U.S. patent application number 17/420116 was filed with the patent office on 2022-05-26 for an agricultural composition.
The applicant listed for this patent is ORO AGRI INC.. Invention is credited to Dirk BARNARD, Paulo Sergio Berg, Melvin Donovan PULLEN, Jared VANDERZYL.
Application Number | 20220159951 17/420116 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | |
Filed Date | 2022-05-26 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220159951 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Berg; Paulo Sergio ; et
al. |
May 26, 2022 |
AN AGRICULTURAL COMPOSITION
Abstract
An agricultural composition including an anti-pathogenic
compound and a chemical activator, in which the fungicide and
chemical activator provide a synergistic interaction in the control
of pathogens typically found in plants crop, trees, fruits,
vegetables, leaves, stems, roots, seeds, flowers, animals,
equipment, stockyards, feedlots, barns, animal housing units, farm
tools, farm buildings, storage areas, or food contact areas.
Inventors: |
Berg; Paulo Sergio;
(Londrina, BR) ; PULLEN; Melvin Donovan; (Burbank,
CA) ; BARNARD; Dirk; (Clovis, CA) ; VANDERZYL;
Jared; (Clovis, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
ORO AGRI INC. |
Fresno |
CA |
US |
|
|
Appl. No.: |
17/420116 |
Filed: |
January 8, 2020 |
PCT Filed: |
January 8, 2020 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/IB2020/050112 |
371 Date: |
June 30, 2021 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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62789649 |
Jan 8, 2019 |
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62789656 |
Jan 8, 2019 |
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62789657 |
Jan 8, 2019 |
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International
Class: |
A01N 37/06 20060101
A01N037/06; A01N 37/04 20060101 A01N037/04; A01N 25/04 20060101
A01N025/04; A01P 3/00 20060101 A01P003/00 |
Claims
1. An agricultural composition comprising: an anti-pathogenic
compound including potassium sorbate; and a chemical activator
including an acid and at least one (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester of
an (C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid.
2. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the chemical
activator further comprises an anionic surfactant and/or a nonionic
surfactant.
3. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the at least
one (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester is selected from the group
consisting of: methyl esters, ethyl esters, propyl esters, butyl
esters, isopropyl esters, isobutyl esters, isopentyl esters,
2-ethylhexyl esters, and combinations thereof.
4. The agricultural composition of claim 3, wherein the at least
one (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester of an (C.sub.12-C16) alkyl acid
is selected from the group consisting of: isobutyl laurate,
isopentyl laurate, methyl laurate, 2-ethylhexyl laurate,
2-ethylhexyl palmitate, isopropyl laurate, isopropyl myristate,
isopropyl palmitate, and combinations thereof.
5. The agricultural composition of claim 2, wherein the anionic
surfactant is selected from the group consisting of:
(C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkyl benzene sulfonic acid salts, calcium
dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate,
triethanolamine dodecylbenzene sulfonate, (C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkyl
ether sulfates, (C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkyl ethoxylated ether
sulfates, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, sodium lauryl
polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, (C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkyl sulfates,
(C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkyl phosphate esters, (C.sub.6-C.sub.18)
alkoxylated sulfates, (C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkoxylated phosphate
esters, xylene sulfonate salts, cumene sulfonate salts, naphthalene
sulfonates, alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, condensated
alkylnaphahalene sulfonates, and combinations thereof.
6. The agricultural composition of claim 2, wherein the nonionic
surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: natural or
synthetic alkoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated fatty acids;
alkoxylated sorbitan fatty esters, ethoxylated sorbitan fatty
esters; alkoxylated sorbitol fatty esters, ethoxylated sorbitol
fatty esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene
sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate;
(C.sub.8-C.sub.22) alkoxylated fatty alcohols, (C.sub.8-C.sub.22)
ethoxylated fatty alcohols, (C.sub.8-C.sub.22) propoxylated fatty
alcohols, (C.sub.8-C.sub.22) ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty
alcohols, alkyl(poly)glycosides, straight chain (C.sub.4-C.sub.10)
alkyl(poly)glycosides, branched chain (C.sub.4-C.sub.10)
alkyl(poly)glycosides; and combinations thereof.
7. The agricultural composition of claim 6, wherein the nonionic
surfactant is ethoxylated alcohol having a degree of ethoxylation
of from 1 to 50.
8. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the acid of the
chemical activator is an aqueous citric acid solution of between 1
to 99 percent citric acid.
9. The agricultural composition of claim 2, wherein the
anti-pathogenic compound is in a concentrated form comprising water
as a diluent such that the potassium sorbate comprises 35 to 55 wt.
% of the anti-pathogenic compound, and wherein the chemical
activator is in a concentrated form comprising water as a diluent
such that the acid comprises 30 to 55 wt. % of the chemical
activator, the at least one (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester of an
(C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid comprises 0.5 to 5 wt. % of the
chemical activator, the anionic surfactant comprises 1 to 5 wt. %
of the chemical activator, and the nonionic surfactant comprises 3
to 10 wt. % of the chemical activator.
10. The agricultural composition of claim 9, wherein the
anti-pathogenic compound further comprises urea such that the urea
is 1 to 5 wt. % of the anti-pathogenic compound.
11. The agricultural composition according to claim 9, wherein the
concentrate pathogenic compound has a pH range of between 7.0 to
10.0, and wherein the concentrate chemical activator has a pH range
of between 0.0 and 3.0, such that in use, the concentrate
anti-pathogenic compound and the concentrate chemical activator are
admixed and/or diluted, providing a stable tank mix of diluted
agricultural composition providing a pH of between 4 and 6.
12. The agricultural composition of claim 1, further comprising at
least one additive selected from the group consisting of:
nutrients, stimulants, growth agents, sugars, amino-acids,
micronutrients (including fertilizers and hormones), preservatives,
clarifiers, anti-freezing agents, hydrotropes, stabilizers,
antioxidants, acidifiers, chelates, complexing agents, dyes,
rheology modifiers, antifoams, anti-drift, water, oil(s), other
solvents and combinations thereof.
13. The agricultural composition of claim 2, wherein the
anti-pathogenic compound is in a concentrated form comprising water
as a diluent and urea such that the potassium sorbate comprises 35
to 55 wt. % of the anti-pathogenic compound and the urea comprises
1 to 5 wt. % of the anti-pathogenic compound, the concentrate
anti-pathogenic compound having a pH range of between 7.0 to 10.0,
and wherein the chemical activator is in a concentrated form
comprising water as a diluent, and wherein the acid is citric acid
such that the citric acid comprises 30 to 55 wt. % of the chemical
activator, wherein the at least one (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester
of an (C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid is isopropyl myristate and/or
isopropyl laurate such the isopropyl myristate and/or isopropyl
laurate comprises 0.5 to 5 wt. % of the chemical activator, wherein
the anionic surfactant is sodium lauryl ether sulfate such that the
sodium lauryl ether sulfate comprises 1 to 5 wt. % of the chemical
activator, and wherein the nonionic surfactant is a fatty alcohol
ethoxylate such that the fatty alcohol ethoxylated comprises 3 to
10 wt. % of the chemical activator, the concentrate chemical
activator having a pH range of between 0.0 and 3.0, such that in
use, the concentrate anti-pathogenic compound and the concentrate
chemical activator are admixed and/or diluted, providing a stable
tank mix of diluted agricultural composition providing a pH of
between 4 and 6.
14. A method of manufacturing the agricultural composition of claim
1, the method comprising admixing the anti-pathogenic compound and
chemical activator in water.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the admixing further includes:
(i) diluting the anti-pathogenic compound with water at a ratio by
weight of anti-pathogenic compound to water of from about 1:100 to
about 1:10 to yield a stable diluted solution of nonactivated
anti-pathogenic compound; and thereafter (ii) diluting the chemical
activator with the stable diluted solution of nonactivated
anti-pathogenic compound at a ratio by weight of anti-pathogenic
compound to the chemical activator of from about 1:0.4 to about 1:2
to yield a stable tank mix of diluted agricultural composition
having a pH range of between 4.0 to 6.0.
16. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition is used to control agricultural pathogens and/or to
treat disease caused by said agricultural pathogens.
17. A method of controlling agricultural pathogens, the method
comprising applying the agricultural composition of claim 1 onto,
or adjacent to pre-harvested or post-harvested trees, plants,
fruits, flowers, roots, or seeds.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the application onto, or
adjacent to a tree, a plant, fruits, flowers, roots or seed, is via
an apparatus selected from the group consisting of air assisted
sprayers, conventional sprayers, ultra-low volumes equipment such
as aerial, electrostatic, foggers and misting spray equipment and
chemigation systems, pivots, sprinklers, and combinations
thereof.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising applying the
agricultural composition of claim 1 onto, or adjacent to, animals,
equipment, stockyards, feedlots, barns, animal housing units,
tools, buildings, storage areas, or food contact areas to control
fungal and/or bacterial pathogens that cause disease.
Description
FIELD OF DISCLOSURE
[0001] The present disclosure relates to an agricultural
composition comprising an anti-pathogenic compound and a chemical
activator wherein the anti-pathogenic compound and chemical
activator provide for synergistic interaction in controlling plant
pathogens. Particularly, the agricultural composition according to
this disclosure is used to control populations of fungi and/or
bacteria.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Commercial farming of both plant crops and livestock may be
very susceptible to disease causing pathogens, which when left
uncontrolled may provide for food insecurity (by destroying crops
and/or livestock) and/or pose a health risk to consumers. Pathogens
typically include, but are not limited to, fungicides and
bactericides. Pathogens often proliferate due to unsuitable
agricultural and/or animal husbandry practices and/or due to
environmental factors such as high temperature and humidity that
promote fast microorganism reproduction. Providing effective
control of pathogens in agriculture and animal husbandry is
imperative to ensure ongoing food security. Effective control of
pathogens has been hampered by increased resistance to usual
control measures or treatments using conventional bactericides or
fungicides. Such bactericidal and/or fungicidal resistance poses a
significant problem in the control and/or treatment and/or removal
of pathogens from agricultural produce.
[0003] In recent years, there has also been a move toward providing
environmentally friendly agricultural compositions that may control
and/or treat and/or reduce and/or remove pathogen populations from
plant crops and animals. Consumers have become more conscious about
purchasing food goods that have been grown, cultivated or produced
in an environmentally friendly manner typically utilizing organic
and/or biodegradable and/or human and animal safe products. As
such, farmers and the agrochemicals sector have needed to develop
environmentally friendly agricultural compositions that are stable
and provide anti-pathogenic properties when administered to a seed
and/or plant and/or an animal, or part thereof.
[0004] There remains a need to provide for new and innovative
agricultural compositions to control pathogen populations, and/or
there remains a need to control and/or treat disease caused by said
pathogens. Broadly, there remains a need to at least ameliorate
disadvantages known in the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] Broadly, and in accordance with a first aspect of this
disclosure there is provided an agricultural composition
comprising:
[0006] an anti-pathogenic compound including potassium sorbate;
and
[0007] a chemical activator including an acid and at least one
(C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester of an (C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl
acid.
[0008] The chemical activator may further include an anionic
surfactant and/or a nonionic surfactant.
[0009] The anti-pathogenic compound may be a fungicide,
bactericide, insecticide, pesticide or a combination thereof.
Typically, the anti-pathogenic may be a fungicide. The
anti-pathogenic compound may itself provide a composition
comprising one or more individual chemical compounds.
[0010] The agricultural composition may be provided as a
concentrate. The anti-pathogenic compound and chemical activator
may be admixed together to provide the agricultural composition (in
concentrated form) which may be further diluted with water to
facilitate application when in use.
[0011] Alternatively, or additionally, the anti-pathogenic compound
and/or the chemical activator may each be diluted in water
providing aqueous solutions of anti-pathogenic compound and
chemical activator before admixing said aqueous solutions to
provide a diluted agricultural composition according to this
disclosure. Typically, the potassium sorbate stays dissociated in a
sorbic acid form when diluted and in use.
[0012] Alternatively, or additionally, the anti-pathogenic compound
may be diluted with water to yield a stable diluted solution of
nonactivated anti-pathogenic compound; and thereafter the chemical
activator may be diluted in the stable diluted solution of
nonactivated anti-pathogenic compound to provide a diluted
agricultural composition according to this disclosure.
