U.S. patent application number 16/542993 was filed with the patent office on 2022-04-07 for aerosol hairspray for styling and/or shaping hair.
The applicant listed for this patent is The Procter and Gamble Company. Invention is credited to Susanne Birkel, Wassiliki Christopoulou, Paolo Dal B, Klaus Ganger, Bettina Giesen.
Application Number | 20220107993 16/542993 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | |
Filed Date | 2022-04-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220107993 |
Kind Code |
A9 |
Birkel; Susanne ; et
al. |
April 7, 2022 |
AEROSOL HAIRSPRAY FOR STYLING AND/OR SHAPING HAIR
Abstract
An aerosol hairspray product for styling and/or shaping hair
wherein the product comprises: a container; a spraying device; a
propellant; a hairstyling formulation comprising: (a) at least
about 50% water; and (b) from about 0.01% to about 20% of a
hairstyling polymer, wherein the hairstyling polymer is selected
from the group consisting of: acrylates copolymers of two or more
monomers of (meth)acrylic acid or one of their simple esters;
acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates copolymers of butyl acrylate,
methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and
hydroxyethyl methacrylate; polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates polymer
blend; and mixtures thereof. The product comprises about 2% or less
alcohol, or is substantially free of alcohol, and the product
comprises 54% or less VOC.
Inventors: |
Birkel; Susanne; (Darmstadt,
DE) ; Christopoulou; Wassiliki; (Griesheim, DE)
; Dal B ; Paolo; (Frankfurt Am Main, DE) ; Ganger;
Klaus; (Pfungstadt, DE) ; Giesen; Bettina;
(Bischofsheim, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
The Procter and Gamble Company |
Cincinnati |
OH |
US |
|
|
Prior
Publication: |
|
Document Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20190384880 A1 |
December 19, 2019 |
|
|
Appl. No.: |
16/542993 |
Filed: |
August 16, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
13614295 |
Sep 13, 2012 |
10426979 |
|
|
16542993 |
|
|
|
|
International
Class: |
G06F 17/50 20060101
G06F017/50 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 15, 2011 |
EP |
11007522.3 |
Dec 6, 2011 |
EP |
11192063.3 |
Sep 13, 2012 |
EP |
12184233.0 |
Claims
1. An aerosol hairspray product for styling and/or shaping hair
wherein the product comprises: v. a container comprising a
container wall which encloses a reservoir for storing a hairstyling
formulation and a propellant; vi. the hairstyling formulation
comprising: (c) from about 50% to about 99% water by total weight
of the hairstyling formulation and propellant; (d) from about 1% to
about 16% of a neutralized hairstyling polymer by total weight of
the hairstyling formulation and propellant, wherein the neutralized
hairstyling polymer is selected from the group consisting of:
acrylates copolymers of two or more monomers of (meth)acrylic acid
or one of their simple esters; acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates
copolymers of butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic
acid, ethyl acrylate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate;
polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates polymer blend; and mixtures thereof;
(e) a liquefied gas propellant; wherein the hair styling
formulation is substantially free of ethanol; wherein the
hairstyling formulation is fully dissolved; vii. a spraying device
attached to the container for dispensing the hairstyling
formulation from the reservoir of the container.
2. The aerosol hairspray product of claim 1, wherein the product
comprises less than 54% volatile organic compound, by total weight
of the hairstyling formulation and propellant.
3. The aerosol hairspray product of claim 1, wherein the product
comprises from about 20% to about 50% volatile organic compound, by
total weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant.
4. The aerosol hairspray product of claim 1, wherein the
hairstyling formulation comprises less than 0.5% of a cationic
surfactant by total weight of the hairstyling formulation and
propellant.
5. The aerosol hairspray product according to claim 1, wherein the
molecular weight of the hairstyling polymer(s) is from about 10
thousand g/mol to about 200 thousand g/mol.
6. The aerosol hairspray product of claim 1, wherein the
hairstyling formulation comprises less than 2% alcohol, by total
weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant.
7. The aerosol hairspray product of claim 1, wherein the
hairstyling formulation comprises less than 1.5% alcohol, by total
weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant.
8. The aerosol hairspray product of claim 1, wherein the
hairstyling formulation comprises less than 1% alcohol, by total
weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant.
9. The aerosol hairspray product of claim 1, wherein the
hairstyling formulation comprises from about 25% to about 45%
propellant, by total weight of the hairstyling formulation and
propellant and wherein the propellant comprises dimethylether.
10. The aerosol hairspray product of claim 1, wherein the
hairstyling formulation comprises a kinematic viscosity from about
1 mm.sup.2/s to about 15 mm.sup.2/s, measured according to standard
test DIN EN ISO 3104.
11. The aerosol hairspray product of claim 10, wherein the
hairstyling formulation comprises a kinematic viscosity from about
1 mm.sup.2/s to about 10 mm.sup.2/s, measured according to standard
test DIN EN ISO 3104.
12. The aerosol hairspray product of claim 11, wherein the
hairstyling formulation comprises a kinematic viscosity from about
1 mm.sup.2/s to about 4 mm.sup.2/s, measured according to standard
test DIN EN ISO 3104.
13. The aerosol hairspray product according to claim 1, comprising
from about 3% to about 8% of the neutralized hairstyling polymer,
by total weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant.
14. The aerosol hairspray product according to claim 1, wherein the
pressure inside the container is from about 8 bar to about 10 bar,
at 50.degree. C.
15. The aerosol hairspray product according to claim 1, wherein the
hairstyling formulation comprises a mixture of hairstyling
polymers, wherein mixture comprises a hard hairstyling polymer and
a soft hairstyling polymer, wherein the soft hairstyling polymer is
a polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates polymer blend or a latex
hairstyling polymer; and the hard hairstyling polymer is selected
from the group consisting of: acrylates copolymers of two or more
monomers of (meth)acrylic acid or one of their simple esters; and
acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates copolymers of butyl acrylate,
methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and
hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
16. The aerosol hairspray product according to claim 1, wherein the
spraying device comprises: a spray nozzle (2) for dispensing a
fluid comprising a first element (20) and a second element (22),
said first and second element (20, 22) forming an assembly (80)
comprising a fluid chamber (40), for receiving the fluid, at least
one feeding channel (42) for feeding the fluid from the fluid
chamber (40) radially inward into a swirl chamber (44) and an
outlet channel (18) with an entrance end (54) facing the swirl
chamber (44) and an exit end (56) for discharging the fluid to the
environment (58) of the spray nozzle (2), characterized in that the
outlet channel (18) tapers in the flow direction of the fluid and
the degree of tapering is either constant in the flow direction, or
the degree of tapering decreases in the flow direction.
17. The aerosol hairspray product according to claim 16, wherein
the inner face (62) of the outlet channel (18) includes an angle
(.beta.), said angle (.beta.) varying between about 70.degree. and
about 130.degree..
18. The aerosol hairspray product according to claim 16, wherein
the exit end (56) has a maximum diameter (d.sub.max) of between
about 0.1 mm and about 0.8 mm.
19. A method for styling hair comprising: i. applying to hair an
ejected composition, wherein the ejected composition is ejected by
the aerosol hairspray product according to claim 1; ii. drying the
ejected composition on the hair.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] An aerosol hairspray product for styling and/or shaping
hair.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Hairstyling products such as hairsprays are used for
achieving different hairstyles and for holding hair strands in
place for a period of time. Typically, hairsprays comprise
film-forming polymers, which when applied to keratin-containing
fibres, such as human hair, form fibre-fibre welds. These welds
`glue` the fibres together and hence impart hold to the
hairstyle.
[0003] Aerosol hairspray products usually comprise a
pressure-resistant container, a nozzle, a propellant, and a
hairstyling formulation. A hairspray composition is normally
ejected from such products via aerosol-forming nozzle. See, for
example, US2009/0104138A1. Commonly used propellants include the
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) propane, butane,
1,1-difluoroethane, and dimethylether. However, VOCs are known to
react with certain nitrogenic oxides, which in turn may result in
the formation of ground-level ozone--a potential source of health
problems. Alcohols are also often used in the hairstyling
formulation, for example to reduce surface tension. However, a high
proportion of alcohol may leave the hair feeling dry and brittle
and some alcohols may cause an allergic response in some users.
Also, ethanol is flammable and is a VOC.
[0004] There is a constant need, therefore, for more
environmentally friendly, more sustainable, and affordable
hairspray products, in particular for aerosol hairspray products
comprising low levels of VOC and alcohol. However, altering one or
more features of an aerosol hairspray product can be challenging
since the interrelationship therebetween affects the product
performance. For example, utilising a different propellant may
result in an unacceptable droplet size of the ejected composition
and consequently unsatisfactory hold. Furthermore, certain
hairstyling polymers may be incompatible with hairspray products
comprising low levels of VOC and/or alcohol.
[0005] When considering the aforementioned needs, therefore, good
hairspray performance should be maintained. Performance benefits
may include, for example: excellent hold; long-lasting hold; good
humidity resistance; shapeable hold; acceptable drying time;
excellent soft, natural hair feel; acceptable and/or
non-stickiness/tackiness of the hands and hair. Of particular
relevance to consumers is natural hair feel and non-tackiness of
the hands and hair.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] In a first aspect, the invention relates to an aerosol
hairspray product for styling and/or shaping hair wherein the
product comprises: [0007] i. a container comprising a container
wall which encloses a reservoir for storing a hairstyling
formulation and a propellant; [0008] ii. the hairstyling
formulation comprising: [0009] (a) at least about 50% water by
total weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant; and
[0010] (b) from about 0.01% to about 20% of a hairstyling polymer
by total weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant,
wherein the hairstyling polymer is selected from the group
consisting of: acrylates copolymers of two or more monomers of
(meth)acrylic acid or one of their simple esters;
acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates copolymers of butyl acrylate,
methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and
hydroxyethyl methacrylate; polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates polymer
blend; and mixtures thereof; and [0011] iii. a propellant, which is
selected from the group consisting of compressed gas propellants,
liquefied gas propellants, and mixtures thereof; and [0012] iv. a
spraying device attached to the container for dispensing the
hairstyling formulation from the reservoir of the container; and
wherein the product comprises about 2% or less alcohol by total
weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant, or is
substantially free of alcohol; wherein the product comprises 54% or
less volatile organic compound by total weight of the hairstyling
formulation and propellant.
[0013] In a second aspect, the invention relates to a method for
styling hair comprising: [0014] i. applying to hair an ejected
composition, wherein the ejected composition is ejected by the
hairspray product according to the first aspect; [0015] ii. drying
the ejected composition on the hair.
[0016] In a third aspect, the invention relates to the use of the
product according to the first aspect for fixing and/or shaping a
hairstyle.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described,
by way of example only, with reference to the drawings in
which:
[0018] FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional side-view of an embodiment of
a spray nozzle;
[0019] FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view along line A-A in FIG.
1;
[0020] FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view along line B-B in FIG.
2;
[0021] FIG. 4 shows the enlarged section A of FIG. 1;
[0022] FIG. 5 shows the enlarged section A of FIG. 1 with a
modification;
[0023] FIG. 6 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of the spray
nozzle;
[0024] FIG. 7 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of the spray
nozzle.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0025] All percentages are by weight of the total
composition/formulation, unless stated otherwise. All ratios are
weight ratios, unless stated otherwise. All ranges are inclusive
and combinable. The number of significant digits conveys neither a
limitation on the indicated amounts nor on the accuracy of the
measurements. The term "molecular weight" or "M. Wt." as used
herein refers to the weight average molecular weight unless
otherwise stated. "QS" or "QSP" means sufficient quantity for 100%.
+/- indicates the standard deviation.
