U.S. patent application number 17/466734 was filed with the patent office on 2022-03-17 for reconfigurable optical networks.
This patent application is currently assigned to COMMSCOPE TECHNOLOGIES LLC. The applicant listed for this patent is COMMSCOPE TECHNOLOGIES LLC. Invention is credited to John Charles CHAMBERLAIN, Joseph Christopher COFFEY, Erik J. GRONVALL, David James MATHER, Peter MERLO, Olivier Hubert Daniel Yves ROUSSEAUX.
Application Number | 20220086540 17/466734 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | |
Filed Date | 2022-03-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220086540 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
ROUSSEAUX; Olivier Hubert Daniel
Yves ; et al. |
March 17, 2022 |
RECONFIGURABLE OPTICAL NETWORKS
Abstract
Switching technology may be incorporated into various systems,
components, and/or architectures in a fiber optic network to
promote network reconfigurability and design flexibility. A signal
access unit comprises an input, an output, an access port, a switch
arrangement including a switch, and a controller. The switch
optically couples the input to the output and not to the access
port when in a first configuration, and optically couples the
access port to at least one of the input and the output without
optically coupling the input and the output together when in a
second configuration. The controller is configured to receive an
indication of a selected wavelength and to operate the switch
arrangement to change the switch between the first and second
configurations based on the indication of the selected
wavelength.
Inventors: |
ROUSSEAUX; Olivier Hubert Daniel
Yves; (Brussels, BE) ; COFFEY; Joseph
Christopher; (Burnsville, MN) ; MATHER; David
James; (Altrincham, GB) ; CHAMBERLAIN; John
Charles; (Hickory, NC) ; GRONVALL; Erik J.;
(Bloomington, MN) ; MERLO; Peter; (Holsbeek,
BE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
COMMSCOPE TECHNOLOGIES LLC |
Hickory |
NC |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
COMMSCOPE TECHNOLOGIES LLC
Hickory
NC
|
Appl. No.: |
17/466734 |
Filed: |
September 3, 2021 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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16617852 |
Nov 27, 2019 |
11115735 |
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PCT/US2018/035169 |
May 30, 2018 |
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17466734 |
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62512380 |
May 30, 2017 |
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62625590 |
Feb 2, 2018 |
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International
Class: |
H04Q 11/00 20060101
H04Q011/00; G02B 6/35 20060101 G02B006/35; H04B 10/40 20060101
H04B010/40; H04J 14/02 20060101 H04J014/02 |
Claims
1. (canceled)
2. A signal access unit comprising: a demultiplexer configured to
separate optical signals received at an input onto a plurality of
demultiplexer outputs based on wavelength; a multiplexer configured
to combine optical signals received at a plurality of multiplexer
inputs and to direct the combined signal to an output, each of the
multiplexer inputs being optically coupled to a respective one of
the demultiplexer outputs via a first number of optical channels; a
second number of access ports; and a switch arrangement including a
third number of switches, the third number being less than a
multiple of the first number and the second number, each switch
being disposed along a respective one of the optical channels, each
switch being configured to transition between a first configuration
and a second configuration, each switch allowing optical signals to
pass along the respective optical channel when the switch is
disposed in the first configuration, and each switch optically
coupling a respective one of the access ports to the respective
optical channel when disposed in the second position; wherein each
access port is optically coupled to only some of the optical
channels by the switch arrangement.
3. The signal access unit of claim 2, wherein only one switch of
the switch arrangement is disposed along each optical channel.
4. The signal access unit of claim 2, further comprising a
controller configured to receive an indication of a selected
wavelength and to operate the switch arrangement to change the
switches between the first and second configurations based on the
indication of the selected wavelength.
5. The signal access unit of claim 2, wherein the switches include
adiabatic switches.
6. The signal access unit of claim 2, wherein the switches include
total internal reflection (TIR) switches.
7. The signal access unit of claim 2, wherein the switches include
micro electromechanical optical switches.
