U.S. patent application number 17/194442 was filed with the patent office on 2022-09-08 for bacteria repellant polymer composites.
The applicant listed for this patent is Ka Shui Plastic Technology Co. Ltd.. Invention is credited to Ho-Man AU, Hoi-Kuan KONG, Yuen-Fat LEE, Cheuk-Nang Daniel SUNG, Wai-Chung Peter WONG, You WU, Yan-Hua ZHAO.
Application Number | 20220279786 17/194442 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005479853 |
Filed Date | 2022-09-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220279786 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
WU; You ; et al. |
September 8, 2022 |
Bacteria Repellant Polymer Composites
Abstract
Bacteria repellant polymer composite having a reduced yellowness
index prepared by melt processing a base polymer an epoxy resin and
a bacteria repellant agent and methods of preparation thereof.
Inventors: |
WU; You; (Hong Kong, CN)
; KONG; Hoi-Kuan; (Hong Kong, CN) ; ZHAO;
Yan-Hua; (Hong Kong, CN) ; AU; Ho-Man; (Hong
Kong, CN) ; WONG; Wai-Chung Peter; (Hong Kong,
CN) ; SUNG; Cheuk-Nang Daniel; (Hong Kong, CN)
; LEE; Yuen-Fat; (Hong Kong, CN) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Ka Shui Plastic Technology Co. Ltd. |
Hong Kong |
|
CN |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000005479853 |
Appl. No.: |
17/194442 |
Filed: |
March 8, 2021 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 31/02 20130101;
C08F 120/32 20130101; C08F 110/06 20130101; C08F 110/02 20130101;
A01N 37/44 20130101; C08G 59/3218 20130101; A01N 25/10 20130101;
A01N 37/46 20130101; A01N 37/38 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A01N 37/46 20060101
A01N037/46; A01N 25/10 20060101 A01N025/10; A01N 31/02 20060101
A01N031/02; A01N 37/38 20060101 A01N037/38; A01N 37/44 20060101
A01N037/44 |
Claims
1. A bacteria repellant polymer composite comprising a base polymer
and a bacteria repellant conjugate formed by the reaction of an
epoxy resin and a bacteria repellant agent, wherein the bacteria
repellant agent is a non-ionic surfactant or an ionic
surfactant.
2. The bacteria repellant polymer composite of claim 1, wherein a 1
mm thick sample of the bacteria repellant polymer composite has a
yellowness index of 3.5 or less according to ASTM E313.
3. The bacteria repellant polymer composite of claim 1, wherein the
base polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyolefins,
cyclic polyolefins, polyacrylics, polyacetates, polystyrenics,
polyesters, polyimides, polyaryletherketones, polycarbonates,
polyurethanes, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylchlroides, polysulfone,
polyamide, and thermoplastic elastomers, copolymers thereof, and
blends thereof.
4. The bacteria repellant polymer composite of claim 1, wherein the
base polymer is polypropylene, polyethylene, thermoplastic
polyurethane, thermoplastic vulcanizate, styrene ethylene butylene
styrene block thermoplastic elastomer, polycarbonate, and
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
5. The bacteria repellant polymer composite of claim 1, wherein the
bacteria repellant agent is selected from the group consisting of
fatty alcohol polyoxyalkylene ethers, polyoxyalkylene fatty acid
esters, polyoxyalkylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, sorbitol fatty
acid esters, polyether glycols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol
hexaoleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene
sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil
polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether,
cocamidopropyl betaine, sodium hydrogen
N-(1-oxododecyl)-L-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium
stearoyl glutamate, and
3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate.
6. The bacteria repellant polymer composite of claim 1, wherein the
bacteria repellant agent is a polyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl
alcohol, poly(ethylene glycol) sorbitol hexaoleate, cocamidopropyl
betaine, N-(1-oxododecyl)-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, or
a mixture thereof.
7. The bacteria repellant polymer composite of claim 1, wherein the
epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy resin, poly(glycidyl methacrylate),
and poly(glycidyl acrylate), a terpolymer of ethylene, methyl
methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate, a terpolymer of ethylene,
acrylic ester, glycidyl methacrylate, epoxy functionalized
polybutadiene, or epoxy functionalized
poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene); or the epoxy resin is selected from
the group consisting of: ##STR00003## wherein n for each instance
is independently 1-10,000.
8. The bacteria repellant polymer composite of claim 1, wherein the
epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy resin, poly(glycidyl methacrylate),
a terpolymer of ethylene, acrylic ester, glycidyl methacrylate,
epoxy functionalized polybutadiene, or epoxy functionalized
poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene).
9. The bacteria repellant polymer composite of claim 1, wherein the
bacteria repellant agent is a polyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl
alcohol, poly(ethylene glycol) sorbitol hexaoleate, cocamidopropyl
betaine, N-(1-oxododecyl)-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate or
a mixture thereof; and the epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy resin,
poly(glycidyl methacrylate), a terpolymer of ethylene, acrylic
ester, glycidyl methacrylate, epoxy functionalized polybutadiene,
or an epoxy functionalized poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene).
10. The bacteria repellant polymer composite of claim 9, wherein a
1 mm thick sample of the bacteria repellant polymer composite has a
yellowness index of 2.1 or less according to ASTM E313.
11. The bacteria repellant polymer composite of claim 1, wherein
the base polymer and the bacteria repellant conjugate are present
in the bacteria repellant polymer composite in a mass ratio of 92:8
to 98:2, respectively.
12. The bacteria repellant polymer composite of claim 1, wherein
the based polymer is selected from the group consisting of
polypropylene, polyethylene, thermoplastic polyurethane,
thermoplastic vulcanizate, styrene ethylene butylene styrene block
thermoplastic elastomer, polycarbonate, and acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene; the bacteria repellant agent is a polyethylene glycol
ether of cetearyl alcohol, poly(ethylene glycol) sorbitol
hexaoleate, cocamidopropyl betaine, N-(1-oxododecyl)-glutamate,
sodium lauroyl sarcosinate or a mixture thereof; the epoxy resin is
a novolac epoxy resin, poly(glycidyl methacrylate), a terpolymer of
ethylene, acrylic ester, glycidyl methacrylate, epoxy
functionalized polybutadiene, or an epoxy functionalized
poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene); and a 1 mm thick sample of the
bacteria repellant polymer composite has a yellowness index between
1.1 to 2.1 according to ASTM E313.