[0026] All numerical amounts are understood to be modified by the
word "about" unless otherwise specifically indicated. Unless
otherwise indicated, all measurements are understood to be made at
25.degree. C. and at ambient conditions, where "ambient conditions"
means conditions under about one atmosphere of pressure and at
about 50% relative humidity. All such weights as they pertain to
listed ingredients are based on the active level and do not include
carriers or by-products that may be included in commercially
available materials, unless otherwise specified.
[0027] Embodiments and aspects described herein may comprise or be
combinable with elements or components of other embodiments and/or
aspects despite not being expressly exemplified in combination,
unless otherwise stated or an incompatibility is stated.
[0028] The term "aerosol" as used herein, means a suspension of
fine droplets in a gas. The aerosol hairspray product atomises the
hairspray formulation i.e. creates an aerosol. Due to surface
tension, droplets are normally substantially spherical. As used
herein, the "droplet size" is defined as the median diameter of
ejected droplets.
[0029] The term "aerosol hairspray product" does not encompass
mousse or foam products. The term "mousse" or "foam" as defined
herein means a dispersion of gas bubbles in a liquid. Commonly,
mousse or foam compositions usually comprise greater than 0.3%
surfactant by weight. The surfactant results in the formation of
spherical bubbles which form the mousse or foam consistency.
However, foams and mousses can also be formed from surfactant-free
formulations via other means, for example special actuators, using
proteins e.g. egg white protein. Typically, hairstyling products
that eject a mousse/foam also comprise from about 6% to about 16%
by weight propellant.
[0030] The term "aerosol hairspray product" does not encompass gel
products or products comprising or ejecting a gel composition. Gels
may be dispensed via a pump spray actuator. Hand gel formulations
typically have a viscosity of from about 8,000 mPas to about 20,000
mPas depending on the desired performance. The ejected composition
of spray gels typically has a droplet size of at least about 80
micron in diameter.
[0031] As used herein, the term "on-hair drying time" means the
amount of time it takes for the ejected composition to dry on the
hair. The on-hair drying time is measured by spraying a specific
pattern on the hair and then timing when the hair ceases to feel
tacky and damp in the hand.
[0032] As used herein, the term "ejection flow" is defined as the
loss in total weight of the aerosol hairspray product after 5
seconds of spraying. This value is normally divided by 5 to give
grams per sec. The ejection flow should achieve a balance between
excellent hold and sufficiently fast drying time. For example, if
too much ejected composition is applied to the hair in a short
period, then the on-hair drying time may be unacceptably long.
[0033] Herein, "comprising" means that other steps and other
ingredients which do not affect the end result can be added. This
term encompasses the terms "consisting of" and "consisting
essentially of". The compositions, methods, uses, and processes
herein can comprise, consist of, and consist essentially of the
elements and limitations of the invention described herein, as well
as any of the additional or optional ingredients, components,
steps, or limitations described herein.
[0034] The term "polymer" as used herein shall include all
materials made by the polymerisation of monomers as well as natural
polymers. Polymers made from only one type of monomer are called
homopolymers. A polymer comprises at least two monomers. Polymers
made from two or more different types of monomers are called
copolymers. The distribution of the different monomers can be
calculated statistically or block-wise--both possibilities are
suitable for the present invention. Except if stated otherwise, the
term "polymer" used herein includes any type of polymer including
homopolymers and copolymers.
[0035] The term "hairstyling polymer" as used herein means
hair-fixing polymers which form films on a surface. In the context
of hair, this surface is the surface of individual hair fibres or a
plurality thereof. The polymer causes them to be glued together to
build welds, which are cross-links that provide the hold benefit.
In concert, these welds form a `hairnet` to provide hair hold and
volume benefits to the user. When the net of welds is effectively
formed, the hold and volume benefits can last all day and offer
good resistance to environmental humidity.
[0036] The hairspray product according to the present invention is
suitable for application onto human hair. The term "suitable for
application to human hair" as used herein means that the
compositions or components thereof so described are suitable for
use in contact with human hair and the scalp without undue
toxicity, incompatibility, instability, allergic response, and the
like.
[0037] The term "maximum incremental reactivity" value or "MIR"
value as defined herein, means a measure of the increase in ozone
formation per unit weight of a hydrocarbon when added to the
atmosphere. Hence, MIR measured the ozone forming potential of a
compound. A similar measurement to MIR is "photochemical ozone
creation potential" or "POCP".
[0038] The term "global warming potential" or "GWP" as defined
herein is a measure of how much a given mass of a compound is
calculated to contribute to global warming compared to that of the
same mass of carbon dioxide. The global warming potential of carbon
dioxide, therefore, is 1. As used herein, the GWP values are those
calculated for a 100 year time horizon, unless otherwise
stated.
[0039] As used herein, the term "volatile organic compound" or
"VOC", as used herein means any organic compound having a initial
boiling point less than or equal to 250.degree. C. measured at a
standard pressure of 101.3 kPa. In an embodiment, "VOC" means any
compound having a vapour pressure of 0.01 kPa or more at 293.15 K
(i.e. 20.degree. C.). "Organic" as used herein means any compound
containing at least the element carbon and one or more of hydrogen,
halogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, or nitrogen. Certain
volatile compounds of organic chemistry falling within this
definition are known to photochemically react with nitrogenic
oxides in the presence of sunlight and, in turn, this produces
ground-level ozone and photochemical smog. In fact, in the United
States, the definition of VOC for US legislative purposes (U.S. EPA
40 CFR 51. 100[s]) defines only those organic compounds without
negligible photochemical reactivity. Examples of compounds
considered to be VOCs for the purposes of this application include:
ethanol, dimethylether, 1,1-difluoroethane,
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, pentane, n-butane, iso-butane, propane,
trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, free formic acid (i.e. not its
salt). Certain fragrances and plant extracts are also VOCs.
[0040] The term "non-flammable", as used herein in terms of the
aerosol hairspray product, means the product contains 1% or less
flammable components and the chemical heat of combustion is less
than 20 kJ/g and is also considered non-flammable following an
ignition distance test and, if necessary, the enclosed space test.
If the chemical heat of combustion is less than 20 kJ/g, then the
aerosol is classified as flammable if ignition occurs at a distance
of 15 cm or more. The ignition distance test for spray aerosols is
a standard test wherein the aerosol is sprayed in the direction of
an ignition source at intervals of 15 cm to observe if ignition and
sustained combustion takes place. Ignition and sustained combustion
is defined as when a stable flame is maintained for at least 5
seconds. The ignition source is defined as a gas burner with a
blue, non-luminous flame 4-5 cm in height. If no ignition occurs in
the ignition distance test, the enclosed space test shall be
performed and in this case, the aerosol is classified as flammable
if the time equivalent is less than or equal to 300 s/m.sup.3 or
the deflagration density is less than or equal to 300 g/m.sup.3;
otherwise the aerosol is classified as non-flammable. The enclosed
space ignition test is a standard test wherein the contents of an
aerosol dispenser are sprayed into a cylindrical test vessel
containing a burning candle. If an observable ignition occurs, the
elapsed time and amount discharged is noted. These definitions are
that of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Part III, Section 31.
The chemical heat of combustion can be determined via the standard
method ASTM D 240.
[0041] The term "substantially free from", "substantially free of",
or grammatical equivalents thereof, as defined herein means less
than about 1%, or less than about 0.8%, or less than about 0.5%, or
less than about 0.3%, or about 0%.
[0042] The inventors have surprisingly overcome the above
hindrances and answered the aforementioned needs by carefully
selecting the specific combination of mutually compatible features
such that the interaction therebetween results in a hairspray with
good performance. Firstly, the hairspray formulation pursuant to
the present invention is water-based i.e. it is an aqueous system
rather than a predominantly alcohol-based system as is
conventionally employed. This water-based system provides safety,
sustainability, environmental and cost advantages. Secondly, the
hairspray product comprises about 2% or less alcohol by total
weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant, or is
substantially free of alcohol. This additionally provides highly
consumer-relevant benefits since alcohol has the reputation of
causing the hair to become brittle and dry, particularly for
naturally fine and/or dry hair. Without being bound by theory it is
believed that low alcohol concentrations help to reduce drying out
effect i.e. reduce a perceived brittle, harsh feel of the hair.
Consumers prefer a more natural hair feel and look. The inventors
have found that selected hairstyling polymers are particularly
suited for use in such hairspray formulation. The inventors have
found that hairstyling polymer M. Wt., glass transition
temperature, water-compatibility and chemistry are important
factors in order to create a low viscosity, fully dissolved,
readily sprayable hairstyling formulation that provides an ejected
composition that, following normal application onto hair, results
in good hairstyle hold, good humidity resistance, no residues or
flaking on hair, and yet is easily washed out. The selected
hairstyling polymers meet these criteria--in particular, the
hairstyling polymers, despite being highly compatible in the
water-based hairstyling formulation, also provide humidity
resistance in high relative humidity for the hairstyle and yet are
easily washed out with normal shampoo. Moreover, the hold offered
by the selected hairstyling polymers is good, but without causing a
`helmet head`-type feeling for the consumer. Performance benefits
achieved by the hairspray product pursuant to the present invention
include excellent hair feel, particularly natural hair feel, and
excellent non-stickiness of the hands and hair, good hold and
shapeable hold. Furthermore, it has been surprisingly found that
the selected polymers can be blended together in order to provide
more natural hair feel or greater hairstyle hold. The hairstyling
polymers can be blended into specific mixtures, for example `soft`
hairstyling polymers may be blended with `hard` hairstyling
polymers.
[0043] A particular benefit of the hairstyling polymers as
described herein is the low tackiness on hands and/or hair
achieved. Surprisingly the tackiness on hands and/or hair of the
present invention is lower than achieved by conventional
ethanol-based aerosol hairsprays. This is surprising because the
hold provided by the present invention is comparable to
conventional aerosol hairsprays.
[0044] Each of the features of the aerosol hairspray product, as
well as other relevant components, are described in detail
hereinafter.
[0045] According to the first aspect, the present invention relates
to an aerosol hairspray product, wherein the product comprises less
than 54% VOC by total weight of the hairstyling formulation and
propellant. In an embodiment, the aerosol hairspray product has a
maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) value of less than 1, or less
than 0.8, or less than 0.7, or less than 0.4. The MIR value of an
aerosol hairspray product can be calculated by multiplying the
fraction by weight of each component of the hairspray product by
its MIR value. MIR values of common components of hairspray
products include: 2-aminomethyl propanol: about 15.08; water: 0.00;
acetone: 0.43; ethanol: 1.69; isopropanol: 0.71. More MIR values
are listed below. For example, a product comprising 0.2% of
2-aminomethyl propanol and no other components with an MIR value
above zero, would have an MIR value of 0.03. In an embodiment, the
hairstyling formulation and propellant have a heat of combustion of
from about 5 kJ/kg to about 20 kJ/kg and/or the product is
non-flammable.
[0046] The surface tension and viscosity of the hairstyling
formulation can be important because following spraying, the
ejected composition forms droplets, which land on the hair. The
ejected composition should then spread out along each individual
hair fibre in order to form a thin layer of coating on the hair,
which dries quickly and also forms welds with other similarly
coated hair fibres. In an embodiment, the surface tension, measured
according to standard test ISO 304 at 20.degree. C., of the
hairstyling formulation is from about 20 mN/m to about 50 mN/m, or
from about 20 mN/m to about 40 mN/m, or from about 28 mN/m to about
40 mN/m, or from about 30 mN/m to about 40 mN/m. ISO 304 is a
standard test method for measuring surface tension of pure liquids
or solutions.
