O.sub.7 (potassium citrate) or KCL) was
provided in an amount sufficient to increase the concentrations of
such ions in the culture medium by 40, 50, 60, or 70 mM. The
fold-change in rAAV infectious centers was determined after 72
hours. Provision of KHCO.sub.3 was found to cause the greatest
increase in rAAV production, with the greatest increase seen at
concentrations sufficient to increase the concentrations of such
ions by between about 40 mM to about 50 mM (FIG. 8A). FIG. 8B is a
graph of the fold-change in the titer of rAAV vector as a function
of such anion and anion concentrations. The results show that the
provision of anions affected the total genomes (TG) produced. The
provision of high concentrations of ions (>60 mM) was found to
attenuate rAAV production. The results demonstrate that the
provision of KHCO.sub.3 in an amount sufficient to increase the
concentrations of such ions in the culture medium by between about
30 mM and about 50 mM provided unexpectedly better results than
those obtained with other salts (FIGS. 9A-9B). An increase in
concentration by about 30 mM was considered optimum.
Example 3
Effect of Time of Provision of KHCO.sub.3 on rAAV Production
[0133] The effect caused by providing KHCO.sub.3 at differing times
post-transfection was also investigated. HEK293 cells were cultured
and co-transfected with: (1) the above-described Ad helper plasmid,
(2) the pAAV-ITR plasmid vector that provides the AAV ITRs and
transgene cassette encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein
and (3) an AAV2 helper plasmid or an AAV8 helper plasmid in order
to provide the AAV rep and cap gene functions. Culture medium had
been changed one hour before the co-transfections. At 2, 4, 6, 8,
and 10 hours post-transfection, KHCO.sub.3 was added in an amount
sufficient to increase the concentrations of such ions in the
culture medium by a concentration of 30 mM and the fold-change of
rAAV that had been released into the medium was assessed at 72
hours. The fold-change in the total amount of rAAV produced was
also assessed (FIG. 10). The results indicate that the greatest
enhancement was seen when salts were added 4-8 hours
post-transfection.
Example 4
Effect of Serotype on rAAV Production
[0134] As discussed above, prior methods for enhancing the
production of rAAV were not successful for rAAV having the AAV2
serotype (Lock, M. et al. (2010) "Rapid, Simple, and Versatile
Manufacturing of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors at
Scale," Hum. Gene Ther. 21:1259-1271). In order to assess the
ability of KHCO.sub.3 addition to enhance the production of rAAV of
different serotypes, AAV2 helper plasmid encoding Cap proteins of
serotypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 were transfected into HEK293
cells along with the above-described Ad helper plasmid and a
pAAV-ITR plasmid vector (pAV-TBG-EGFP) that provides the AAV ITRs
and a transgene cassette encoding the enhanced green fluorescent
protein. Four hours post-transfection, KHCO.sub.3 was added to a
final concentration of 30 mM and the fold-change of rAAV released
into the medium was assessed at 72 hours. The results of this study
are shown in FIGS. 11A-11B, and indicate that the addition of ions,
and specifically the addition of KHCO.sub.3, significantly
increased the production titer of rAAV of all serotypes tested,
including the rAAV2 serotype.
Example 5
Effect of Ion Provision on Large-Scale rAAV Production
[0135] In order to demonstrate that the provision of ions enhanced
production of rAAV in large-scale preparations, rAAV of serotypes
1, 5, 6 and 9 with transgene cassettes encoding the green
fluorescent protein or other exogenous molecules were produced in
large-scale in the presence or absence of a total concentration of
30 mM KHCO.sub.3 in five 15 cm dishes. AAV titers were obtained
after purification. The results of this demonstration are shown in
Table 2 (pDNA_001 donor construct, PiBFXNco3 and PiBFXNco11 are
control vectors).
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 2 Effect of KHCO.sub.3 Provision on
Large-Scale AAV Production Yield Fold- AAV Transgene (per mL)
Change KHCO.sub.3 Addition AAV1 A5514-1 pAV-CMV-EGFP 1.17 .times.
10.sup.13 None A5514-2 pAV-CMV-EGFP 3.8 .times. 10.sup.13 3.2 30
mM, 4 hours post-transfection AAV5 A5658 pAV-CMV-EGFP 1.14 .times.
10.sup.13 None A5659 pAV-CMV-GFP 3.03 .times. 10.sup.13 2.7 30 mM,
4 hours post-transfection AAV6 A5516-1 pAV-CMV-EGFP 1.25 .times.
10.sup.13 None A5516-2 pAV-CMV-EGFP 2.69 .times. 10.sup.13 2.2 30
mM, 4 hours post-transfection A5555 pDNA_001 donor 8.99 .times.
10.sup.12 None construct A5556 pDNA_001 donor 2.64 .times.
10.sup.13 2.9 30 mM, 4 hours construct post-transfection AAV9
A5474-1 PiBFXNco3 1.34 .times. 10.sup.13 None A5474-2 PiBFXNco3
1.61 .times. 10.sup.13 1.2 30 mM, overnight post-transfection
A5475-1 PiBFXNco11 3.14 .times. 10.sup.12 None A5475-2 PiBFXNco11
1.46 .times. 10.sup.13 4.6 30 mM, overnight post-transfection
[0136] As indicated in Table 2, the provision of ions, and
particularly the provision of KHCO.sub.3, resulted in an increase
in rAAV production of 1.2 to 4.6 fold, with an average
fold-increase of about 3-fold.
Example 6
Effect of the Provision of Ions on the Production of rAAV by Cells
Grown in Suspension
[0137] In order to demonstrate that the provision of ions enhanced
production of rAAV by cells that were grown in suspension, HEK293
cells were co-transfected with: (1) the above-described Ad helper
plasmid, (2) the pAAV-ITR plasmid vector that provides the AAV ITRs
and transgene cassette encoding the enhanced green fluorescent
protein and (3) an AAV5 helper plasmid or an AAV6 helper plasmid in
order to provide the AAV rep and cap gene functions. KHCO.sub.3 was
added in an amount sufficient to increase the concentrations of
such ions in the culture medium by 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60 mM at 5
hours or 20 hours post-transfection. Total Genomes of produced rAAV
was determined at 72 hours post-transfection. Suspension cells were
cultured at 37.degree. C., 5% CO.sub.2 with an agitation speed of
120 rpm. The ability of cells cultured in suspension to produce
enhanced levels of rAAV in response to the provision of ions is
shown in FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 12, provision of ions at a final
concentration of greater than about 20 mM enhanced production of
rAAV5 and rAAV6.
[0138] All publications and patents mentioned in this specification
are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each
individual publication or patent application was specifically and
individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its
entirety. While the invention has been described in connection with
specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is
capable of further modifications and this application is intended
to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention
following, in general, the principles of the invention and
including such departures from the present disclosure as come
within known or customary practice within the art to which the
invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features
hereinbefore set forth.
