U.S. patent application number 17/429040 was filed with the patent office on 2022-05-05 for functional feed.
This patent application is currently assigned to IDEMITSU KOSAN CO.,LTD.. The applicant listed for this patent is IDEMITSU KOSAN CO.,LTD.. Invention is credited to Chie HIKITA.
Application Number | 20220132888 17/429040 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000006146645 |
Filed Date | 2022-05-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220132888 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
HIKITA; Chie |
May 5, 2022 |
FUNCTIONAL FEED
Abstract
A feed including cashew nut shell liquid and bacterial cells is
provided for raising non-human monogastric animals such as chickens
or pigs, wherein the cashew nut shell liquid content is not more
than 500 ppm by mass with respect to the total amount of the feed.
The feed can stimulate weight gain in non-human monogastric animals
such as chickens or pigs and increase the efficiency in, for
example, meat production.
Inventors: |
HIKITA; Chie; (Tsukuba-shi,
JP) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
IDEMITSU KOSAN CO.,LTD. |
Chiyoda-ku |
|
JP |
|
|
Assignee: |
IDEMITSU KOSAN CO.,LTD.
Chiyoda-ku
JP
|
Family ID: |
1000006146645 |
Appl. No.: |
17/429040 |
Filed: |
February 7, 2020 |
PCT Filed: |
February 7, 2020 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/JP2020/004828 |
371 Date: |
August 6, 2021 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
426/53 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A23Y 2220/03 20130101;
C12R 2001/125 20210501; A23K 10/18 20160501; A23K 20/158 20160501;
C12R 2001/145 20210501; A23K 50/30 20160501; C12R 2001/23 20210501;
A23K 10/37 20160501; A23K 50/75 20160501; C12N 1/20 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A23K 10/37 20160101
A23K010/37; A23K 20/158 20160101 A23K020/158; A23K 50/30 20160101
A23K050/30; A23K 10/18 20160101 A23K010/18; C12N 1/20 20060101
C12N001/20; A23K 50/75 20160101 A23K050/75 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Feb 8, 2019 |
JP |
2019-021520 |
Claims
1. A feed for non-human monogastric animals, comprising cashew nut
shell liquid and cells of a bacterium, wherein the cashew nut shell
liquid content is not more than 500 ppm by mass with respect to the
total amount of the feed.
2. The feed according to claim 1, wherein the cashew nut shell
liquid content is not more than 100 ppm by mass with respect to the
total amount of the feed.
3. The feed according to claim 1, wherein the cashew nut shell
liquid content is not more than 50 ppm by mass with respect to the
total amount of the feed.
4. The feed according to claim 1, wherein the bacterium is one or
more species selected from the group consisting of spore-forming
bacteria and lactic acid bacteria.
5. The feed according to claim 4, wherein the bacterium is one or
more species selected from the group consisting of the genera
Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium.
6. The feed according to claim 5, wherein the bacterium is one or
more species selected from the group consisting of Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus
acidophilus, and Clostridium butyricum.
7. The feed according to claim 1, wherein the content of the cells
is 1.times.10.sup.4 to 1.times.10.sup.7 cells per g feed.
8. The feed according to claim 1, wherein the non-human monogastric
animal is a poultry or a pig.
9. The feed according to claim 8, wherein the poultry is at least
one selected from the group consisting of a chicken, a quail, and a
turkey.
10. The feed according to claim 9, wherein the poultry is a chicken
for meat.
11. A method of producing a feed for non-human monogastric animals,
comprising formulating a cashew nut shell liquid and cells of a
bacterium with feed materials, wherein the cashew nut shell liquid
is formulated at a concentration of not more than 500 ppm by mass
with respect to the total amount of the feed.
12. A method of raising non-human monogastric animals, comprising
feeding a cashew nut shell liquid and cells of a bacterium to the
non-human monogastric animals, wherein the cashew nut shell liquid
is fed as a feed comprising cashew nut shell liquid at a
concentration of not more than 500 ppm by mass.