[0013] It is to be understood that other dilution chemistries may
also be employed as an alternative, or in addition to, utilizing
water. For example, possible diluents may be, but are not limited
to, at least one of the following group: glycols, methanol,
ethanol, monoethylene glycol, and propylene glycol, or the
like.
[0014] The at least one (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester an
(C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid may be selected from, but not
limited to, the group comprising: synthetic, linear or branched,
saturated or unsaturated, modified or unmodified, wherein the alkyl
ester may be selected from, but not limited to, the group
comprising: methyl esters, ethyl esters, propyl esters, butyl
esters, isopropyl ester, isobutyl ester, isopentyl ester,
2-ethylhexyl esters or components thereof.
[0015] The at least one (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester of an
(C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid may be selected from, but not
limited to, the group comprising: isobutyl laurate, isopentyl
laurate, methyl laurate, 2-ethylhexyl laurate, 2-ethylhexyl
palmitate, isopropyl laurate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl
palmitate, and combinations thereof.
[0016] The at least one (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester may be
derived from an (C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid, such as, but not
limited to the group comprising: alkanoic acids such as lauric
acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic
acid and combinations thereof.
[0017] The anionic surfactant may be at least one selected from,
but not limited to, the group comprising: (C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkyl
benzene sulfonic acid salts, calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate,
sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, triethanolamine dodecylbenzene
sulfonate, (C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkyl ether sulfates,
(C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkyl ethoxylated ether sulfates, sodium lauryl
polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, (C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkyl sulfates,
(C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkyl phosphate esters, (C.sub.6-C.sub.18)
alkoxylated sulfates, (C.sub.6-C.sub.18) alkoxylated phosphate
esters, xylene sulfonate salts, cumene sulfonate salts, naphthalene
sulfonates, alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, condensated
alkylnaphahalene sulfonates, and combinations thereof.
[0018] The nonionic surfactant may be at least one selected from,
but not limited to, the group comprising: natural or synthetic
alkoxylated alcohols, preferably ethoxylated and/or propoxylated
alcohols, further preferably ethoxylated and/or propoxylated fatty
alcohols or fatty acids, further preferably containing from 8 to 22
carbon atom; short ethoxylated and/or propoxylated chain alcohols,
preferably short ethoxylated and/or propoxylated fatty alcohols;
ethoxylated fatty acids; alkoxylated sorbitan fatty esters,
ethoxylated sorbitan fatty esters; alkoxylated sorbitol fatty
esters, ethoxylated sorbitol fatty esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan
monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate,
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate; (C.sub.8-C.sub.22)
alkoxylated fatty alcohols, (C.sub.8-C.sub.22) ethoxylated fatty
alcohols, (C.sub.8-C.sub.22) propoxylated fatty alcohols,
(C.sub.8-C.sub.22) ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty alcohols,
alkyl(poly)glycosides, straight chain (C.sub.4-C.sub.10)
alkyl(poly)glycosides, branched chain (C.sub.4-C.sub.10)
alkyl(poly)glycosides; and combinations thereof.
[0019] Some alkoxylated alcohols contemplated for use include those
based on branched alcohols, such as the Guerbet alcohols, e.g.
2-propylheptanol and 2-ethylhexanol, and C.sub.10-OXO-alcohol or
C.sub.13 OXO-alcohol, i.e. an alcohol mixture whose main component
is formed by at least one branched C.sub.10-alcohol or
C.sub.13-alcohol, and the alcohols commercially available as Exxal
alcohols from Exxon Mobile Chemicals and Neodol alcohols from Shell
Chemicals.
[0020] The nonionic surfactant may be ethoxylated alcohol having a
degree of ethoxylation of from 1 to 50, preferably from 2 to
30.
[0021] The acid of the chemical activator may be at least one of
various acids used in agrochemical technologies. Preferably, the
acid may be an aqueous citric acid solution of between about 1 to
about 99 percent citric acid, preferably about 50% citric acid
solution.
[0022] The anti-pathogenic compound (in concentrated form) may have
a pH range of between about 7.0 to about 10.0, and the chemical
activator (in concentrated form) may have a pH range of between 0.0
and about 3.0. In use, the anti-pathogenic compound (in concentrate
form) and the chemical activator (in concentrate form) may be
admixed and/or diluted, wherein a resulting stable tank mix of the
diluted agricultural composition provides a pH of between about 4
and about 6.
[0023] In a concentrated form of the agricultural composition, the
anti-pathogenic compound (typically a fungicide) typically
comprises water as a diluent such that the potassium sorbate may
comprises 35 to 55 wt. % of the anti-pathogenic compound (typically
a fungicide), and the chemical activator typically further
comprises water as a diluent such that the citric acid may comprise
30 to 55 wt. % of the chemical activator, the at least one
(C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester of an (C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid
may comprise 0.5 to 5 wt. % of the chemical activator, the anionic
surfactant may comprise 1 to 5 wt. % of the chemical activator, and
the nonionic surfactant may comprise 3 to 10 wt. % of the chemical
activator.
[0024] The anti-pathogenic compound (in its concentrated form) may
further comprise urea wherein the urea is 1 to 5 wt. % of the
anti-pathogenic compound. It is to be understood that the chemical
activator may also further comprise urea in certain
embodiments.
[0025] The agricultural composition may further comprise at least
one compound selected from the group: insecticides, fungicides,
herbicides, desiccants, defoliants, acaricides, nutrients,
miticides, bactericides, biocides, ovicides, nematicides, insect
growth regulators, plant growth regulators, and combinations
thereof.
[0026] The agricultural composition may further comprise at least
one additive selected from, but not limited to, the following
group: nutrients, stimulants, growth agents, sugars, amino-acids,
micronutrients (including fertilizers and hormones), preservatives,
clarifiers, anti-freezing agents, hydrotropes, stabilizers,
antioxidants, acidifiers, chelates, complexing agents, dyes,
rheology modifiers, antifoams, anti-drift, water, oil(s), other
solvents and combinations thereof.
[0027] The oil may be a natural compound, modified by
esterification or transesterification, such as an alkyl fatty acid
ester, e.g., methyl esters, ethyl esters, propyl esters, butyl
esters, 2-ethylhexyl esters or dodecyl esters, and is preferably a
glycol or glycerol fatty acid, such as (C.sub.10-C.sub.22) fatty
acid esters, such as from vegetables oils, preferably oil-yielding
plants species such as soybean, corn, sunflower, rapeseed oil,
cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, safflower, coconut oil,
castor oil, olive oil, canola oil among others pure or mixed with
an essential or edible oil extracted from a variety of plants or
parts of plants such as trees, shrubs, leaves, flowers, grasses,
fluids, herbs, fruits and seeds, or mixed with each other that are
combined with one or more oils.
[0028] In further embodiments, the oil may be a natural compound,
such as an essential oil, a citrus oil, a component of a citrus
oil, a terpene oil, wherein the terpene oil comprises a D-limonene
or one or more terpene containing natural oils, wherein the one or
more terpene containing natural oils contains at least 50% of a
terpene selected from the group comprising: orange oil, grapefruit
oil, lemon oil, lime oil, tangerine oil, pine oil, pure, combined
with other oils or combinations thereof.
[0029] Alternatively, or additionally, the oil may be a natural
oil, a synthetic oil, a linear compound, a branched compound, a
saturated oil, an unsaturated oil, an aliphatic compound, a cyclic
compound, a modified oil, an unmodified oil, an alkylated vegetable
oil, an essential oil, an edible oil, an oil extracted from a
plant, an oil extracted from a part of a plant, an oil extracted
from a tree, an oil extracted from a shrub, an oil extracted from a
leaf, an oil extracted from a flower, an oil extracted from a
grass, an oil extracted from a plant fluid, an oil extracted from
an herb, an oil extracted from a fruit, an oil extracted from a
seed, a pure oil, a mixture of oils and combinations thereof.
[0030] The agricultural composition wherein the anti-pathogenic
compound and the chemical activator may be admixed in water, at a
weight ratio of 1:0.4 (anti-pathogenic compound: chemical
activator) to 1:2.0 (anti-pathogenic compound: chemical activator).
In certain embodiments of the disclosure the anti-pathogenic
compound is admixed with water, and thereafter the chemical
activator is admixed therein.
[0031] In a preferred example embodiment of this disclosure there
is provided an agricultural composition (in a concentrated form)
comprising:
[0032] an anti-pathogenic compound including potassium sorbate;
and
[0033] a chemical activator including an acid, at least one
(C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester of an (C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid,
an anionic surfactant, and a nonionic surfactant, [0034] wherein
the anti-pathogenic compound further comprises water as a diluent
such that the potassium sorbate comprises 35 to 55 wt. % of the
anti-pathogenic compound, the anti-pathogenic compound having a pH
range of between about 7.0 to about 10.0, and [0035] wherein the
chemical activator further comprises water as a diluent such that
the acid comprises 30 to 55 wt. % of the chemical activator, the at
least one (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester of an (C.sub.12-C.sub.16)
alkyl acid comprises 0.5 to 5 wt. % of the chemical activator, the
anionic surfactant comprises 1 to 5 wt. % of the chemical
activator, and the nonionic surfactant comprises 3 to 10 wt. % of
the chemical activator, the chemical activator having a pH range of
between 0.0 and about 3.0.
[0036] It is to be understood that this preferred example
embodiment of the agricultural composition is in its concentrated
form, and both the anti-pathogenic compound and the chemical
activator are provided in their concentrated forms. These
concentrated forms may further be diluted with water or other
solvent chemistries prior to application thereof in use.
[0037] In use, the anti-pathogenic compound (in concentrate form)
and the chemical activator (in concentrate form) may be admixed
and/or diluted, wherein a resulting stable tank mix of the diluted
agricultural composition provides a pH of between about 4 and about
6. The tank mix is then applied onto, or adjacent to, a plant or
part thereof.
[0038] In a specific preferred example embodiment of this
disclosure there is provided an agricultural composition
comprising:
[0039] an anti-pathogenic compound including potassium sorbate;
and
[0040] a chemical activator including an acid, at least one
(C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester of an (C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid,
an anionic surfactant, and a nonionic surfactant, [0041] wherein
the anti-pathogenic compound may further comprise water as a
diluent and urea such that the potassium sorbate comprises 35 to 55
wt. % of the anti-pathogenic compound and the urea comprises 1 to 5
wt. % of the anti-pathogenic, the anti-pathogenic compound having a
pH range of between about 7.0 to about 10.0, and [0042] wherein the
chemical activator may further comprise water as a diluent, and
[0043] wherein the acid is citric acid such that the citric acid
comprises 30 to 55 wt. % of the chemical activator, [0044] wherein
the at least one (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester of an
(C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid is isopropyl myristate and/or
isopropyl laurate such the isopropyl myristate and/or isopropyl
laurate comprises 0.5 to 5 wt. % of the chemical activator, [0045]
wherein the anionic surfactant is sodium lauryl ether sulfate such
that the sodium lauryl ether sulfate comprises 1 to 5 wt. % of the
chemical activator, and [0046] wherein the nonionic surfactant is a
fatty alcohol ethoxylate such that the fatty alcohol ethoxylated
comprises 3 to 10 wt. % of the chemical activator, the chemical
activator having a pH range of between 0.0 and about 3.0.
[0047] It is to be understood that this specific preferred example
embodiment of the agricultural composition is in its concentrated
form, and both the anti-pathogenic compound and the chemical
activator are provided in their concentrated forms. These
concentrated forms may further be diluted with water or other
solvent chemistries prior to application thereof in use.
[0048] In use, the anti-pathogenic compound (in concentrate form)
and the chemical activator (in concentrate form) may be admixed
and/or diluted, wherein a resulting stable tank mix of the diluted
agricultural composition provides a pH of between about 4 and about
6. The tank mix is then applied onto, or adjacent to, a plant or
part thereof.
[0049] It is to be understood that the composition according this
disclosure may be packaged and sold in a single container including
both the anti-pathogenic compound and the chemical activator in
their concentrated form. In use, a user may dilute the composition
prior to application to an agricultural crop.
[0050] Alternatively, or additionally, the composition according to
this disclosure may be packaged and sold in two separate
containers, a first container for the anti-pathogenic compound in
its concentrated form, and a second container for the chemical
activator in its concentrated form. The anti-pathogenic compound
and chemical activator of the first and second container may then
each be diluted prior to application to an agricultural crop.