[0047] In an embodiment, the kinematic viscosity, measured
according to standard test DIN EN ISO 3104, of the hairstyling
formulation is from about 1 mm.sup.2/s to about 25 mm.sup.2/s, or
from about 1 mm.sup.2/s to about 15 mm.sup.2/s, or from about 2
mm.sup.2/s to about 10 mm.sup.2/s, or from about 1 mm.sup.2/s to
about 4 mm.sup.2/s, or from about 1.2 mm.sup.2/s to about 3
mm.sup.2/s. DIN EN ISO 3104 is a standard test method for measuring
kinematic viscosity of liquids. The kinematic viscosity can be
important because when the hairstyling formulation is too viscous
then the hairstyling formulation is too thick and cannot be sprayed
and/or is clogging--inhomogeneous ejected formulation results e.g.
irregular spray beam, "spitting" rather than spraying, and/or
ejection of lumps. This can be especially important when a
compressed gas propellant is utilised because the propellant is in
gaseous form and hence cannot function as a co-solvent.
[0048] The median droplet size of the ejected composition is from
about 10 micron to about 80 micron, or from about 15 micron to
about 60 micron, or from about 15 micron to about 50 micron, or
from about 20 micron to about 35 micron. Droplets smaller than
about 10 micron are not suitable for the present invention due to
safety concerns--the droplets may enter the lungs and cause health
problems. Droplets larger than about 100 micron are too large and
consequently unsuitable. In an embodiment, the droplet size is not
greater than 80 micron. Hairspray products which are pump sprays
normally have a droplet size which is too large and are hence
unsuitable. The aerosol hairspray product is not a pump spray.
[0049] Droplet size is measured using a technique based on laser
diffraction. Scattered light is focused by a focusing lens in a
Fourier arrangement and picked up by the detector array. The angle
at which a particle/droplet diffracts light is inversely
proportional to its size. The detector array is made up of over 30
individual detectors, each of which collects the light scattered by
a particular range of angles. The scattering pattern from the spray
is captured, which is what is measured. Measuring the angle of
diffraction determines the size of the particle/droplet. A Malvern
Spraytec EPCS 4.0 is used with a 450 mm lens type, serial number
237. Software: RT Sizer 5.0. Test duration: 4000 ms. Data
acquisition rate: 200 Hz. Minimum droplet size able to be measured:
0.8 micron. Maximum droplet size able to be measured: 300 micron.
Distance between nozzle and laser beam: 140 mm.
[0050] The ejection flow of the hairspray product is from about
0.10 g/sec to about 0.40 g/sec, or from about 0.20 g/sec to about
0.35 g/sec, or from about 0.20 g/sec to about 0.30 g/sec, or from
about 0.20 g/sec to about 0.25 g/sec. If the ejection flow is
greater than about 0.45 g/sec, then the on-hair drying time will be
too long for consumer satisfaction. Ejection flow can typically be
adjusted by altering the pressure inside the container (increased
pressure correlates with faster ejection flow) and/or the diameter
opening in the spraying device and/or orifices in the actuator
(lower diameter correlates with slower ejection flow).
[0051] The on-hair drying time of the ejected composition may be
from about 0.5 min to about 7 min, or from about 1 min to about 5
min, or from about 1 min to about 2 min.
[0052] The hairstyling formulation comprises from about 0.01% to
about 20%, or from about 1% to about 16%, or from about 2% to about
12%, or from about 3% to about 8%, or from about 4% to about 7% of
a hairstyling polymer, by total weight of the hairstyling
formulation and propellant.
[0053] The hairstyling polymer is selected from the group
consisting of: acrylates copolymers of two or more monomers of
(meth)acrylic acid or one of their simple esters;
acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates copolymers of butyl acrylate,
methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and
hydroxyethyl methacrylate; polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates copolymer
blend; and mixtures thereof. Balance.RTM. CR from Akzo Nobel is an
acrylates copolymer of two or more monomers of (meth)acrylic acid
or one of their simple esters. In an embodiment,
polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates copolymer blend is blend of an
acrylates copolymer and a polyurethane polymer. Acudyne.TM. 1000 is
an acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates copolymer of butyl acrylate,
methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and
hydroxyethyl methacrylate. DynamX.RTM. H2O from Akzo Nobel is blend
of an acrylates copolymer and a polyurethane polymer i.e.
polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates copolymer blend. Balance.RTM. CR from
Akzo Nobel is an acrylates copolymer of two or more monomers of
(meth)acrylic acid or one of their simple esters. In an embodiment,
hairstyling formulation comprises two of more different hairstyling
polymers, wherein the hairstyling polymer is selected from the
group consisting of: acrylates copolymers of two or more monomers
of (meth)acrylic acid or one of their simple esters;
acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates copolymers of butyl acrylate,
methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and
hydroxyethyl methacrylate; polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates polymer
blend; and mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, hairstyling
formulation comprises all three of hairstyling polymers listed
above. In an embodiment, the product is substantially free of
octylacrylamide/acrylate/butylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymers.
Amphomer.RTM. is an octylacrylamide/acrylate/butylaminoethyl
methacrylate copolymer.
[0054] In an embodiment, the hairstyling formulation comprises from
about 3% to about 20% of a sole hairstyling polymer, wherein the
sole hairstyling polymer is selected from the group consisting of:
acrylates copolymers of two or more monomers of (meth)acrylic acid
or one of their simple esters; and acrylates/hydroxyesters
acrylates copolymers of butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate,
methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate. In
an embodiment, the hairstyling formulation comprises from about 4%
to about 7% of a hairstyling polymer being the sole hairstyling
polymer and the hairstyling polymer being an acrylates copolymer of
two or more monomers of (meth)acrylic acid or one of their simple
esters. As used herein "sole hairstyling polymer" means that the
hairstyling formulation comprises only one type of hairstyling
polymer and other hairstyling polymers are not present, and wherein
the other hairstyling polymers do not fall within the definition
provided for the sole hairstyling polymer.
[0055] In an embodiment, the hairstyling formulation comprises a
mixture of hairstyling polymers. The mixture may comprise a hard
hairstyling polymer and a soft hairstyling polymer. As used herein
"hard hairstyling polymer" is a hairstyling polymer which provides
excellent hairstyle hold and this hairstyle hold is more pronounced
as the concentration of the hard hairstyling polymer in the
hairstyling formulation increases. However, high concentrations of
hard hairstyling polymer typically have negative effect on the hair
feel i.e. consumers find the palpable feel of the hair unacceptable
e.g. rough. As used herein "soft hairstyling polymer" is a
hairstyling polymer which provides excellent i.e. natural hair
feel, particularly soft and/or smooth hair feel, but typically the
hairstyle hold provided is limited.
[0056] In an embodiment, the hairstyling formulation comprises from
about 3% to about 20% of a sole hairstyling polymer, wherein the
sole hairstyling polymer is a hard hairstyling polymer.
[0057] The softness and hardness of the hairstyling polymer depends
on the M. Wt. and the glass transition temperature of the
hairstyling polymer, and also the chemistry of the hairstyling
polymer i.e. the chemistry of the monomers.
[0058] In an embodiment, the hard hairstyling polymer has a glass
transition temperature of greater than or equal to 10.degree. C.
and the soft hairstyling polymer has a glass transition temperature
of less than 10.degree. C. "Glass transition temperature" or
"T.sub.g", as used herein, means the lowest temperature at which a
polymer can be considered flowable, which means the polymer chains
can slide past each other when a force is applied. The T.sub.g as
used herein may be measured according to DIN EN 61 006.
[0059] In an embodiment, the M. Wt. of the hairstyling polymer(s)
is from about 10 thousand g/mol to about 200 thousand g/mol, or
from about 20 thousand g/mol to about 150 thousand g/mol. In an
embodiment, the hard hairstyling polymer has M. Wt. of from about
90 thousand g/mol to about 200 thousand g/mol. In an embodiment,
the soft hairstyling polymer has M. Wt. of from about 10 thousand
g/mol to about 90 thousand g/mol.
[0060] The hairstyle hold provided by increasing amounts of the
soft hairstyling polymer in the hairstyling formulation increases,
but then plateaus. In other words, the soft hairstyling polymer has
a maximum hairstyle hold that it can provide. Consequently, it can
be advantageous to provide a mixture of a hard hairstyling polymer
and a soft hairstyling polymer.
[0061] In an embodiment, the hard hairstyling polymer is selected
from the group consisting of: acrylates copolymers of two or more
monomers of (meth)acrylic acid or one of their simple esters;
acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates copolymers of butyl acrylate,
methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and
hydroxyethyl methacrylate; and mixtures thereof. In an embodiment,
the soft hairstyling polymer is selected from the group consisting
of: a polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates polymer blend; latex
hairstyling polymers; polyesters; and mixtures thereof. In an
embodiment, the soft hairstyling polymer is a
polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates polymer blend or a latex hairstyling
polymer. In an embodiment, the soft hairstyling polymer is a
polyurethane polymer. The polyurethane polymer may be a
polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates polymer blend. In an embodiment, the
hairstyling formulation comprises an additional soft hairstyling
polymer, wherein the additional soft hairstyling polymer is
selected from the group consisting of: PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone)
polymers; PVP-VA-copolymers (vinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate
copolymers); polyesters; and mixtures thereof.
[0062] In an embodiment, the hairstyling formulation comprises a
mixture of: a soft hairstyling polymer being a
polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates polymer blend or a latex hairstyling
polymer; and a hard hairstyling polymer selected from the group
consisting of: acrylates copolymers of two or more monomers of
(meth)acrylic acid or one of their simple esters; and
acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates copolymers of butyl acrylate,
methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and
hydroxyethyl methacrylate. In an embodiment, the mixture is the
combination of: a soft hairstyling polymer being a
polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates polymer blend or a latex hairstyling
polymer; and both of the following two hard hairstyling polymers:
acrylates copolymers of two or more monomers of (meth)acrylic acid
or one of their simple esters; and acrylates/hydroxyesters
acrylates copolymers of butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate,
methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate. In
an embodiment, the mixture comprises a polyester and an acrylates
copolymers of two or more monomers of (meth)acrylic acid or one of
their simple esters. In an embodiment, the polyester is a
polyester-5 polymer. In an embodiment, the mixture comprises at
least 2, or at least 3, different hairstyling polymers. An example
of a polyester-5 polymer is AQ.RTM. 48 Ultra Polymer from Eastman
Chemical Company.
[0063] In an embodiment, the weight ratio of hard hairstyling
polymer to soft hairstyling polymer (hard:soft) in the mixture is
from about 10:1 to about 1:10, or from about 10:1 to about 1:2. In
an embodiment where the mixture comprises at least 2 different
hairstyling polymers, or only 2 different hairstyling polymers, the
weight ratio of hard:soft may be from about 10:0.5 to about 9:3, or
about 10:1 to about 9:2. In an embodiment where the mixture
comprises at least 3 different hairstyling polymers, or only 3
different hairstyling polymers, the weight ratio of hard:soft may
be from about 10:1 to about 6:4, or about 10:2 to about 8:3.
[0064] In an embodiment, the hairstyling formulation further
comprises an additional ingredient selected from the group
consisting of: octylacrylamide/acrylate/butylaminoethyl
methacrylate copolymers, panthenol compounds, silicone compounds,
latex compounds, and mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the
hairstyling formulation further comprises a panthenol compound. In
an embodiment, the panthenol compound is selected from the group
consisting of: panthenol, a pantothenic acid derivative, and
mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the panthenol compound is
selected from the group consisting of: D-panthenol
([R]-2,4-dihydroxy-N-[3-hydroxypropyl)]-3,3-dimethylbutamide),
D/L-panthenol, pantothenic acids and their salts, panthenyl
triacetate, royal jelly, panthetine, pantotheine, panthenyl ethyl
ether, pangamic acid, pantoyl lactose, Vitamin B complex, and
mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the hairstyling formulation
comprises a mixture comprising a hard hairstyling polymer,
panthenol, and optionally a soft hairstyling polymer. In an
embodiment, the hairstyling formulation comprises panthenol. The
panthenol compound is able to have a `softening` effect on the hard
hairstyling polymer. The hairstyling formulation may comprise from
about 0.1% to about 0.6%, or from about 0.1% to about 0.3%, of a
panthenol compound by total weight of the hairstyling formulation
and the propellant. The weight ratio of hard hairstyling polymer to
panthenol compound may be from about 100:6 to about 100:1, or from
about 100:4 to about 100:20. In an embodiment, the panthenol
compound is either D-panthenol or D/L-panthenol. In an embodiment,
the hairstyling formulation further comprises a silicone compound.