13. A method of increasing the feed efficiency of a feed for
non-human monogastric animals, comprising mixing a cashew nut shell
liquid and cells of a bacterium with feed materials, wherein the
cashew nut shell liquid is mixed at a concentration of not more
than 500 ppm by mass with respect to the total amount of the feed.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a feed for non-human
monogastric animals such as chickens or pigs, comprising cashew nut
shell liquid and cells of a bacterium, and to a raising method
using the same for non-human monogastric animals.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] Increased production and shipment of meat per unit farming
area is a key factor in increasing the productivity of chickens for
meat. Egg and meat productivity has already been largely enhanced
to date by vaccination and improvement of farming systems as well
as by genetic breeding, but further improvement of productivity is
still demanded.
[0003] In some examples, the production efficiency is improved by
improving nutritional care for chickens and, additionally, by
feeding chickens with some functional substances, including
antioxidants, viable cell preparations (for example, Bacillus spp.,
Lactobacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Flavobacterium spp.),
alkaloids (for example, piperine), enzymes (for example, phytase
and protease), herbs (for example, common verbena, chameleon plant,
garlic powder, allspice, and clove), amino acids, and
monosaccharides. However, there still remains a need for other
materials to further increase the productivity in the art of
poultry farming.
[0004] Patent Document 1 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication
No. H8-231410) describes a coccidiosis-relieving agent for poultry
such as chickens for meat, wherein the coccidiosis-relieving agent
comprises, for example, cashew nut shell liquid as an active
ingredient.
[0005] Patent Document 2 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication
No. 2001-151675) describes a feed for poultry such as chickens for
meat to prevent and/or to treat coccidiosis, wherein the feed
comprises, as active ingredients, cashew nut shell liquid and at
least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of an
organozinc compound, a betaine, and a Bacillus bacterium.
[0006] Patent Document 3 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication
No. 2014-121331) has disclosed the effects of a feed containing
cashew nut shell liquid at a concentration of 0.5% on reduction of
Clostridium perfringens bacteria and on stimulation of weight gain,
which are observed in parent broiler chickens infected with
Clostridium perfringens and fed with the feed.
[0007] However, the effects of the agent and the feeds on
unaffected healthy chickens are not indicated in those
documents.
[0008] Patent Document 4 (WO 2016/121963) has disclosed that
egg-laying chickens fed with a feed containing cashew nut shell
liquid showed an increased egg production and a reduced death rate
during molting period.
[0009] Patent Document 5 (WO 2017/138654) has disclosed that
chickens for meat fed with a feed containing cashew nut shell
liquid showed a reduced disposal rate and an increased
productivity.
[0010] However, those documents have disclosed no specific
embodiment with respect to feeding of cashew nut shell liquid in
combination with viable cell preparations.
PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS
Patent Documents
[0011] Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication
No. H8-231410
[0012] Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication
No. 2001-151675
[0013] Patent Document 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication
No. 2014-121331
[0014] Patent Document 4: WO 2016/121963
[0015] Patent Document 5: WO 2017/138654
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Problems to be Solved by the Invention
[0016] An object of the present invention is to provide a feed for
raising non-human monogastric animals such as poultry including
chickens and pigs healthily and for increasing the efficiency in,
for example, meat production.
Means for Solving the Problems
[0017] The inventors conducted intensive studies to solve the above
problem, and consequently found that feeding of a low concentration
of cashew nut shell liquid, which is not higher than a certain
concentration, in combination with cells of a bacterium, such as
those of a Bacillus bacterium, for raising healthy non-human
monogastric animals such as poultry including chickens and pigs,
can stimulate weight gain in the non-human monogastric animals and
eventually increase the feed efficiency as well as the efficiency
in, for example, meat production. Thereby, the inventors have
completed the present invention.