8. The signal access unit of claim 2, further comprising an optical
tap disposed between one of the switches and the respective access
port, the optical tap having a tap input, a first tap output, and a
second tap output, the optical tap directing part of an optical
signal received at the tap input to the first tap output and
directing another part of the optical signal to the second tap
output, the second part being less than the first part; wherein the
switch optically couples the tap input to the respective
demultiplexer output and optically couples the first tap output to
the respective multiplexer input; and wherein the second tap output
is optically coupled to the respective access port.
9. The signal access unit of any of claim 2, wherein the access
port is a drop port.
10. The signal access unit of any of claim 2, wherein the access
port is an add port.
11. The signal access unit of claim 2, further comprising a plug-in
module disposed at the access port, the plug-in module being
configured to receive a WDM optical transceiver, the plug-in module
also defining a plug port to receive a non-WDM optical transceiver,
and the plug-in module being configured to convert signals between
the non-WDM optical transceiver and the WDM optical
transceiver.
12. The signal access unit of claim 11, wherein the non-WDM optical
transceiver is a standard optical transceiver.
13. The signal access unit of claim 11, wherein the non-WDM optical
transceiver is an electrical connector.
14. The signal access unit of claim 13, wherein the electrical
connector is an SFP connector.
15. The signal access unit of claim 2, further comprising a body
defining an environmentally sealed interior, the body including a
first environmentally sealed port defining the input, a second
environmentally sealed port defining the output, and a plurality of
environmentally sealed ports defining the access ports.
16. The signal access unit of claim 2, wherein the switch
arrangement is a first switch arrangement, the demultiplexer is a
first demultiplexer, and the multiplexer is a first multiplexer,
and wherein the signal access unit further comprises: a second
demultiplexer configured to separate optical signals received at a
second input onto a plurality of second demultiplexer outputs based
on wavelength; a second multiplexer configured to combine optical
signals received at a plurality of second multiplexer inputs and to
direct the combined signal to a second output, each of the second
multiplexer inputs being optically coupled to a respective one of
the second demultiplexer outputs via a plurality of second optical
channels; a plurality of second access ports; and a second switch
arrangement including a plurality of switches, each switch of the
second switch arrangement being disposed along a respective one of
the second optical channels, each switch of the second switch
arrangement being configured to transition between a first
configuration and a second configuration, each switch of the second
switch arrangement allowing optical signals to pass along the
respective second optical channel when the switch is disposed in
the first configuration, and each switch of the second switch
arrangement optically coupling a respective one of the second
access ports to the respective second optical channel when disposed
in the second position.
17. A fiber optic device comprising: a fiber optic cable having
pre-manufactured breakout locations integrated with the fiber optic
cable prior to deployment of the fiber optic cable, the fiber optic
cable including a plurality of optical fibers that extend through a
length of the fiber optic cable, each breakout location defining a
demateable connection location; and an optical switch arrangement
disposed at one of the breakout locations, the optical switch
arrangement being optically coupled to at least some of the optical
fibers, the optical switch arrangement being configured to
optically couple a selected one of the at least some of the optical
fibers to the demateable connection location.
18. The fiber optic device of claim 17, wherein the breakout
locations are sealed by overmolds in which the optical switches are
contained.
19. The fiber optic device of claim 17, wherein a tether extends
from the breakout location and is terminated by an optical
connector defining the demateable connection location.
20. A fiber optic device comprising: a body defining an input, an
output, and an access location defining a module port; a switching
matrix disposed within the body, the switching matrix being
configured to provide an interface between the input, the output,
and the access location; and a module selectively and releasably
mountable to the body at the module port to optically couple the
module to the switching matrix, the module including an optical
power splitting module or a wavelength division multiplexing or
demultiplexing module.
21. The fiber optic device of claim 20, wherein the module is one
of a plurality of modules, each module having different splitting
or multiplexing characteristics.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 16/617,852, filed on Nov. 27, 2019, which is a
National Stage Application of PCT/US2018/035169, filed on May 30,
2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.
62/512,380, filed on May 30, 2017, and claims the benefit of U.S.