13. A method of preparing the bacteria repellant polymer composite
of claim 1, the method comprising: combining a base polymer, an
epoxy resin, and a bacteria repellant agent thereby forming a
mixture; and melt processing the mixture under conditions that
facilitate the reaction of at least a portion of the epoxy resin
and at least a portion of the bacteria repellant agent thereby
forming the bacteria repellant polymer composite.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the base polymer is
polypropylene, polyethylene, thermoplastic polyurethane,
thermoplastic vulcanizate, styrene ethylene butylene styrene block
thermoplastic elastomer, polycarbonate, and acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein the bacteria repellant agent is
a polyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl alcohol, poly(ethylene
glycol) sorbitol hexaoleate, cocamidopropyl betaine,
N-(1-oxododecyl)-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, or a
mixture thereof.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein the epoxy resin is a novolac
epoxy resin, poly(glycidyl methacrylate), a terpolymer of ethylene,
acrylic ester, glycidyl methacrylate, epoxy functionalized
polybutadiene, or epoxy functionalized
poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene).
17. The method of claim 13, wherein the base polymer, the epoxy
resin, and the bacteria repellant agent are combined in a mass
ratio between 91:3:6 to 98:0.1:1.9, respectively.
18. The method of claim 13, wherein the mixture is melt processed
at a temperature between 180.degree. C. to 270.degree. C.
19. The method of claim 13, wherein the based polymer is selected
from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene,
thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic vulcanizate, styrene
ethylene butylene styrene block thermoplastic elastomer,
polycarbonate, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; the bacteria
repellant agent is a polyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl alcohol,
poly(ethylene glycol) sorbitol hexaoleate, cocamidopropyl betaine,
N-(1-oxododecyl)-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate or a mixture
thereof; the epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy resin, poly(glycidyl
methacrylate), a terpolymer of ethylene, acrylic ester, glycidyl
methacrylate, epoxy functionalized polybutadiene, or an epoxy
functionalized poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene); the mixture is melt
processed at a temperature between 190.degree. C. to 270.degree.
C.; and the base polymer, the epoxy resin, and the bacteria
repellant agent are combined in a mass ratio between 93:2:5 to
96.8:0.2:3, respectively.
20. A bacteria repellant composite prepared in accordance with the
method of claim 19.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to a method for the chemical
modification of a polymer to improve the anti-biological adhesion
of the polymer surface. More particularly, the present disclosure
relates to a bacteria repellant polymer composites and methods of
preparation and use thereof.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Various methods for conferring anti-fouling properties to
polymers have been developed, such as by incorporation of silver,
zinc, copper, and other antimicrobial agents. However, there's also
raising concern regarding the safety of such antimicrobials. There
is thus strong motivation for converting conventional
anti-microbial agents to safe, non-leachable and non-fouling
approach, which repel the attachment of bacteria instead of killing
them. Polyethylene glycol and zwitterionic coatings have been shown
to act as non-fouling modifiers when introduced in polymer
composites due to their hydrophilicity and/or steric hindrance to
proteins, bacteria and viruses.
[0003] Conventional non-fouling modification of polymers is usually
achieved by surface modification and coating with hydrophilic
layers on the polymeric surfaces after molding. However, such
coating is not a cost effective and durable approach for preparing
bacterial-repellant surface. In one approach for imparting bacteria
repellency to a polymer, a masterbatch is prepared by pre-reaction
of a maleic anhydride (MAH) based reactive linker with an
anti-fouling agent, which is then grafted to a polyolefin to
produce a masterbatch with bacteria-repellant properties. The
masterbatch is then mixed with polymer by melt processing.
[0004] The use of MAH as a linker between the anti-fouling agent
and the polyolefin has several limitations, such as increase of
yellowness index (due to unsaturated nature of MAH) and the
necessity of having complimentary reactive functionality in the
non-fouling agent, such as hydroxyl or amine groups.
[0005] There is thus a need for improved methods for preparing
bacteria repellant polymer composites and products thereof, which
addresses or overcomes at least some of the challenges raised
above.
SUMMARY
[0006] In view of the above, in a first aspect, provided herein is
a bacteria repellant polymer composite comprising a base polymer
and a bacteria repellant conjugate formed by the reaction of an
epoxy resin and a bacteria repellant agent, wherein the bacteria
repellant agent is a non-ionic surfactant or an ionic
surfactant.
[0007] In certain embodiments, a 1 mm thick sample of the bacteria
repellant polymer composite has a yellowness index of 3.5 or less
according to ASTM E313.
[0008] In certain embodiments, the base polymer is selected from
the group consisting of polyolefins, cyclic polyolefins,
polyacrylics, polyacetates, polystyrenics, polyesters, polyimides,
polyaryletherketones, polycarbonates, polyurethanes,
polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylchlorides, polysulfone, polyamide, and
thermoplastic elastomers, copolymers thereof, and blends
thereof.
[0009] In certain embodiments, the base polymer is polypropylene,
polyethylene, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic
vulcanizate, styrene ethylene butylene styrene block thermoplastic
elastomer, polycarbonate, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the bacteria repellant agent is
selected from the group consisting of fatty alcohol polyoxyalkylene
ethers, polyoxyalkylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyalkylene sorbitan
fatty acid esters, sorbitol fatty acid esters, polyether glycols,
polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan
monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene
hydrogenated castor oil polyoxyethylene cetyl ether,
polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, cocamidopropyl betaine, sodium
hydrogen N-(1-oxododecyl)-L-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate,
sodium stearoyl glutamate, and
3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate.
[0011] In certain embodiments, the bacteria repellant agent is a
polyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl alcohol, poly(ethylene
glycol) sorbitol hexaoleate, cocamidopropyl betaine,
N-(1-oxododecyl)-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, or a
mixture thereof.
[0012] In certain embodiments, the epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy
resin, poly(glycidyl methacrylate), and poly(glycidyl acrylate), a
terpolymer of ethylene, methyl methacrylate and glycidyl
methacrylate, a terpolymer of ethylene, acrylic ester, glycidyl
methacrylate, epoxy functionalized polybutadiene, or epoxy
functionalized poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene); or the epoxy resin
is selected from the group consisting of:
##STR00001##
wherein n for each instance is independently 1-10,000.