Sequence CWU 1
1
417415DNAArtificial SequenceCoding Strand of Plasmid pAAV-RC2
1ccgggccccc cctcgaggtc gacggtatcg ggggagctcg cagggtctcc attttgaagc
60gggaggtttg aacgcgcagc cgccatgccg gggttttacg agattgtgat taaggtcccc
120agcgaccttg acgagcatct gcccggcatt tctgacagct ttgtgaactg
ggtggccgag 180aaggaatggg agttgccgcc agattctgac atggatctga
atctgattga gcaggcaccc 240ctgaccgtgg ccgagaagct gcagcgcgac
tttctgacgg aatggcgccg tgtgagtaag 300gccccggagg ctcttttctt
tgtgcaattt gagaagggag agagctactt ccacatgcac 360gtgctcgtgg
aaaccaccgg ggtgaaatcc atggttttgg gacgtttcct gagtcagatt
420cgcgaaaaac tgattcagag aatttaccgc gggatcgagc cgactttgcc
aaactggttc 480gcggtcacaa agaccagaaa tggcgccgga ggcgggaaca
aggtggtgga tgagtgctac 540atccccaatt acttgctccc caaaacccag
cctgagctcc agtgggcgtg gactaatatg 600gaacagtatt taagcgcctg
tttgaatctc acggagcgta aacggttggt ggcgcagcat 660ctgacgcacg
tgtcgcagac gcaggagcag aacaaagaga atcagaatcc caattctgat
720gcgccggtga tcagatcaaa aacttcagcc aggtacatgg agctggtcgg
gtggctcgtg 780gacaagggga ttacctcgga gaagcagtgg atccaggagg
accaggcctc atacatctcc 840ttcaatgcgg cctccaactc gcggtcccaa
atcaaggctg ccttggacaa tgcgggaaag 900attatgagcc tgactaaaac
cgcccccgac tacctggtgg gccagcagcc cgtggaggac 960atttccagca
atcggattta taaaattttg gaactaaacg ggtacgatcc ccaatatgcg
1020gcttccgtct ttctgggatg ggccacgaaa aagttcggca agaggaacac
catctggctg 1080tttgggcctg caactaccgg gaagaccaac atcgcggagg
ccatagccca cactgtgccc 1140ttctacgggt gcgtaaactg gaccaatgag
aactttccct tcaacgactg tgtcgacaag 1200atggtgatct ggtgggagga
ggggaagatg accgccaagg tcgtggagtc ggccaaagcc 1260attctcggag
gaagcaaggt gcgcgtggac cagaaatgca agtcctcggc ccagatagac
1320ccgactcccg tgatcgtcac ctccaacacc aacatgtgcg ccgtgattga
cgggaactca 1380acgaccttcg aacaccagca gccgttgcaa gaccggatgt
tcaaatttga actcacccgc 1440cgtctggatc atgactttgg gaaggtcacc
aagcaggaag tcaaagactt tttccggtgg 1500gcaaaggatc acgtggttga
ggtggagcat gaattctacg tcaaaaaggg tggagccaag 1560aaaagacccg
cccccagtga cgcagatata agtgagccca aacgggtgcg cgagtcagtt
1620gcgcagccat cgacgtcaga cgcggaagct tcgatcaact acgcagacag
gtaccaaaac 1680aaatgttctc gtcacgtggg catgaatctg atgctgtttc
cctgcagaca atgcgagaga 1740atgaatcaga attcaaatat ctgcttcact
cacggacaga aagactgttt agagtgcttt 1800cccgtgtcag aatctcaacc
cgtttctgtc gtcaaaaagg cgtatcagaa actgtgctac 1860attcatcata
tcatgggaaa ggtgccagac gcttgcactg cctgcgatct ggtcaatgtg
1920gatttggatg actgcatctt tgaacaataa atgatttaaa tcaggtatgg
ctgccgatgg 1980ttatcttcca gattggctcg aggacactct ctctgaagga
ataagacagt ggtggaagct 2040caaacctggc ccaccaccac caaagcccgc
agagcggcat aaggacgaca gcaggggtct 2100tgtgcttcct gggtacaagt
acctcggacc cttcaacgga ctcgacaagg gagagccggt 2160caacgaggca
gacgccgcgg ccctcgagca cgacaaagcc tacgaccggc agctcgacag
2220cggagacaac ccgtacctca agtacaacca cgccgacgcg gagtttcagg
agcgccttaa 2280agaagatacg tcttttgggg gcaacctcgg acgagcagtc
ttccaggcga aaaagagggt 2340tcttgaacct ctgggcctgg ttgaggaacc
tgttaagacg gctccgggaa aaaagaggcc 2400ggtagagcac tctcctgtgg
agccagactc ctcctcggga accggaaagg cgggccagca 2460gcctgcaaga
aaaagattga attttggtca gactggagac gcagactcag tacctgaccc
2520ccagcctctc ggacagccac cagcagcccc ctctggtctg ggaactaata
cgatggctac 2580aggcagtggc gcaccaatgg cagacaataa cgagggcgcc
gacggagtgg gtaattcctc 2640gggaaattgg cattgcgatt ccacatggat
gggcgacaga gtcatcacca ccagcacccg 2700aacctgggcc ctgcccacct
acaacaacca cctctacaaa caaatttcca gccaatcagg 2760agcctcgaac
gacaatcact actttggcta cagcacccct tgggggtatt ttgacttcaa
2820cagattccac tgccactttt caccacgtga ctggcaaaga ctcatcaaca
acaactgggg 2880attccgaccc aagagactca acttcaagct ctttaacatt
caagtcaaag aggtcacgca 2940gaatgacggt acgacgacga ttgccaataa
ccttaccagc acggttcagg tgtttactga 3000ctcggagtac cagctcccgt
acgtcctcgg ctcggcgcat caaggatgcc tcccgccgtt 3060cccagcagac
gtcttcatgg tgccacagta tggatacctc accctgaaca acgggagtca
3120ggcagtagga cgctcttcat tttactgcct ggagtacttt ccttctcaga
tgctgcgtac 3180cggaaacaac tttaccttca gctacacttt tgaggacgtt
cctttccaca gcagctacgc 3240tcacagccag agtctggacc gtctcatgaa
tcctctcatc gaccagtacc tgtattactt 3300gagcagaaca aacactccaa
gtggaaccac cacgcagtca aggcttcagt tttctcaggc 3360cggagcgagt
gacattcggg accagtctag gaactggctt cctggaccct gttaccgcca
3420gcagcgagta tcaaagacat ctgcggataa caacaacagt gaatactcgt
ggactggagc 3480taccaagtac cacctcaatg gcagagactc tctggtgaat
ccgggcccgg ccatggcaag 3540ccacaaggac gatgaagaaa agttttttcc
tcagagcggg gttctcatct ttgggaagca 3600aggctcagag aaaacaaatg
tggacattga aaaggtcatg attacagacg aagaggaaat 3660caggacaacc
aatcccgtgg ctacggagca gtatggttct gtatctacca acctccagag
3720aggcaacaga caagcagcta ccgcagatgt caacacacaa ggcgttcttc
caggcatggt 3780ctggcaggac agagatgtgt accttcaggg gcccatctgg
gcaaagattc cacacacgga 3840cggacatttt cacccctctc ccctcatggg
tggattcgga cttaaacacc ctcctccaca 3900gattctcatc aagaacaccc
cggtacctgc gaatccttcg accaccttca gtgcggcaaa 3960gtttgcttcc
ttcatcacac agtactccac gggacaggtc agcgtggaga tcgagtggga
4020gctgcagaag gaaaacagca aacgctggaa tcccgaaatt cagtacactt