[0051] In accordance with a second aspect of this disclosure there
is provided a method of manufacturing the agricultural composition
of the first aspect of this disclosure herein above, the method
comprising the step of admixing the anti-pathogenic compound and
the chemical activator providing the agricultural composition of
the first aspect of this disclosure.
[0052] The step of admixing may include diluting each of the
anti-pathogenic compound (in concentrated form) and the chemical
activator (in concentrated form) in water before admixing the
diluted anti-pathogenic compound and the diluted chemical
activator.
[0053] Alternatively, or additionally, the step of admixing may
include admixing the anti-pathogenic compound (in concentrated
form) together with the chemical activator (in concentrated form),
and thereafter diluted the admixture in water to provide the
diluted agricultural composition.
[0054] Alternatively, or additionally, the step of admixing may
include diluting the anti-pathogenic compound with water to yield a
stable diluted solution of nonactivated anti-pathogenic compound;
and thereafter diluting the chemical activator in the stable
diluted solution of nonactivated anti-pathogenic compound to
provide the diluted agricultural composition.
[0055] In a particular example embodiment of the method, the step
of admixing may include: [0056] (i) diluting the anti-pathogenic
compound with water at a ratio by weight of anti-pathogenic
compound to water of from about 1:100 to about 1:10 to yield a
stable diluted solution of nonactivated anti-pathogenic compound;
and thereafter [0057] (ii) diluting the chemical activator with
water containing the diluted solution of nonactivated
anti-pathogenic compound at a ratio by weight of anti-pathogenic
compound to the chemical activator of from about 1:0.4 to about 1:2
to yield a stable tank mix having a pH range of between about 4.0
to about 6.0, therein providing for the diluted agricultural
composition.
[0058] In accordance with a third aspect of this disclosure there
is provided the agricultural composition of the first aspect of
this disclosure described herein above for use in the control of
pathogens and/or in the treatment of disease caused by said
pathogens. The pathogens may be at least one selected from the
group: Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum
fioriniae, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina
phaseolina, Verticillium dahlia, Xanthomonas arboricola pv.,
Plasmopara viticola, Acetobacter spp., Erysiphe necator, and
Guignardia bidwellii.
[0059] In accordance with a fourth aspect of this disclosure there
is provided a method of controlling and/or treating pathogens
and/or a method of treating disease caused by said pathogens, the
method comprising the steps of applying the agricultural
composition of the first aspect of this disclosure described herein
above onto, or adjacent to, a plant or seed. The pathogens may be
at least one selected from the group: Aspergillus niger, Botrytis
cinerea, Colletotrichum fioriniae, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium
oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Verticillium dahlia,
Xanthomonas arboricola pv., Plasmopara viticola, Acetobacter spp.,
Erysiphe necator, and Guignardia bidwellii.
[0060] The method wherein the composition is diluted to provide the
diluted agricultural composition, preferably diluted in water,
before application onto, or adjacent to, a plant or seed.
[0061] The method wherein the application onto, or adjacent to, a
plant or seed, is via an at least one apparatus selected from the
group comprising: air assisted sprayers, conventional sprayers,
ultra-low volumes equipment such as aerial, electrostatic, foggers
and misting spray equipment and chemigation systems, pivots,
sprinklers, and combinations thereof.
[0062] The method wherein the application may be to pre-harvested
or post-harvested plants selected from, but not limited to, the
group comprising: plants, trees, fruits, vegetables, leaves, stems,
roots, seeds, or flowers, animals, equipment, stockyards, feedlots,
barns, animal housing units, farm tools, farm buildings, storage
areas, or food contact areas, such that in use fungal and/or
bacterial pathogens that cause disease are controlled.
[0063] The method extends to application of the agricultural
composition, preferably the diluted agricultural composition, to an
animal to control fungal and/or bacterial pathogens that cause
disease.
[0064] The method further extends to application of the
agricultural composition, preferably the diluted agricultural
composition, to equipment, stockyards, feedlots, barns, animal
housing units, tools, buildings, storage areas, or food contact
areas to control fungal and/or bacterial pathogens that cause
disease.
[0065] In certain embodiments of the method, the agricultural
composition, preferably the diluted agricultural composition, may
be prepared in a mixing tank, a spray tank, a container, or an
inline irrigation system prior to application and/or use.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0066] FIG. 1 graphically shows a percentage inhibition of
Aspergillus niger after exposure to (or treatment with)
compositions of this disclosure and other compounds;
[0067] FIG. 2 graphically shows a percentage inhibition of Botrytis
cinerea after exposure to (or treatment with) compositions of this
disclosure and other compounds;
[0068] FIG. 3 graphically shows a percentage inhibition of
Colletotrichum fioriniae after exposure to (or treatment with)
compositions of this disclosure and other compounds;
[0069] FIG. 4 graphically shows a percentage inhibition of Fusarium
moniliforme after exposure to (or treatment with) compositions of
this disclosure and other compounds;
[0070] FIG. 5 graphically shows a percentage inhibition of Fusarium
oxysporum after exposure to (or treatment with) compositions of
this disclosure and other compounds;
[0071] FIG. 6 graphically shows a percentage inhibition of
Macrophomina phaseolina after exposure to (or treatment with)
compositions of this disclosure and other compounds;
[0072] FIG. 7 graphically shows a percentage inhibition of
Verticillium dahlia after exposure to (or treatment with)
compositions of this disclosure and other compounds;
[0073] FIG. 8 graphically shows a percentage inhibition of
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis after exposure to (or
treatment with) compositions of this disclosure and other
compounds;
[0074] FIG. 9 shows average percent severity for leaves of each
treatment at the evaluation dates. Within each category, values
followed by the same letter indicate no significant difference as
determined by ANOVA (.alpha.=0.10). ORO-159 fungicides were brought
to pH 5-5.2 by using OR-278-C (i.e. the fungicide and chemical
activator were admixed to provide agricultural compositions
according to this disclosure)
[0075] FIG. 10 shows average percent incidence and severity for
clusters of each treatment at the evaluation dates. Within each
category, values followed by the same letter indicate no
significant difference as determined by ANOVA (.alpha.=0.10).
[0076] FIG. 11 shows yield in tons per acre for each treatment.
Values followed by the same letter indicate no significant
difference as determined by ANOVA (.alpha.=0.10).
[0077] FIG. 12 shows Brix, pH, and titratable acidity for each
treatment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0078] The content of the Summary herein above is repeated entirely
by way of reference thereto and is not repeated to avoid
repetition.
[0079] The production and use of an agricultural composition
including an anti-pathogenic compound (typically potassium sorbate)
and a chemical activator adjuvant are provided. Typically, the
anti-pathogenic compound and chemical activator are manufactured as
concentrates which are then admixed to provide the agricultural
composition. The anti-pathogenic compound and/or chemical activator
may be diluted prior to admixture. Alternatively, the
anti-pathogenic compound and chemical activator may be admixed and
diluted thereafter. The agricultural composition is typically
diluted with water providing a stable tank mix of diluted
agricultural composition prior to use and application onto, or
adjacent to, agricultural crops to control pathogen populations
and/or control and/or treat disease related to said pathogens. The
disclosure extends to application of the agricultural composition
to, or adjacent to, animals, buildings, equipment and the like. The
agricultural composition according to this disclosure is stable
prior to and when in use.
[0080] The anti-pathogenic compound according to this disclosure
typically includes potassium sorbate dissolved in water and is
stable as a concentrate and is stable in a tank mix. The
anti-pathogenic compound is provided as a composition including
more than one chemical compound. The concentrated stable organic
anti-pathogenic compound may comprise: potassium sorbate in an
amount of between 35.0 to 50.0 wt. %; urea in an amount of between
1.0 to 3.0 wt. %; and water as the diluent to 100 wt. %, wherein
the organic anti-pathogenic compound concentrate has a pH range of
7.0 to 10.0.
[0081] The chemical activator (a pH adjuster and adjuvant when in
use) according to this disclosure typically includes combining at
least one solvent from the family of esters from the group of
(C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl esters (typically derived from an
(C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid); one or more anionic surfactants;
one or more nonionic surfactants, a citric acid aqueous solution
and water. Oil and/or other additives may be further added in
certain embodiments. The chemical activator is stable as a
concentrate and is stable in a tank mix. The chemical activator
adjuvant concentrate having a pH of less than 3.0.
[0082] When the anti-pathogenic compound (in concentrate form) and
the chemical activator (in concentrate form) are admixed and
diluted the resulting tank mix of diluted agricultural composition
provides a pH of between about 4 and about 6. The tank mix is then
applied onto, or adjacent to, a plant or part thereof.
Definitions
[0083] The term "adjuvant" as used herein is a broad term, and is
to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of
ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to an agent that
modifies the effect of other agents and more particularly used to
enhance the effectiveness of pesticides such as herbicides,
insecticides, fungicides and other agents.
[0084] The term "stable" as used herein is a broad term, combined
or related with the term "emulsion", and is to be given its
ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the
art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning),
and refers without limitation to the emulsion stability, i.e. the
ability of an emulsion to resist change in its properties over time
so that the size of the droplets in emulsion does not change
significantly with time, more specifically during the time of an
application to the targets mixed with water, it is thus to be given
its ordinary meaning that is customary to a person skilled in the
an. The term "stable" as used herein is a broad term, combined or
related with the term "accelerated storage stability", means that
the formulation keep similar performance in terms of
physico-chemical properties after samples be stored during 15 days
in at least 3 conditions: room temperature (around 20.degree. C.);
cold temperature (0.degree. C. or 5.degree. C.); hot temperature
(54.degree. C.). Storage stability tests were conducted according
Method CIPAC MT 36.
[0085] The term "solvents" as used herein is a broad term, and is
to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of
ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to compounds
with some characteristics of solvency for other compounds or means,
that can be polar or non-polar, linear or branched, cyclic or
aliphatic, aromatic, naphthenic and that includes but is no limited
to: alcohols, esters, diesters, ketones, acetates, terpenes,
sulfoxides, glycols, paraffins, hydrocarbons, anhydrides,
heterocyclics, among others.
[0086] Whenever a group is described as being "optionally
substituted" that group may be unsubstituted or substituted with
one or more of the indicated substituents. Likewise, when a group
is described as being "unsubstituted or substituted" if
substituted, the substituent(s) may be selected from one or more
the indicated substituents. If no substituents are indicated, it is
meant that the indicated "optionally substituted" or "substituted"
group may be substituted with one or more group(s) individually and
independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,
cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl,
aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl, hydroxy, protected
hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio,
cyano, halogen, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl,
O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido,
N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, protected C-carboxy, O-carboxy,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, silyl, sulfenyl,
sulfinyl, sulfonyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, trihalomethanesulfonyl,
trihalomethanesulfonamido, an amino, a mono-substituted amino and a
di-substituted amino group, and protected derivatives thereof.
[0087] The term "alkyl" as used herein is a broad term, and is to
be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary
skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to a straight
chain or branched, acyclic or cyclic, unsaturated or saturated
aliphatic hydrocarbon containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 or more carbon atoms, while the term
"lower alkyl" has the same meaning as alkyl but contains 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. Representative saturated straight chain
alkyls include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl,
and the like; while saturated branched alkyls include isopropyl,
sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, and the like.
Unsaturated alkyls contain at least one double or triple bond
between adjacent carbon atoms (referred to as an "alkenyl" or
"alkynyl," respectively). Representative straight chain and
branched alkenyls include ethylenyl, propylenyl, 1-butenyl,
2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl,
3-methyl-l-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, and
the like; while representative straight chain and branched alkynyls
include acetylenyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl,
2-pentynyl, 3-methyl-1 butynyl, and the like. Typical alkyl groups
include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl,
isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl,
octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl,
pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl,
heneicosyl, docosyl, tricosyl, tetracosyl, pentacosyl, hexacosyl,
heptacosyl, octacosyl, nonacosyl, triacontyl, henatriacontyl,
dotriacontyl, tritriacontyl, tetratriacontyl, pentatriacontanyl,
and hexatriacontanoic. The alkyl group may be substituted or
unsubstituted.
[0088] The term "alkoxy" as used herein is a broad term, and is to
be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary
skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to an alkyl
moiety attached through an oxygen bridge (i.e., --O-alkyl) such as
methoxy, ethoxy, and the like.
[0089] The term "thioalkyl" as used herein is a broad term, and is
to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of
ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to an alkyl
moiety attached through a sulfur bridge (i.e., --S-alkyl) such as
methylthio, ethylthio, and the like.