[0013] In certain embodiments, the epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy
resin, poly(glycidyl methacrylate), a terpolymer of ethylene,
acrylic ester, glycidyl methacrylate, epoxy functionalized
polybutadiene, or epoxy functionalized
poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene).
[0014] In certain embodiments, the bacteria repellant agent is a
polyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl alcohol, poly(ethylene
glycol) sorbitol hexaoleate, cocamidopropyl betaine,
N-(1-oxododecyl)-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate or a mixture
thereof; and the epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy resin,
poly(glycidyl methacrylate), a terpolymer of ethylene, acrylic
ester, glycidyl methacrylate, epoxy functionalized polybutadiene,
or an epoxy functionalized poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene).
[0015] In certain embodiments, a 1 mm thick sample of the bacteria
repellant polymer composite has a yellowness index of 2.1 or less
according to ASTM E313.
[0016] In certain embodiments, the base polymer and the bacteria
repellant conjugate are present in the bacteria repellant polymer
composite in a mass ratio of 92:8 to 98:2, respectively.
[0017] In certain embodiments, the based polymer is selected from
the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, thermoplastic
polyurethane, thermoplastic vulcanizate, styrene ethylene butylene
styrene block thermoplastic elastomer, polycarbonate, and
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; the bacteria repellant agent is a
polyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl alcohol, poly(ethylene
glycol) sorbitol hexaoleate, cocamidopropyl betaine,
N-(1-oxododecyl)-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate or a mixture
thereof; the epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy resin, poly(glycidyl
methacrylate), a terpolymer of ethylene, acrylic ester, glycidyl
methacrylate, epoxy functionalized polybutadiene, or an epoxy
functionalized poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene); and a 1 mm thick
sample of the bacteria repellant polymer composite has a yellowness
index between 1.1 to 2.1 according to ASTM E313.
[0018] In a second aspect, provided herein is a method of preparing
a bacteria repellant polymer composite described herein, the method
comprising: combining a base polymer, an epoxy resin, and a
bacteria repellant agent thereby forming a mixture; and melt
processing the mixture under conditions that facilitate the
reaction of at least a portion of the epoxy resin and at least a
portion of the bacteria repellant agent thereby forming the
bacteria repellant polymer composite.
[0019] In certain embodiments, the base polymer is polypropylene,
polyethylene, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic
vulcanizate, styrene ethylene butylene styrene block thermoplastic
elastomer, polycarbonate, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
[0020] In certain embodiments, the bacteria repellant agent is a
polyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl alcohol, poly(ethylene
glycol) sorbitol hexaoleate, cocamidopropyl betaine,
N-(1-oxododecyl)-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, or a
mixture thereof.
[0021] In certain embodiments, the epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy
resin, poly(glycidyl methacrylate), a terpolymer of ethylene,
acrylic ester, glycidyl methacrylate, epoxy functionalized
polybutadiene, or epoxy functionalized
poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene).
[0022] In certain embodiments, the base polymer, the epoxy resin,
and the bacteria repellant agent are combined in a mass ratio
between 91:3:6 to 98:0.1:1.9, respectively.
[0023] In certain embodiments, the mixture is melt processed at a
temperature between 180.degree. C. to 270.degree. C.
[0024] In certain embodiments, the based polymer is selected from
the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, thermoplastic
polyurethane, thermoplastic vulcanizate, styrene ethylene butylene
styrene block thermoplastic elastomer, polycarbonate, and
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; the bacteria repellant agent is a
polyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl alcohol, poly(ethylene
glycol) sorbitol hexaoleate, cocamidopropyl betaine,
N-(1-oxododecyl)-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate or a mixture
thereof; the epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy resin, poly(glycidyl
methacrylate), a terpolymer of ethylene, acrylic ester, glycidyl
methacrylate, epoxy functionalized polybutadiene, or an epoxy
functionalized poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene); the mixture is melt
processed at a temperature between 190.degree. C. to 270.degree.
C.; and the base polymer, the epoxy resin, and the bacteria
repellant agent are combined in a mass ratio between 93:2:5 to
96.8:0.2:3, respectively.
[0025] In a third aspect, provided herein is a bacteria repellant
composite prepared in accordance with a method described
herein.
[0026] The present disclosure also provides a method of modifying a
polymer with a bacterial-repellant (non-fouling) moiety onto an
intermediate comprising an epoxy group by melt mixing. Unlike
conventional built-in bacterial-repellant polymers comprising a MAH
based linker, the current disclosure utilizes an epoxy based
linker. The bacterial-repellant polymer prepared with epoxy based
linkers advantageously exhibit a lower yellowness index compared
than those with MAH based linkers.
[0027] Unlike bacteria repellant polymer composites, which use MAH
to conjugate the bacteria repellant agent to the polymer, the
present bacteria repellant polymer composites are prepared using
epoxide based functional groups, which advantageously result in
bacteria repellant polymer composites with lower yellowness.
Moreover, epoxides are capable of reacting with a broader range of
functional groups, such as hydroxyl, amine, carboxy, and carbonate
groups, which are typical functional groups found in organic
non-ionic and ionic surfactants.
[0028] By the methods described herein, the hardness, density, and
mechanical properties of repellant polymer composites are well
maintained while still conforming to various standards for
different applications including those plastics, which are safe for
food and beverages because the modifiers and other main components
added into the composition for modifying the base polymer according
to the present disclosure enable biofouling resistance of the end
product or molded article reformed therefrom against fluid
biological matters, such as microbes, mammalian cells, proteins,
peptides, nucleic acids, steroids and other cellular constituents.
Therefore, the final product or molded article derived from molding
the final product conforms to relevant standards for food and
beverage safety plastics.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0029] The appended drawings, where like reference numerals refer
to identical or functionally similar elements, contain figures of
certain embodiments to further illustrate and clarify the above and
other aspects, advantages and features of the present disclosure.
It will be appreciated that these drawings depict exemplary
embodiments and as such are not intended to limit the scope of the
present disclosure. The present disclosure will be described and
explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of
the accompanying drawings.
[0030] The FIGURE is a schematic diagram of the process of
microbial adsorption test on samples. The process is based on the
revised ASTM WK66122 standard.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0031] References in the specification to "one embodiment", "an
embodiment", "an example embodiment", etc., indicate that the
embodiment described can include a particular feature, structure,
or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include
the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover,
such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment.
Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is
described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it
is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such
feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other
embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0032] Values expressed in a range format should be interpreted in
a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values
explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include
all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed
within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is
explicitly recited. For example, a concentration range of "about
0.1% to about 5%" should be interpreted to include not only the
explicitly recited concentration of about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt.
%, but also the individual concentrations (e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, and
4%) and the sub-ranges (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 1.1% to 2.2%, and 3.3%
to 4.4%) within the indicated range.
[0033] As described herein, the term "a" or "an" is used to include
one or more than one and the term "or" is used to refer to a
nonexclusive "or" unless otherwise indicated. In addition, it is to
be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein,
without being otherwise defined, is for the purpose of description
only and not of limitation. Furthermore, all publications, patents,
and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated
by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually
incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistent usages
between this document and those documents so incorporated by
reference, the usage in the incorporated reference should be
considered supplementary to that of this document; for
irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document
controls.
[0034] As used herein, "alkyl" refers to a straight-chain or
branched saturated hydrocarbon group. Examples of alkyl groups
include methyl-, ethyl-, propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl),
butyl (e.g., n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl), pentyl
groups (e.g., 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, iso-pentyl,
tert-pentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, neopentyl, and 1-ethylpropyl),
hexyl groups, and the like. In various embodiments, an alkyl group
can have 1 to 40 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-40 alkyl group), for
example, 1-30 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-30 alkyl group). In certain
embodiments, an alkyl group can have 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and can
be referred to as a "lower alkyl group." Examples of lower alkyl
groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., n-propyl and
isopropyl), and butyl groups (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl,
tert-butyl). In certain embodiments, alkyl groups can be optionally
substituted as described herein. An alkyl group is generally not
substituted with another alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or an
alkynyl group.
[0035] As used herein, a "polymeric compound" (or "polymer") refers
to a molecule including a plurality of one or more repeating units
connected by covalent chemical bonds. A polymeric compound can be
represented by General Formula I:
*-(-(Ma).sub.x-(Mb).sub.y-).sub.z* General Formula I
[0036] wherein each Ma and Mb is a repeating unit or monomer. The
polymeric compound can have only one type of repeating unit as well
as two or more types of different repeating units. When a polymeric
compound has only one type of repeating unit, it can be referred to
as a homopolymer. When a polymeric compound has two or more types
of different repeating units, the term "copolymer" or "copolymeric
compound" can be used instead. For example, a copolymeric compound
can include repeating units where Ma and Mb represent two different
repeating units. Unless specified otherwise, the assembly of the
repeating units in the copolymer can be head-to-tail, head-to-head,
or tail-to-tail. In addition, unless specified otherwise, the
copolymer can be a random copolymer, an alternating copolymer, or a
block copolymer. For example, General Formula I can be used to
represent a copolymer of Ma and Mb having x mole fraction of Ma and
y mole fraction of Mb in the copolymer, where the manner in which
comonomers Ma and Mb is repeated can be alternating, random,
regiorandom, regioregular, or in blocks, with up to z comonomers
present. In addition to its composition, a polymeric compound can
be further characterized by its degree of polymerization (n) and
molar mass (e.g., number average molecular weight (M) and/or weight
average molecular weight (Mw) depending on the measuring
technique(s)). The polymers described herein can exist in numerous
stereochemical configurations, such as isotactic, syndiotactic,
atactic, or a combination thereof.
[0037] In the methods of manufacturing described herein, the steps
can be carried out in any order without departing from the
principles of the invention, except when a temporal or operational
sequence is explicitly recited. Recitation in a claim to the effect
that first a step is performed, and then several other steps are
subsequently performed, shall be taken to mean that the first step
is performed before any of the other steps, but the other steps can
be performed in any suitable sequence, unless a sequence is further
recited within the other steps. For example, claim elements that
recite "Step A, Step B, Step C, Step D, and Step E" shall be
construed to mean step A is carried out first, step E is carried
out last, and steps B, C, and D can be carried out in any sequence
between steps A and E, and that the sequence still falls within the
literal scope of the claimed process. A given step or sub-set of
steps can also be repeated.
[0038] Furthermore, specified steps can be carried out concurrently
unless explicit claim language recites that they be carried out
separately. For example, a claimed step of doing X and a claimed
step of doing Y can be conducted simultaneously within a single
operation, and the resulting process will fall within the literal
scope of the claimed process.
[0039] Provided herein is a bacteria repellant polymer composite
comprising a base polymer and a bacteria repellant conjugate formed
by the reaction of an epoxy resin and a bacteria repellant agent,
wherein the bacteria repellant agent is a non-ionic surfactant or
an ionic surfactant.
[0040] The bacteria repellant polymer composites described herein
can exhibit 99% or higher bacteria repellence and a yellowness
index. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that
the surprisingly reduced yellowness index of the polymer composites
described herein is the result of the use of an epoxide reaction
linker, proper selection of the bacteria repellant agent and epoxy
resin, and the proper selection of the stoichiometry of the base
polymer and bacteria repellant conjugate. In certain embodiments, a
1 mm thick sample of the bacteria repellant polymer composite
described herein has a yellowness index of about 5 or less, about 4
or less, about 3 or less, about 2.5 or less, about 2 or less, about
1.75 or less, or about 1.5 or less according to ASTM E313. In
certain embodiments, a 1 mm thick sample of the bacteria repellant
polymer composite described herein has a yellowness index of about
1 to 3.5, about 1 to 3.0, about 1.1 to 2.5, about 1.1 to 2.0, about
1.1 to 1.9, about 1.1 to 1.7, about 1.1 to 1.6, or about 1.1 to 1.5
according to ASTM E313.
[0041] The bacteria repellant polymer composites may comprise
homopolymers, copolymers and blends of polyolefins, cyclic
polyolefins, acrylics, acetates, styrenics, polyesters, polyimides,
polyaryletherketones, polycarbonates, polyurethanes and
thermoplastic elastomers. In a preferred embodiment, the polymer
being modified by the present method includes but not limited to
thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic vulcanizate, styrene
ethylene butylene styrene block thermoplastic elastomer,
polypropylene and polyolefin elastomers, etc. The thermoplastics in
the present disclosure may also comprise poly(methyl methacrylate),
polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate,
polymethylpentene, polysulfone, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride,
styrene acrylonitrile, styrene-methacrylate based copolymer,
polypropylene based copolymer, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,
polyimide, cellulosic resins, methyl methacrylate butadiene
styrene, or copolymers thereof, or blends thereof.