ccaactacaa 4080caagtctgtt aatgtggact ttactgtgga cactaatggc
gtgtattcag agcctcgccc 4140cattggcacc agatacctga ctcgtaatct
gtaattgctt gttaatcaat aaaccgttta 4200attcgtttca gttgaacttt
ggtctctgcg tatttctttc ttatctagtt tccatgctct 4260aggatccact
agtaacggcc gccagtgtgc tggaattcgg ctttgtagtt aatgattaac
4320ccgccatgct acttatctac gtagccatgc tctagaggtc ctgtattaga
ggtcacgtga 4380gtgttttgcg acattttgcg acaccatgtg gtcacgctgg
gtatttaagc ccgagtgagc 4440acgcagggtc tccattttga agcgggaggt
ttgaacgcgc agccgccaag ccgaattctg 4500cagatatcca aacactggcg
gccgctcgac tagagcggcc gccaccgcgg tggagctcca 4560gcttttgttc
cctttagtga gggttaattg cgcgcttggc gtaatcatgg tcatagctgt
4620ttcctgtgtg aaattgttat ccgctcacaa ttccacacaa catacgagcc
ggaagcataa 4680agtgtaaagc ctggggtgcc taatgagtga gctaactcac
attaattgcg ttgcgctcac 4740tgcccgcttt ccagtcggga aacctgtcgt
gccagctgca ttaatgaatc ggccaacgcg 4800cggggagagg cggtttgcgt
attgggcgct cttccgcttc ctcgctcact gactcgctgc 4860gctcggtcgt
tcggctgcgg cgagcggtat cagctcactc aaaggcggta atacggttat
4920ccacagaatc aggggataac gcaggaaaga acatgtgagc aaaaggccag
caaaaggcca 4980ggaaccgtaa aaaggccgcg ttgctggcgt ttttccatag
gctccgcccc cctgacgagc 5040atcacaaaaa tcgacgctca agtcagaggt
ggcgaaaccc gacaggacta taaagatacc 5100aggcgtttcc ccctggaagc
tccctcgtgc gctctcctgt tccgaccctg ccgcttaccg 5160gatacctgtc
cgcctttctc ccttcgggaa gcgtggcgct ttctcatagc tcacgctgta
5220ggtatctcag ttcggtgtag gtcgttcgct ccaagctggg ctgtgtgcac
gaaccccccg 5280ttcagcccga ccgctgcgcc ttatccggta actatcgtct
tgagtccaac ccggtaagac 5340acgacttatc gccactggca gcagccactg
gtaacaggat tagcagagcg aggtatgtag 5400gcggtgctac agagttcttg
aagtggtggc ctaactacgg ctacactaga agaacagtat 5460ttggtatctg
cgctctgctg aagccagtta ccttcggaaa aagagttggt agctcttgat
5520ccggcaaaca aaccaccgct ggtagcggtg gtttttttgt ttgcaagcag
cagattacgc 5580gcagaaaaaa aggatctcaa gaagatcctt tgatcttttc
tacggggtct gacgctcagt 5640ggaacgaaaa ctcacgttaa gggattttgg
tcatgagatt atcaaaaagg atcttcacct 5700agatcctttt aaattaaaaa
tgaagtttta aatcaatcta aagtatatat gagtaaactt 5760ggtctgacag
ttaccaatgc ttaatcagtg aggcacctat ctcagcgatc tgtctatttc
5820gttcatccat agttgcctga ctccccgtcg tgtagataac tacgatacgg
gagggcttac 5880catctggccc cagtgctgca atgataccgc gagacccacg
ctcaccggct ccagatttat 5940cagcaataaa ccagccagcc ggaagggccg
agcgcagaag tggtcctgca actttatccg 6000cctccatcca gtctattaat
tgttgccggg aagctagagt aagtagttcg ccagttaata 6060gtttgcgcaa
cgttgttgcc attgctacag gcatcgtggt gtcacgctcg tcgtttggta
6120tggcttcatt cagctccggt tcccaacgat caaggcgagt tacatgatcc
cccatgttgt 6180gcaaaaaagc ggttagctcc ttcggtcctc cgatcgttgt
cagaagtaag ttggccgcag 6240tgttatcact catggttatg gcagcactgc
ataattctct tactgtcatg ccatccgtaa 6300gatgcttttc tgtgactggt
gagtactcaa ccaagtcatt ctgagaatag tgtatgcggc 6360gaccgagttg
ctcttgcccg gcgtcaatac gggataatac cgcgccacat agcagaactt
6420taaaagtgct catcattgga aaacgttctt cggggcgaaa actctcaagg
atcttaccgc 6480tgttgagatc cagttcgatg taacccactc gtgcacccaa
ctgatcttca gcatctttta 6540ctttcaccag cgtttctggg tgagcaaaaa
caggaaggca aaatgccgca aaaaagggaa 6600taagggcgac acggaaatgt
tgaatactca tactcttcct ttttcaatat tattgaagca 6660tttatcaggg
ttattgtctc atgagcggat acatatttga atgtatttag aaaaataaac
6720aaataggggt tccgcgcaca tttccccgaa aagtgccacc taaattgtaa
gcgttaatat 6780tttgttaaaa ttcgcgttaa atttttgtta aatcagctca
ttttttaacc aataggccga 6840aatcggcaaa atcccttata aatcaaaaga
atagaccgag atagggttga gtgttgttcc 6900agtttggaac aagagtccac
tattaaagaa cgtggactcc aacgtcaaag ggcgaaaaac 6960cgtctatcag
ggcgatggcc cactacgtga accatcaccc taatcaagtt ttttggggtc
7020gaggtgccgt aaagcactaa atcggaaccc taaagggagc ccccgattta
gagcttgacg 7080gggaaagccg gcgaacgtgg cgagaaagga agggaagaaa
gcgaaaggag cgggcgctag 7140ggcgctggca agtgtagcgg tcacgctgcg
cgtaaccacc acacccgccg cgcttaatgc 7200gccgctacag ggcgcgtccc
attcgccatt caggctgcgc aactgttggg aagggcgatc 7260ggtgcgggcc
tcttcgctat tacgccagct ggcgaaaggg ggatgtgctg caaggcgatt
7320aagttgggta acgccagggt tttcccagtc acgacgttgt aaaacgacgg
ccagtgagcg 7380cgcgtaatac gactcactat agggcgaatt gggta
7415211569DNAArtificial SequenceCoding Strand of Plasmid
pHelper-Kan 2ggtacccaac tccatgctta acagtcccca ggtacagccc accctgcgtc
gcaaccagga 60acagctctac agcttcctgg agcgccactc gccctacttc cgcagccaca
gtgcgcagat 120taggagcgcc acttcttttt gtcacttgaa aaacatgtaa
aaataatgta ctaggagaca 180ctttcaataa aggcaaatgt ttttatttgt
acactctcgg gtgattattt accccccacc 240cttgccgtct gcgccgttta
aaaatcaaag gggttctgcc gcgcatcgct atgcgccact 300ggcagggaca
cgttgcgata ctggtgttta gtgctccact taaactcagg cacaaccatc
360cgcggcagct cggtgaagtt ttcactccac aggctgcgca ccatcaccaa
cgcgtttagc 420aggtcgggcg ccgatatctt gaagtcgcag ttggggcctc
cgccctgcgc gcgcgagttg 480cgatacacag ggttgcagca ctggaacact
atcagcgccg ggtggtgcac gctggccagc 540acgctcttgt cggagatcag
atccgcgtcc aggtcctccg cgttgctcag ggcgaacgga 600gtcaactttg
gtagctgcct tcccaaaaag ggtgcatgcc caggctttga gttgcactcg
660caccgtagtg gcatcagaag gtgaccgtgc ccggtctggg cgttaggata
cagcgcctgc 720atgaaagcct tgatctgctt aaaagccacc tgagcctttg