The silicone is useful because it gives a smoother feel and also
shine to the hair. In an embodiment, the silicone compound is a
dimethicone compound. In an embodiment, the silicone compound is a
PEG dimethicone, for example PEG-12 dimethicone. In an embodiment,
the hairstyling formulation further comprises a
octylacrylamide/acrylate/butylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer.
Amphomer.RTM. is an octylacrylamide/acrylate/butylaminoethyl
methacrylate copolymer.
[0065] In an embodiment, the hairstyling polymer is a
water-compatible hairstyling polymer, alternatively a water-soluble
hairstyling polymer. In an embodiment, the hairstyling formulation
is substantially free from a water-incompatible hairstyling
polymer. Balance.RTM. CR, Acudyne.TM. 1000, DynamX.RTM. H2O from
Akzo Nobel are water-compatible.
[0066] In an embodiment, the hairstyling formulation further
comprises a latex hairstyling polymer. In an embodiment, the latex
hairstyling polymer is a polyurethane polymer and/or an aqueous
polyurethane dispersion. In an embodiment, the polyurethane polymer
is Polyurethane-48. Baycusan.RTM. C 1008 is a Polyurethane-48,
which is an aqueous polyurethane dispersion.
[0067] In an embodiment, the product comprises less than about 0.5%
of a cationic surfactant by total weight of the hairstyling
formulation and propellant. In an embodiment, the hairstyling
formulation comprises a polyurethane polymer and the hairstyling
formulation is substantially free of a cationic surfactant. In an
embodiment, the sole hairstyling polymer is neither a latex
hairstyling polymer nor a polyurethane polymer. In an embodiment,
the hairstyling formulation is substantially free of a polyurethane
polymer. This is because, in certain circumstances, polyurethane
polymers can cause residues on the hair after the ejected
formulation has dried on the hair. Such residues are unsightly and
not preferred by consumers since they can be confused with
dandruff.
[0068] The tackiness on hands and/or hair of the present invention
is lower than achieved by conventional ethanol-based aerosol
hairsprays. In an embodiment, the product comprises from about 20%
to about 50% VOC, by total weight of the hairstyling formulation
and the propellant and the liquefied gas propellant is DME. The low
tackiness on hands and/or hair benefit is also achieved for this
embodiment.
[0069] Amphoteric polymers as well as anionic polymers such as
Balance.RTM. CR are normally present in their neutralized or
partially neutralized form. In an embodiment, the hairstyling
polymer is at least 60%, or at least 80% neutralized.
[0070] Suitable neutralisers include potassium hydroxide, sodium
hydroxide, triisopropanolamine (TIPA), 2-aminobutanol,
2-aminomethyl propanol (AMP), aminoethylpropandiol, dimethyl
stearamine (Armeen 18 D), sodium silicate, tetrahydroxypropyl
ethylenediamine (Neutrol.RTM. TE), ammonia (NH.sub.3),
triethanolamine, trimethylamine (Tris Amino Ultra),
aminomethylpropandiol (AMPD). In an embodiment, the neutralising
agent is 2-aminobutanol, ammonia, or 2-aminomethyl propanol.
[0071] The hairstyling formulation may further comprise a
surfactant. The hairstyling formulation may comprise 1% or less
surfactant, or 0.6% or less, or 0.4% or less, or 0.3% or less, by
total weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant. In an
embodiment, the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of
cationic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, anionic surfactants,
and mixtures thereof. Cationic surfactants may be selected from the
group consisting of cetrimonium chloride (e.g. Quartamin 60L-G from
Kao; DEHYQUART A-CA/DETEX; ARQUAD 16-25 LO); cocamidopropyl
hydroxysultaine (e.g. REWOTERIC AM CAS); cocamidopropyl betaine
(e.g. TEGO BETAIN F 50); betaine; and mixtures thereof. Non-ionic
surfactants may be selected from the group consisting of: castor
oil PEG-40 H (e.g. NEODOL 91-8); laureth-4 (e.g. DEHYDOL LS 4 DEO
N); laureth-9; decyl glucoside (e.g. Plantacare 2000); polysorbate
20 (e.g. TWEEN 20 PHARMA from UNIQEMA); PEG-25 hydrogenated castor
oil (e.g. SIMULSOL 1292 DF from SEPPIC); PEG-40 hydrogenated castor
oil (e.g. CREMOPHOR CO 410 from BASF);
PPG-1-PEG-9-laurylglycolether (e.g. Eumulgin L); siloxane
polyalkyleneoxide copolymer (Silwet.RTM. L7604 from Momentive); and
polydimethylsiloxane methylethoxylate (Silwet.RTM. L7600 from
Momentive); and mixtures thereof. A suitable anionic surfactant is
dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS or
1,4-dioctoxy-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulfonic acid), an example of which
is Aerosol OT-70 PG from Cytec. In an embodiment, the surfactant is
selected from the group consisting of: castor oil PEG-40 H;
cetrimonium chloride; laureth-4; laureth-9; decyl glucoside;
cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; polysorbate 20; siloxane
polyalkyleneoxide copolymer; dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate; and
mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the surfactant is selected from
the group consisting of: castor oil PEG-40 H; decyl glucoside;
cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; polysorbate 20; siloxane
polyalkyleneoxide copolymer; dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate; and
mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the surfactant is selected from
the group consisting of: siloxane polyalkyleneoxide copolymer; and
dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate; and mixtures thereof.
[0072] The hairstyling formulation comprises at least about 50%, or
from about 50% to about 99%, or from about 60% to about 99%, or
from about 70% to about 99% water by total weight of the
hairstyling formulation and propellant. When the product is
substantially free of VOC, the hairstyling formulation may comprise
from about 90% to about 99% water, by total weight of the
hairstyling formulation and propellant.
[0073] The product comprises about 2% or less alcohol by total
weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant. In an
embodiment, the product comprises about 1.8% or less, or about 1.5%
or less, or about 1% or less, alcohol by total weight of the
hairstyling formulation and propellant, or is substantially free of
alcohol. In an embodiment, the hairstyling formulation is
substantially free of ethanol and propanol. In an embodiment, the
product comprises about 5% or less, or 2% or less, or about 1.8% or
less, or about 1.5% or less, or about 1% or less, aliphatic alcohol
by total weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant.
"Aliphatic alcohol" as used herein means an alcohol comprising no
aromatic group.
[0074] The hairstyling formulation may comprise at least one
preservative. The preservative may be present in an amount of less
than about 1.5%, or 0% to 1%, or 0.01% to 1% by total weight of the
hairstyling formulation and propellant. Suitable preservatives
include: phenoxyethanol (e.g. Euxyl.RTM. PE 9010), benzyl alcohol,
propyleneglycol, PHMB (Poly-aminopropyl biguanide), Optiphen
(Phenoxyethanol+caprylyl glycol) from ISP, Symtriol (1,2 octanediol
and 1,2 hexanediol,Methylbenzyl alcohol) from Symrise,
octylsalicylate,
1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (DMDM
hydantoin; Nipaguard.RTM. DMDMH by Clariant), EDTA (Rexat),
butylene glycol (Dekaben LMB), and parben types e.g. methylparaben
(e.g. PHB-methyl ester from Schtitz & Co., or SLI Chemicals, or
Nipagin.RTM. M), propylparaben (PHB-propylester from Solvadis
Specialties).
[0075] The hairstyling formulation may further comprise at least
one perfume or fragrance. The aerosol hairspray product may
comprise a maximum of about 0.5% perfume or fragrance, or from
about 0% to about 0.4%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.3%, by total
weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant.
[0076] The hairstyling formulation may further comprise vitamins
and amino acids such as: water soluble vitamins such as vitamin B1,
B2, B6, B12, C, pantothenic acid, pantothenyl ethyl ether,
panthenol, biotin, and their derivatives, water soluble amino acids
such as asparagine, alanine, indole, glutamic acid and their salts,
water insoluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D, E, and their salts
and/or derivatives, water insoluble amino acids such as tyrosine,
tryptamine, viscosity modifiers, dyes, non-volatile solvents or
diluents (water soluble and insoluble), pearlescent aids, foam
boosters, additional surfactants or non-ionic cosurfactants,
pediculocides, pH adjusting agents, perfumes, preservatives,
chelants, proteins, skin active agents, sunscreens, UV absorbers,
vitamins, niacinamide, caffeine and minoxidil. The product may
comprise from about 0.01% to about 5% vitamins and/or amino acids,
by total weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant.
[0077] The aerosol hairspray product may further comprise pigment
materials such as inorganic pigments, nitroso-, monoazo-,
disazo-compounds, carotenoid, triphenyl methane, triaryl methane,
chemicals of the quinoline, oxazine, azine, or anthraquinone type,
as well as compounds which are indigoid, thionindigoid,
quinacridone, phthalocianine, botanical, natural colors, and
water-soluble components. The product may comprise from about
0.0001% to about 5% pigment materials, by total weight of the
hairstyling formulation and propellant. The formulation(s)
described herein may also contain antimicrobial agents which are
useful as cosmetic biocides. The product may comprise from about
0.01% to about 5% antimicrobial agents, by total weight of the
hairstyling formulation and propellant.
[0078] The hairstyling formulation may have a pH of from about 6 to
about 10, or from about 7 to about 10, or from about 7 to about
9.
[0079] The product comprises a propellant, which is selected from
the group consisting of compressed gas propellants, liquefied gas
propellants, and mixtures thereof.
[0080] The product may comprise a compressed gas propellant. The
compressed gas propellants may be selected from the group
consisting of air, nitrogen (N.sub.2), nitrous oxide (N.sub.2O),
carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), and mixtures thereof. In an embodiment,
the compressed gas propellant is air or nitrogen (N.sub.2). In an
embodiment, the compressed gas propellant is nitrogen (N.sub.2). In
an embodiment, the compressed gas propellant is not carbon dioxide
(CO.sub.2)--particularly when a hairstyling polymer may precipitate
due to effect of the CO.sub.2 in lowering the pH of the hairstyling
formulation. Also CO.sub.2 typically permeates through plastic
material to a greater or lesser extent i.e. 0% permeation is
typically unachievable. The term "air" is defined herein as a gas
comprising approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% of carbon
dioxide, argon and other trace elements. Since the content of air
can vary, in an embodiment the compressed gas propellant is
nitrogen gas. As defined herein, the compressed gases N.sub.2,
CO.sub.2, and N.sub.2O are all non-flammable. N.sub.2O has a GWP of
298. When the propellant is air, a maximum of 1 g is utilised as
propellant.
[0081] CFCs are not suitable propellants for the present invention
due to their ozone depleting properties. For example, CFC-12 has a
GWP of 10,900. In an embodiment, the product has a GWP of 100 or
less, or 50 or less, or 20 or less, or 10 or less, or 5 or
less.
[0082] The product may comprise a liquified gas propellant. The
liquefied gas propellant may be selected from the group consisting
of dimethylether (DME), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a),
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), pentane, n-butane,
iso-butane, propane, trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze),
and mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the liquefied gas
propellant is dimethylether (DME) or 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a).
In an embodiment, the liquefied gas propellant is DME.
[0083] For the purposes of the present invention, all the liquified
gas propellants mentioned above are VOCs. Furthermore, as defined
herein, n-butane is flammable (MIR=1.15, GWP=4); iso-butane is
flammable (MIR=1.23); propane is flammable (GWP=3.3, MIR=0.49);
HFC-134a is non-flammable (GWP=about 1400, MIR=0.00); HFC-152a is
flammable (GWP=about 120, MIR=0.02); HFO-1234ze is non-flammable
(GWP=6, MIR=0.09); DME is flammable (GWP=1, MIR=0.81).