[0042] In certain embodiments, the base polymer is polypropylene,
polyethylene, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic
vulcanizate, styrene ethylene butylene styrene block thermoplastic
elastomer, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or
copolymers thereof, or blends thereof.
[0043] In certain embodiments, the bacteria repellant agent
comprises one or more non-ionic surfactants selected from the group
consisting of fatty alcohol polyoxyalkylene ethers, polyoxyalkylene
fatty acid esters, polyoxyalkylene sorbitan/sorbitol fatty acid
esters, polyether glycols and their derivatives. In a preferred
embodiment, the non-ionic surfactants comprise one or more of
polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan
monolaurate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil and
polyoxyethylene cetyl/stearyl ether. The non-ionic surfactants may
also comprise one or more of polyoxyethylene acrylate,
polyoxyethylene methacrylate, polyoxyethylene vinyl ethers. The
non-ionic surfactants may also comprise one or more of
polyoxypropylene glycol, polyoxypropylene amine and
polyoxypropylene acrylate, polyoxypropylene methacrylate,
polyoxypropylene glycerol ether, and their derivatives.
[0044] In certain embodiments, non-ionic surfactant can comprise
one or more polyoxyethylene or polyoxypropylene moieties having a
molecular weight ranging from 132 Da to 4,400 Da. In certain
embodiments, the polyoxyethylene in PEG sorbitol hexaoleate has a
molecular weight ranging from 132 to 4,400 Da.
[0045] In certain embodiments, the bacteria repellant agent
comprises one or more ionic surfactants selected from the group
consisting of cocamidopropyl betaine, sodium hydrogen
N-(1-oxododecyl)-L-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium
stearoyl glutamate, and
3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate.
[0046] In certain embodiments, the bacteria repellant agent is a
polyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl alcohol, poly(ethylene
glycol) sorbitol hexaoleate, cocamidopropyl betaine,
N-(1-oxododecyl)-glutamate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, or a
mixture thereof.
[0047] In certain embodiments, the epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy
resin, poly(glycidyl methacrylate), and poly(glycidyl acrylate), a
terpolymer of ethylene, methyl methacrylate and glycidyl
methacrylate, a terpolymer of ethylene, acrylic ester, glycidyl
methacrylate, epoxy functionalized polybutadiene, or epoxy
functionalized poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene); or the epoxy resin
is selected from the group consisting of:
##STR00002##
wherein n for each instance is independently 1-10,000, 1-1,000,
1-500, 1-100, 1-50, 1-40, 1-30, or 5-20.
[0048] In certain embodiments, the epoxy resin is a novolac epoxy
resin, poly(glycidyl methacrylate), a terpolymer of ethylene,
acrylic ester, glycidyl methacrylate, epoxy functionalized
polybutadiene, or epoxy functionalized
poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene), e.g., sold under the trademark
EPOFRIEND.TM. CT310 by Daicel Corporation.RTM.. In certain
embodiments, the epoxy resin is a terpolymer of ethylene, acrylic
ester and glycidyl methacrylate sold under the trademark
Lotader.RTM. AX8900 by Palmer Holland, a terpolymer of ethylene,
methyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate, epsilon-caprolactone
modified tetra(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)butanetetracarboxylate,
e.g., sold under the trademark Epolead.TM. GT401 by Daicel
Corporation.RTM., or poly(glycidyl methacrylate). In certain
embodiments, the epoxy resin is epsilon-caprolactone modified
tetra(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)butanetetracarboxylate having an
average molecular weight of about 789 g/mol (epoxy equivalent of
220 g/eq.) or epoxy functionalized poly(butadiene-co-polystyrene)
having an epoxy equivalent of 2125 g/eq.
[0049] The mass ratio and the selection of the functional modifiers
(e.g., the bacteria repellant agent and the epoxy resin) can be
critical to the bacteria repellant performance, retention of
physical properties of the base polymer, and achieving a low
yellowness index. The mass ratio the bacteria repellant conjugate
to the base polymer can be between about 0.1:99.9 to 1:9. In
certain embodiments, the mass ratio of the bacteria repellant
conjugate and the base polymer is between about 0.1:99.9 to 9:91,
about 0.1:99.9 to 8:92, about 0.5:99.5 to 8:92, about 1:99 to 8:92,
about 2:98 to 8:92, about 3:97 to 8:92, about 4:96 to 8:92, about
5:95 to 8:92, about 6:94 to 8:92, about 1:99 to 5:95, about 2:98 to
5:95, about 2.5:97.5 to 5:95, about 2.5:97.5 to 4.5:95.4, about
3:97 to 4:96, or about 3.2:96.8 to 4:96, respectively.
[0050] The weight percentage bacteria repellant conjugate in the
bacteria repellant polymer composite can be about 10% or less,
about 9% or less, about 8% or less, about 7% or less, about 6% or
less, about 5% or less, about 4% or less, about 3.2% or less, or
about 3% or less relative to the weight of the bacteria repellant
conjugate and the base polymer.
[0051] Other additives, such as anti-oxidant, optical brightener,
color masterbatch, nucleating agents, mold release agents, color
stabilizers, UV stabilizers, fillers, plasticizers, impact
modifiers, colorants, lubricants, antistatic agents, fire
retardants, anti-ester exchange agents, whitening agent and the
like are chosen to control the appearance and scent of the
articles.
[0052] The anti-oxidant can be selected from butylated
hydroxytoluene, IRGANOX.RTM. 1010, IRGANOX.RTM. 1076, IRGANOX.RTM.
1098, IRGAFOS.RTM. 168 or IRGANOX.RTM. B 225. The anti-oxidant can
be present at a weight percentage of 0.1 to 1 wt % of the total
weight of the composition.
[0053] The brightener can be selected HOSTALUX.degree. KS,
HOSTALUX.RTM. KS 1, KEYFLUOR.RTM. WHITE OB, KEYFLUOR.RTM. WHITE
OB-1, and KEYFLUOR.RTM. WHITE RWP. The brightener can be present at
a weight percentage of 0.01 to 0.05wt % of the total weight of the
composition.