[0018] That is, the present invention is as follows. [0019] (1) A
feed for non-human monogastric animals, comprising cashew nut shell
liquid and cells of a bacterium, wherein the cashew nut shell
liquid content is not more than 500 ppm by mass with respect to the
total amount of the feed. [0020] (2) The feed according to (1),
wherein the cashew nut shell liquid content is not more than 100
ppm by mass with respect to the total amount of the feed. [0021]
(3) The feed according to (1), wherein the cashew nut shell liquid
content is not more than 50 ppm by mass with respect to the total
amount of the feed. [0022] (4) The feed according to any one of (1)
to (3), wherein the bacterium is one or more species selected from
the group consisting of spore-forming bacteria and lactic acid
bacteria. [0023] (5) The feed according to (4), wherein the
bacterium is one or more species selected from the group consisting
of the genera Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, and
Clostridium. [0024] (6) The feed according to (5), wherein the
bacterium is one or more species selected from the group consisting
of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Enterococcus faecium,
Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Clostridium butyricum. [0025] (7)
The feed according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein the content of
the cells is 1.times.10.sup.4 to 1.times.10.sup.7 cells per g feed.
[0026] (8) The feed according to any one of (1) to (7), wherein the
non-human monogastric animal is poultry or pig. [0027] (9) The feed
according to (8), wherein the poultry is chicken, quail, or turkey.
[0028] (10) The feed according to (9), wherein the poultry is
chicken for meat. [0029] (11) A method of producing a feed for
non-human monogastric animals, comprising formulating cashew nut
shell liquid and cells of a bacterium with feed materials, wherein
the cashew nut shell liquid is formulated at a concentration of not
more than 500 ppm by mass with respect to the total amount of the
feed. [0030] (12) A method of raising or fattening non-human
monogastric animals, comprising feeding cashew nut shell liquid and
cells of a bacterium to the non-human monogastric animals, wherein
the cashew nut shell liquid is fed as a feed containing cashew nut
shell liquid at a concentration of not more than 500 ppm by mass.
[0031] (13) A method of increasing the feed efficiency of a feed
for non-human monogastric animals, comprising formulating cashew
nut shell liquid and cells of a bacterium with feed materials,
wherein the cashew nut shell liquid is formulated at a
concentration of not more than 500 ppm by mass with respect to the
total amount of the feed. [0032] (14) A weight gain promoting agent
to be formulated in a feed for non-human monogastric animals,
comprising cashew nut shell liquid and cells of a bacterium,
wherein the cashew nut shell liquid is formulated at a
concentration of not more than 500 ppm by mass with respect to the
total amount of the feed. [0033] (15) A feed efficiency improving
agent to be formulated in a feed for non-human monogastric animals,
comprising cashew nut shell liquid and cells of a bacterium,
wherein the cashew nut shell liquid is formulated at a
concentration of not more than 500 ppm by mass with respect to the
total amount of the feed. [0034] (16) Use of cashew nut shell
liquid and cells of a bacterium for stimulating weight gain in
non-human monogastric animals, wherein the cashew nut shell liquid
is contained and used in a feed for non-human monogastric animals
at a concentration of not more than 500 ppm by mass with respect to
the total amount of the feed. [0035] (17) Use of cashew nut shell
liquid and cells of a bacterium for improving the feed efficiency
of a feed for non-human monogastric animals, wherein the cashew nut
shell liquid is contained and used in the feed at a concentration
of not more than 500 ppm by mass with respect to the total amount
of the feed.
Advantageous Effects of the Invention
[0036] By using a feed according to the present invention, weight
gain can be promoted in non-human monogastric animals such as
chickens or pigs, which increases the efficiency in, for example,
meat production. Additionally, cashew nut shell liquid at a
predetermined concentration and cells of a bacterium contained in a
feed for non-human monogastric animals can improve (increase) the
feed efficiency.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0037] The feed of the invention contains cashew nut shell liquid
and cells of a bacterium (bacterial cells).
[0038] Cashew nut shell liquid is an oily liquid contained in
shells of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nuts. The components
of cashew nut shell liquid include anacardic acid, cardanol, and
cardol, and heat treatment converts anacardic acid to cardanol.