[0084] The product comprises 54% or less VOC by total weight of the
hairstyling formulation and propellant. In an embodiment, the
product comprises from about 20% to about 50%, or from about 25% to
about 45%, or from about 35% to about 42%, VOC, by total weight of
the hairstyling formulation and propellant. In another embodiment,
the propellant is a liquefied gas propellant and the liquefied gas
propellant is DME, and wherein product comprises from about 25% to
about 45%, or from about 35% to about 42%, DME. In another
embodiment, the product comprises less than 15% VOC, or is
substantially free of VOC, by total weight of the hairstyling
formulation and propellant. In another embodiment, the product
comprises from about 1% to less than 15% of a VOC, by total weight
of the hairstyling formulation and propellant. In an embodiment
where the propellant is a compressed gas propellant, the product
comprises less than 15% of a VOC, by total weight of the
hairstyling formulation and propellant.
[0085] The present invention comprises a container comprising a
container wall which encloses a reservoir for storing a hairstyling
formulation and a propellant. In an embodiment, the container wall
comprises predominantly plastic material. In an embodiment, the
container wall comprises at least about 80% plastic material, or
from about 85% to about 100%, by total weight of the container. The
term "plastic" is defined herein as any polymeric material that is
capable of being shaped or molded, with or without the application
of heat, and then hardened into a desired form including, polymers,
resins, and cellulose derivatives. Usually plastics are homo- or
co-polymers of high M. Wt. Cosmetic products contained in plastic
containers are known. Plastic is a particularly advantageous
material for containing cosmetic products because a greater variety
of specific container forms may be created. The utilisation of
plastic material(s) for a hairspray container provides an excellent
means to deliver ease-of-use benefits to the consumer. For example,
it is very easy to provide tactile advantages e.g. grip features,
contours, and these tactile advantages can be designed with a high
degree of specificity and accuracy. Furthermore, a plastic
container can easily be moulded in one piece. Sealed plastic
containers have a lower explosion potential than metal containers
because, upon application of excessive temperature for example, due
to the more elastic nature of plastic compared to metal, the
plastic material may expand at a weak point in the container, e.g.
where the container wall is thinner. Gradually and eventually the
expansion at this weak point allows the high-pressured containers
to escape via the formation of a hole. Furthermore, aesthetic
benefits can also be realised more easily when a plastic container
is used, for example, a transparent and/or translucent container
material could be employed, and in addition to many other aesthetic
benefits. From an environmental perspective, utilisation of a
container comprising predominantly plastic material has
sustainability benefits and results in a reduced carbon footprint
than alternative container materials. Plastic is also more easily
recycled than metal.
[0086] In an embodiment, the plastic material is selected from the
group consisting of polyolefins, polyesters, polyamide,
polyvinylchloride, acrylic, polycarbonates, polyethylene
naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene,
polyurethane, and mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the plastic
material is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene
terephthalate (PET), polyethylene napththalate (PEN), and mixtures
thereof. Polyethylene napththalate is available from Hoechst
Trevira GmbH & Co. KG, under the trademark Polyclear.RTM.,
including Polyclear.RTM. N10, Polyclear.RTM. N90 and Polyclear.RTM.
N100.
[0087] The container may comprise polymers made from components
derived from renewable sources i.e. non-petroleum sources. As used
herein the term "sustainable polymer" means polymers made from
components e.g. monomers, derived from renewable sources. Examples
of renewable, non-petroleum sources include plants and
microorganisms. The renewable, non-petroleum plants sources may
include sugar cane, beets, corn, potatoes, citrus fruit, and woody
plants. For example, ethanol can be produced from sugarcane. The
ethanol may then be converted into ethylene, which can be
polymerized to form polyethylene (PE). The monomers from which
polypropylene (PP), polyester, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
are synthesized, may also be derived from renewable sources.
Sustainable polymers may be synthesized from monomers derived from
starch and/or cellulose, or by modification of the polymer itself.
Cellulosics are thermoplastic resins manufactured by the chemical
modification of cellulose.
[0088] These sustainable plastic materials may be used as 100% of
the plastic material utilized for the container wall, or blended
into the petroleum-derived plastic material at varying levels in
order to vary performance and/or for economic reasons. Certain
materials derived from plant sources may be biodegradable.
Sustainable polymers exhibiting biodegradability include aliphatic
polyesters such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA),
polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers thereof,
aliphatic-aromatic polyesters such as Ecoflex.RTM. from BASF and
Biomax.RTM. from DuPont, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and copolymers
thereof. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) materials are also
biodegradable, as are cellulosics. The incorporation of
biodegradable sustainable polymers may be at 100% of the utilized
plastic material or in blends with other materials, in order to
control the speed or degree of biodegradation, or for economic
reasons. The speed and degree of biodegradation must be compatible
with the purpose and features of the present invention.
Ecoflex.RTM. from BASF, for example, is a biodegradable plastic
material that biodegrades in soil or compost. It is stable on shelf
for one year. It is particularly suitable for bags and films.
[0089] Recycled plastic material can also be re-ground. This
post-consumer regrind resin may also be suitable for the present
invention either when blended with other resins or used as 100% of
the plastic material utilised. Re-ground polyethylene at certain
densities (r-HDPE, r-LLDPE, r-LDPE), reground polypropylene (r-PP),
and reground polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) may be
suitable.
[0090] Filler materials may be blended into the plastic material.
The advantages of the incorporation of filler materials into
plastic material include: adjustment of physical properties of the
plastic, such as mechanical strength, density and cooling time, and
also economic reasons. In an embodiment, the filler is selected
from the group consisting of: starches, fibres from renewable
sources such as hemp, flax, coconut, wood, paper, bamboo, and also
inorganic materials such as calcium carbonate, mica, and talc. In
addition, gas fillers such as high pressure gas, foaming agents or
microspheres may be added to the plastic material.
[0091] Plastic materials can be defined by their glass transition
temperature (Tg) and/or M. Wt. When the container wall comprises at
least about 80% plastic material, or from about 85% to about 100%
plastic material, by total weight of the container, the wall
thickness of the container wall may also be important. In an
embodiment, the plastic material is PET, wherein the glass
transition temperature of from about 70.degree. C. to about
80.degree. C., and wherein the wall thickness is from about 0.5 mm
to about 3.2 mm. An example PET container comprises the following
wall thicknesses: shoulder about 0.65 mm; sidewall about 0.50 mm;
outside base about 1.09 mm; base pushup about 2.90 mm. The
container may be moulded to create a specific ergonomic external
form or contour, for example, hand-shaped contours. Said form
facilitates effective and precise use of the hairspray product, for
example by providing more grip or non-slip. Other tactile features
may also be provided on the surface of the container, for example
pimples. In an embodiment, the container is not cylindrical in
shape. Furthermore the container may be provided with specific
aesthetic features, such as colour combinations, and transparent or
translucent portions. In an embodiment, at least 50% of the
container wall is translucent, or transparent. When externally
viewable, bag-on-valve systems are less favoured by consumers for
aesthetic reasons.
[0092] In an embodiment, the container wall comprises predominantly
metal material. In an embodiment, metal material is selected from
the group consisting of aluminium, tin plated steel, and
combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the container wall
comprises at least about 80%, or from about 85% to about 100% metal
material, by total weight of the container. In an embodiment, the
container wall comprises at least about 80% metal material by total
weight of the container, and wherein the metal material is selected
from the group consisting of: aluminium, tin plated steel, and
combinations thereof; and wherein the propellant is a liquefied gas
propellant, and wherein the liquefied gas propellant is selected
from the group consisting of DME, 1,1-difluoroethane,
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, pentane, n-butane, iso-butane, propane,
trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, and mixtures thereof; or DME,
1,1-difluoroethane, and mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the
container wall comprises an inner surface, wherein the inner
surface is coated with a corrosion inhibitor. In an embodiment, the
corrosion inhibitor is a polyamide-imide laquer. A suitable
corrosion inhibitor is HOBA 8460, supplied by HOBA Lacke und Farben
GmbH.
[0093] In an embodiment, the propellant and hairstyling formulation
may freely communicate with one another inside the reservoir. In an
embodiment, the propellant and hairstyling formulation are stored
in a single compartment. In an embodiment, the aerosol hairspray
product does not comprise a bag-on-valve system, especially when a
portion of the container wall is translucent, or transparent. In an
embodiment, the reservoir comprises a plurality of compartments for
storing the hairstyling formulation and the propellant. In an
embodiment, the propellant and hairstyling formulation are not
stored in separate compartments. In an embodiment, the reservoir
does not comprise a plurality of compartments for storing the
hairstyling formulation and the propellant.
[0094] The pressure inside the reservoir can be measured with a
pressure gauge (GCAS #60001439). The pressure inside the reservoir
may be from about 1 bar to about 16 bar at 50.degree. C. When the
propellant is a compressed gas, the pressure inside the container
may be from about 6 bar to about 12 bar, or from about 8 bar to
about 10 bar, or from about 9 bar, at 50.degree. C. When the
propellant is a liquefied gas, the pressure inside the container
may be from about 1 bar to about 7 bar, or from about 3 bar to
about 5 bar, at 50.degree. C. In an embodiment, the reservoir
comprises a maximum volume of 220 ml of hairstyling formulation and
propellant.
[0095] The product comprises a spraying device attached to the
container for dispensing the hairstyling formulation from the
reservoir of the container. In an embodiment, the spraying device
comprises a spray nozzle. In an embodiment, the spraying device
comprises a sealing valve and an actuator. The sealing valve and
actuator may or may not be made from plastic material. Valve and
actuators are, for example, available from Seaquist Closures
(Freyung, Germany), Aptar, Precision and Coster (Switzerland). U.S.
Pat. No. 3,819,090 relates to a valve cup device for pressurized
dispensing containers comprising a one-piece molded plastic body.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,615A relates to an aerosol dispenser. A
suitable spraying device when the propellant is a liquefied gas
propellant is as follows: valve: Precision; stem: 0.010 inch;
restricted tail piece: 0.050 inch; vapour phase housing: 0.020
inch; actuator: Kosmos 0.016 inch Wirbel; diptube: capillar 0.060
inch. Suitable spraying devices include NAZ DR 5113'' and NAZ DR
5118 both from Aptar. The spray properties can be altered by
utilising a vapour housing hole in the stem, which can help to make
a wet spray drier by using more gas from the vapour phase. In an
embodiment where the propellant is a liquefied gas propellant, the
spraying device comprises a vapour housing hole.
[0096] In an embodiment, the spray nozzle is a spray nozzle 2 for
dispensing a fluid comprising a first element 20, preferably a
nozzle cup 20, and a second element 22, preferably a pin 22, said
first and second element 20, 22 forming an assembly 80 comprising a
fluid chamber 40, preferably a ring chamber, for receiving the
fluid, at least one feeding channel 42 for feeding the fluid from
the fluid chamber 40 radially inward into a swirl chamber 44 and an
outlet channel 18 with an entrance end 54 facing the swirl chamber
44 and an exit end 56 for discharging the fluid to the environment
58 of the spray nozzle 2, characterized in that the outlet channel
18 tapers in the flow direction of the fluid and the degree of
tapering is either constant in the flow direction, or the degree of
tapering decreases in the flow direction.
[0097] In an embodiment, the exit end 56 has a maximum diameter
(d.sub.max) between about 0.1 mm and about 0.8 mm, preferably
between about 0.1 mm and about 0.25 mm, more preferably between
about 0.1 mm and about 0.2 mm, still more preferably between about
0.12 mm and about 0.15 mm.
[0098] In an embodiment, the inner face 62 of the outlet channel 18
includes an angle (.beta.), said angle (.beta.) varying between
about 70.degree. and about 130.degree., preferably between about
80.degree. and about 120.degree., more preferably between about
80.degree. and about 110.degree..