[0090] The term "alcohol" as used herein is a broad term, and is to
be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary
skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to any compound
as described herein incorporating one or more hydroxy groups, or
being substituted by or functionalized to include one or more
hydroxy groups.
[0091] The term "ester" as used herein is a broad term, and is to
be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary
skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to any compound
as described herein incorporating one or more ester groups, e.g.,
monoester, diester, triester, or polyester, or being substituted by
or functionalized to include one or more ester groups. Esters
include but are not limited to fatty acid esters.
[0092] The term "acetates" as used herein is a broad term, and is
to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of
ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to any compound
as described herein incorporating one or more acetate groups, such
as salts, esters or other compounds incorporating a CH.sub.3COO--
moiety.
[0093] The term "terpenes" as used herein is a broad term, and is
to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of
ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to any compound
as derived from resins of plants such as conifers or citrus, or to
synthetically produced compounds having the same structures as
plant derived terpenes. Terpenes can include hydrocarbons as well
as terpenoids containing additional functional groups, as well as
essential oils. Terpenes can include compounds having a formula
(C.sub.5H.sub.8).sub.n where n is the number of linked isoprene
units (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more).
[0094] The term "terpene containing natural oil" as used herein is
a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning
to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited
to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation
to a natural oil containing at least 50% of a terpene selected from
but not exclusively from the group consisting of citrus oil, orange
oil, grapefruit oil, lemon oil, lime oil, tangerine oil, and pine
oil or components thereof.
[0095] The term "sulfoxides" as used herein is a broad term, and is
to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of
ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to any compound
as described herein incorporating one or more sulfinyl (SO) groups,
or being substituted by or functionalized to include one or more
sulfinyl groups.
[0096] The term "glycols" as used herein is a broad term, and is to
be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary
skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and can include diols, e.g., polyalkylene
glycols such as polyethylene glycols (polymers having the formula
H(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.nOH where n is greater than three),
polypropylene glycols, or glycols incorporating monomers comprising
longer hydrocarbon chains.
[0097] The term "paraffins" as used herein is a broad term, and is
to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of
ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to heavier
alkanes, such as alkanes forming a liquid or wax at room
temperature, as well as functionalized paraffins, e.g., chlorinated
paraffins, and mineral or synthetic oils comprising hydrocarbons.
Room temperature as used herein refers to ambient conditions, e.g.,
in a climate controlled building, for example, approximately
20.degree. C.
[0098] The term "hydrocarbons" as used herein is a broad term, and
is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of
ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to any compound
comprising only carbon and hydrogen atoms. A functionalized or
substituted hydrocarbon has one or more substituents as described
elsewhere herein.
[0099] The term "anhydrides" as used herein is a broad term, and is
to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of
ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to any compound
as described herein incorporating one or more anhydride groups (of
formula (RC(O)).sub.2O), or being substituted by or functionalized
to include one or more anhydride groups.
[0100] The term "sulfonic acid" as used herein is a broad term, and
is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of
ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to, for example
formic, acetic, succinic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric,
ascorbic, nicotinic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic,
p-toluensulfonic, salicylic or naphthalene sulfonic acid. Sulfonic
acids can include hydrocarbyl sulfonic acids, such as aryl sulfonic
acids, alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, among other.
[0101] The term "vegetable oil" as used herein is a broad term, and
is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of
ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or
customized meaning), and refers without limitation to oleaginous
fatty acid constituents of vegetable matter, e.g., saturated fatty
acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids,
etc. The vegetable oil can be functionalized, e.g., alkoxylated,
hydroxylated, aminated, etc. A functionalized vegetable oil is a
derivative of a vegetable oil or other fatty substance, or a
substance having a similar composition regardless of the origin of
the substance. In some embodiments, the functionalized vegetable
oil is epoxidized unsaturated triglyceride. Epoxidized unsaturated
triglyceride is a tri-ester of glycerine. The glycerine bonds to
three linear or branched carboxylic acids, wherein at least one of
the carboxylic acids comprises an epoxide moiety. For example, the
epoxidized unsaturated triglyceride may be a derivative of an
unsaturated fatty acid triglyceride such as a vegetable or animal
fat or oil, wherein at least one of the C.dbd.C moieties of the
parent unsaturated fatty acid triglyceride is replaced with an
epoxide moiety (i.e. a three-membered ring containing an oxygen).
If the parent unsaturated fatty acid triglyceride has more than one
C.dbd.C moiety, one, part, or all of the C.dbd.C moieties may be
replaced by epoxide moieties. When the term "vegetable oil" is used
herein, it is understood to include animal fats, or oils of
synthetic origin, having a same chemical structure as a vegetable
oil. Examples of vegetable or animal fats or oils include coconut
oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil,
rapeseed oil, canola oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil,
sunflower oil, castor oil, tallow oil, or the like.
[0102] As used herein, the abbreviations for any compound, is,
unless indicated otherwise, in accord with its common usage,
recognized abbreviations, or the IUPAC-IUB Commission on
Biochemical Nomenclature (See, Biochem. 11:942-944 (1972)).
[0103] Any percentages, ratios or other quantities referred to
herein are on a weight basis, unless otherwise indicated.
[0104] The cyclic systems referred to herein include fused ring,
bridged ring, and spiro ring moieties, in addition to isolated
monocyclic moieties.
EXAMPLES
[0105] The examples here below are not to be considered as limiting
to the disclosure. The broad disclosures made in the Summary and
Detailed Description herein above are repeated by way of
reference.
[0106] Method of Preparation of the Organic Anti-Pathogenic
Compound Liquid Concentrate
[0107] The anti-pathogenic compound typically comprises an aqueous
solution of potassium sorbate, and in certain embodiments may
further comprise urea. The anti-pathogenic compound is typically
organic and may be manufactured in a concentrate form before being
added to the chemical activator to provide the agricultural
composition according to this disclosure. The anti-pathogenic
compound concentrate and/or the chemical activator concentrate may
be diluted and/or admixed to provide the diluted agricultural
composition. For the purpose of illustration, the method for
preparing the organic anti-pathogenic concentrate as used in the
non-limiting examples includes the steps admixing in a vessel
potassium sorbate in granular form with water to form a first
solution, such that the potassium sorbate is between about 20.0 wt.
% to about 60 wt. %, preferably between about 35.0 wt. % to about
50.0 wt. %, of the first solution, and water is between about 25
wt. % to about 75 wt. %, preferably between about 50 wt. % to about
65% wt. %, of the first solution. In a typical example embodiment,
and to obviate doubt, between about 35.0 g to about 50.0 g
potassium sorbate is added to between about 50.0 g to about 65 g of
water and stirred until all the potassium sorbate is dissolved to
provide the anti-pathogenic compound according to this disclosure.
In a particular embodiment, the method may further include the step
of adding urea (technical grade) to the first solution to form a
second solution such that urea is between about 0.1 wt. % to about
10 wt. %, preferably between about 2.0 wt. % to about 5.0 wt. %, of
the second solution. The first and/or second solutions are
continuously stirred until the potassium sorbate and/or urea are
completely dissolved in the water to provide the anti-pathogenic
compound. Heating is not necessarily required but may
advantageously be employed depending on the physical state and
characteristics of each compound, mainly because urea is
endothermic during dissociation. Other additives may be added to
the second solution for specific purposes, such as clarifiers,
anti-foaming agents, anti-freezing agents, hydrotropes, UV
stabilizers, colorants, nutrients, amino-acids, sea extract,
anti-drift agents, anti-freezing agents, and even water or other
solvent, and/or other additives as are typically employed in
fungicides compositions. This method of preparation described above
provides a concentrate form of the anti-pathogenic compound
according to the first aspect of this disclosure.
[0108] Method of Preparation of the pH Adjuster and Activator
Adjuvant Concentrate
[0109] The chemical activator according to this disclosure may also
be termed a pH adjuster and/or an adjuvant when in use. For the
purpose of illustration, the method for preparing the chemical
activator as used in the non-limiting examples includes the steps
of admixing into a vessel containing water an nonionic surfactant
such a fatty alcohol ethoxylated from between about 5 wt. % and 30
wt. %, preferably between about 15.0 to about 25.0 wt. %, then
adding one or more anionic surfactant(s) such as a sodium lauryl
ether sulfate from between about 1.0 wt. % to about 15 wt. %,
preferably between about 7.0 to about 10.0 wt. %, then adding one
or more solvents from the group of an (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester
of an (C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl acid such as isopropyl myristate
from between about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, preferably between
about 0.5 to about 5.0 wt. %, then adding citric acid 50% in water
solution from between about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, preferably
between about 30.0 to about 55.0 wt. %. The method to prepare is
stirring the mixture into a clean vessel until a complete
dissolution. In a typical example embodiment, and to obviate doubt,
the following were admixed and stirred with between 50 g and 65 g
of water to form the chemical activator: one or more nonionic
surfactants such a fatty alcohol ethoxylated from 15.0 g to 25.0 g,
one or more anionic surfactants such as a sodium lauryl ether
sulfate from 7.0 g to 10.0 g, one or more solvents form the group
of an (C.sub.1-C.sub.8) alkyl ester of an (C.sub.12-C.sub.16) alkyl
acid such as isopropyl myristate from 0.5 g to 5.0 g, citric acid
50% in water solution from 30.0 g to 55.0 g. Heating is not
necessarily required but may advantageously be employed depending
on the physical state and characteristics of each compound during
dissociation or emulsifying process. Other additives can be used
for specific purposes, such as clarifiers, anti-foaming agents,
anti-freezing agents, hydrotropes, UV stabilizers, colorants,
nutrients, amino-acids, sea extract, anti-drift agents,
anti-freezing agents, and even water or other solvent, and/or other
additives as are typically employed in adjuvant compositions. This
method of preparation described above provides a concentrate form
of the chemical activator according to the first aspect of this
disclosure.
[0110] Preparing the Agricultural Compositions
[0111] Two different liquid organic anti-pathogenic compounds and
two different chemical activators were prepared according to some
of the embodiments. The organic anti-pathogenic compound
concentrates are indicated by ORO-159-A, ORO-159-B and ORO-159-G.
The chemical activator concentrates are indicated by ORO-097-V,
ORO-278-C, ORO-278-E. The details of the specific embodiments of
each are described in Table 1 and Table 2. Various components were
employed in the different formulations, including: potassium
sorbate granules provides active ingredient for the anti-pathogenic
compound (and is fungicidal); alcohol ethoxylated, POE-6--nonionic
surfactant; triethanolamine dodecylbenzene sulfonate--anionic
surfactant; sodium lauryl ether sulfate--anionic surfactant;
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate--anionic surfactant; Isopropyl
myristate--alkyl ester of alkyl acid; isopropyl laurate--alkyl
ester of alkyl acid; methyl laurate--alkyl ester of alkyl acid;
citric acid 50%--acidifier ; urea prills--stabilizer; humic
acid--chelating agent.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Anti-pathogenic compounds made according the
present disclosure Compound ORO-159-A ORO-159-B ORO-159-G Amount
(weight/wt. %) (measured in grams) Water 58.0 53.0 55.0 Potassium
Sorbate 35.0 44.0 40.0 Granules Urea Prills 3.00 2.00 2.00 Humic
Acid 2.00 -- 2.00 Other additives 2.00 1.00 1.00 TOTAL 100.00
100.00 100.00 FORMULATION Soluble liquid Soluble liquid Soluble
liquid TYPE
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Chemical activators made according the
present disclosure Compound ORO-097-V ORO-278-C ORO-278-E Amount
(wt. %) (measured in grams) Water 32.0 48.8 40.2 Citric Acid 50%
50.0 40.0 45.0 solution Isopropyl Myristate -- 1.0 -- Isopropyl
Laurate 1.5 -- -- Methyl Laurate -- -- 2.0 Alcohol Ethoxylated 10.5
6.0 -- 6 POE Triethanolamine -- -- 2.8 Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate
Sodium lauryl ether 3.5 2.2 -- sulfate Polyoxyethylene -- -- 7.00
sorbitan monolaurate Urea Pills 1.5 1.0 2.0 Other additives 1.0 1.0
1.0 TOTAL 100.00 100.0 100.00 FORMULATION Microemulsion
Microemulsion Microemulsion TYPE
Physico-Chemical and Accelerated Stability Tests
[0112] Samples of products of certain embodiments were compared to
commercially available products and analyzed to determine their
physical chemical characteristics and their behavior when diluted
in water--pH, solubility; and into the pure adjuvant, pH,
solubility, stability described on CIPAC Handbook F--Collaborative
International Pesticide Analytical Ltd, 1994, reprint in 2007, the
contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entirety. It was analyzed and confirmed that agricultural
compositions prepared according to the embodiments exhibited
stability in accelerated storage stability testing, and all samples
were stable even in room temperature, cold (14 days @0.degree. C.)
or hot conditions (14 days @54.degree. C.).