Cashew nut shell liquid (unheated) extracted from cashew nut shells
by pressing comprises 55 to 80% by mass of anacardic acid, 5 to 20%
by mass of cardanol and 5 to 30% by mass of cardol, as described in
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 2548-2551. Heat treatment of cashew
nut shell liquid causes anacardic acid, the main component of
cashew nut shell liquid, to be decarboxylated and converted to
cardanol, and the resulting cashew nut shell liquid comprises 0 to
10% by mass of anacardic acid, 55 to 80% by mass of cardanol and 5
to 30% by mass of cardol. Moreover, storage of cashew nut shell
liquid at room temperature (20.degree. C.) for about one year or
longer can cause anacardic acid, the main component of cashew nut
shell liquid, to be decarboxylated and converted to cardanol, and
the resulting cashew nut shell liquid comprises 0 to 40% by mass of
anacardic acid, 30 to 80% by mass of cardanol and 5 to 30% by mass
of cardol.
[0039] The cashew nut shell liquid contained in the feed of the
invention is not specifically limited, provided that the cashew nut
shell liquid contains at least either anacardic acid or cardanol,
and the cashew nut shell liquid may be either unheated cashew nut
shell liquid or heated cashew nut shell liquid.
[0040] Cashew nut shell liquid can be obtained as a vegetable oil
extracted from cashew nut shells by pressing. Moreover, cashew nut
shell liquid can also be obtained from cashew nut shells by, for
example, solvent extraction (for example, Japanese Unexamined
Patent Publication No. H8-231410). In addition, cashew nut shell
liquid may refer to pieces of shell and/or testa, containing cashew
nut shell liquid, obtained by pulverizing/crushing cashew nut
shells. The cashew nut testa is the thin skin between shell and
kernel (seed) of cashew nut. Moreover, a commercial cashew nut
shell liquid product may be used. Cashew nut shell liquid
(unheated) obtained as described above can be heated at a
temperature of not lower than 70.degree. C., preferably not lower
than 130.degree. C., to obtain heated cashew nut shell liquid. The
heated cashew nut shell liquid may refer to pieces of shell and/or
testa, containing cashew nut shell liquid, obtained by
pulverizing/crushing heated cashew nut shells.
[0041] The cashew nut shell liquid content in the feed is not more
than 500 ppm by mass, preferably not more than 250 ppm by mass,
more preferably not more than 100 ppm by mass, further preferably
not more than 50 ppm by mass, and particularly preferably not more
than 25 ppm by mass. The minimum content is not specifically
limited, provided that the cashew nut shell liquid exerts a weight
increasing effect, but the minimum content is, for example, not
less than 1 ppm by mass, preferably not less than 5 ppm by mass,
and more preferably not less than 10 ppm by mass. Additionally, the
cashew nut shell liquid content in the feed preferably ranges from
1 to 500 ppm by mass, more preferably from 1 to 250 ppm by mass,
still more preferably from 1 to 100 ppm by mass, further preferably
from 1 to 50 ppm by mass, and particularly preferably from 1 to 25
ppm by mass.
[0042] In cases where oily cashew nut shells are directly used or
are pulverized or crushed and then used, or cashew nut testae are
used instead of cashew nut shell liquid, the amount of cashew nut
shells or testae contained in the feed should be within the above
range, which is converted based on the content of cashew nut shell
liquid (CNSL) in shells or in testae (the content of CNSL in cashew
nut shells is from 25 to 30% by mass, while the content of CNSL in
cashew nut testae is from 0.5 to 3.0% by mass).
[0043] The bacterium whose cells are added in the feed of the
invention is not limited to a specific bacterial species, provided
that the bacterium will not adversely affect the health in
non-human monogastric animals and can exert a stimulating effect on
weight gain when the bacterial cells are fed together with cashew
nut shell liquid. Examples of the bacterial species include species
of spore-forming bacteria and of lactic acid bacteria.