[0054] The whitening agent can comprises one or more of
Keystone.RTM. OB and Keystone.RTM. OB-1. More specifically, the
nucleating agent comprises one or more of MILLAD.RTM. NX8000,
MILLAD.RTM. 3988, ADK STAB NA-18, or ADK STAB NA-25.
[0055] The anti-transesterification agent can comprise one or more
of sodium phosphate monobasic or triphenyl phosphite.
[0056] The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing
the bacteria repellant polymer composite described herein, the
method comprising: combining a base polymer, an epoxy resin, and a
bacteria repellant agent thereby forming a mixture; and melt
processing the mixture under conditions that facilitate the
reaction of at least a portion of the epoxy resin and at least a
portion of the bacteria repellant agent thereby forming the
bacteria repellant polymer composite.
[0057] The base polymer, the epoxy resin, and the bacteria
repellant agent can be combined in a mass ratio between about
91:3:6 to 98:0.1:1.9, about 92:3:5 to 98:0.1:1.9, about 93:3:4 to
98:0.1:1.9, about 94:3:3 to 98:0.1:1.9, about 94:3:3 to
97.9:0.2:1.9, about 94:3:3 to 97.1:1:1.9, about 94:3:3 to
96.1:2:1.9, or about 93:2:5 to 94:1:5, respectively.
[0058] In alternative embodiments, the method of preparing the
bacteria repellant polymer composite described herein, comprises:
providing a bacteria repellant conjugate prepared by the reaction
of a bacteria repellant agent and an epoxy resin, wherein the
bacteria repellant agent is selected from the group consisting of a
non-ionic surfactant and an ionic surfactant; combining a base
polymer and the bacteria repellant conjugate thereby forming a
mixture and melt processing the mixture thereby forming the
bacteria repellant polymer composite.
[0059] In instances in which the bacteria repellant conjugate is
prepared beforehand, the base polymer and the bacteria repellant
conjugate can be combined in a mass ratio between about 0.1:99.9 to
9:91, about 0.1:99.9 to 8:92, about 0.5:99.5 to 8:92, about 1:99 to
8:92, about 2:98 to 8:92, about 3:97 to 8:92, about 4:96 to 8:92,
about 5:95 to 8:92, about 6:94 to 8:92, about 1:99 to 5:95, about
2:98 to 5:95, about 2.5:97.5 to 5:95, about 2.5:97.5 to 4.5:95.4,
about 3:97 to 4:96, or about 3.2:96.8 to 4:96, respectively.
[0060] The formation of the bacteria repellant conjugate can result
from the reaction of at least a portion of the epoxides present in
the epoxy resin with one or more nucleophiles present in the
bacteria repellant agent (e.g., a hydroxyl, amine, carboxylic acid,
or the like). The formation of the bacteria repellant conjugate may
be conducted prior to mixing with the base polymer or formed in
situ during the melt blending step of the base polymer, epoxy
resin, and the bacteria repellant agent.
[0061] Melt processing can be achieved on either a mixer or a
single/twin-screw extruder operated within a proper processing
temperature range according to different melting temperatures of
the base thermoplastics and other main components for modifying the
same, e.g. from 80 to 270.degree. C. The melt mixing duration can
range from 60 s to 600 s. The selection of the appropriate melt
processing conditions is well within the skill of a person of
ordinary skill in the art.
[0062] In certain embodiments, the melt processing step is
accomplished using one or more of an extruder, e.g., single and
twin screw extruders, Banburry mixer, or a melt blending step.
[0063] After melt processing, the resulting bacteria repellant
polymer composite can then be optionally palletized. The thus
obtained bacteria repellant polymer composite can then be subjected
to injection molding directly to reform into an article with a
desired shape and dimension. Apart from injection molding, other
molding methods, such as profile extrusion, blow molding, blow
filming, film casting, spinning and over-molding of the bacteria
repellant polymer composite on a plastic substrate can also be
applied to reform into an article. The bacteria repellant polymer
composite can be molded into a shape such as a pellet, but also
semi-finished product or an article.
[0064] The bacteria repellant polymer composite described herein
can be used in the preparation of plastic articles with
germ-repellant function. The invention is also directed to the use
of the bacteria repellant polymer composite for the preparation of
an article. The article can be an article for the storage or
transport of food or beverages.
[0065] In certain embodiments, the article is a pipe for the
transport of a fluid. The fluid can be a beverage, for example
water and for example a soft drink, wine, beer or milk.
[0066] In certain embodiments, the article is a flexible packaging.
Suitable examples are films, sheets, plastic bags, containers,
bottles, boxes and buckets. In certain embodiments, the bacteria
repellant polymer composite is used for pharmaceutical packaging,
such as for example in primary packaging that is in direct contact
with the active pharmaceutical ingredient and includes blister
packs, fluid bags, pouches, bottles, vials and ampoules.
[0067] In certain embodiments, the article is used in medical
applications. Medical applications include for example closures,
rigid bottles and ampoules, needle sheaths, plunger rods for
single-use syringes, moldings to house diagnostic equipment,
collapsible tube shoulders, blow-fill-seal products, collapsible
tube bodies, film for primary and secondary medical and
pharmaceutical packaging, disposable syringes, actuator bodies,
specimen cups, moldings to house diagnostic equipment, centrifuge
tubes, multi-well micro-titration plates, trays, pipettes and caps
and closures.
[0068] The protocol for germ repellant tests on the molded circular
plate samples of the bacteria repellant polymer composites
described herein is illustrated in the schematic diagram in the
FIGURE. The protocol is based on ASTM WK66122 standard. The
starting inoculum concentration of E. coli (ATCC.RTM. 8739.TM.) and
S. aureus (ATCC.RTM. 6538P.TM.) was about 8.times.10.sup.8 and
8.times.10.sup.7 cells/ml in 1/500 NB solution (1/500 NB refers to
the 500.times. diluted Nutrient Broth with pH adjusted to 6.8-7.2)
for challenging the sample surface. Result of the adsorption tests
are illustrated in the following examples.