[0099] In an embodiment, the feeding channel 42 comprises a first
section 48 and a second section 50 following the first section 48
in the flow direction and abutting the swirl chamber 44, the width
(w1) of the first section 48 decreasing in the flow direction and
the width (w2) of the second section 50 being constant or
decreasing to a lesser extent in the flow direction.
[0100] In an embodiment, the length (1) of the second section 50 in
the flow direction is equal to or smaller than the width (w2) of
the second section 50 or/and the height (h) of the first or/and
second section 48; 50 is decreasing in the flow direction or/and
the width (w2) of the second section 50 is equal to the height (h)
of the second section 50.
[0101] In an embodiment, the ratio of the diameter (d.sub.s) of the
swirl chamber 44 to the diameter (d.sub.max) of the exit end 56 is
about 2.5 to about 3.5.
[0102] In an embodiment, the ratio of the sum of the
cross-sectional areas of the at least one feeding channel 42 at
their exit end 46 to the cross-sectional area of the exit end 56 of
the outlet channel 18 is between about 1.5 and about 2.7,
preferably between about 1.7 and about 2.6.
[0103] In an embodiment, the bottom 26 of the first element 20
exerts a pretension against the flow direction of the fluid of
about 0.5 N to about 1.5 N, preferably of about 1 N.
[0104] In an embodiment, the bottom 26 of the first element 20 is
conical in longitudinal direction 6 forming with the second element
22 a contact area which is defined by the penetration of the second
element 22 during the assembly, which generate pretension between
the first element 20 and the second element 22 due slightly bending
the bottom 26 of the first element 20 in longitudinal direction
4.
[0105] In an embodiment, one of the first and second element 20, 22
comprises an elastic portion, the elastic portion being elastically
deformed by the other element 22, 20 when the elements 20, 22 are
assembled, the protrusions 28 or/and the section of the first
element 20 carrying the protrusions 28 preferably forming the
elastic portion.
[0106] In an embodiment, the first element 20 and the second
element 22 are connected via a flexible connecting piece 38,
preferably a strip, the connecting piece 38 more preferably being
integrally formed or molded with the first and second element 20,
22.
[0107] In an embodiment, an outlet layer 64 with a first hole 66, a
channel layer 68 with a second hole 70 and slots 72 and an inlet
layer 74 with holes 76 are provided, said layers 64, 68, 74 being
sandwiched such that the first hole 66 forms the outlet channel 18,
the second hole 70 forms the swirl chamber 44, the slots 72 form
the feeding channels 42 and the holes 76 in the inlet layer 74 form
inlet holes for feeding the fluid from the fluid chamber 40 into
the feeding channels 42, the layers 64, 68, 74 preferably being
separable from each other or/and each of the layers 64, 68, 74
preferably being replaceable.
[0108] In an embodiment, there is provided an overlapping area 78
between the inlet holes and the feeding channels 42, the size of
the overlapping area 78 or/and the distance between the overlapping
area 78 and the swirl chamber 44 preferably being adjustable, the
inlet layer 74 and the channel layer 68 more preferably being
moveable, most preferably rotatable, relative to each other in
order to adjust the size of the overlapping area 78 or/and the
distance between the overlapping area 78 and the swirl chamber
44.
[0109] In an embodiment, the spray nozzle 2 is made of a plastic
material selected from the following list: polyoxymethylene,
polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene, silicone, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, an
elastomer or mixtures thereof.
[0110] Another embodiment of the first aspect relates to an aerosol
hairspray product for styling and/or shaping hair wherein the
product comprises: [0111] i. a container comprising a container
wall which encloses a reservoir for storing a hairstyling
formulation and a propellant; [0112] ii. the hairstyling
formulation comprising: [0113] (a) at least about 50% water by
total weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant; and
[0114] (b) from about 0.01% to about 20% of a hairstyling polymer
by total weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant,
wherein the hairstyling polymer is selected from the group
consisting of: acrylates copolymers of two or more monomers of
(meth)acrylic acid or one of their simple esters;
acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates copolymers of butyl acrylate,
methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and
hydroxyethyl methacrylate; a polyurethane/acrylates polymer blend;
and mixtures thereof; and [0115] iii. a propellant, which is
selected from the group consisting of compressed gas propellants,
liquefied gas propellants, and mixtures thereof; and [0116] iv. a
spraying device attached to the container for dispensing the
hairstyling formulation from the reservoir of the container; and
wherein the product comprises about 2% or less alcohol by total
weight of the hairstyling formulation and propellant, or is
substantially free of alcohol; wherein the product comprises 54% or
less volatile organic compound by total weight of the hairstyling
formulation and propellant. All the features of the first aspect
described herein are applicable to this embodiment also.
[0117] In the second aspect, the invention relates to a method for
styling hair comprising the steps of: (i) applying to hair an
ejected composition, which is ejected by the product according to
the present invention; (ii) drying the ejected composition on the
hair. The method may also comprise a step preceding step (i)
wherein a hairdo or hairstyle is created. The method may also
comprise a step preceding step (ii) but after step (i) wherein a
hairdo or hairstyle is created.
[0118] In the third aspect, the invention relates to the use of the
product according to the present invention, for fixing and/or
shaping a hairstyle. In an embodiment of the third aspect, the use
comprises using the product according to the present invention for
fixing a hairstyle following the creation of a hairstyle.
Alternatively, the use comprises using the product according to the
present invention for creating and shaping a hairstyle.
[0119] A fourth aspect relates to a kit comprising at least one
aerosol hairspray product, as described herein, and a communication
describing the use of the product. The kit may further comprise an
item selected from the group consisting of a shampoo, conditioner,
mousse, gel, a hairstyling tool, blow dryer, curling tongs, and
straightening irons. The hairstyling tool may be selected from the
group consisting of hair bands, hair fasteners, combs, and
brushes.
[0120] A fifth aspect relates to a hairstyling formulation
comprising at least 50% water and a mixture of hairstyling
polymers, wherein the mixture comprises a hard hairstyling polymer
and a soft hairstyling polymer. The hard hairstyling polymers and
soft hairstyling polymers may be as per the first aspect described
herein. The hairstyling formulation according to the fifth aspect
may be useful for hairspray products including aerosols and pumps
spray, and also mousses, gels, tonics and other forms of
hairstyling formulation. In an embodiment of the fifth aspect, the
invention relates to the herein-described hairstyling formulation
in the context of a hair styling product other than an aerosol
hairspray. For example, mousses, gels and lotions comprising this
hairstyling formulation are also useful styling products. In an
embodiment, the invention relates to a mousse, gel or lotion
comprising a hairstyling formulation, wherein the hairstyling
formulation comprises (a) at least about 50% water; and (b) from
about 0.01% to about 20% of a hairstyling polymer, wherein the
hairstyling polymer is selected from the group consisting of:
acrylates copolymers of two or more monomers of (meth)acrylic acid
or one of their simple esters; acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates
copolymers of butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic
acid, ethyl acrylate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate;
polyurethane-14/AMP-acrylates polymer blend; and mixtures thereof;
and wherein the mousse, gel or lotion comprises about 2% or less
alcohol, or is substantially free of alcohol and the mousse, gel or
lotion comprises 7% or less VOC. Mousse products typical comprise a
propellant, such as those propellants described in detail herein.
Many features of the first aspect described herein are applicable
to this aspect also.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS OF THE INVENTION
[0121] FIG. 1 to 4 show views of a first embodiment of the spray
nozzle 2 for dispensing a fluid. In the figures, the opposing
longitudinal directions 4, 6, the opposing radial directions 8, 10
and the opposing circumferential directions 12, 14 of the spray
nozzle are indicated by corresponding arrows. The longitudinal axis
16 of the spray nozzle 2 extends in the longitudinal directions 4,
6, said longitudinal axis 16 further forming the centre axis of the
outlet channel 18.
[0122] The spray nozzle 2 is assembled from a first element 20 and
a second element 22 thereby forming an assembly 80. The first
element 20 is a nozzle cup 20, i.e. having a cup-like structure
with a first section 24 extending in the circumferential directions
12, 14 and forming a surrounding wall and a second section 26
forming the bottom 26. The second section 26 further comprises
protrusions 28, said rib-like protrusions 28 extending in the
longitudinal direction 6 and in the radial directions 8, 10. As can
be best seen in FIG. 2, there are provided grooves 30 in the
circumferential directions 12, 14 between the protrusions 28, said
grooves being provided to form the feeding channels 42 as will be
described later. The protrusions 28 comprise an upper surface
serving as a support surface 32 for supporting the second element
22, said support surface 32 facing the second element 22. Further,
the protrusions 28 comprise side surfaces 34 facing the grooves 30
and feeding channels 42, respectively.
[0123] The second element 22 may be a pin 22 basically having a
cylindrical form with a front face 36, said front face 36 bulging
out in the longitudinal direction 4. In this embodiment, the front
face 36 has a form of a spherical cap. The second element 22 is
inserted into the first element 20, so that the front face 36 is
supported on the support surfaces 32 of the protrusions 28. In this
connection it should be mentioned, that the second element 22 may
also be formed by a ball, which is pressed or clipped into the
first element 20. Independent of the chosen form of the second
element 22, it is preferred if the second element 22 could be
snapped or clicked into its place within the first element 20, even
if corresponding notches, snaps or the like for providing a
form-fit or/and a force-fit are not shown in the figures.
[0124] The first element 20 and the second element 22 may be
connected via a flexible connecting piece 38, which--in this
case--is formed by a strip. The connecting piece 38 is integrally
formed or molded with the second element 22 and at least the first
section 24 of the first element 20. Even the second section 26 of
the first element 20 may be integrally formed or molded with the
first section 24 of the first element 20 and consist of the same
material. However, in this case the second section 26 has been
subsequently fastened to the first section 24 since the second
section 26 is made of a different material, as will be described
hereinafter. Irrespective of the second section 26 being integrally
formed with the first section 24 or not, the first element 20
comprises an elastic portion.
[0125] As already indicated above, the first element 20 is at least
partially made of an elastic material being more elastic than the
material of the second element 22. In this case, the second section
26 of the first element 20 with its protrusions 28 and its bottom
section 26 carrying said protrusions 28 is made of the elastic
material, said elastic material being more elastic than the
material of the second element 22 and more elastic than the
material of the first section 24 of the first element 20. Thus, the
afore-mentioned elastic portion of the first element 20 is
essentially formed of the protrusions 28 and its bottom section
carrying said protrusions 28. The elastic portion of the first
element 20 is elastically deformed by the second element 22 when
the elements 20, 22 are assembled.
[0126] Further, the bottom 26, i.e. second section 26, of the first
element 20 exerts a pretension against the flow direction of the
fluid of about 0.5 N to about 1.5 N, preferably of about 1 N. In
other words, during the assembly of the spray nozzle 2, i.e. when
the second element 22 is inserted into the first element 20 a
bending of the bottom 26 of the first element 20 to a flat position
occurs, thereby generating that pretension against the second
element 22. This pretension assures adhesion of the first element
20 to the second element 22 when fluid is dispensed at high
pressure.
[0127] Even if the pre-assembled state is not shown, it is
preferred if the bottom section carrying said protrusions 28 is
curved or convex towards the second element 22 and in the
longitudinal direction 6 before the first and second element 20, 22
are assembled.
[0128] In one example, the spray nozzle 2 is assembled by inserting
the pin 22 into the nozzle cup 20 in the longitudinal direction 4
as shown in FIG. 1, thereby creating a fluid chamber 40, feeding
channels 42 and a swirl chamber 44, while the outlet channel 18 is
already provided in the second section 26 of the nozzle cup 20. The
fluid chamber 40 is positioned in the radial directions 8, 10
between the first section 24 of the nozzle cup 20 and the pin 22,
so that the fluid chamber 40 is formed as a ring chamber. The fluid
chamber 40 receives the fluid to be dispensed from a fluid storage
chamber or container, which is not shown in the drawings. In the
longitudinal direction 4 the fluid chamber 40 abuts the radial
outer ends of the feeding channels 42, so that there is a fluid
connection between the fluid chamber 40 and the feeding channels
42.