cgccttcaga gaagaacatg 780ccgcaagact tgccggaaaa ctgattggcc
ggacaggccg cgtcatgcac gcagcacctt 840gcgtcggtgt tggagatctg
caccacattt cggccccacc ggttcttcac gatcttggcc 900ttgctagact
gctccttcag cgcgcgctgc ccgttttcgc tcgtcacatc catttcaatc
960acgtgctcct tatttatcat aatgctcccg tgtagacact taagctcgcc
ttcgatctca 1020gcgcagcggt gcagccacaa cgcgcagccc gtgggctcgt
ggtgcttgta ggttacctct 1080gcaaacgact gcaggtacgc ctgcaggaat
cgccccatca tcgtcacaaa ggtcttgttg 1140ctggtgaagg tcagctgcaa
cccgcggtgc tcctcgttta gccaggtctt gcatacggcc 1200gccagagctt
ccacttggtc aggcagtagc ttgaagtttg cctttagatc gttatccacg
1260tggtacttgt ccatcaacgc gcgcgcagcc tccatgccct tctcccacgc
agacacgatc 1320ggcaggctca gcgggtttat caccgtgctt tcactttccg
cttcactgga ctcttccttt 1380tcctcttgcg tccgcatacc ccgcgccact
gggtcgtctt cattcagccg ccgcaccgtg 1440cgcttacctc ccttgccgtg
cttgattagc accggtgggt tgctgaaacc caccatttgt 1500agcgccacat
cttctctttc ttcctcgctg tccacgatca cctctgggga tggcgggcgc
1560tcgggcttgg gagaggggcg cttctttttc tttttggacg caatggccaa
atccgccgtc 1620gaggtcgatg gccgcgggct gggtgtgcgc ggcaccagcg
catcttgtga cgagtcttct 1680tcgtcctcgg actcgagacg ccgcctcagc
cgcttttttg ggggcgcgcg gggaggcggc 1740ggcgacggcg acggggacga
cacgtcctcc atggttggtg gacgtcgcgc cgcaccgcgt 1800ccgcgctcgg
gggtggtttc gcgctgctcc tcttcccgac tggccatttc cttctcctat
1860aggcagaaaa agatcatgga gtcagtcgag aaggaggaca gcctaaccgc
cccctttgag 1920ttcgccacca ccgcctccac cgatgccgcc aacgcgccta
ccaccttccc cgtcgaggca 1980cccccgcttg aggaggagga agtgattatc
gagcaggacc caggttttgt aagcgaagac 2040gacgaggatc gctcagtacc
aacagaggat aaaaagcaag accaggacga cgcagaggca 2100aacgaggaac
aagtcgggcg gggggaccaa aggcatggcg actacctaga tgtgggagac
2160gacgtgctgt tgaagcatct gcagcgccag tgcgccatta tctgcgacgc
gttgcaagag 2220cgcagcgatg tgcccctcgc catagcggat gtcagccttg
cctacgaacg ccacctgttc 2280tcaccgcgcg taccccccaa acgccaagaa
aacggcacat gcgagcccaa cccgcgcctc 2340aacttctacc ccgtatttgc
cgtgccagag gtgcttgcca cctatcacat ctttttccaa 2400aactgcaaga
tacccctatc ctgccgtgcc aaccgcagcc gagcggacaa gcagctggcc
2460ttgcggcagg gcgctgtcat acctgatatc gcctcgctcg acgaagtgcc
aaaaatcttt 2520gagggtcttg gacgcgacga gaaacgcgcg gcaaacgctc
tgcaacaaga aaacagcgaa 2580aatgaaagtc actgtggagt gctggtggaa
cttgagggtg acaacgcgcg cctagccgtg 2640ctgaaacgca gcatcgaggt
cacccacttt gcctacccgg cacttaacct accccccaag 2700gttatgagca
cagtcatgag cgagctgatc gtgcgccgtg cacgacccct ggagagggat
2760gcaaacttgc aagaacaaac cgaggagggc ctacccgcag ttggcgatga
gcagctggcg 2820cgctggcttg agacgcgcga gcctgccgac ttggaggagc
gacgcaagct aatgatggcc 2880gcagtgcttg ttaccgtgga gcttgagtgc
atgcagcggt tctttgctga cccggagatg 2940cagcgcaagc tagaggaaac
gttgcactac acctttcgcc agggctacgt gcgccaggcc 3000tgcaaaattt
ccaacgtgga gctctgcaac ctggtctcct accttggaat tttgcacgaa
3060aaccgcctcg ggcaaaacgt gcttcattcc acgctcaagg gcgaggcgcg
ccgcgactac 3120gtccgcgact gcgtttactt atttctgtgc tacacctggc
aaacggccat gggcgtgtgg 3180cagcaatgcc tggaggagcg caacctaaag
gagctgcaga agctgctaaa gcaaaacttg 3240aaggacctat ggacggcctt
caacgagcgc tccgtggccg cgcacctggc ggacattatc 3300ttccccgaac
gcctgcttaa aaccctgcaa cagggtctgc cagacttcac cagtcaaagc
3360atgttgcaaa actttaggaa ctttatccta gagcgttcag gaattctgcc
cgccacctgc 3420tgtgcgcttc ctagcgactt tgtgcccatt aagtaccgtg
aatgccctcc gccgctttgg 3480ggtcactgct accttctgca gctagccaac
taccttgcct accactccga catcatggaa 3540gacgtgagcg gtgacggcct
actggagtgt cactgtcgct gcaacctatg caccccgcac 3600cgctccctgg
tctgcaattc gcaactgctt agcgaaagtc aaattatcgg tacctttgag
3660ctgcagggtc cctcgcctga cgaaaagtcc gcggctccgg ggttgaaact
cactccgggg 3720ctgtggacgt cggcttacct tcgcaaattt gtacctgagg
actaccacgc ccacgagatt 3780aggttctacg aagaccaatc ccgcccgcca
aatgcggagc ttaccgcctg cgtcattacc 3840cagggccaca tccttggcca
attgcaagcc atcaacaaag cccgccaaga gtttctgcta 3900cgaaagggac
ggggggttta cctggacccc cagtccggcg aggagctcaa cccaatcccc
3960ccgccgccgc agccctatca gcagccgcgg gcccttgctt cccaggatgg
cacccaaaaa 4020gaagctgcag ctgccgccgc cgccacccac ggacgaggag
gaatactggg acagtcaggc 4080agaggaggtt ttggacgagg aggaggagat
gatggaagac tgggacagcc tagacgaagc 4140ttccgaggcc gaagaggtgt
cagacgaaac accgtcaccc tcggtcgcat tcccctcgcc 4200ggcgccccag
aaattggcaa ccgttcccag catcgctaca acctccgctc ctcaggcgcc
4260gccggcactg cctgttcgcc gacccaaccg tagatgggac accactggaa
ccagggccgg 4320taagtctaag cagccgccgc cgttagccca agagcaacaa
cagcgccaag gctaccgctc 4380gtggcgcggg cacaagaacg ccatagttgc
ttgcttgcaa gactgtgggg gcaacatctc 4440cttcgcccgc cgctttcttc
tctaccatca cggcgtggcc ttcccccgta acatcctgca 4500ttactaccgt
catctctaca gcccctactg caccggcggc agcggcagcg gcagcaacag
4560cagcggtcac acagaagcaa aggcgaccgg atagcaagac tctgacaaag
cccaagaaat 4620ccacagcggc ggcagcagca ggaggaggag cgctgcgtct
ggcgcccaac gaacccgtat 4680cgacccgcga gcttagaaat aggatttttc
ccactctgta tgctatattt caacaaagca 4740ggggccaaga acaagagctg
aaaataaaaa acaggtctct gcgctccctc acccgcagct 4800gcctgtatca
caaaagcgaa gatcagcttc ggcgcacgct ggaagacgcg gaggctctct
4860tcagcaaata ctgcgcgctg actcttaagg actagtttcg cgccctttct