[0069] The germ-repellant properties and yellowness index of
various polymer composites prepared from an epoxy resin and a
non-ionic surfactant bacteria repellant agent are summarized in
Table 1 below. For a typical formulation, it is composed of certain
ratio (by weight) of base polymer, reactive linker and non-fouling
agent to form a mixed composition. The composition was melting
blended via a twin-screw extruder to enable the reaction between
linker and non-fouling agents. The typical processing temperature
is 200.degree. C., with a L/D ratio of the screw is at least 41,
while for PC and Tritan, the processing temperature is increased to
270.degree. C. The composition after melt processing is then
pelletized into granule shape, and then molded into a standard
specimen (L.times.W.times.D=50 mm.times.50 mm.times.1 mm) for
further testing. The aging of samples was performed by immersing
the samples into a PP based container filled with water at 80%
capacity. The sample with container was then put into a microwave
oven under 1,000 W for 3 mins, 10 cycles. The samples are then
tested for germ-repellant test according to the FIGURE.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Bacteria repellant polymer composites
prepared from non-ionic surfactant bacteria repellant agents.
Yellowness Germ- Index Repellant Bacteria Repellant (ASTM Rate
after Base Polymer Epoxy Resin Agent Processing Condition E313)
aging 1a 96.8% 0.2% Poly(Glycidyl 3% Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp:
200.degree. C. 2.1 99% polypropylene methacrylate) (BASF .RTM.
Eumulgin L/D ratio: 41 (Clyrell .RTM. (Sigma-Aldrich .RTM.) B2)
Screw Diameter: 35 mm RC5056) Screw Speed: 150 rpm 2a 96% high 2%
terpolymer of 2% Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 190.degree. C. 1.1 99%
density ethylene, acrylic (BASF .RTM. Eumulgin L/D ratio: 41
polyehtylene ester and glycidyl B2) Screw Diameter: 35 mm
(Exxonmobil methacrylate Screw Speed: 150 rpm HMA-016) (Lotader
AX8900) 3a 97% 1% terpolymer of 2% Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp:
200.degree. C. 1.5 99% thermoplastic ethylene, methyl (BASF .RTM.
Eumulgin L/D ratio: 41 polyurethane methacrylate and B2) Screw
Diameter: 35 mm (Covestro .RTM. glycidyl Screw Speed: 150 rpm
RxT85) methacrylate (Ter-CE37B) 4a 94% ABS 1% terpolymer of 5%
PEG-SHO Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 10 90% (Chimei .RTM. PA-
ethylene, methyl (Croda Atlas .RTM. G- L/D ratio: 41 757)
methacrylate and 1096) Screw Diameter: 35 mm glycidyl Screw Speed:
150 rpm methacrylate (Ter-CE37B) 5a 97% SEBS 1% terpolymer of 2%
Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 3.5 98% (ELASTRON .RTM.
ethylene, methyl (BASF .RTM. Eumulgin L/D ratio: 41 F.G100.A60.N)
methacrylate and B2) Screw Diameter: 35 mm glycidyl Screw Speed:
150 rpm methacrylate (Ter-CE37B) 6a 96% TPV 2% terpolymer of 2%
Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 6 98% (Exxonmobil .RTM.
ethylene, acrylic (BASF .RTM. Eumulgin L/D ratio: 41 Santoprene
ester and glycidyl B2) Screw Diameter: 35 mm 8271-55) methacrylate
Screw Speed: 150 rpm (Lotader AX8900) 7a 93% PC 2% terpolymer of 5%
PEG-40 Barrel Temp: 270.degree. C. 1.6 80% (Covestro ethylene,
methyl hydrogenated L/D ratio: 41 Makrolon .RTM. methacrylate and
castor oil Screw Diameter: 35 mm 2407) glycidyl (BASF .RTM.
Eumulgin Screw Speed: 150 rpm methacrylate CO-40) (Ter-CE37B)
[0070] The germ-repellant properties and yellowness index of
various polymer composites prepared from an epoxy resin and an
ionic surfactant bacteria repellant agent are summarized in Table 2
below. For a typical formulation, it is composed of certain ratio
(by weight) of base polymer, reactive linker and non-fouling agent
to form a mixed composition. The composition was melt blended via a
twin-screw extruder to enable the reaction between linker and
non-fouling agents. The typical processing temperature is
200.degree. C., with a L/D ratio of the screw is at least 41, while
for PC and Tritan, due to the thermal stability of the zwitterionic
based non-fouling agents, the processing temperature is set to
260.degree. C. The composition after melt processing is then
pelletized into granule shape, and then molded into a standard
specimen (L.times.W.times.D=50 mm.times.50 mm.times.1 mm) for
further testing. The aging of samples was performed with in-house
method, the sample was immersed into a PP based container filled
with water of 80% capacity. The sample with container was then put
into a microwave oven under 1000 W for 3 mins, 10 cycles. The
samples are then tested for germ-repellant test according to the
FIGURE.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Bacteria repellant polymer composites
prepared from ionic surfactant bacteria repellant agents.
Yellowness Germ- Index Repellant Bacteria Repellant (ASTM Rate
after Base Polymer Epoxy Resin Agent Processing Condition E313)
aging 8a 94% ABS 1% terpolymer of 5% Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 10
99% (Chimei .RTM. PA- ethylene, methyl Cocamidopropyl L/D ratio: 41
757) methacrylate and betaine Screw Diameter: 35 mm glycidyl Screw
Speed: 150 rpm methacrylate (Ter-CE37B) 9a 93% PC 2% terpolymer of
5% sodium Barrel Temp: 260.degree. C. 1.7 99% (Covestro .RTM. PC
ethylene, methyl hydrogen N-(1- L/D ratio: 41 2407) methacrylate
and oxododecyl)-L- Screw Diameter: 35 mm glycidyl glutamate Screw
Speed: 150 rpm methacrylate (Ter-CE37B) 10a 93% Tritan 2%
terpolymer of 5% Sodium Barrel Temp: 260.degree. C. 2.0 99%
(Eastman .RTM. TX ethylene, methyl lauroyl L/D ratio: 41 2001)
methacrylate and sarcosinate Screw Diameter: 35 mm glycidyl Screw
Speed: 150 rpm methacrylate (Ter-CE37B)
[0071] For the comparative embodiments, several similar
formulations were performed with maleic anhydride-based linker or
without linker. The composition of the comparative formulation is
summarized in table below. The composition was melt blended via a
twin-screw extruder to enable the reaction between linker and
non-fouling agents. The typical processing temperature is
200.degree. C., with a L/D ratio of the screw is at least 41, while
for PC and Tritan, the processing temperature is increased to
270.degree. C. The composition after melt processing is then
pelletized into granule shape, and then molded into a standard
specimen (L.times.W.times.D=50 mm.times.50 mm.times.1 mm) for
further testing. The aging of samples was performed by immersing
the samples into a PP based container filled with water at 80%
capacity. The sample with container was then put into a microwave
oven under 1,000 W for 3 mins, 10 cycles. The samples are then
tested for germ-repellant test according to the FIGURE.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Comparative polymer composites. Yellowness
Germ- Index Repellant (ASTM Rate after Base Polymer Reactive Linker
Non-Fouling Agent Processing Condition E313) Aging 1b 95% 2% PP-MA
3% Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 4.5 97% Polypropylene
(Clariant (BASF .RTM. Eumulgin L/D ratio: 41 (Clyrell .RTM.