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Physical and chemical and accelerated
stability tests results for fungicides and chemical activators
according to the present disclosure ORO-159-A ORO-159-B ORO-159-G
(anti- (anti- (anti- ORO-097-V ORO-278-C ORO-278-E ANALYSIS
pathogenic- pathogenic- pathogenic- (activator) (activator)
(activator) Appearance (product) Black Amber Black Clear Clear
Clear Density @ 20.degree. C. 1.082 1.091 1.085 1.120 1.077 1.091
pH (product) 8.10 8.40 8.320 1.72 1.67 1.56 pH (1% v/v) 7.50 7.70
7.70 1.60 1.95 1.90 Potassium sorbate assay 40.5 46.8 43.2 -- -- --
(wt. %) Viscosity @ 25.degree. C. 11 Cp 10 Cp 10 Cp 14 Cp 12 Cp 13
Cp Appearance (solution Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear at
1.0%-distillated Accelerated Stable Stable Stable Stable Stable
Stable Storage Procedure Method CIPAC MT 46 (14 days at 0.degree.,
20.degree. and 54.degree. C.)
Disease Bio-Efficacy Screening
[0113] Samples of the agricultural compositions of certain
embodiments were evaluated in a disease bio-efficacy screening at
University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and
Extension Center in comparison with other products and samples to
evaluate pH effect, adjuvancy effect and efficacy against most
common or applicable plant pathogens in vitro. Sample
identification is shown in Tables 4 and 5.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Samples identification-agricultural
compositions according the present disclosure Treatment 1 2 3 4 8 9
10 Fungicide OR-159B OR-159B OR-159B OR-159B OR-159G OR-159G
OR-159G Dosage 0.5 1 0.5 1 0.5 1 2 (% v/v) Chemical OR-278-C
OR-278-C OR-097-V OR-097-V Citric Citric Citric Activator Acid Acid
Acid (Adjuvant) 50% 50% 50% Dosage 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 Adjust Adjust
Adjust Adj. pH to 5 pH to 5 pH to 5 (% v/v)
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Samples identification-comparison products
and reference Treatment 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 Code EXP. EXP.
PREV- PREV- EXP. III EXP. IV EXP. IV Untreated I * II ** AM .RTM.
AM .RTM. *** **** (UTC) Dosage 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.4 0.25 1 0.5 ( %
v/v) Adjuvant -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Dosage Adj. -- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- (% v/v) * EXP. I (Natural Oil based commercial product
Transformer .RTM.) ** EXP. II (Natural Oil based commercial product
Oroboost .RTM.) *** EXP. III (Natural Oil based Wetcit .RTM.) ****
EXP. IV (commercial product Cropbiolife .RTM.) All commercially
available products have known anti-fungal properties.
[0114] Growth inhibition was measured using potato dextrose agar
(PDA) amended with the test compounds to compare colony growth of
several fungi. Plain (unamended) PDA plates served as controls.
Cultures of Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum
fioriniae, Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, Macrophomina
phaseolina, Verticillium dahlia, and Xanthomonas arboricola pv.
juglandis were grown on acidified potato dextrose agar. The amended
and control plates were inoculated with mycelial plugs (5 mm
diameter), then incubated at 25.degree. C. until the colonies in
the controls neared the edge of the plates for each species. At
that time, colony radius was measured and percent inhibition was
calculated for each test compound in relation to the radius of
control plates.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Summary percent growth inhibition of various
agricultural compositions and comparative products against a number
of important plant pathogens. % inhibition in relation to untreated
control Xanthomonas arboricola Aspergillus Botrytis Colletotrichum
Fusarium Fusarium Macrophomina Verticillium pv. Treatment niger
cinerea fioriniae moniliforme oxysporum phaseolina dahliae
juglandis 1 94.81 a 90.88 b 84.94 b 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 2
100 a 100 a 97.22 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 3 93.78 a 95.43
ab 84.41 b 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 4 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a
100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 8 32.9 d 29.51 h 31.48 e 27.63 g 28.09 ef
78.05 c 54.06 e 66.18 b 9 0.73 e 34 gh 1.61 g 24.15 h 25.97 fg
83.32 bc 39.08 f 68.54 b 10 5.14 e 38.06 g 4.19 g 37.31 f 33.72 e
100 a 52.87 e 100 a 11 78.28 b 58.74 d 72.87 c 51.51 e 58.68 d
55.61 d 80.34 cd 58.25 b 12 64.45 c 48.86 ef 59.97 d 54.76 d 58.74
d 4.82 e 84.27 bc 59.39 B 13 62.93 c 45.54 f 73.91 c 78.55 c 70.92
c 88.11 bc 89.57 b 25.61 C 14 61.61 c 51.23 e 77.66 c 84.09 b 72.76
bc 89.54 ab 88.29 b 26.51 C 15 65.12 c 44.13 f 76.44 c 82.9 b 78.74
b 85.98 bc 74.64 d 7.73 D 17 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a
100 a 100 A 18 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 5.69 g 100 A
Values with same letter are not significantly different.
Comparisons are made within pathogens only, not between
pathogens.
[0115] The results of these in vitro tests showed that some of
these compounds are very effective in inhibiting the growth of some
of the tested pathogens. For instance, treatments, OR-159B at 0.5%
mixed with OR-278-C at 0.25% , OR-159-B at 1% mixed with OR-278-C
at 0.25% (Treatments 1 and 2) and OR-159-B at 0.5% mixed with
OR-097-V at 0.25% and OR-159-B at 1% mixed with OR-097-V at 0.5%
(Treatments 3 and 4) had a significantly greater inhibition against
all 8 plant pathogens tested. Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum,
Macrophomina phaseolina, Verticillium dahlia, and Xanthomonas
arboricola pv. juglandis were inhibited totally.
[0116] The OR-159-G at 0.5%, OR-159-G at 1% rate, and OR-159-G at
2% rate and each mixed with 50% citric acid (Treatment 8, 9,
&10) showed very little inhibition against A. niger or C.
fioriniae (Treatments 9 & 10), but some significant inhibition
against B. cinerea, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, M. phaseolina, V.
dahlia, and X. arboricola pv. juglandis. The OR-159-G at 2% rate
(Treatment 10) resulted in 100% inhibition of M. phaseolina and X.
arboricola pv. juglandis (Table 6).
[0117] With one or two exceptions, all the other treatments
(Treatments 11 to 15 and 17 and 18) inhibited the majority of the
fungi from 44% to 100%. Exp. I, Exp. II and Exp. III are based on
volatile natural oil and do not perform satisfactorily. Exp. IV is
commercially available product. Treatments 13 and 14 are the
reference product PREV-AM.RTM. based on Orange Oil and Sodium
tetraboratehydrate decahydrate and had performance inferior to
showed by products according this disclosure (treatments 1 to
4).
[0118] The results obtained from this study are very promising
because the majority of the compounds tested here can significantly
inhibit a large number of serious plant pathogens. This indicates
that after registration of these compounds, growers would have
materials that could be effective against multiple important
pathogens. The comparison per pathogen is showed at FIG. 1 to FIG.
8.
[0119] It is clear that there are a synergistic relationship
between OR-159 fungicide and the chemical activator adjuvants that
results in a significantly improvements in control, compared at
OR-159 when only acidified with citric acid. OR-159-B mixed with
OR-278-C and OR-159-B mixed with OR-097-V showed a very synergistic
and very promising treatment that can be very helpful in disease
controls. The inclusion of the chemical activator shows improved
anti-pathogenic properties to the fungicide. This is surprising and
unexpected.
pH Challenging Test
[0120] Samples of products of certain embodiments were evaluated in
a pH challenging test and their behavior when diluted in
distillated water (DI water), CIPAC A water (20 ppm of hardness),
CIPAC D water (342 ppm of hardness) and ASTM water of 1000 ppm--pH
was measured in pure water for three specific pHs--4.00, 7.00 and
9.00 and before adding the organic fungicide as per this disclosure
and before adding the chemical activator (adjuvant/pH
adjuster).
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 pH challenging test using organic fungicide
and chemical activator adjuvant made according to this present
disclosure Products pH (@25.degree. C.) pH (@25.degree. C.) pH
(@25.degree. C.) DI water 4.00 7.00 9.00 OR-159-B (@ 1%) 7.45 7.21
8.8 OR-278-C (@ 1%) 4.55 4.40 4.50 CIPAC A water - 4.00 7.00 9.00
20 ppm OR-159-B (@ 1%) 7.62 7.78 8.67 OR-278-C (@ 1%) 4.33 4.50
4.56 CIPAC D water - 4.00 7.00 9.00 342 ppm OR-159-B (@ 1%) 7.80
8.01 8.61 OR-278-C (@ 1%) 4.3 4.53 4.57 ASTM water - 4.00 7.00 9.00
1000 ppm OR-159-B (@ 1%) 7.74 8.08 8.4 OR-278-C (@ 1%) 4.30 4.47
4.45
[0121] Samples of agricultural compositions as per this disclosure
showed stable behavior even diluted in soft water and hard water,
low pH to high pH. The organic fungicide made according the present
disclosure showed high solubility and stability--all solution were
clear. After adding the pH adjuster and activator adjuvant made
according the present disclosure over the solution containing the
organic fungicide all tests showed very stable and similar final pH
around 4.30 to 4.56 proving the high capacity from the adjuvant to
adjust the pH, does not matter the initial pH or quality of the
water, with all solution showing a clear and completely solubility
of products what will contribute to the activity of dissociated
sorbic acid anions.
[0122] Samples of commercially available products including from
Oro Agri.RTM. the following products (WETCIT.RTM.) Adjuvant based
on Alcohol Ethoxylated and Orange Oil, (OROBOOST.RTM.) Organic
adjuvant based on Alcohol Ethoxylated and from other companies used
as a reference of treatment the following product (SERENADE.RTM.
OPTI) a fungicide and bactericide from Bayer.RTM. based on QST 713
strain of Bacillus subtilis. All samples evaluated were stable even
room temperature, in cold (14 days @0.degree. C.) or hot conditions
(14 days @54.degree. C.)--according CIPAC MT 46 test.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Physical and chemical results from Oro Agri
.RTM. commercially available products and reference product from
Bayer .RTM. SERENATE .RTM. ANALYSIS WETCIT .RTM. OROBOOST .RTM.
OPTI Appearance (product) Green Liquid Clear Golden Brown powder
Liquid Density @ 20.degree. C. 1.020 0.923 -- pH (product) 5.80
4.55 -- pH (0.5% v/v) 5.60 4.08 6.88 Viscosity @ 25.degree. C. 25
cP 19 cP -- Appearance (solution Clear Clear Brown turbid at 0.25%
- solution distillated water) Emulsion Stability No cream No cream
-- (CIPAC MT 36) and No Oil and No Oil 1% v/v 2 hours @ 30.degree.
C. Water CIPAC A and D Emulsion Stability No cream No cream --
Method CIPAC MT 36 and No Oil and No Oil 1% v/v 24 h 30 hours
re-emulsified at 30.degree. C. Water CIPAC A and D Accelerated
Storage Stable Stable -- Procedure Method CIPAC MT 46 (14 days at
0, 20 and 54.degree. C.)
Field Trials to Evaluate Products Made According the Invention
[0123] The objective of this trial was to evaluate several Oro Agri
products and adjuvants on control of powdery mildew on wine grapes
in Washington. Powdery mildew incidence and severity were the
measured variables, along with phytotoxicity.
[0124] Methods summary: The trial was established on an
eleven-year-old block of Chardonnay wine grapes in Grandview, Wash.
The soil series is Shano silt loam, a fertile soil with loess
parent material. The trial area was drip-irrigated and maintained
with fertility and pesticides according to grower standard
practice. Plots consisted of five vines with one-vine buffers.