caaatttaag 4920cgcgaaaact acgtcatctc cagcggccac acccggcgcc
agcacctgtc gtcagcgcca 4980ttatgagcaa ggaaattccc acgccctaca
tgtggagtta ccagccacaa atgggacttg 5040cggctggagc tgcccaagac
tactcaaccc gaataaacta catgagcgcg ggaccccaca 5100tgatatcccg
ggtcaacgga atccgcgccc accgaaaccg aattctcctc gaacaggcgg
5160ctattaccac cacacctcgt aataacctta atccccgtag ttggcccgct
gccctggtgt 5220accaggaaag tcccgctccc accactgtgg tacttcccag
agacgcccag gccgaagttc 5280agatgactaa ctcaggggcg cagcttgcgg
gcggctttcg tcacagggtg cggtcgcccg 5340ggcgttttag ggcggagtaa
cttgcatgta ttgggaattg tagttttttt aaaatgggaa 5400gtgacgtatc
gtgggaaaac ggaagtgaag atttgaggaa gttgtgggtt ttttggcttt
5460cgtttctggg cgtaggttcg cgtgcggttt tctgggtgtt ttttgtggac
tttaaccgtt 5520acgtcatttt ttagtcctat atatactcgc tctgtacttg
gcccttttta cactgtgact 5580gattgagctg gtgccgtgtc gagtggtgtt
ttttaatagg tttttttact ggtaaggctg 5640actgttatgg ctgccgctgt
ggaagcgctg tatgttgttc tggagcggga gggtgctatt 5700ttgcctaggc
aggagggttt ttcaggtgtt tatgtgtttt tctctcctat taattttgtt
5760atacctccta tgggggctgt aatgttgtct ctacgcctgc gggtatgtat
tcccccgggc 5820tatttcggtc gctttttagc actgaccgat gttaaccaac
ctgatgtgtt taccgagtct 5880tacattatga ctccggacat gaccgaggaa
ctgtcggtgg tgctttttaa tcacggtgac 5940cagttttttt acggtcacgc
cggcatggcc gtagtccgtc ttatgcttat aagggttgtt 6000tttcctgttg
taagacaggc ttctaatgtt taaatgtttt tttttttgtt attttatttt
6060gtgtttaatg caggaacccg cagacatgtt tgagagaaaa atggtgtctt
tttctgtggt 6120ggttccggaa cttacctgcc tttatctgca tgagcatgac
tacgatgtgc ttgctttttt 6180gcgcgaggct ttgcctgatt ttttgagcag
caccttgcat tttatatcgc cgcccatgca 6240acaagcttac ataggggcta
cgctggttag catagctccg agtatgcgtg tcataatcag 6300tgtgggttct
tttgtcatgg ttcctggcgg ggaagtggcc gcgctggtcc gtgcagacct
6360gcacgattat gttcagctgg ccctgcgaag ggacctacgg gatcgcggta
tttttgttaa 6420tgttccgctt ttgaatctta tacaggtctg tgaggaacct
gaatttttgc aatcatgatt 6480cgctgcttga ggctgaaggt ggagggcgct
ctggagcaga tttttacaat ggccggactt 6540aatattcggg atttgcttag
agacatattg ataaggtggc gagatgaaaa ttatttgggc 6600atggttgaag
gtgctggaat gtttatagag gagattcacc ctgaagggtt tagcctttac
6660gtccacttgg acgtgagggc agtttgcctt ttggaagcca ttgtgcaaca
tcttacaaat 6720gccattatct gttctttggc tgtagagttt gaccacgcca
ccggagggga gcgcgttcac 6780ttaatagatc ttcattttga ggttttggat
aatcttttgg aataaaaaaa aaaaaacatg 6840gttcttccag ctcttcccgc
tcctcccgtg tgtgactcgc agaacgaatg tgtaggttgg 6900ctgggtgtgg
cttattctgc ggtggtggat gttatcaggg cagcggcgca tgaaggagtt
6960tacatagaac ccgaagccag ggggcgcctg gatgctttga gagagtggat
atactacaac 7020tactacacag agcgagctaa gcgacgagac cggagacgca
gatctgtttg tcacgcccgc 7080acctggtttt gcttcaggaa atatgactac
gtccggcgtt ccatttggca tgacactacg 7140accaacacga tctcggttgt
ctcggcgcac tccgtacagt agggatcgcc tacctccttt 7200tgagacagag
acccgcgcta ccatactgga ggatcatccg ctgctgcccg aatgtaacac
7260tttgacaatg cacaacgtga gttacgtgcg aggtcttccc tgcagtgtgg
gatttacgct 7320gattcaggaa tgggttgttc cctgggatat ggttctgacg
cgggaggagc ttgtaatcct 7380gaggaagtgt atgcacgtgt gcctgtgttg
tgccaacatt gatatcatga cgagcatgat 7440gatccatggt tacgagtcct
gggctctcca ctgtcattgt tccagtcccg gttccctgca
7500gtgcatagcc ggcgggcagg ttttggccag ctggtttagg atggtggtgg
atggcgccat 7560gtttaatcag aggtttatat ggtaccggga ggtggtgaat
tacaacatgc caaaagaggt 7620aatgtttatg tccagcgtgt ttatgagggg
tcgccactta atctacctgc gcttgtggta 7680tgatggccac gtgggttctg
tggtccccgc catgagcttt ggatacagcg ccttgcactg 7740tgggattttg
aacaatattg tggtgctgtg ctgcagttac tgtgctgatt taagtgagat
7800cagggtgcgc tgctgtgccc ggaggacaag gcgtctcatg ctgcgggcgg
tgcgaatcat 7860cgctgaggag accactgcca tgttgtattc ctgcaggacg
gagcggcggc ggcagcagtt 7920tattcgcgcg ctgctgcagc accaccgccc
tatcctgatg cacgattatg actctacccc 7980catgtaggcg tggacttccc
cttcgccgcc cgttgagcaa ccgcaagttg gacagcagcc 8040tgtggctcag
cagctggaca gcgacatgaa cttaagcgag ctgcccgggg agtttattaa
8100tatcactgat gagcgtttgg ctcgacagga aaccgtgtgg aatataacac
ctaagaatat 8160gtctgttacc catgatatga tgctttttaa ggccagccgg
ggagaaagga ctgtgtactc 8220tgtgtgttgg gagggaggtg gcaggttgaa
tactagggtt ctgtgagttt gattaaggta 8280cggtgatcaa tataagctat
gtggtggtgg ggctatacta ctgaatgaaa aatgacttga 8340aattttctgc
aattgaaaaa taaacacgtt gaaacataac atgcaacagg ttcacgattc
8400tttattcctg ggcaatgtag gagaaggtgt aagagttggt agcaaaagtt
tcagtggtgt 8460attttccact ttcccaggac catgtaaaag acatagagta
agtgcttacc tcgctagttt 8520ctgtggattc actagaatcg atgtaggatg
ttgcccctcc tgacgcggta ggagaagggg 8580agggtgccct gcatgtctgc
cgctgctctt gctcttgccg ctgctgagga ggggggcgca 8640tctgccgcag
caccggatgc atctgggaaa agcaaaaaag gggctcgtcc ctgtttccgg
8700aggaatttgc aagcggggtc ttgcatgacg gggaggcaaa cccccgttcg
ccgcagtccg 8760gccggcccga gactcgaacc gggggtcctg cgactcaacc
cttggaaaat aaccctccgg 8820ctacagggag cgagccactt aatgctttcg
ctttccagcc taaccgctta cgccgcgcgc 8880ggccagtggc caaaaaagct
agcgcagcag ccgccgcgcc tggaaggaag ccaaaaggag 8940cgctcccccg
ttgtctgacg tcgcacacct gggttcgaca cgcgggcggt aaccgcatgg
9000atcacggcgg acggccggat ccggggttcg aaccccggtc gtccgccatg