[0044] Examples of the spore-forming bacteria include the following
bacteria:
[0045] Bacteria in the genus Bacillus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus
coagulans, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium;
[0046] Bacteria in the genus Clostridium, Clostridium
butyricum.
[0047] Examples of the lactic acid bacteria include the following
bacteria:
[0048] Bacteria in the genus Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus
acidophilus, Lactbacillus brevis, Lactbacillus gasseri,
Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus
delburvecki, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus crispatus,
Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus halivaticus, Lactobacillus
pentosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacilus paracasei,
Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus
sporogenes, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus fructivorans,
Lactobacillus hilgardii, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus
fermentum;
[0049] Bacteria in the genus Bifidobacterium, Bifidobacterium
bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis,
Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium
adolescentis, Bifidobacterium mongoliense, Bifidobacterium
pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium thermophilum;
[0050] Bacteria in the genus Lactococcus, Lactococcus lactis;
[0051] Bacteria in the genus Pediococcus, Pediococcus acidilactici,
Pediococcus pentosaceus;
[0052] Bacteria in the genus Leuconostoc, Leuconostoc
mesenteroides, Leuconostoc oenos;
[0053] Bacteria in the genus Streptococcus, Streptococcus
thermophilus;
[0054] Bacteria in the genus Enterococcus, Enterococcus faecium,
Enterococcus faecalis.
[0055] As the bacteria used for the feed of the invention, bacteria
contained in, for example, commercially available viable cell
preparations may be directly used, or bacterial cells obtained by
culturing a bacterial strain may be used. The culture method for a
bacterium is not specifically limited, and any known method
suitable for each bacterium can be employed. For example, bacteria
can be cultured in a proliferation medium, and bacterial cells can
be recovered by means of, for example, centrifugation. In cases
where spore-forming bacteria are used, spores from the
spore-forming bacteria may be added.
[0056] The number of bacterial cells added to the feed of the
invention is not specifically limited but should be an amount high
enough to exert a stimulating effect on weight gain and is
preferably from 1.times.10.sup.4 to 1.times.10.sup.7 cells, more
preferably from 1.times.10.sup.5 to 1.times.10.sup.6 cells.
[0057] In order to allow the feed of the invention to include
cashew nut shell liquid, cashew nut shell liquid, cashew nut
shells, pulverized or crushed cashew nut shells, or cashew nut
testae, the latter three of which also contain cashew nut shell
liquid, may be directly mixed (blended) with feed materials to a
cashew nut shell liquid concentration of not more than 500 ppm by
mass, preferably not more than 250 ppm by mass, more preferably not
more than 100 ppm by mass, still more preferably not more than 50
ppm by mass, with respect to the total amount of the feed, or
cashew nut shell liquid may be adsorbed on carriers such as silica
and formulated into a dosage form, and then mixed with feed
materials to a cashew nut shell liquid concentration as described
above. A technique for formulation of cashew nut shell liquid in
combination with silica is described in, for example, WO
2009/151048. Also, a technique for formulation of cashew nut shell
liquid using an oil absorbing agent, such as diatom earth,
bentonite, montmorillonite, zeolite, perlite, acid clay, activated
clay, or hydrated silica, is described in, for example, WO
2011/013592.
[0058] In order to allow the feed of the invention to contain
bacterial cells, viable cell preparations or cultured bacteria can
be directly mixed with feed materials, or a liquid or solid
bacterial culture may be simply mixed with feed materials, to reach
a predetermined cell number. Additionally, bacterial cells may be
combined with necessary ingredients as appropriate, such as a
stabilizing agent, nutritional ingredients, and carriers for the
bacteria, and the resulting mixture is then mixed with feed
materials.
[0059] Materials used for conventional feeds for non-human
monogastric animals (for example, feeds for poultry (chicken
farming), pigs (pig farming), and the like) can be used as feed
ingredients (feed materials) other than cashew nut shell liquid and
bacterial cells and may be appropriately selected according to the
kinds of non-human monogastric animals.