Treatments were replicated four times, arranged in a randomized
complete block design. Treatments included eight fungicide tank
mixes in distilled water, along with untreated check (Table 9).
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Trials products list and rates applied for
each treatment Products Rate Notes OR-159-B 0.25% v/v Brought to pH
5-5.2 by OR-159-B 0.5% v/v using OR-278-C (i.e. the OR-159-B 1% v/v
fungicide and chemical OR-159-B 2% v/v activator were admixed to
provide agricultural compositions according to this disclosure)
Serenade Opti 20 oz/ac Serenade Opti: Serenade Opti + 20 oz/ac +
26.2% strain of Oroboost 0.25% v/v Bacillus subtilis Serenade Opti
+ 20 oz/ac + Wetcit 0.25% v/v Untreated N/A No fungicides
applied
[0125] Applications were made on a 10-day interval for the duration
of the season, for a total of ten applications. A Stihl SR 200
backpack mist blower was used to apply products. Spray volume was
50 gal/ac first, 100 gal/ac second, and 150 gal/ac for the
remainder of the season.
[0126] To encourage powdery mildew growth, the trial area was
inoculated with conidial inoculum two weeks post-bloom. Infected
leaves collected from a site about 10 miles away were cut and then
washed in distilled water containing 0.1% Tween 20. This suspension
was applied to all plots with a Stihl SR 200 backpack mist blower,
sprayed to coverage.
[0127] Phytotoxicity ratings were made in-season before every
application. Twenty-five clusters from each plot were rated for
incidence and severity as well. The middle vine from each plot was
harvested. Clusters were weighed. A subsample of bunches from each
plot was packaged in coolers with ice packs and shipped overnight
to a Fresno State University viticulture laboratory for further
quality analysis. pH, brix, and titratable acidity were measured.
Statistical analyses were performed in SAS 9.4 under ANOVA with
Tukey-Kramer modification and an alpha of 0.10.
[0128] Recorded leaf powdery mildew incidence averaged 99-100% in
all plots. Mildew severity on untreated leaves was also high,
nearly 75%. All product treatments statistically reduced severity
relative to untreated (FIG. 9). The grower standard Serenade Opti
did not control leaf mildew severity well, with nearly half the
leaf on average showing symptoms. Addition of surfactants did
improve efficacy, with Oroboost.RTM. leading to 25% lower severity.
OR-159-B applications showed a rate response, with the exception of
1% numerically out-performing 2%. OR-159-B at 2%, OR-159-B at 1%,
and Serenade.RTM. Opti+Wetcit.RTM. were not statistically separated
and were the most effective products trialed in terms of reduced
leaf disease severity.
[0129] Berry mildew incidence was very high at the time of
evaluation. Severity in the untreated plots averaged 37%, and all
treatments statistically reduced cluster mildew severity (FIG. 10).
The same trend in OR-159-B treatments observed in leaf disease
severity was seen in cluster disease; a rate response was clear,
except the 1% rate numerically out-performed the 2% rate. Clusters
receiving Serenade Opti treatment had a high mildew severity
rating, and the addition of Oroboost.RTM. did not appear to help.
However, Wetcit.RTM. acted as an effective adjuvant, reducing
cluster severity by 31% compared to grower standard alone. Overall,
OR-159-B at 1% and 2%, followed by Serenade.RTM. Opti+Wetcit.RTM.,
were clearly the most effective treatments in lowering cluster
disease severity.
[0130] Yield was moderate for wine grapes, low enough to maintain
berry quality (FIG. 11). Increasing OR-159-B rate did correspond to
higher grape tonnage, with the 2% rate resulting in the highest
average yield in the trial. Serenade.RTM. Opti alone resulted in a
lower yield than when combined with an adjuvant. The poorest plot
was untreated plots at 5.5 ton/ac. These results did not closely
mirror the powdery mildew severity results, so other factors like
fruit set likely played a larger role in yield than disease
pressure. Additionally, no differences between treatment yield were
statistically significant. Replicates 3 and 4 were higher yielding
than the other two blocks.
[0131] Conclusion a) Inoculation proved effective in inducing
powdery mildew infection, as visible signs emerged about ten days
after the inoculate spray. Disease then progressed well, with
powdery mildew visible on stems and vines, along with leaves and
berries. Excellent spray coverage was achieved throughout the
10-day spray interval program. Phytotoxicity due to any Oro-Agri
product application was not observed at any time during the season,
remembering that OR-159-B was applied using a pH adjuster adjuvant
OR-278-C that showed consistency to reduce the pH in a ratio around
1:1 with OR-159-B.
[0132] Conclusion b) Leaf powdery mildew pressure was high, with
untreated plots rated at 100% incidence and 74% severity, on
average. All products decreased powdery mildew severity on leaves.
OR-159-B at 1% and 2% (always with activator OR-278-C),
Serenade.RTM. Opti+Wetcit.RTM. were not statistically separated and
led to the lowest leaf severity percentages (about 34%).
[0133] Conclusion c) All treatments contained nearly 100% disease
incidence on clusters. As expected, severity was highest in
untreated control plots, over 36%. Like leaves, every treatment
decreased powdery mildew severity on clusters. Again, OR-159-B at
1% was numerically the top performer and was not significant
different from OR-159-B at 2% (which in turn was not statistically
separated from Serenade.RTM. Opti+Wetcit.RTM.).
[0134] Conclusion d) Considering percent control relative to
untreated, no treatments were statistically different. Numerically,
OR-159-B at 1% provided the greatest control--54% on leaves and 68%
on clusters--with OR-159-B at 2% closely following. Overall,
OR-159-B showed promise as a powdery mildew control agent at 1% or
even 2%. However, the severity ratings under this treatment (33% on
leaves and 10% on berries) may not be high enough for commercial
acceptance. Wetcit.RTM. was clearly effective as an adjuvant,
statistically increasing performance of grower standard
Serenade.RTM. Opti.
[0135] Conclusion e) No statistical differences between treatment
yields were found. Yields increased with increasing rates of
OR-159-B, culminating in a trial-high 8.3 ton/ac under OR-159-B at
2%. Yields were higher in Serenade.RTM. Opti+adjuvant versus
Serenade Opti alone. However, yields did not correspond with
powdery mildew ratings. Grape quality was acceptable, with no
statistical differences between treatments (FIG. 12).
[0136] Field trials--evaluation of fungicides for control of foliar
and fruit diseases of wine grapes (Chancellor--Vitis lambrusca)
2019--Trevor Nichols Research Center in Fennville--Michigan State
University, East Lansing--Mich.
[0137] The experiment was conducted in a mature `Chancellor` (Vitis
lambrusca) vineyard at the Trevor Nichols Research Center in
Fennville, Mich. Vines were spaced at 6.times.10 ft and were cordon
trained and hand pruned. Treatments were applied to 3-vine plots
and were replicated four times in a randomized complete block
design. Sprays were applied using a research sprayer equipped with
six 5-gal tanks, a 12-volt 3.8-gpm diaphragm pump set at 55 psi,
and an XR TeeJet 8002VS nozzle on a 5-ft spray boom. Spray volume
was 40 gpa through 23 July, then 50 gpa for the remainder of the
season.
[0138] Spray dates and approximate phenological stages were as
follows: 1 Jun. 2019 (3 in. shoots), 15 Jun. 2019 (6-12 in.
shoots), 25 June (bloom), 1 Jul. 2019 (1.sup.st post-bloom), 9 Jul.
2019 (2.sup.nd post-bloom), 16 Jul. 2019 (3.sup.rd post-bloom), and
23 Jul. 2019 (4.sup.th post-bloom), 6 Aug. 2019 (5.sup.th
post-bloom), 20 Aug. 2019 (preharvest, .degree. Brix 14.3).
Rainfall between spray dates was 2.51, 1.63, 0.07, 0, 0.09, 1.77,
1.13, and 1.44 in., respectively. Downy mildew on leaves was rated
13 Sep. 2019, sour bunch rot on clusters was rated 14 Sep. 2019;
powdery mildew on leaves and clusters was rated 16 Sep. 2019.
[0139] In all cases, diseases were visually rated on 25 randomly
selected leaves and/or clusters from the center vine in each plot.
Incidence was calculated as % leaves or clusters with disease, and
severity was calculated as % area symptomatic on diseased plant
parts only. Overall severity was calculated as (incidence x
severity)/100. Bracketed values denote percent control relative to
the untreated check. Plots were monitored throughout the season for
signs of phytotoxicity but none was observed. Results reported are
shown in the Tables 10 to 12 below:
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Summary of results of (%) incidence (%)
severity, (%) overall severity and (%) control of Downy mildew
(Plasmopara viticola) on leaves-comparative of treatments
performances Downy mildew on leaves (rated 13 Sep. 2019)
Application Incidence Severity Overall severity Control Treatment,
rate/A timing.sup.z (%) (%) (%) [%].sup.y Untreated 84.0 a.sup.x
47.9.sup.w A 40.3.sup.w A OR-159-B 0.5% + OR-278-C 0.5% 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9 54.0 B 17.3 B 9.6 b [76.2] Prev-Am .RTM. 0.4% 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 53.0 B 13.4 C 7.3 bc [81.9] Fracture 24.4 fl oz
+Nufilm P 0.125% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 50.0 Bc 11.6 C 5.9 cd
[85.4] Pristine 8 oz 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 50.0 Bc 6.9 de 3.4 de [91.6]
OR-159-B 1% + OR 278-C 1% 2, 4, 6, 8, Pristine 8 oz 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9 49.0 Bc 14.3 C 7.2 bc [82.1] OR-159-B 1% + OR 278-C 1%
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 48.0 Bc 12.45 C 6.0 cd [85.1] OR-159-B 2%
+ OR-278-C 2% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 45.0 C 7.6 d 3.4 de [91.6]
Manzate Max 0.56 gal 1, 2, 35.0 D 4.4 e 1.5 E [96.3] Abound F 15.5
fl oz 3, Sovran 50 WG 6.4 oz 4, Rovral 4F 1.5 pt 5, Rovral 4F 1.5
pt + Vangard WG 10 oz 6, Vangard WG + Pristine 23 oz 7, Pristine 23
oz 8, OR-159-B 2% + OR-278-C 2% + 9 Nufilm P 0.125% Manzate Max
0.56 gal 1, 2, 34.0 D 5.7 de 2.0 E [95.0] Abound F 15.5 fl oz 3,
Sovran 50 WG 6.4 oz 4, Rovral 4F 1.5 pt 5, Rovral 4F 1.5 pt +
Vangard WG10 oz 6, Vangard WG + Pristine 23 oz 7, Pristine 23 oz 8,
Fracture 24.4 fl oz + 9 Nufilm P0.125% + Mustang Max 4 fl oz
.sup.zSpray dates: 1 = 1 Jun (3 in. shoots), 2 = 15 Jun (6-12 in.
shoots), 3 = 25 Jun (bloom), 4 = 1 Jul (1.sup.st post-bloom), 5 = 9
Jul (2.sup.nd post-bloom), 6 = 16 Jul (3.sup.rd post-bloom), and 7
= 23 Jul (4.sup.th post-bloom), 8 = 6 Aug (5.sup.th post-bloom), 9
= 20 Aug (preharvest, .degree.Brix 14.3). .sup.yBracketed values
denote percent control relative to the untreated check.