atacccttgc 9060gaatttatcc accagaccac ggaagagtgc ccgcttacag
gctctccttt tgcacggtct 9120agagcgtcaa cgactgcgca cgcctcaccg
gccagagcgt cccgaccatg gagcactttt 9180tgccgctgcg caacatctgg
aaccgcgtcc gcgactttcc gcgcgcctcc accaccgccg 9240ccggcatcac
ctggatgtcc aggtacatct acggattacg tcgacgttta aaccatatga
9300tcagctcact caaaggcggt aatacggtta tccacagaat caggggataa
cgcaggaaag 9360aacatgtgag caaaaggcca gcaaaaggcc aggaaccgta
aaaaggccgc gttgctggcg 9420tttttccata ggctccgccc ccctgacgag
catcacaaaa atcgacgctc aagtcagagg 9480tggcgaaacc cgacaggact
ataaagatac caggcgtttc cccctggaag ctccctcgtg 9540cgctctcctg
ttccgaccct gccgcttacc ggatacctgt ccgcctttct cccttcggga
9600agcgtggcgc tttctcatag ctcacgctgt aggtatctca gttcggtgta
ggtcgttcgc 9660tccaagctgg gctgtgtgca cgaacccccc gttcagcccg
accgctgcgc cttatccggt 9720aactatcgtc ttgagtccaa cccggtaaga
cacgacttat cgccactggc agcagccact 9780ggtaacagga ttagcagagc
gaggtatgta ggcggtgcta cagagttctt gaagtggtgg 9840cctaactacg
gctacactag aagaacagta tttggtatct gcgctctgct gaagccagtt
9900accttcggaa aaagagttgg tagctcttga tccggcaaac aaaccaccgc
tggtagcggt 9960ggtttttttg tttgcaagca gcagattacg cgcagaaaaa
aaggatctca agaagatcct 10020ttgatctttt ctacggggtc tgacgctcag
tggaacgaaa actcacgtta agggattttg 10080gtcatgagat tatcaaaaag
gatcttcacc tagatccttt taaattaaaa atgaagtttt 10140aaatcaatct
aaagtatata tgagtaaact tggtctgaca gtcagaagaa ctcgtcaaga
10200aggcgataga aggcgatgcg ctgcgaatcg ggagcggcga taccgtaaag
cacgaggaag 10260cggtcagccc attcgccgcc aagctcttca gcaatatcac
gggtagccaa cgctatgtcc 10320tgatagcggt ccgccacacc cagccggcca
cagtcgatga atccagaaaa gcggccattt 10380tccaccatga tattcggcaa
gcaggcatcg ccatgggtca cgacgagatc ctcgccgtcg 10440ggcatgctcg
ccttgagcct ggcgaacagt tcggctggcg cgagcccctg atgctcttcg
10500tccagatcat cctgatcgac aagaccggct tccatccgag tacgtgctcg
ctcgatgcga 10560tgtttcgctt ggtggtcgaa tgggcaggta gccggatcaa
gcgtatgcag ccgccgcatt 10620gcatcagcca tgatggatac tttctcggca
ggagcaaggt gagatgacag gagatcctgc 10680cccggcactt cgcccaatag
cagccagtcc cttcccgctt cagtgacaac gtcgagtaca 10740gctgcgcaag
gaacgcccgt cgtggccagc cacgatagcc gcgctgcctc gtcttgcagt
10800tcattcaggg caccggacag gtcggtcttg acaaaaagaa ccgggcgccc
ctgcgctgac 10860agccggaaca cggcggcatc agagcagccg attgtctgtt
gtgcccagtc atagccgaat 10920agcctctcca cccaagcggc cggagaacct
gcgtgcaatc catcttgttc aatcatactc 10980ttcctttttc aatattattg
aagcatttat cagggttatt gtctcatgag cggatacata 11040tttgaatgta
tttagaaaaa taaacaaata ggggttccgc gcacatttcc ccgaaaagtg
11100ccacctaaat tgtaagcgtt aatattttgt taaaattcgc gttaaatttt
tgttaaatca 11160gctcattttt taaccaatag gccgaaatcg gcaaaatccc
ttataaatca aaagaataga 11220ccgagatagg gttgagtgtt gttccagttt
ggaacaagag tccactatta aagaacgtgg 11280actccaacgt caaagggcga
aaaaccgtct atcagggcga tggcccacta cgtgaaccat 11340caccctaatc
aagttttttg gggtcgaggt gccgtaaagc actaaatcgg aaccctaaag
11400ggagcccccg atttagagct tgacggggaa agccggcgaa cgtggcgaga
aaggaaggga 11460agaaagcgaa aggagcgggc gctagggcgc tggcaagtgt
agcggtcacg ctgcgcgtaa 11520ccaccacacc cgccgcgctt aatgcgccgc
tacagggcgc gatggatcc 1156935030DNAArtificial SequenceCoding Strand
of Plasmid pAV-CMV-EGFP 3cctgcaggca gctgcgcgct cgctcgctca
ctgaggccgc ccgggcgtcg ggcgaccttt 60ggtcgcccgg ccctccagtg agcgagcgcg
cagagaggga gtggccaact ccatcactag 120gggttcctgc ggccgcacgc
gtctagttat taatagtaat cgaattcgtg ttactcataa 180ctagtaaggt
cgggcaggaa gagggcctat ttcccatgat tccttcatat ttgcatatac
240gatacaaggc tgttagagag ataattagaa ttaatttgac tgtaaacaca
aagatattag 300tacaaaatac gtgacgtaga aagtaataat ttcttgggta
gtttgcagtt ttaaaattat 360gttttaaaat ggactatcat atgcttaccg
taacttgaaa gtatttcgat ttcttgggtt 420tatatatctt gtggaaagga
cgcgggatcc actggaccag gcagcagcgt cagaagactt 480ttttggaaaa
gcttgactag taatactgta atagtaatca attacggggt cattagttca
540tagcccatat atggagttcc gcgttacata acttacggta aatggcccgc
ctggctgacc 600gcccaacgac ccccgcccat tgacgtcaat aatgacgtat
gttcccatag taacgccaat 660agggactttc cattgacgtc aatgggtgga
gtatttacgg taaactgccc acttggcagt 720acatcaagtg tatcatatgc
caagtacgcc ccctattgac gtcaatgacg gtaaatggcc 780cgcctggcat
tatgcccagt acatgacctt atgggacttt cctacttggc agtacatcta
840cgtattagtc atcgctatta ccatggtgat gcggttttgg cagtacatca
atgggcgtgg 900atagcggttt gactcacggg gatttccaag tctccacccc
attgacgtca atgggagttt 960gttttgcacc aaaatcaacg ggactttcca
aaatgtcgta acaactccgc cccattgacg 1020caaatgggcg gtaggcgtgt
acggtgggag gtctatataa gcagagctgg tttagtgaac 1080cgtcagatcc
gctagagatc cggtaccgag gagatctgcc gccgcgatcg ccggcgcgcc
1140agatctcacg cttaactagc tagcggaccg acgcgtacgc ggccgctcga
gatggtgagc 1200aagggcgagg agctgttcac cggggtggtg cccatcctgg
tcgagctgga cggcgacgta 1260aacggccaca agttcagcgt gtccggcgag
ggcgagggcg atgccaccta cggcaagctg 1320accctgaagt tcatctgcac
caccggcaag ctgcccgtgc cctggcccac cctcgtgacc 1380accctgacct
acggcgtgca gtgcttcagc cgctaccccg accacatgaa gcagcacgac
1440ttcttcaagt ccgccatgcc cgaaggctac gtccaggagc gcaccatctt
cttcaaggac 1500gacggcaact acaagacccg cgccgaggtg aagttcgagg