[0129] As can especially be seen in FIG. 2, the feeding channels 42
are extending radially inward to an exit end 46 of the feeding
channels 42, where the feeding channels 42 abut the swirl chamber
44, so that the fluid may be fed from the fluid chamber 40 via the
feeding channels 42 into the swirl chamber 44. As shown in FIG. 3,
the feeding channels 42 are limited in the circumferential
directions 12, 14 by the side surfaces 34 of the protrusions 28, in
the longitudinal direction 6 by the front face 36 of the second
element 22, said second element 22 covering the grooves 30 to form
the feeding channels 42, and in the longitudinal direction 4 by the
bottom of the second section 26 carrying the protrusions 28.
[0130] In FIG. 2, the feeding channels 42 comprise a first section
48 abutting the fluid chamber 40 and a second section 50 following
the first section 48 in the flow direction and radial direction 10,
respectively. The second section 50 abuts the swirl chamber 44 with
the exit end 46. As shown in FIG. 2, the width w1 of the first
section 48 decreases in the flow direction and the radial direction
10. In contrast to this, the width w2 of the second section 50 is
constant or decreases to a lesser extent than the first section 48
in the flow direction and radial direction 10.
[0131] The protrusions 28, which form the side walls of the first
sections 48, include an angle .alpha., between the protrusions'
side walls as shown. In FIG. 2, there is further indicated a
centerline 52 of the second section 50 extending in the radial
directions 8, 10. Said centerline 52 subdivides the angle .alpha.
into a first angle .alpha.1 and a second angle .alpha.2. The
maximum difference between the first angle .alpha.1 and the second
angle .alpha.2 is 10.degree., more preferably 5.degree. or
1.degree., most preferably 00. Due to the bulged out front face 36
of the second element 22, the height h of the first section 48
or/and second section 50 of the feeding channels 42 decreases in
the flow direction and the radial direction 10. Further, the length
1 of the second section 50 in the flow direction and the radial
direction 10 is equal to or smaller than the width w2 of the second
section 50. In addition, the width w2 of the second section 50 is
equal to the height h of the second section 50.
[0132] As shown in FIG. 3, in the transition region between the
support surfaces 32 and the side surfaces 34 the protrusions 28
comprise a radius r1. In order to have a compact cross-sectional
form, the ratio of the radius r1 to the width w, e. g. w1 or w2, of
the feeding channel 42 is equal to or less than 1/3, more
preferably equal to or less than 1/4, most preferably equal to or
less than 1/5.
[0133] Even if the first element 20 and the second element 22 are
assembled, they are still movable relative to each other into
different relative positions. In the shown embodiment, the elements
20 and 22 may be moved in the longitudinal direction 4, 6 relative
to each other. By this relative movement the form, dimensions
or/and justification of the feeding channels 42 or/and the swirl
chamber 44 is changed by elastically deforming the protrusions 28
or/and the bottom of second section 26 of the first element 20,
i.e. by elastically deforming the elastic portion of the first
element 20. In other words, it is easy to change the behavior of
the spray nozzle 2. Further, there are provided means (not shown)
for locking the elements 20, 22 in their different relative
positions.
[0134] With reference to FIG. 4, the afore-mentioned outlet channel
18 in the second section 26 of the first element 20 comprises an
entrance end 54 facing the swirl chamber 44 in the longitudinal
direction 6 and an exit end 56 for discharging the fluid to the
environment 58 of the spray nozzle 2 and the sprayer, respectively,
in the longitudinal direction 4. The outlet channel 18 tapers
steadily in the flow direction and the longitudinal direction 4.
Thus, the outlet channel 18 comprises at least one tapering
portion, i.e. the outlet channel 18 is tapered in at least part
along the length of the outlet channel 18 toward the exit. The
tapering may be continuous or in steps, and may be angled or
curved. In the shown embodiment, the tapering portion abuts the
exit end 56 as well as the entrance end 54 of the outlet channel
18, so that the whole outlet channel tapers in the flow direction.
The edge 60 surrounding the exit end 56 has a radius r.sub.2. The
radius r.sub.2 is smaller than 0.03 mm, preferably smaller than
0.02 mm.
[0135] Further, the exit end 56 has a maximum diameter between 0.12
mm and 0.15 mm and more preferably a diameter about 0.14 mm with a
corresponding maximum cross-sectional area to achieve an average
particle size by volume (D.sub.50) with a flow rate higher than
0.24 g/s at 9 bar (for the fluid water is considered), which is
equal or lower than 60 am, or preferably equal or lower than 50 am,
or more preferably equal or lower than 45 .mu.m. This diameter
further achieves an average particle size by volume (D.sub.32)
which is equal or lower than 50 am, or preferably equal or lower
than 45 am, or more preferably equal or lower than 40 am. The
average percentage of particles having a diameter smaller than 10
.mu.m (%<10 .mu.m) is less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%,
more preferably less than 1%.
[0136] A bigger geometry of the nozzle having a diameter
(d.sub.max) about 0.8 mm and, thus, providing a higher flow rate,
e.g. higher than 3.2 g/s at 2 bar, achieves an average particle
size by volume (D.sub.50) (for the fluid water is considered) which
is equal or lower than 120 lam, or preferably equal or lower than
115 .mu.m. This diameter further achieves an average particle size
by volume (D.sub.32) which is equal or lower than 100 am, or
preferably equal or lower than 96 am. The average percentage of
particles having a diameter smaller than 10 .mu.m (%<10 .mu.m)
is less than 1.5%, preferably less than 1%, more preferably less
than 0.5%.
[0137] Above this, the outlet channel 18 has an inner face 62
surrounding the outlet channel 18 and limiting the same in the
radial direction 8. The inner face 62 of the outlet channel 18
includes an angle .beta., said angle .beta. preferably varying
between 70.degree. and 130.degree., preferably between 80.degree.
and 120.degree., more preferably between 80.degree. and
110.degree..
[0138] As shown in FIG. 4, the degree of tapering of the outlet
channel 18 is constant in the flow direction and the longitudinal
direction 4. In the shown embodiment this is achieved by at least a
tapering portion of the outlet channel 18 or the whole outlet
channel 18 having the form of a truncated cone or a truncated
pyramid. It has further been found out, that the pressure drop,
i.e. energy dissipation in the spray nozzle 2 could be reduced and
a further reduction of the minimum pump pressure for dispensing the
fluid could be achieved by adjusting the ratio of the sum of the
cross-sectional areas of the feeding channels 42 at their exit end
46 to the cross-sectional area of the exit end 56 of the outlet
channel 18. This ratio is between about 1.5 and about 2.7,
preferably between about 1.7 and about 2.6. Further, the ratio of
the diameter d.sub.s of the swirl chamber 44 to the diameter
d.sub.max of the exit end 56 of the outlet channel 18 is about 2.5
to about 3.5.
[0139] FIG. 5 shows the enlarged section A of FIG. 1 with a first
modification. In the following only the differences will be
described, the same reference signs will be used for similar or the
same components and the above description of the first embodiment
applies accordingly in this regard.
[0140] In contrast to the outlet channel 18 described with
reference to FIG. 1 to 4, the degree of tapering of outlet channel
18 according to FIG. 5 decreases in the flow direction and the
longitudinal direction 4. This is achieved by providing an inner
face 62 of the outlet channel 18 being curved in the flow direction
and the longitudinal direction 4. In the embodiment according to
FIG. 5, at least a tapering portion of the outlet channel 18 or the
whole outlet channel 18 has the form of a truncated hyperboloid of
revolution.
[0141] FIG. 6 shows a second embodiment of the spray nozzle
according to the invention. Since the second embodiment at least
partially corresponds to the first embodiment according to FIG. 1
to 5, in the following only the differences will be described, the
same reference signs will be used for similar or the same
components and the above description of the first embodiment
applies accordingly in this regard.
[0142] The spray nozzle 2 according to FIG. 6 comprises at least
three layers, i.e. an outlet layer 64 with a first hole 66, a
channel layer 68 with a second hole 70 and slots 72 and an inlet
layer 74 with slot-like holes 76, said layers 64, 68 and 74 being
sandwiched, while the inlet layer 74 is shown in a transparent
manner in FIG. 6 to increase the intelligibility of the drawing.
Being sandwiched this way, the first hole 66 forms the outlet
channel 18, the second hole 70 forms the swirl chamber 44, the
slots 72 form the feeding channels 42 and the holes 76 in the inlet
layer form inlet holes for feeding the fluid from the fluid chamber
40 into the feeding channels 42. In the shown embodiment, the
layers 64, 68 and 74 are separable from each other and each of the
layers 64, 68 and 74 could be replaced, so that the layers 64, 68
and 74 could also be regarded as separate discs with corresponding
slots and holes.
[0143] As shown in FIG. 6, there is provided an overlapping area 78
between the inlet holes 76 and the feeding channels 42 when viewed
in the longitudinal direction 4. The inlet layer 74 and the channel
layer 68 are moveable--in this case rotatable around the
longitudinal axis 16--relative to each other, while the inlet holes
76 and the feeding channels 42 are formed such that, the distance
between the overlapping area 78 and the swirl chamber 44 could be
reduced by rotating the inlet layer 74 relative to the channel
layer 68 in the circumferential direction 14 and could be enlarged
by rotating the inlet layer 74 relative to the channel layer 68 in
the circumferential direction 12. Thus, the distance between the
overlapping area 78 and the swirl chamber 44 is adjustable.
[0144] FIG. 7 shows a third embodiment of the spray nozzle 2
according to the invention. Since the third embodiment at least
partially corresponds to the second embodiment according to FIG. 6,
in the following only the differences will be described, the same
reference signs will be used for similar or the same components and
the above description of the first and second embodiment applies
accordingly in this regard.
[0145] In contrast to the second embodiment, the inlet holes 76 and
the feeding channels 42 of the third embodiment are formed such
that, the size of the overlapping area 78 could be reduced by
rotating the inlet layer 74 relative to the channel layer 68 in the
circumferential direction 12 and could be enlarged by rotating the
inlet layer 74 relative to the channel layer 68 in the
circumferential direction 14. Thus, the size of the overlapping
area 78 is adjustable.
[0146] It should be mentioned that the principles of the second and
third embodiment could also be advantageously combined in a single
spray nozzle 2, so that the size of the overlapping area 78 as well
as the distance between the overlapping area 78 and the swirl
chamber 44 could be adjusted by a relative movement between the
inlet layer 74 and the channel layer 68.
[0147] The spray nozzle 2 is made of a plastic material, e.g.
polyoxymethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene,
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, silicone, polyamide, polyethylene
terephthalate or mixtures thereof. Further, the spray nozzle can
additionally comprise an elastomer.
[0148] According to the invention, the spray nozzle 2 should be
used in a sprayer, said sprayer preferably being a hand operated
sprayer, for example a trigger sprayer, the sprayer more preferably
comprising a fluid container being manually squeezable, a sprayer
with a pressurized fluid storage container or a manually actuable
pumping device, or in an electrically driven sprayer.
[0149] Pin bending and compression are problems that occur during
the manufacturing process of spray nozzles having an exit end with
a diameter (d.sub.max) smaller than 0.25 mm, in particular smaller
than 0.2 mm and even smaller than 0.15 mm. Therefore, high
precision is required during the assembly of the pin 22 and nozzle
cup 20. Thus, the spray nozzle 2 is produced by a precise injection
molding process. In order to form the nozzle cup 20, the pin 22
(molding tool) is centered in a counter tool by an autopositioning
process. The tapering, i.e. conical shape of the pin 22 facilitates
centering of the molding tool in the counter tool as compared to a
nozzle having a cylindrical pin. In addition, a conical molding
tool (pin) is more robust than a cylindrical one. Further, in order
to provide an edge surrounding the exit end 56 with a radius being
smaller than 0.03 mm, preferably smaller than 0.02 mm, micro
erosion is applied for the tool manufacturing.