Patent Application Ser. No. 62/625,590, filed on Feb. 2, 2018, the
disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their
entireties.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to fiber optic
network architectures and optical components and devices integrated
in fiber optic networks.
BACKGROUND
[0003] One traditional type of fiber optic network has a tapered
configuration that expands as the network extends outwardly from a
central location (e.g., a service provider central office, data
center, headend, mobile switching center or the like) toward the
outer edge of the network. Generally, the network radiates
outwardly from a main trunk with subscribers being serviced by
branches that cover regions close to the trunk, regions at
intermediate locations relative to the trunk and outer regions
furthest from the trunk at the outer edge of the network. The
network can include branch locations (e.g., junctions) where branch
lines radiate outwardly from feeder/distribution lines to expand
the network. The branch locations can include closures such as
fiber distribution hubs, splice terminals, drop terminals and the
like. Typically, the optical fiber density of the network decreases
as the network extends outwardly from the central location, with
all communications being routed through the central location.
SUMMARY
[0004] As indicated above, in a typical tapered network,
communication transmitted between different locations at the edge
of the network are routed through the central location. Aspects of
the present disclosure relate to the use of reconfigurable
switching technology integrated at branch locations of the network
to overlay a mesh network on top of the tapered architecture. In
certain examples, the overlaid mesh network enables direct point to
point connection of two points in the network without requiring
signals to pass through the central location. Thus, the central
location is by-passed. In certain examples, computing (e.g.,
baseband processing, miniature data center functionality, etc.) can
be provided at locations throughout the network including, for
example, at the edge of the network. In certain examples,
non-centralized computing (e.g., edge computing) can be used to
support centralized/cloud radio access networks (CRAN) integrated
within the network. The centralized radio access networks can
include CRAN hubs with localized edge computing power (e.g.,
baseband unit functionality). The CRAN hubs can support
cellular/radio cites such as macro cells and small cells. The CRAN
hubs can form sub-networks interwoven with the main network.
[0005] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to optical
switching structures (e.g., total internal reflection (TIR)
switches and/or adiabatic switches and/or micro-electrical
mechanical switches (MEMS) and related devices/components
incorporating such switches) which can be integrated throughout a
fiber optic network (e.g., from core to edge) to enhance network
agility, initial configurability and re-configurability. In certain
examples, the components incorporating switching technology can
include fiber distribution hubs, optical termination enclosures,
multi-service terminals, splice enclosures, splice cabinets, tap
modules, splitter modules, indexing modules, factory installed
cable break-out locations and the like. In certain examples, the
switching architecture can provide switching matrices (e.g.,
N.times.N matrices), loop-back switching, cross-connect switching,
switching to drop lines and other switching. In certain examples,
the switching architectures can provide devices with reconfigurable
tap ratios, reconfigurable split ratios, reconfigurable optical
power outputs, customizable optical power outputs and the like. In
certain examples, switching architectures in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure can be integrated with
wavelength division multiplexing and de-multiplexing equipment to
provide enhanced agility, connection options, initial
configurability option and subsequent re-configurability
options.
[0006] The present disclosure also is directed to a reconfigurable
signal access unit that receives an input of optical signals having
a plurality of different wavelengths. The signal access unit has a
main output and at least one access port. The signal access unit is
configured to selectively direct optical signals having a selected
wavelength between the input and the access port and/or between the
access port and the output. Optical signals not having the selected
wavelength pass through the signal access unit between the input
and the main output.
[0007] For convenience, the signal access unit is referred to
selecting a particular wavelength throughout the specification. It
will be understood, however, that the signal access unit also could
select a wavelength band (i.e., multiple wavelengths within a
particular range).
[0008] In certain implementations, the signal access unit has
multiple access ports. In such implementations, each access port is
associated with a different selected wavelength. Accordingly,
optical signals having a first selected wavelength are directed to
a first access port and optical signals having a second selected
wavelength are directed to a second access port. Non-selected
wavelengths are passed between the input and the main output.