gcgacaccct ggtgaaccgc 1560atcgagctga agggcatcga cttcaaggag
gacggcaaca tcctggggca caagctggag 1620tacaactaca acagccacaa
cgtctatatc atggccgaca agcagaagaa cggcatcaag 1680gtgaacttca
agatccgcca caacatcgag gacggcagcg tgcagctcgc cgaccactac
1740cagcagaaca cccccatcgg cgacggcccc gtgctgctgc ccgacaacca
ctacctgagc 1800acccagtccg ccctgagcaa agaccccaac gagaagcgcg
atcacatggt cctgctggag 1860ttcgtgaccg ccgccgggat cactctcggc
atggacgagc tgtacaagta agtcgaggat 1920tataaggatg acgacgataa
attcgtcgag caccaccacc accaccacta ataaggttta 1980tccgatccac
cggatctaga taagatatcc gatccaccgg atctagataa ctgatcataa
2040tcagccatac cacatttgta gaggttttac ttgctttaaa aaacctccca
cacctccccc 2100tgaacctgaa acataaaatg aatgcaattg ttgttgttaa
cttgtttatt gcagcttata 2160atggttacaa ataaagcaat agcatcacaa
atttcacaaa taaagcattt ttttcactgc 2220attctagttg tggtttgtcc
aaactcatca atgtatctta acgcggtaac cacgtgcgga 2280ccgagcggcc
gcaggaaccc ctagtgatgg agttggccac tccctctctg cgcgctcgct
2340cgctcactga ggccgggcga ccaaaggtcg cccgacgccc gggctttgcc
cgggcggcct 2400cagtgagcga gcgagcgcgc agctgcctgc aggggcgcct
gatgcggtat tttctcctta 2460cgcatctgtg cggtatttca caccgcatac
gtcaaagcaa ccatagtacg cgccctgtag 2520cggcgcatta agcgcggcgg
gtgtggtggt tacgcgcagc gtgaccgcta cacctgccag 2580cgccttagcg
cccgctcctt tcgctttctt cccttccttt ctcgccacgt tcgccggctt
2640tccccgtcaa gctctaaatc gggggctccc tttagggttc cgatttagtg
ctttacggca 2700cctcgacccc aaaaaacttg atttgggtga tggttcacgt
agtgggccat cgccctgata 2760gacggttttt cgccctttga cgttggagtc
cacgttcttt aatagtggac tcttgttcca 2820aactggaaca acactcaacc
ctatctcggg ctattctttt gatttataag ggattttgcc 2880gatttcggcc
tattggttaa aaaatgagct gatttaacaa aaatttaacg cgaattttaa
2940caaaatatta acgtttacaa ttttatggtg cactctcagt acaatctgct
ctgatgccgc 3000atagttaagc cagccccgac acccgccaac acccgctgac
gcgccctgac gggcttgtct 3060gctcccggca tccgcttaca gacaagctgt
gaccgtctcc gggagctgca tgtgtcagag 3120gttttcaccg tcatcaccga
aacgcgcgag acgaaagggc ctcgtgatac gcctattttt 3180ataggttaat
gtcatgataa taatggtttc ttagacgtca ggtggcactt ttcggggaaa
3240tgtgcgcgga acccctattt gtttattttt ctaaatacat tcaaatatgt
atccgctcat 3300gagacaataa ccctgataaa tgcttcaata atattgaaaa
aggaagagta tgagtattca 3360acatttccgt gtcgccctta ttcccttttt
tgcggcattt tgccttcctg tttttgctca 3420cccagaaacg ctggtgaaag
taaaagatgc tgaagatcag ttgggtgcac gagtgggtta 3480catcgaactg
gatctcaaca gcggtaagat ccttgagagt tttcgccccg aagaacgttt
3540tccaatgatg agcactttta aagttctgct atgtggcgcg gtattatccc
gtattgacgc 3600cgggcaagag caactcggtc gccgcataca ctattctcag
aatgacttgg ttgagtactc 3660accagtcaca gaaaagcatc ttacggatgg
catgacagta agagaattat gcagtgctgc 3720cataaccatg agtgataaca
ctgcggccaa cttacttctg acaacgatcg gaggaccgaa 3780ggagctaacc
gcttttttgc acaacatggg ggatcatgta actcgccttg atcgttggga
3840accggagctg aatgaagcca taccaaacga cgagcgtgac accacgatgc
ctgtagcaat 3900ggcaacaacg ttgcgcaaac tattaactgg cgaactactt
actctagctt cccggcaaca 3960attaatagac tggatggagg cggataaagt
tgcaggacca cttctgcgct cggcccttcc 4020ggctggctgg tttattgctg
ataaatctgg agccggtgag cgtgggtctc gcggtatcat 4080tgcagcactg
gggccagatg gtaagccctc ccgtatcgta gttatctaca cgacggggag
4140tcaggcaact atggatgaac gaaatagaca gatcgctgag ataggtgcct
cactgattaa 4200gcattggtaa ctgtcagacc aagtttactc atatatactt
tagattgatt taaaacttca 4260tttttaattt aaaaggatct aggtgaagat
cctttttgat aatctcatga ccaaaatccc 4320ttaacgtgag ttttcgttcc
actgagcgtc agaccccgta gaaaagatca aaggatcttc 4380ttgagatcct
ttttttctgc gcgtaatctg ctgcttgcaa acaaaaaaac caccgctacc
4440agcggtggtt tgtttgccgg atcaagagct accaactctt tttccgaagg
taactggctt 4500cagcagagcg cagataccaa atactgtcct tctagtgtag
ccgtagttag gccaccactt 4560caagaactct gtagcaccgc ctacatacct
cgctctgcta atcctgttac cagtggctgc 4620tgccagtggc gataagtcgt
gtcttaccgg gttggactca agacgatagt taccggataa 4680ggcgcagcgg
tcgggctgaa cggggggttc gtgcacacag cccagcttgg agcgaacgac
4740ctacaccgaa ctgagatacc tacagcgtga gctatgagaa agcgccacgc
ttcccgaagg 4800gagaaaggcg gacaggtatc cggtaagcgg cagggtcgga
acaggagagc gcacgaggga 4860gcttccaggg ggaaacgcct ggtatcttta
tagtcctgtc gggtttcgcc acctctgact 4920tgagcgtcga tttttgtgat
gctcgtcagg ggggcggagc ctatggaaaa acgccagcaa 4980cgcggccttt
ttacggttcc tggccttttg ctggcctttt gctcacatgt 503044742DNAArtificial
SequenceCoding Strand of Plasmid pAV-TBG-EGFP 4cctgcaggca
gctgcgcgct cgctcgctca ctgaggccgc ccgggcgtcg ggcgaccttt 60ggtcgcccgg
cctcagtgag cgagcgagcg cgcagagagg gagtggccaa ctccatcact
120aggggttcct gcggccggtc gcgtctagta ctagtaggtt aatttttaaa
aagcagtcaa 180aagtccaagt ggcccttggc agcatttact ctctctgttt
gctctggtta ataatctcag 240gagcacaaac attccagatc caggttaatt
tttaaaaagc agtcaaaagt ccaagtggcc 300cttggcagca tttactctct
ctgtttgctc tggttaataa tctcaggagc acaaacattc 360cagatccggc
gcgccagggc tggaagctac ctttgacatc atttcctctg cgaatgcatg
420tataatttct acagaaccta ttagaaagga tcacccagcc tctgcttttg
tacaactttc 480ccttaaaaaa ctgccaattc cactgctgtt tggcccaata
gtgagaactt tttcctgctg 540cctcttggtg cttttgccta tggcccctat
tctgcctgct gaagacactc ttgccagcat 600ggacttaaac ccctccagct