[0060] Examples of the feed ingredients (feed materials) other than
cashew nut shell liquid and bacterial cells include optional
ingredients such as an ingredient effective in growth promotion,
nutritional supplement ingredients, and an ingredient for enhancing
storage stability. Examples of the optional ingredients include
enzymes, such as amylase and lipase; vitamins, such as L-ascorbic
acid, choline chloride, inositol, and folic acid; minerals, such as
potassium chloride, ferric citrate, magnesium oxide, and phosphoric
acid salts; amino acids, such as D,L-alanine, D,L-methionine, and
L-lysine hydrochloride; organic acids, such as fumaric acid,
butyric acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid, and salts thereof;
antioxidants, such as ethoxyquin and dibutyl hydroxy toluene;
fungicides, such as calcium propionate; thickeners, such as
carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), sodium caseinate, and sodium
polyacrylate; emulsifiers, such as glycerin fatty acid esters and
sorbitan fatty acid esters; pigments, such as asthaxanthin and
canthaxanthin; and flavors, such as various esters, ethers, and
ketones.
[0061] The feed of the invention may comprise a sugar (for example,
lactose or trehalose), maize, milo, wheat bran, rice bran, defatted
bran, dried bran, steam-rolled barley, steam-rolled corn, soybean
cake, corn flour, rice flour, soybean flour, or the like.
[0062] Furthermore, water, vegetable oil such as soybean oil,
rapeseed oil, or corn oil, liquid animal oil, and water-soluble
high molecular compounds such as polyvinyl alcohol,
polyvinylpyrrolidone, or polyacrylic acid may be used as a liquid
carrier to facilitate the mixing of all the feed ingredients. Also,
a water soluble polysaccharide such as alginic acid, sodium
alginate, xanthan gum, sodium caseinate, gum arabic, guar gum, or
tamarind seed polysaccharide is preferably blended to keep cashew
nut shell liquid homogenously distributed in the feed.
[0063] Examples of the non-human monogastric animals to which the
feed of the invention is fed includes poultry and pigs. Examples of
the poultry include chickens, quails, and turkeys. The chickens may
be egg-laying chickens or chickens for meat. The non-human
monogastric animals are preferably healthy animals without any
disease such as coccidiosis.
[0064] Examples of the chickens for meat include chickens of the
White Cornish, White Plymouth Rock, Barred Plymouth Rock, Rhode
Island Red, New Hampshire, UK Chunky, US Chunky, Cobb, Avian, Arbor
Acres, Hinai-Jidori, Satsuma-Jidori, and Nagoya breeds.
[0065] Examples of the egg-laying chickens include chickens of the
Julia, Julia-Lite, Babcock B400, Novogen White, Novogen Brown, and
Sonia breeds. The egg-laying chickens may be not only the original
or parent breeds of the above egg-laying chickens but also be
commercial chicken breeds, crossbreeds, and improved breeds, which
are developed from the above egg-laying chickens by genetic
breeding programs. Examples of the egg-laying chickens include
chickens of the White Leghorn, ISA Brown, Dekalb-Warren
Sex-Sal-Link, Hubbard-Comet, Shaver Star Cross 579, Black Minorca,
Barred Plymouth Rock, White Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, New
Hampshire, Araucana, Silky Fowl, Polish, Nagoya-Cochin,
Hinai-Jidori, Boris Brown, Julia, Julia-Lite, Sonia, Maria, Laura,
Novogen White, Novogen Brown, Elbe, Sakura, and Momiji breeds and
may also include crossbreeds and improved breeds from the above
breeds.
[0066] Examples of the quails include White Quail, Red Quail, King
Quail, California Quail, Stripe-faced Wood Quail, Spot-winged Wood
Quail, Long-tailed Wood Partridge, Mountain Quail, Northern
Bobwhite, Grey Partridge, Montezuma Quail, Ocellated Quail, Scaled
Quail, Common Quail, Yucatan Bobwhite, Crested Bobwhite, Gambel's
Quail, Elegant Quail, Long-tailed Wood Partridge, Marbled Wood
Quail, and Spotted Wood Quail.