[0009] In some implementations, the signal access unit can be
pre-programmed to select a particular wavelength or wavelengths to
direct to the access port or ports. In other implementations, the
signal access unit is configured to receive an indication of a
selected wavelength or wavelengths. For example, the signal access
unit may include a user interface (e.g., buttons, touch screen,
etc.) that enables a user to input a selected wavelength or
wavelengths. In another example, the signal access unit may include
a controller input port at which the signal access unit may be
coupled to a management network. Accordingly, the signal access
unit is reconfigurable throughout the life of the signal access
unit so that the wavelength associated with an access port can be
changed.
[0010] In some implementations, the access port is a drop port to
which optical signals from the input that have the selected
wavelength are directed. In other implementations, the access port
is an add port at which optical signals having the selected
wavelength can be directed to the main output. In still other
implementations, the access port is an add/drop port at which
optical signals can be received from the input and from which
optical signals can be directed to the output.
[0011] In certain implementations, only a portion of an optical
signal (i.e., a percentage of the power) having the selected
wavelength is tapped off and optically coupled to the access port.
A remainder of the optical signal is directed to the main
output.
[0012] The access port receive optical signals having the
respective selected wavelength. In certain implementations, a
plug-in module can be disposed at the access port to receive a
connectorized end of a cable and to convert signals carried by the
cable to optical signals having the selected wavelength. In an
example, the plug-in module may be configured to convert between an
electrical signal and the optical signal having the selected
wavelength. In another example, the plug-in module may be
configured to convert between an optical signal having a full
wavelength spectrum and the optical signal having the selected
wavelength.
[0013] A variety of additional inventive aspects will be set forth
in the description that follows. The inventive aspects can relate
to individual features and to combinations of features. It is to be
understood that both the forgoing general description and the
following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only
and are not restrictive of the broad inventive concepts upon which
the embodiments disclosed herein are based.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 schematically shows a total internal reflection
optical switch that can be incorporated into devices in accordance
with the principles of the present disclosure, the optical switch
is shown in a cross state;
[0015] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the total internal
reflection switch of FIG. 1 in a bar state;
[0016] FIG. 3 is another schematic representation of the total
internal reflection optical switch of FIG. 1 shown in the bar
state;
[0017] FIG. 4 is another schematic representation of the total
internal reflection optical switch of FIG. 1 shown in the cross
state;
[0018] FIG. 5 schematically depicts an adiabatic optical switch
that can be incorporated into devices in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a micro electromechanical
switch that can be incorporated into devices in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 7 is an example layout of an optical switching device
that can be incorporated into components and architectures in
accordance with the principles of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 8 shows an individual fiber, splice-ready interface
suitable for use with the device of FIG. 7;
[0022] FIG. 9 shows a ribbon-fiber interface suitable for use with
the device of FIG. 7;
[0023] FIG. 10 shows a single fiber optical pigtail interface
suitable for use with the device of FIG. 7;
[0024] FIG. 11 shows a multi-fiber connectorized pigtail interface
that can be used with the device of FIG. 7;
[0025] FIG. 12 shows single-fiber port and multi-fiber port
interfaces that can be used with the device of FIG. 7;
[0026] FIG. 13 schematically illustrates an example switching
matrix that can be used in devices and configurations in accordance
with the principles of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 14 illustrates another switching matrix including
multiplexing and de-multiplexing capabilities that can be
incorporated into devices and configurations in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 15 illustrates a block switching and loop-back
switching configuration that can be incorporated into devices and
configurations in accordance with the principles of the present
disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 16 illustrates an example reconfigurable splitting
system that can be integrated into devices and configurations in
accordance with the principles of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 17 illustrates an arrangement for reconfiguring optical
power that can be integrated into devices and systems in accordance
with the principles of the present disclosure:
[0031] FIG. 18 illustrates an arrangement including combined
switching and splitting capabilities that can be integrated into