ctgacaatcc tctttctctt ttgttttaca tgaagggtct 660ggcagccaaa
gcaatcactc aaagttcaaa ccttatcatt ttttgctttg ttcctcttgg
720ccttggtttt gtacatcagc tttgaaaata ccatcccagg gttaatgctg
gggttaattt 780ataactaaga gtgctctagt tttgcaatac aggacatgct
ataaaaatgg aaagatgttg 840ctttctgaga gacaggtacc gaggagatct
gccgccgcga tcgccaccat ggtgagcaag 900ggcgaggagc tgttcaccgg
ggtggtgccc atcctggtcg agctggacgg cgacgtaaac 960ggccacaagt
tcagcgtgtc cggcgagggc gagggcgatg ccacttacgg caagctgacc
1020ctgaagttca tctgcaccac cggcaagctg cccgtgccct ggcccaccct
cgtgaccacc 1080ctgacctacg gcgtgcagtg cttcagccgc taccccgacc
acatgaagca gcacgacttc 1140ttcaagtccg ccatgcccga aggctacgtc
caggagcgca ccatcttctt caaggacgac 1200ggcaactaca agacccgcgc
cgaggtgaag ttcgagggcg acaccctggt gaaccgcatc 1260gagctgaagg
gcatcgactt caaggaggac ggcaacatcc tggggcacaa gctggagtac
1320aactacaaca gccacaacgt ctatatcatg gccgacaagc agaagaacgg
catcaaggtg 1380aacttcaaga tccgccacaa catcgaggac ggcagcgtgc
agctcgccga ccactaccag 1440cagaacaccc ccatcggcga cggccccgtg
ctgctgcccg acaaccacta cctgagcacc 1500cagtccgccc tgagcaaaga
ccccaacgag aagcgcgatc acatggtcct gctggagttc 1560gtgaccgccg
ccgggatcac tctcggcatg gacgagctgt acaagtagac gcgtacgcgg
1620ccgctcgagg attataagga tgacgacgat aaattcgtcg agcaccacca
ccaccaccac 1680taataaggtt tatccgatcc accggatcta gataagatat
ccgatccacc ggatctagat 1740aactgatcat aatcagccat accacatttg
tagaggtttt acttgcttta aaaaacctcc 1800cacacctccc cctgaacctg
aaacataaaa tgaatgcaat tgttgttgtt aacttgttta 1860ttgcagctta
taatggttac aaataaagca atagcatcac aaatttcaca aataaagcat
1920ttttttcact gcattctagt tgtggtttgt ccaaactcat caatgtatct
taacgcggta 1980accacgtgcg gacccaacgg ccgcaggaac ccctagtgat
ggagttggcc actccctctc 2040tgcgcgctcg ctcgctcact gaggccgggc
gaccaaaggt cgcccgacgc ccgggctttg 2100cccgggcggc ctcagtgagc
gagcgagcgc gcagctgcct gcaggggcgc ctgatgcggt 2160attttctcct
tacgcatctg tgcggtattt cacaccgcat acgtcaaagc aaccatagta
2220cgcgccctgt agcggcacat taagcgcggc gggtgtggtg gttacgcgca
gcgtgaccgc 2280tacacctgcc agcgccttag cgcccgctcc tttcgctttc
ttcccttcct ttctcgccac 2340gttcgccggc tttccccgtc aagctctaaa
tcgggggctc cctttagggt tccgatttag 2400tgctttacgg cacctcgacc
ccaaaaaact tgatttgggt gatggttcac gtagtgggcc 2460atcgccctga
tagacggttt ttcgcccttt gacgttggag tccacgttct ttaatagtgg
2520actcttgttc caaactggaa caacactcaa ctctatctcg ggctattctt
ttgatttata 2580agggattttg ccgatttcgg tctattggtt aaaaaatgag
ctgatttaac aaaaatttaa 2640cgcgaatttt aacaaaatat taacgtttac
aattttatgg tgcactctca gtacaatctg 2700ctctgatgcc gcatagttaa
gccagccccg acacccgcca acacccgctg acgcgccctg 2760acgggcttgt
ctgctcccgg catccgctta cagacaagct gtgaccgtct ccgggagctg
2820catgtgtcag aggttttcac cgtcatcacc gaaacgcgcg agacgaaagg
gcctcgtgat 2880acgcctattt ttataggtta atgtcatgat aataatggtt
tcttagacgt caggtggcac 2940ttttcgggga aatgtgcgcg gaacccctat
ttgtttattt ttctaaatac attcaaatat 3000gtatccgctc atgagacaat
aaccctgata aatgcttcaa taatattgaa aaaggaagag 3060tatgagtatt
caacatttcc gtgtcgccct tattcccttt tttgcggcat tttgccttcc
3120tgtttttgct cacccagaaa cgctggtgaa agtaaaagat gctgaagatc
agttgggtgc 3180acgagtgggt tacatcgaac tggatctcaa cagcggtaag
atccttgaga gttttcgccc 3240cgaagaacgt tttccaatga tgagcacttt
taaagttctg ctatgtggcg cggtattatc 3300ccgtattgac gccgggcaag
agcaactcgg tcgccgcata cactattctc agaatgactt 3360ggttgagtac
tcaccagtca cagaaaagca tcttacggat ggcatgacag taagagaatt
3420atgcagtgct gccataacca tgagtgataa cactgcggcc aacttacttc
tgacaacgat 3480cggaggaccg aaggagctaa ccgctttttt gcacaacatg
ggggatcatg taactcgcct 3540tgatcgttgg gaaccggagc tgaatgaagc
cataccaaac gacgagcgtg acaccacgat 3600gcctgtagca atggcaacaa
cgttgcgcaa actattaact ggcgaactac ttactctagc 3660ttcccggcaa
caattaatag actggatgga ggcggataaa gttgcaggac cacttctgcg
3720ctcggccctt ccggctggct ggtttattgc tgataaatct ggagccggtg
agcgtgggtc 3780tcgcggtatc attgcagcac tggggccaga tggtaagccc
tcccgtatcg tagttatcta 3840cacgacgggg agtcaggcaa ctatggatga
acgaaataga cagatcgctg agataggtgc 3900ctcactgatt aagcattggt
aactgtcaga ccaagtttac tcatatatac tttagattga 3960tttaaaactt
catttttaat ttaaaaggat ctaggtgaag atcctttttg ataatctcat
4020gaccaaaatc ccttaacgtg agttttcgtt ccactgagcg tcagaccccg
tagaaaagat 4080caaaggatct tcttgagatc ctttttttct gcgcgtaatc
tgctgcttgc aaacaaaaaa 4140accaccgcta ccagcggtgg tttgtttgcc
ggatcaagag ctaccaactc tttttccgaa 4200ggtaactggc ttcagcagag
cgcagatacc aaatactgtt cttctagtgt agccgtagtt 4260aggccaccac
ttcaagaact ctgtagcacc gcctacatac ctcgctctgc taatcctgtt
4320accagtggct gctgccagtg gcgataagtc gtgtcttacc gggttggact
caagacgata 4380gttaccggat aaggcgcagc ggtcgggctg aacggggggt
tcgtgcacac agcccagctt 4440ggagcgaacg acctacaccg aactgagata
cctacagcgt gagctatgag aaagcgccac 4500gcttcccgaa gggagaaagg
cggacaggta tccggtaagc ggcagggtcg gaacaggaga 4560gcgcacgagg
gagcttccag ggggaaacgc ctggtatctt tatagtcctg tcgggtttcg
4620ccacctctga cttgagcgtc gatttttgtg atgctcgtca ggggggcgga
gcctatggaa 4680aaacgccagc aacgcggcct ttttacggtt cctggccttt
tgctggcctt ttgctcacat 4740gt 4742
* * * * *