.sup.xColumn means followed by the same letter are not
significantly different according to Fisher's Protected LSD test (P
.ltoreq. 0.05). .sup.wData did not pass variance check; some
assumptions of the ANOVA may have been violated.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Summary of results of (%) incidence (%)
severity, (%) overall severity and (%) control of Sour bunch rot
(Acetobacter spp.) on cluster-comparative of treatments
performances Sour bunch rot on cluster (rated 14 Sep. 2019)
Incidence Severity Overall severity Control Treatment, rate/A
Application timing.sup.z (%) (%) (%) [%].sup.y Untreated 88.0
a.sup.x 53.0 a 46.7.sup.w A OR-159-B 0.5% + OR-278-C 0.5% 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 69.0 B 26.0 b 17.8 B [61.9] PreyAm .RTM. 0.4% 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 65.0 Bc 24.3 b 15.7 B [66.4] OR-159-B 1% +
OR 278-C 1% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 54.0 De 16.3 c 8.9 C [80.9]
OR-159-B 2% + OR-278-C 2% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 57.0 Cd 8.7 d
4.9 d [89.5] Fracture 24.4 fl oz + Nufilm P 0.125% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9 46.0 Ef 10.5 cd 4.8 de [89.7] Pristine 8 oz 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9 43.0 F 10.1 d 4.4 de [90.6] Pristine 8 oz 1, 3, 5, 7,
9 42.0 f 6.3 d 2.7 [94.2] OR-159-B 1% + OR 278-C 278 1% 2, 4, 6, 8,
Manzate Max 0.56 gal 1, 2, 31.0 g 6.4 d 2.0 f [95.7] Abound F 15.5
fl oz 3, Sovran 50 WG 6.4 oz 4, Rovral 4F 1.5 pt 5, Rovral 4F 1.5
pt + Vangard WG 10 oz 6, Vangard WG + Pristine 23 oz 7, Pristine 23
oz 8, OR-159-B 2% + OR-278-C 2% + Nufilm P 0.125% 9 Manzate Max
0.56 gal 1, 2, 22.0 g 5.2 d 1.3 f [97.2] Abound F 15.5 fl oz 3,
Sovran 50 WG 6.4 oz 4, Rovral 4F 1.5 pt 5, Rovral 4F 1.5 pt +
Vangard WG 10 oz 6, Vangard WG + Pristine 23 oz 7, Pristine 23 oz
8, Fracture 24.4 fl oz + 9 Nufilm P 0.125% + Mustang Max 4 fl oz
.sup.zSpray dates: 1 = 1 Jun (3 in. shoots), 2 = 15 Jun (6-12 in.
shoots), 3 = 25 Jun (bloom), 4 = 1 Jul (1.sup.st post-bloom), 5 = 9
Jul (2.sup.nd post-bloom), 6 = 16 Jul (3.sup.rd post-bloom), and 7
= 23 Jul (4.sup.th post-bloom), 8 = 6 Aug (5.sup.th post-bloom), 9
= 20 Aug (preharvest, .degree.Brix 14.3). .sup.yBracketed values
denote percent control relative to the untreated check.
.sup.xColumn means followed by the same letter are not
significantly different according to Fisher's Protected LSD test (P
.ltoreq. 0.05). .sup.wData did not pass variance check; some
assumptions of the ANOVA may have been violated.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Summary of results of (%) incidence (%)
severity, (%) overall severity and (%) control of Powdery mildew
(Ervsiphe necator) on leaves-comparative of treatments performances
Powdery mildew on leaves (rated 16 Sep. 2019) Application Incidence
Severity Overall Treatment, rate/A timing.sup.z (%) severity (%)
(%) Control [%].sup.x Untreated 58.0 a.sup.x 56.1 A 32.1 a OR-159
0.5% + OR-278 0.5% 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 43.0 b 11.2 B 4.8 b
[85.0] PreyAm .RTM. 0.4% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 39.0 b 9.8 Bc
3.8 b [88.2] OR-159-B 1% + OR 278-C 1% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
39.0 b 8.0 Bcd 3.1 bc [90.3] Fracture 24.4 fl oz + Nufilm P 0.125%
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 35.0 b 9.7 Bc 3.5 bc [89.1] Pristine 8 oz
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 33.0 b 12.4 B 4.1 b [87.2] Pristine 8 oz
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 33.0 b 11.0 B 3.9 b [87.9] OR-159-B 1% +
OR 278 278-C 1% OR-159-B 2% + OR-278-C 2% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
17.0 c 6.9 Bcd 1.2 cd [96.3] Manzate Max 0.56 gal 1, 2, 11.0 c 4.7
Cd 0.5 d [98.4] Abound F 15.5 fl oz 3, Sovran 50 WG 6.4 oz 4,
Rovral 4F 1.5 pt 5, Rovral 4F 1.5 pt + Vangard WG 10 oz 6, Vangard
WG + Pristine 23 oz 7, Pristine 23 oz 8, OR-159-B 2% + OR-278-C 2%
+ 9 Nufilm P 0.125% Manzate Max 0.56 gal 1, 2, 11.0 c 3.4 D 0.5 d
[98.4] Abound F 15.5 fl oz 3, Sovran 50 WG 6.4 oz 4, Rovral 4F 1.5
pt 5, Rovral 4F 1.5 pt + Vangard WG 10 oz 6, Vangard WG + Pristine
23 oz 7, Pristine 23 oz 8, Fracture 24.4 fl oz + 9 Nufilm P0.125% +
Mustang Max 4 fl oz .sup.zSpray dates: 1 = 1 Jun (3 in. shoots), 2
= 15 Jun (6-12 in. shoots), 3 = 25 Jun (bloom), 4 = 1 Jul (1.sup.st
post-bloom), 5 = 9 Jul (2.sup.nd post-bloom), 6 = 16 Jul (3.sup.rd
post-bloom), and 7 = 23 Jul (4.sup.th post-bloom), 8 = 6 Aug
(5.sup.th post-bloom), 9 = 20 Aug (preharvest, .degree.Brix 14.3).
.sup.yBracketed values denote percent control relative to the
untreated check. .sup.xColumn means followed by the same letter are
not significantly different according to Fisher's Protected LSD
test (P .ltoreq. 0.05).
[0140] Conclusions: For three diseases rated, there were several
differences between the fungicide treatments and the industry
standard of Manzate/Sovran/Rovral/Vangard/Fracture/Mustang Max
which provided the most control across all three diseases.
[0141] Conclusion a) Sour bunch rot (Acetobacter spp.) pressure was
very high due to 2019 weather conditions. All fungicide treatments
provided 62-97% control as compared to the UTC and several
treatments were significantly different from each other.
[0142] Conclusion b) The most effective treatments at controlling
Sour bunch rot (Acetobacter spp.), apart from the industry
standard, were Manzate/Sovran/Rovral/Vangard/OR-159-B 2%+OR-278-C
2% and Pristine/OR-159-B 2%+OR-278-C 2%.
[0143] Conclusion c) Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) disease
pressure on the leaves was also high. All fungicide treatments
again significantly reduced disease 76-95% on leaves. The industry
standard, Manzate/Sovran/Rovral/Vangard/Fracture/Mustang Max and
Manzate/Sovran/Rovral/Vangard/OR-159-B 2%+OR-278-C 2% performed
somewhat better than the other treatments.
[0144] Conclusion d) Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) was also
rated on the leaves and the clusters. All treatments effectively
controlled disease well and were comparable to ratings of sour
bunch rot and downy mildew and provided significant control (i.e.
85-98% on leaves and 90-99% on clusters) as compared to the
UTC.
[0145] Field trials--evaluation of fungicides for control of foliar
and fruit diseases Niagara (Vitis interspecific hybrid "Niagara")
grapes, 2019--Clarksville Research Center in Clarksville--Michigan
State University, East Lansing--Mich.
[0146] The experiment was conducted in a mature vineyard at the
Clarksville Research Center in Clarksville. Vines were spaced at
7.times.9 ft and were cordon trained on a 2-wire trellis and hand
pruned. Treatments were applied to 4-vine plots and were replicated
4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied
using a research sprayer equipped with six 5-gal tanks, a 12-volt
3.8-gpm diaphragm electric pump set at 55 psi, and an XR TeeJet
8002VS nozzle on a 5-ft spray boom. Spray volume was 40 gpa.
[0147] Spray dates and approximate phenological stages were as
follows: 8 Jun. 2019 (4-6 in. shoot), 19 Jun. 2019 (12-16 in.
shoot), 26 June (bloom), 3 July (1.sup.st post-bloom), 10 Jul. 2019
(2.sup.nd post-bloom), 24 Jul. 2019 (3.sup.rd post-bloom), 7 Aug.
2019 (4.sup.th post-bloom), 21 Aug. 2019 (5.sup.th post-bloom).
Rainfall totals between sprays were: 1.63, 2.66, 0.68, 0.21, 1.36,
0.97, and 1.45 in., respectively.
[0148] On 19 Sep. 2019, black rot (Guignardia bidwellii) was rated
on the clusters; on 19 Sep. 2019, downy mildew (Plasmopara
viticola) was rated on the leaves; on 1 Oct. 2019, phomopsis fruit
rot (Phosmopsis viticola) was rated on the clusters; on 1 Oct.
2019, powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) was rated on the leaves and
clusters. In each case, 25 randomly selected leaves or clusters
from the center vines in each plot were used for the ratings.
Disease evaluation was incidence (% leaves or clusters infected)
and severity (% area infected on diseased samples only). Overall
severity in each case was calculated as
(incidence.times.severity)/100. The vines were monitored for signs
of phytotoxicity throughout the season.
[0149] Results reported are shown in the Tables 13 to 16 below:
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Summary of results of (%) incidence (%)
severity, (%) overall severity and (%) control of Black rot
(Guignardia bidwellii) on clusters-comparative of treatments
performances Black rot on clusters (rated 19 Sep. 2019) Application
Incidence Severity Overall Control Treatment, rate/A timing.sup.z
(%) (%) severity (%) [%].sup.y Untreated 85.0 a.sup.x 62.2 a 53.0 A
Kaligreen 2.5 lb 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 89.0 a 44.8 b 40.0 B [24.5]
Microthiol Disperss 3 lb 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 89.0 a 48.0 b 42.8
B [19.2] OR-159-B 0.5% + OR-278-C 0.5% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 70.0
b 21.1 cd 14.9 cd [73.6] Prev-Am .RTM. 0.4% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
68.0 bc 20.8 cd 14.1 cd [73.4] Revus 8 fl oz 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
60.0 d 15.8 de 9.7 de [81.7] OR-159-B 1% + OR-278-C 1% 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 57.0 d 14.1 ef 8.1 ef [84.9] Quintec 4 fl oz 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 45.0 e 14.3 ef 6.6 efg [87.5] OR-159-B 2% + 0R278-C 2%
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 38.0 f 8.9 fg 3.5 fg [93.4] Manzate
Pro-Stick 3 lb 1, 2, 26.0 g 5.9 g 1.7 g [96.8] Abound 12 fl oz 3,
Revus Top 7 fl oz 4, 6, 8 Pristine 12 oz 5, 7, .sup.zSpray dates: 1
= 8 Jun (4-6 in. shoots), 2 = 19 Jun (12-16 in. shoots), 3 = 26 Jun
(bloom), 4 = 3 Jul (1.sup.st post-bloom), 5 = 10 Jul (2.sup.nd
post-bloom), 6 = 24 Jul (3.sup.rd post-bloom), and 7 = 7 Aug
(4.sup.th post-bloom), 8 = 21 Aug (5.sup.th post-bloom).
.sup.yBracketed values denote percent control relative to the
untreated check. .sup.xColumn means followed by the same letter are
not significantly different according to Fisher's Protected LSD
test (P .ltoreq. 0.05).
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Summary of results of (%) incidence (%)
severity, (%) overall severity and (%) control of Phomopsis fuit
rot (Phomopsis viticola) on clusters-comparative of treatments
performances Phomopsis on clusters (rated 9 Oct. 2019) Incidence
Severity Overall Control Treatment, rate/A Application timing.sup.z
(%) (%) severity (%) [%].sup.y Untreated 88.0 a.sup.x 52.5 a 46.2 a
Microthiol Disperss 3 lb 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 81.0 b 32.7 b 26.6
b [42.4] Kaligreen 2.5 lb 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 71.0 c 27.4 c 19.5
c [57.8] Revus 8 fl oz 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 67.0 cd 19.7 d 13.2 d
[71.4] OR-159-B 1% + OR-278-C 1% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 64.0 de
15.7 de 10.1 de [78.1] OR-159-B 0.5% + OR-278-C 0.5% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8 63.0 de 18.7 d 11.8 d [74.5] Quintec 4 fl oz 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8 62.0 de 19.7 d 12.2 d [73.6] Prev-Am .RTM. 0.4% 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 59.0 ef 19.7 d 11.6 d [74.9] OR-159-B 2% + OR-278-C 2%
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 54.0 f 12.3 e 6.6 e [85.7] Manzate Pro-Stick
3 lb 1, 2, 27.0 g 6.6 f 1.9 f [95.9] Abound 12 fl oz 3, Revus Top 7
fl oz 4, 6, 8 Pristine 12 oz 5, 7, .sup.zSpray dates: 1 = 8 Jun
(4-6 in. shoots), 2 = 19 Jun (12-16 in. shoots), 3 = 26 Jun
(bloom), 4 = 3 Jul (1.sup.st post-bloom), 5 = 10 Jul (2.sup.nd
post-bloom), 6 = 24 Jul (3.sup.rd post-bloom), and 7 = 7 Aug
(4.sup.th post-bloom), 8 = 21 Aug (5.sup.th post-bloom).