Method of Making a Hairspray
[0150] First two solutions are made: a main mix and a second mix.
The main mix comprises the hairstyling polymer(s), which are
dissolved with stirring in water and components of the preservative
system. A second mix is created which comprises water and the
paraben-based preservative component(s) (e.g. methyl paraben).
Optionally the second mix is heated up in a microwave to 90 to
95.degree. C. in order to dissolve the paraben. The two mixes are
then combined to create the hairstyling formulation. The
hairstyling formulation is then put into the container and then
container is sealed by crimping on a sealing mounting cup which
includes a valve system. Then the propellant is added under
pressure and then the spray nozzle is added to the container.
Examples
TABLE-US-00001 [0151] Examples 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Acrylates/hydroxyesters 6.7 5.5 3.6 -- 3.35 -- -- 0.2 acrylates
copolymer .sup.1 Polyurethane- 14/AMP- -- -- 3.0 10.0 6.0 10.0 --
6.0 acrylates polymer blend .sup.2 Acrylates Copolymer .sup.3 -- --
-- 5.6 -- 1.7 4.1 1.0 2-Aminopropanol (AMP) 0.6 0.25 0.17 0.35 0.15
0.2 0.3 0.25 Castor oil PEG-40 H, (90%) 0.1 0.2 0.15 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.15 Disodium EDTA 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Perfume 0.2 0.07 0.3 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.15 Phenoxyethanol .sup.4
0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5- -- 0.1
0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 dimethylimidazolidine-2,4- dione .sup.5
Methylparaben .sup.6 0.2 -- -- -- 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Deionised water
Add to 100 Add to 100 Add to 100 Add to 100 Add to 100 Add to 100
Add to 100 Add to 100 Examples 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Acrylates/hydroxyesters 4.69 4.8 4.0 -- -- 2.0 3.6 -- acrylates
copolymer .sup.1 Polyurethane- 14/AMP- -- -- 7.0 -- 7.0 6.0 7.0 --
acrylates polymer blend .sup.2 Acrylates Copolymer .sup.3 -- -- --
5.1 3.9 -- -- 6.5 2-Aminopropanol (AMP) 0.42 0.49 0.4 0.38 0.25
0.21 0.37 0.53 Castor oil PEG-40 H, 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3
(90%) Disodium EDTA 0.07 -- -- -- 0.07 0.1 0.1 0.1 Perfume 0.07 0.1
0.07 0.15 0.05 0.035 0.03 0.08 Phenoxyethanol .sup.4 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)- -- 0.29 0.29 0.29 --
0.29 0.29 0.29 5,5-dimethylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione .sup.5
Methylparaben .sup.6 0.1 -- -- -- 0.1 0.14 0.14 0.2 Ethanol -- --
-- 1 -- -- -- -- DME 30 30 30 28 30 30 30 40 Deionised water Add to
100 Add to 100 Add to 100 Add to 100 Add to 100 Add to 100 Add to
100 Add to 100 Key: .sup.1 = Acudyne .RTM. 1000 (45% solution);
.sup.2 = DynamX H.sub.2O .RTM. (25% solution); .sup.3 = Balance
.RTM. CR (45% solution); .sup.4 = Euxyl .RTM. PE 9010; .sup.5 =
Nipaguard .RTM. DMDMH; .sup.6 = PHB-methylester from Schutz.
[0152] Any of examples 1 to 8 may be placed in a predominantly
plastic or predominantly metal container. The propellant may be a
compressed gas propellant such that the product comprises 15% or
less VOC by total weight of the hairstyling formulation and
propellant. The spraying device may comprise the spray nozzle of
claim 8.
[0153] Any of examples 9 to 16 may be placed in container wherein
the container wall comprises at least about 80% metal material by
total weight of the container. The metal material may be selected
from the group consisting of: aluminium, tin plated steel, and
combinations thereof. The propellant is DME as stated in the
table.
Performance Data
Experiment 1--Sensory Data
[0154] Aerosol hairspray products pursuant to the present invention
comprising hairstyling formulations selected from the above example
section were compared with a standard aerosol hairstyling product
with excellent performance. The standard aerosol hairspray product
comprises: 50% DME propellant, the container is a metal container,
a hairspray formulation comprising 3% Amphomer as hairstyling
polymer, circa 38% ethanol, and less than 1% water; and wherein the
product comprises VOC 95% (these percentages are by total weight of
the hairstyling formulation and propellant).
[0155] The ejected compositions from these products are sprayed
onto hair and compared for sensory criteria. When the difference
between the product pursuant to the present invention and the
standard product is from -1 to +1 (i.e. one point better or worse),
then an equals sign (=) is marked. When the difference is less than
-1 or greater than +1 then a - or a + is marked, respectively. When
the difference is greater than +2, then a ++ is marked.
TABLE-US-00002 Hairstyling Hairstyling Hairstyling formulation
formulation formulation Criteria of Ex. 4 of Ex. 9 of Ex. 13
Spraying device Comprises Comprises Comprises the spray a vapour a
vapour nozzle of housing hole. housing hole. claim 8. Approx. VOC
(%) <1 30 30 Propellant Nitrogen DME DME Total hairstyling 5 3 5
polymer amount (%) INITIAL HOLD .sup.1 = = = DRYING TIME .sup.2 = =
= FEEL .sup.3 ++ ++ ++ LOOK .sup.4 = = = LOOK .sup.5 = = = FEEL
.sup.6 = = = FEEL .sup.7 = = = Key: .sup.1 = Hold on mannequin
(least hold to most hold); .sup.2 = Humidity after application
(hair feels very dry to hair feels very wet); .sup.3 = Stickiness
of hands/hair (not sticky at all to very sticky); .sup.4 = Hair
look mannequin (very natural to very clumped); .sup.5 = Residues on
mannequin hair (no residues at all to lots of residues); .sup.6 =
Hair feel of mannequin after combing (very rough to very smooth);
.sup.7 = Drawing fingers through hair of mannequin (hair clumped
together to hair free flowing).
Experiment 2--Technical Data
[0156] The setting and the hold conferred to a hairstyle by a
composition can be determined by measuring, respectively, the
3-point bending force and the hold force factor. 3-point bending
force methodology: 0.5 ml/g hairstyling formulation is applied to
the hair tress and massaged in for 1 min. The hair tresses are then
dried in a drying cabinet for 45 min at 45.degree. C. The tresses
are then smoothed over by the fingers and dried overnight in a
chamber at 20.degree. C. at 65% relative humidity. The measurement
is made with stamp at 5 positions on the sample. The 3-point
bending force is measured according to the methodology detailed in
F. Frosch, F. Vogel, 6.sup.th International Hair Science Symposium
Of the German Wool Research Institute, Luneburg/Germany (1988). See
also the methodology DIN-EN-658-5 from the American National
Standards Institute. A mean value is calculated after 9 repeats are
performed (i.e. n=9).
[0157] Hold force factor (also known as curl retention)
methodology: 0.5 ml/g hairstyling formulation is applied to the
hair tress and massaged in for 1 min. Each hair tress is then
adjusted to 50% by weight of the hair tress and combed three times.
The tresses are plaited and dried in a drying cabinet for 45 min at
45.degree. C. The tresses are then dried overnight in a climatic
chamber at 20.degree. C. at 65% relative humidity. The curl
retention measurements are taken the following day. The climatic
conditions are: 20.degree. C. at 85% relative humidity. The reading
times are: after 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h 5 h and 24 h (h means hour).
The hold force factor is measured according to the methodology
detailed in C.R. Robbins, Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human
Hair, 3.sup.rd edition, page 352, Springer-Verlag, New York (1994).
A mean value is calculated after 3 repeats are performed (i.e.
n=3).
[0158] Table X details the 3-point bending force and the hold
factor after 1 h, 5 h and 24 h of the hairstyle, after applying the
below-detailed hairstyling formulations. Where indicated, the
hairstyling formulation is as per an example from the table in the
examples section above. Samples A to D were treated with
hairstyling formulations A to D, which comprise the indicated
hairstyling polymer in deionised water. Total hairstyling polymer
present is indicated in brackets. Samples .alpha. to .gamma. (alpha
to gamma) were control treatments as detailed below.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE X Sample Hairstyling polymer [wt % of total
hairstyling polymer] D Ex. 4 Mixture of .sup.1 Mixture of .sup.3
alpha beta gamma A .sup.5 B .sup.2 C .sup.3 and .sup.2 (1:1 Ex. 1
.sup.1 and .sup.2 (1.1 (.alpha.) (.beta.) .sup.5 (.gamma.) .sup.6
Parameters [3%] [3%] [3%] ratio) [3%] [3%] ratio) [5%] N/T [3%]
[3%] 3-point bending force (N) 2.101 +/- 2.48 +/- 3.02 +/- 2.216
+/- 2.231 +/- 3.211 +/- 0.09 +/- 1.82 +/- 1.95 +/- 1 break - hold
0.413 0.60 0.70 0.449 0.358 0.796 0.01 0.62 0.628 3-point bending
force (%) 50.70 +/- 55.53 +/- 41.55 +/- 43.33 +/- 57.61 +/- 41.34
+/- 92.76 +/- 49.97 +/- 51.81 +/- 3rd break - elasticity 7.46 8.13
3.53 4.13 5.32 6.87 19.32 11.00 12.56 Hold factor (%) after 0 h
88.17 +/- 91.81 4 +/- 90.72 +/- 94.00 +/- 95.02 +/- 91.34 +/- 77.37
+/- 89.66 +/- 90.65 +/- 0.13 1.791 5.59 1.79 1.46 4.58 1.94 4.12
1.83 Hold factor (%) after 1 h 70.95 +/- 82.73 +/- 74.6 +/- 83.39
+/- 85.25 +/- 82.95 +/- 30.98 +/- 55.46 +/- 52.21 +/- 4.64 2.026
4.88 0.90 2.44 6.92 1.87 2.59 8.99 Hold factor (%) after 5 h 54.18
+/- 70.77 +/- 57.61 +/- 71.94 +/- 76.35 +/- 67.89 +/- 10.12 +/-
16.58 +/- 14.72 +/- 7.83 6.45 4.89 1.82 2.75 3.92 0.51 1.97 1.52
Hold factor (%) after 24 h 50.75 +/- 60.9 +/- 51.04 +/- 67.31 +/-
73.58 +/- 65.19 +/- 7.50 +/- 12.53 +/- 11.51 +/- 7.71 3.899 4.7
1.16 2.64 7.10 1.08 2.94 1.08 Key: .sup.1 = Acudyne .RTM. 1000;
.sup.2 = DynamX .RTM. H2O; .sup.3 = Balance .RTM. CR; .sup.4 =
Amphomer .RTM.; N/T = not treated; .sup.5 = PVP/VA
(vinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer) 64; .sup.6 = PVP
(polyvinylpyrrolidone) K30.
[0159] Conclusions from experiment 2 include: the samples left
untreated exhibited the weakest (i.e. lowest) 3-point bending force
and hold factor. PVP VA 64 and PVP K30 are softer hairstyling
polymers, which, in the context of the hairstyling formulation
pursuant to the present invention provide weaker hold as well as
lower humidity resistance. The hard hairstyling polymers,
especially the blends, show high humidity resistance--see hold
factor values after 24 h in table X.
[0160] The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be
understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values
recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension
is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally
equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension
disclosed as "40 mm" is intended to mean "about 40 mm."
[0161] Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced
or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise
limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it
is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed
herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other
reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such
invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of
a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of
the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning
or definition assigned to that term in this document shall
govern.
[0162] While particular embodiments of the present invention have
been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those
skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can
be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims
all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of
this invention.
* * * * *