Licocene 7452) B2) Screw Diameter: 35 mm RC5056) Screw Speed: 150
rpm 1c 97% N/A 3% Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 1.8 0%
Polypropylene (BASF .RTM. Eumulgin L/D ratio: 41 (Clyrell .RTM. B2)
Screw Diameter: 35 mm RC5056) Screw Speed: 150 rpm 2b 97% High 1%
EVA-MA 2% Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 190.degree. C. 3.5 97% density
(Lotader 3210) (BASF .RTM. Eumulgin L/D ratio: 41 polyethylene B2)
Screw Diameter: 35 mm (Exxonmobil .RTM. Screw Speed: 150 rpm
HMA-016) 2c 98% High N/A 2% Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 190.degree.
C. 1.1 0% density (BASF .RTM. Eumulgin L/D ratio: 41 polyethylene
B2) Screw Diameter: 35 mm (Exxonmobil .RTM. Screw Speed: 150 rpm
HMA-016) 3b 97% 1% SMA 2% Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C.
4.2 98% Thermoplastic (Ter-SMA) (BASF .RTM. Eumulgin L/D ratio: 41
polyurethane B2) Screw Diameter: 35 mm (Covestro .RTM. Screw Speed:
150 rpm RxT85) 3c 98% N/A 2% Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 200.degree.
C. 1.4 0% Thermoplastic (BASF Eumulgin B2) L/D ratio: 41
polyurethane Screw Diameter: 35 mm (Covestro Screw Speed: 150 rpm
RxT85) 4b 94% 1% SMA 5% PEG-SHO Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 14 85%
Acrylonitrile (Ter-SMA) (Croda Atlas .RTM. G- L/D ratio: 41
butadiene 1096) Screw Diameter: 35 mm styrene Screw Speed: 150 rpm
(Chimei .RTM. PA- 757) 4c 95% N/A 5% PEG-SHO Barrel Temp:
200.degree. C. 10 50% Acrylonitrile (Croda Atlas .RTM. G- L/D
ratio: 41 butadiene 1096) Screw Diameter: 35 mm styrene Screw
Speed: 150 rpm (Chimei .RTM. PA- 757) 5b 97% SEBS 1% SMA 2%
Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 6 90% (ELASTRON (Ter-SMA)
(BASF Eumulgin B2) L/D ratio: 413.5 F.G100.A60.N) Screw Diameter:
35mm Screw Speed: 150 rpm 5c 98% Styrene- N/A 2% Ceteareth-20
Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 3.5 40% ethylene- (BASF .RTM. Eumulgin
L/D ratio: 41 butylene- B2) Screw Diameter: 35 mm styrene Screw
Speed: 150 rpm (ELASTRON .RTM. F.G100.A60.N) 6b 96% 2% PP-MA 2%
Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 9 95% Thermoplastic
(Licocene 7452) (BASF Eumulgin B2) L/D ratio: 41 vulcanizate Screw
Diameter: 35 mm (Exxonmobil .RTM. Screw Speed: 150 rpm Santoprene
.RTM. 8271-55) 6c 98% N/A 2% Ceteareth-20 Barrel Temp: 200.degree.
C. 6 45% Thermoplastic (BASF Eumulgin B2) L/D ratio: 41 vulcanizate
Screw Diameter: 35 mm (Exxonmobil Screw Speed: 150 rpm Santoprene
.RTM. 8271-55) 7b 93% 2% SMA 5% PEG-40 Barrel Temp: 270.degree. C.
5.2 72% Polycarbonate (Ter-SMA) hydrogenated L/D ratio: 41
(Covestro castor oil Screw Diameter: 35 mm Makrolon .RTM. (BASF
Eumulgin CO- Screw Speed: 150 rpm 2407) 40) 7c 95% N/A 5% PEG-40
Barrel Temp: 270.degree. C. 1.5 50% Polycarbonate hydrogenated L/D
ratio: 41 (Covestro castor oil Screw Diameter: 35 mm Makrolon .RTM.
(BASF Eumulgin CO- Screw Speed: 150 rpm 2407) 40) 8b 94% 1% SMA 5%
Cocamidopropyl Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 14 96% Acrylonitrile
(Ter-SMA) betaine L/D ratio: 41 butadiene Screw Diameter: 35 mm
styrene (Chimei Screw Speed: 150 rpm PA-757) 8c 94% N/A 5%
Cocamidopropyl Barrel Temp: 200.degree. C. 10 0% Acrylonitrile
betaine L/D ratio: 41 butadiene Screw Diameter: 35 mm styrene
(Chimei Screw Speed: 150 rpm PA-757) 9b 93% 2% SMA 5% sodium Barrel
Temp: 260.degree. C. 4.0 97% Polycarbonate (Ter-SMA) hydrogen N-(1-
L/D ratio: 41 (Covestro PC oxododecyl)-L- Screw Diameter: 35mm
2407) glutamate Screw Speed: 150 rpm 1.7 9c 95% N/A 5% sodium
Barrel Temp: 260.degree. C. 1.9 80% Polycarbonate hydrogen N-(1-
L/D ratio: 41 (Covestro PC oxododecyl)-L- Screw Diameter: 35 mm
2407) glutamate Screw Speed: 150 rpm 10b 93% Tritan .RTM. 2% SMA 5%
Sodium lauroyl Barrel Temp: 260.degree. C. 4.5 98% (Eastman .RTM.
TX (Ter-SMA) sarcosinate L/D ratio: 41 2001) Screw Diameter: 35 mm
Screw Speed: 150 rpm 10c 93% Tritan .RTM. N/A 5% Sodium lauroyl
Barrel Temp: 260.degree. C. 2.0 0% (Eastman .RTM. TX sarcosinate
L/D ratio: 41 2001) Screw Diameter: 35 mm Screw Speed: 150 rpm
* * * * *