.sup.yBracketed values denote percent control relative to the
untreated check. xColumn means followed by the same letter are not
significantly different according to Fisher's Protected LSD test (P
.ltoreq. 0.05).
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Summary of results of (%) incidence (%)
severity, (%) overall severity and (%) control of Downy mildew
(Plasmopara viticola) on leaves-comparative of treatments
performances Downy mildew on leaves (rated 1 Oct. 2019) Incidence
Severity Overall Control Treatment, rate/A Application timing.sup.z
(%) (%) severity (%) [%].sup.y Untreated 91.0 a.sup.x 60.0 a
54.6.sup.w a Kaligreen 2.5 lb 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 87.0 a 40.0 b
34.9 b [36.1] Microthiol Disperss 3 lb 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 86.0
a 34.8 c 30.6 b [44.0] Prev-Am .RTM. 0.4% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
48.0 b 10.7 d 5.2 c [90.5] OR-159-B 0.5% + OR-278-C 0.5% 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8 45.0 b 10.7 d 5.1 c [90.7] OR-159-B 1% + OR-278-C 1%
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 44.0 bc 6.9 de 3.1 cd [94.3] OR-159-B 2% +
OR-278-C 2% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 27.0 ef 4.8 e 1.3 ef [97.6]
Revus 8 fl oz 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 26.0 ef 4.4 e 1.2 f [97.8]
Quintec 4 fl oz 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 20.0 ef 4.0 e 0.8 f [98.5]
Manzate Pro-Stick 3 lb 1, 2, 19.0 f 3.9 e 0.8 f [98.5] Abound 12 fl
oz 3, Revus Top 7 fl oz 4, 6, 8 Pristine 12 oz 5, 7, .sup.zSpray
dates and phonological stages are as follows: 1 = 8 Jun (4-6 in.
shoot), 2 = 19 Jun (12-16 in. shoot), 3 = 26 Jun (bloom), 4 = 3 Jul
(1.sup.st post-bloom), 5 = 10 Jul (2.sup.nd post-bloom), 6 = 24 Jul
(3.sup.rd post-bloom), 7 = 7 Aug (4.sup.th post-bloom), 8 = 21 Aug
(5.sup.th post-bloom). .sup.yBracketed values denote percent
control relative to the untreated check. .sup.xColumn means
followed by the same letter are not significantly different
according to Fisher's Protected test (P .ltoreq. 0.05).
.sup.wValues shown are actual means. Statistical analysis was
performed on Square root(x) transformed data.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Summary of results of (%) incidence (%)
severity, (%) overall severity and (%) control of Powdery mildew
(Ervsiphe necator) on clusters-comparative of treatments
performances Powdery mildew on clusters (rated 10 Oct. 2019)
Incidence Severity Overall Control Treatment, rate/A Application
timing.sup.z (%) (%) severity (%) [%].sup.y Untreated 63.0 a.sup.x
48.9 A 30.9 a Microthiol Disperss 3 lb 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 32.0
b 6.6 B 2.2 b [92.9] Kaligreen 2.5 lb 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 27.0 b
5.8 B 1.6 bc [94.8] OR-159 0.5% + OR-278 0.5% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8 20.0 c 5.6 B 1.1 bc [96.4] Prev-Am .RTM. 0.4% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8 20.0 c 5.7 B 1.1 bc [96.4] OR-159 1% + OR-278 1% 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 14.0 c 2.3 C 0.3 c [99.0] OR-159 2% + OR278 2% 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8 6.0 d 2.1 C 0.2 c [99.4] Quintec 4 fl oz 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 4.0 d 2.3 C 0.1 c [99.7] Revus 8 fl oz 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8 1.0 d 0.5 C 0.02 c [99.9] Manzate Pro-Stick 3 lb 1, 2, 1.0 d
0.5 C 0.02 c [99.9] Abound 12 fl oz 3, Revus Top 7 fl oz 4, 6, 8
Pristine 12 oz 5, 7, .sup.zSpray dates and phonological stages are
as follows: 1 = 8 Jun (4-6 in. shoot), 2 = 19 Jun (12-16 in.
shoot), 3 = 26 Jun (bloom), 4 = 3 Jul (1.sup.st post-bloom), 5 = 10
Jul (2.sup.nd post-bloom), 6 = 24 Jul (3.sup.rd post-bloom), 7 = 7
Aug (4.sup.th post-bloom), 8 = 21 Aug (5.sup.th post-bloom).
.sup.yBracketed values denote percent control relative to the
untreated check. .sup.xColumn means followed by the same letter are
not significantly different according to Fisher's Protected test (P
.ltoreq. 0.05).
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Summary of results of (%) incidence (%)
severity, (%) overall severity and (%) control of Powdery mildew
(Erysiphe necator) on leaves-comparative of treatments performances
Powdery mildew on leaves (rated 10 Oct 2019) Incidence Severity
Overall Control Treatment, rate/A Application timing.sup.z (%) (%)
severity (%) [%].sup.y Untreated 68.0 a.sup.x 52.7 a 35.9 a
Microthiol Disperss 3 lb 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 41.0 b 10.7 b 4.4 b
[87.7] Kaligreen 2.5 lb 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 39.0 b 9.9 b 3.9 b
[89.1] OR-159-B 0.5% + OR-278-C 0.5%. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 35.0
bc 8.2 bc 2.9 bc [91.9] Prev-Am .RTM. 4% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
34.0 bc 11.8 b 4.0 b [88.9] OR-159-B 1% + OR-278-C 1% 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 27.0 C 5.1 cd 1.5 cd [95.8] OR-159-B 2% + OR278-C 2% 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 16.0 D 2.5 D 0.5 cd [98.6] Quintec 4 fl oz 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 11.0 de 2.8 d 0.4 d [98.9] Revus 8 fl oz 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 3.0 E 1.2 d 0.1 d [99.7] Manzate Pro-Stick 3 lb 1,
2, 5.0 E 1.3 d 0.1 d [99.7] Abound 12 fl oz 3, Revus Top 7 fl oz 4,
6, 8 Pristine 12 oz 5, 7, .sup.zSpray dates and phonological stages
are as follows: 1 = 8 Jun (4-6 in. shoot), 2 = 19 Jun (12-16 in.
shoot), 3 = 26 Jun (bloom), 4 = Jul (1.sup.st post-bloom), 5 = 10
Jul (2.sup.nd post-bloom), 6 = 24 Jul (3.sup.rd post-bloom), 7 = 7
Aug (4.sup.th post-bloom), 8 = 21 Aug (5.sup.th post-bloom).
.sup.yBracketed values denote percent control relative to the
untreated check. .sup.xColumn means followed by the same letter are
not significantly different according to Fisher's Protected test (P
.ltoreq. 0.05).
[0150] Conclusions: Phomopsis fruit rot (Phosmopsis viticola) and
black rot (Guignardia bidwellii) disease pressure on the cluster in
this trial was high. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) and downy
mildew (Plasmopara viticola) disease pressure was moderate to high,
respectively in this trial.
[0151] Conclusion a) Phomopsis fruit rot (Phosmopsis viticola) and
black rot (Guignardia bidwellii) disease--All treatments
significantly reduced disease as compared to the untreated
control.
[0152] Conclusion b) The industry standard of Manzate/Abound/Revus
Top/Pristine was statistically the best treatment reducing disease
between 96-97%.
[0153] Conclusion c) Treatments of OR-159-B at 2%, OR-159-B at 1%,
OR-159-B at 0.5% and Prey-am at 0.4% were also very effective at
controlling the diseases. Microthiol disperss and Kaligreen were
the least effective at controlling disease (between 19-58%
control).
[0154] Conclusion d) Powdery and downy mildew was significantly
reduced using several of the treatments. The most effective
treatment was Manzate/Abound/Revus Top/Pristine reducing powdery
mildew by 100% and downy mildew by 99%.
[0155] Conclusion e) Very little control was observed in Kaligreen
and Microthiol disperss treatments for both powdery and downy
mildew.
[0156] Conclusion f) Treatments of OR-159-B at 2%, OR-159-B at 1%,
OR-159-B at 0.5% and Prev-Am.RTM. at 0.4% were also very effective
at controlling both powdery and downy mildew.
[0157] Conclusion g) Phytotoxicity in the form of leaf burn was
observed only in the Microthiol Disperss treatment.
[0158] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and
scientific terms) are to be given their ordinary and customary
meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art, and are not to be
limited to a special or customized meaning unless expressly so
defined herein. It should be noted that the use of particular
terminology when describing certain features or aspects of the
disclosure should not be taken to imply that the terminology is
being re-defined herein to be restricted to include any specific
characteristics of the features or aspects of the disclosure with
which that terminology is associated. Terms and phrases used in
this application, and variations thereof, especially in the
appended claims, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be
construed as open ended as opposed to limiting. As examples of the
foregoing, the term `including` should be read to mean `including,
without limitation,` `including but not limited to,` or the like;
the term `comprising` as used herein is synonymous with
`including,` `containing,` or `characterized by,` and is inclusive
or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements
or method steps; the term `having` should be interpreted as `having
at least;` the term `includes` should be interpreted as `includes
but is not limited to;` the term `example` is used to provide
exemplary instances of the item in discussion, not an exhaustive or
limiting list thereof; adjectives such as `known`, `normal`,
`standard`, and terms of similar meaning should not be construed as
limiting the item described to a given time period or to an item
available as of a given time, but instead should be read to
encompass known, normal, or standard technologies that may be
available or known now or at any time in the future; and use of
terms like `preferably,` `preferred,` `desired,` or `desirable,`
and words of similar meaning should not be understood as implying
that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to
the structure or function of the invention, but instead as merely
intended to highlight alternative or additional features that may
or may not be utilized in a particular embodiment of the invention.
Likewise, a group of items linked with the conjunction `and` should
not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be
present in the grouping, but rather should be read as `and/or`
unless expressly stated otherwise. Similarly, a group of items
linked with the conjunction `or` should not be read as requiring
mutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should be read as
`and/or` unless expressly stated otherwise.
[0159] Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that
the upper and lower limit, and each intervening value between the
upper and lower limit of the range is encompassed within the
embodiments.
[0160] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or
singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate
from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the
plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The
various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth
herein for sake of clarity. The indefinite article "a" or "an" does
not exclude a plurality. A single processor or other unit may
fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims The
mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different
dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these
measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the
claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.
[0161] It will be further understood by those within the art that
if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended,
such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the
absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example,
as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may
contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one
or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such
phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a
claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any
particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to
embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same
claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least
one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or
"an" should typically be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one
or more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles
used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a
specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly
recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such
recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the
recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations,"
without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations,
or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where
a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is
used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one
having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a
system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be
limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B
together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C
together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to
"at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a
construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art
would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least
one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that
have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together,
B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be
further understood by those within the art that virtually any
disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative
terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be
understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the
terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase
"A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or
"B" or "A and B."
[0162] All numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reagents,
reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification are to
be understood as being modified in all instances by the term
`about.` Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the
numerical parameters set forth herein are approximations that may
vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained.
At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application
of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of any claims in any
application claiming priority to the present application, each
numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number of
significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches.
[0163] The agricultural composition according to this disclosure
provides for an environmentally friendly, stable, and effective
anti-pathogen. The synergistic interactions between the
anti-pathogenic compound (exemplified herein as a fungicide) and
the chemical activator of the agricultural composition were
unexpected and surprising. The agricultural composition allows easy
dosage and easy use in any type of soft or hard, acidic or alkaline
water and allows organic treatment. Further, the composition allows
for use, alone or in combination with other pathogen treatment
protocols in pre-harvest or post-harvest plant crops, seeds,
flowers, fruits, vegetables, trees, animals, equipment, cleaning
tools, greenhouses, other spaces on the farm or industrial
facilities.
[0164] Furthermore, although the foregoing has been described in
some detail by way of illustrations and examples for purposes of
clarity and understanding, it is apparent to those skilled in the
art that certain changes and modifications may be practiced.
Therefore, the description and examples should not be construed as
limiting the scope of the invention to the specific embodiments and
examples described herein, but rather to also cover all
modification and alternatives coming with the true scope and spirit
of the invention.
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