[0067] Examples of the pigs include pigs of the Large White, Middle
White, Landrace, Duroc, Berkshire, and Hampshire breeds and may
also include crossbreeds and improved breeds from the above
breeds.
[0068] The time of feeding suitable for the feed of the invention
is not specifically limited, and the feed of the invention may be
fed to chickens for meat or to pigs at any stage from birth to
shipment or may be fed without interruption or for a fixed time
period (for example, a total of 10 days or longer, preferably 20
days or longer). The feed of the invention can be fed to chickens
for meat at any one or more stages selected from the group
consisting of the early fattening stage, the late fattening stage,
and the finishing stage. The feed of the invention may be fed to
egg-laying chickens or to quails at any stage from hatch to egg
laying or may be fed without interruption or for a fixed time
period (for example, a total of 10 days or longer, preferably 20
days or longer).
[0069] The daily feeding amount suitable for the feed of the
invention ranges, for example, from 10 to 1,000 g/day/head in
poultry such as chickens and quails and from 50 to 7,000 g/day/head
in pigs. The daily feeding amount of cashew nut shell liquid
ranges, for example, from 0.000001 to 1.0 g/day/head in poultry
such as chickens and quails and from 0.0005 to 5.0 g/day/head in
pigs.
[0070] The raising method of the present invention for non-human
monogastric animals is characterized by feeding non-human
monogastric animals with the feed of the invention; however, cashew
nut shell liquid and bacterial cells, the active ingredients of the
feed of the invention, may be individually fed to the animals. That
is, in one embodiment of the raising method of the present
invention for non-human monogastric animals, a feed containing
cashew nut shell liquid at a concentration of not more than 500 ppm
by mass and a feed containing bacterial cells at a predetermined
concentration are individually fed to the animals. In this case, a
feed containing cashew nut shell liquid at a concentration of not
more than 500 ppm by mass and a feed containing bacterial cells at
a predetermined concentration may be fed separately at different
times.
EXAMPLES
[0071] The present invention will be specifically described below
by way of example, but the invention is not limited to the aspects
of the following examples.
Production Example
[0072] Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) was purchased from Thao
Nguyen Co., Ltd. The composition of the CNSL was determined by the
method below. That is, a HPLC system (Waters 600, Nihon Waters K.
K.), a detector (Waters 490E, Nihon Waters K.K.), a printer
(Chromatopac C-R6A, Shimadzu Corp.) and a column (SUPELCOSIL LC18,
Supelco) were used. A solvent of acetonitrile/water/acetic acid
(80:20:1, vol/vol/vol) was used at a flow rate of 2 mL/min.
Detection was performed by absorbance at 280 nm. It was found that
the cashew nut shell liquid contained 65.7% by mass of anacardic
acid, 5.1% by mass of cardanol and 23.5% by mass of cardol.
Example 1
[0073] UK Chunky broiler chicks without any disease were used, and
the chicks, seven in each group, were fed with mixed diets during
the course of test, during which the body weight was measured at
the time of introduction (1 day old), at 3 days old, at 10 days
old, and at 17 days old. The standard laboratory diet for early-age
broiler chickens SDB No.1 (manufactured by Feed One Co., Ltd.) was
used as a basal diet, and cultured cells of the Bacillus subtilis
strain DB9011 (FERM BP-3418; WO2008/023580) were used as the
bacterial cells. The bacterial cells and CNSL were mixed with the
basal diet to a cell density of 3.times.10.sup.5 cells/g and to
each concentration (25 ppm by mass, 50 ppm by mass, or 100 ppm by
mass), respectively, to produce test diets. The no-addition group,
in which both the bacterial cells and CNSL were not added to the
basal diet, and the bacterial cell group, in which only the
bacterial cells were added to the basal diet, were established as
controls.
[0074] The result is shown in Table 1. The daily consumption amount
was, on average, 8.5 g/head/day in the period from 1 day old to 3
days old, 30.5 g/head/day in the period from 3 days old to 10 days
old, and 63.0 g/head/day in the period from 10 days old to 17 days
old, and the average consumption amount in the period of 17 days
was 40 g/head/day. That is, in the group in which CNSL was added to
the basal diet to a concentration of 25 ppm, the daily consumption
amount of CNSL was 213 .mu.g/head/day in the period from 1 day old
to 3 days old, 763 .mu.g/head/day in the period from 3 days old to
10 days old, and 1,574 .mu.g/head/day in the period from 10 days
old to 17 days old.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Results of body weight (g) measurement in
each group Weight gain rate 1 day old 3 days old 10 days old 17
days old 17 days old No addition 45.4 62.4 217.8 571.5 B. subtilis
only 44.7 59.8 237.0 576.9 0.95% B. subtilis + CNSL 25 ppm 45.7
65.1 219.1 584.9 2.34% B. subtilis + CNSL 50 ppm 45.0 63.4 243.6
582.7 1.96% B. subtilis + CNSL 100 ppm 45.9 64.4 241.6 581.5 1.76%
* Cells of the Bacillus subtilis strain DB9011 was mixed at a cell
density of 3.0 .times. 10.sup.5 cells/g feed.
[0075] As seen in Table 1, a significant weight gain was observed
from Day 10 in each of the groups fed with a diet containing the
bacterial cells and CNSL, and the weight gain rate was more
significant in the groups in which the basal diet was mixed with
CNSL at a concentration of 25 ppm by mass and of 50 ppm by
mass.
Example 2
[0076] UK Chunky broiler chicks without any disease were used, and
the chicks, seven in each group, were fed with mixed diets during
the course of test. The standard laboratory diet for early-age
broiler chickens SDB No.1 (manufactured by Feed One Co., Ltd.) was
used as a basal diet, and a no-addition control diet, a diet
containing CNSL, and a diet containing CNSL and cells of different
bacterial species were produced. Commercial feed-additive-grade
viable cell preparations of different bacterial species were used
as the bacterial cells. In each diet, the concentration of the
added CNSL was 25 ppm, and the amount of the added cells of
different bacterial species was 5.0.times.10.sup.5 cfu/g. The
no-addition group, in which both the bacterial cells and CNSL were
not added to the basal diet, and the CNSL group, in which only CNSL
was added to the basal diet, were established as controls.
[0077] Feeding of each diet was started from the time of
introduction of the animals into each group and was continued until
the age of 28 days. Body weight was measured at the time of
introduction and at 28 days old to calculate weight gain and to
calculate feed conversion rate from the feed consumption amount in
each group. The result is shown in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Evaluation for the use of various microbial
cells Average body weight (g) Average weight Feed conversion Added
substances 0 day old 28 days old gain (g) rate Control (no
addition) 47.8 1489.6 1441.8 1.41 CNSE 47.8 1497.7 1449.9 1.38 CNSE
+ Bacillus subtilis 47.8 1506.5 1458.7 1.49 CNSE + Lactobacillus
acidophilus 47.8 1504.3 1456.5 1.45 CNSE + Enterococcus feacium
47.8 1515.3 1467.5 1.44 CNSE + Clostridium butyricum 47.8 1501.7
1453.9 1.43 CNSE + Bacillus coagulans 47.9 1525.8 1477.9 1.43
[0078] As shown in Table 2, an increased average weight gain and an
improved feed conversion rate were observed in each of the groups
fed with a diet containing CNSL.
[0079] Furthermore, the weight gain was found to be higher in each
group fed with a diet containing CNSL and bacterial cells of
different species than in the group fed with a diet containing only
CNSL as an additive.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0080] The feed of the present invention is useful in the field of,
for example, chicken and livestock farming.
* * * * *