devices and configurations in accordance with the principles of the
present disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 19 illustrates an example N.times.N switching matrix
that can be integrated into devices and configurations in
accordance with the principles of the present disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 20 illustrates an example switching arrangement capable
of coupling pass-through transmission pathways to drop locations
that can be integrated into devices and configurations in
accordance with the principles of the present disclosure;
[0034] FIG. 21 illustrates a switching arrangement having switches
for cross connecting inputs of the arrangement, switches for cross
connecting outputs of the arrangement, and switches for coupling
selected inputs to selected outputs of the arrangement;
[0035] FIG. 22 schematically illustrates a switching device capable
of interfacing with modules such as splitter modules or WDM
modules;
[0036] FIG. 23 illustrates a switching arrangement having the
ability to select between pass-through lines, different power split
levels and wavelength de-multiplexed lines;
[0037] FIG. 24 shows an example reconfigurable splitter that can be
integrated into devices and configurations in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure;
[0038] FIG. 25 illustrates another reconfigurable splitter that can
be integrated into devices and configurations in accordance with
the principles of the present disclosure;
[0039] FIG. 26 illustrates a reconfigurable tap device that can be
integrated into devices and configurations in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure;
[0040] FIG. 27 illustrates a switching arrangement capable of
selectively coupling individual pass-through optical lines to one
or more drop locations that can be integrated into devices and
configurations in accordance with the principles of the present
disclosure;
[0041] FIG. 28 illustrates a breakout location of a factory
manufactured breakout cable in which one or more switches have been
integrated into the breakout location;
[0042] FIG. 29 is a front view of an example fiber distribution hub
that can be used in fiber optic network architectures in accordance
with the principles of the present disclosure;
[0043] FIG. 30 is a schematic view of the fiber distribution hub of
FIG. 29;
[0044] FIG. 31 is a perspective view of a multi-service terminal
that can be integrated into fiber optic network architectures in
accordance with the principles of the present disclosure;
[0045] FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a hardened fiber optic
adapter used to form a hardened port on the multi-service terminal
of FIG. 31;
[0046] FIG. 33 is a lengthwise cross-sectional view of the hardened
fiber optic adapter of FIG. 32;
[0047] FIG. 34 is an exploded view showing fiber optic connectors
suitable for mating with the hardened fiber optic adapter of FIG.
32;
[0048] FIG. 35 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a hardened
fiber optic connector adapted to be received within the hardened
outer port of the hardened fiber optic adapter of FIG. 32;
[0049] FIG. 36 illustrates an optical termination enclosure that
can be integrated into fiber optic network architectures in
accordance with the principles of the present disclosure;
[0050] FIG. 37 shows the optical termination enclosure of FIG. 36
in an open configuration;
[0051] FIG. 38 is an exploded view of a splice enclosure that can
be integrated into fiber optic network architectures in accordance
with the principles of the present disclosure;
[0052] FIG. 39 shows an example fiber optic network architecture in
accordance with the principles of the present disclosure;
[0053] FIG. 40 is an enlarged view of a tap line of the fiber optic
network architecture of FIG. 39;
[0054] FIG. 41 is a schematic diagram of an example signal access
unit configured to drop optical signals having one or more selected
wavelengths from an input of the signal access unit to one or more
access ports or to add optical signals having a selected wavelength
from one or more access ports to an output of the signal access
unit in accordance with the principles of the present
disclosure;
[0055] FIG. 42 illustrates the signal access unit of FIG. 41 with
additional channels shown;
[0056] FIG. 43 illustrates the signal access unit of FIG. 42 with a
simplified switch arrangement;
[0057] FIG. 44 is a schematic diagram of an example signal access
enclosure including first and second signal access units of FIG. 41
within a sealed interior such that optical signals dropped from the
first signal access unit are provided to transmit lines of the
access ports and optical signals added to the second signal access
unit are provided from the receive lines of the access ports;
[0058] FIG. 45 illustrates multiple signal access enclosures of
FIG. 44 chained together in a network;
[0059] FIG. 46 illustrates another example signal access enclosure
including two multiplexer/demultiplexer units;
[0060] FIG. 47 illustrates how optical taps can be added to the
access ports of any of the signal access enclosures described
herein;
[0061] FIG. 48 illustrates how various interface modules can be
added to the access ports of any of the signal access enclosures
described herein;
[0062] FIG. 49 illustrates a first example interface module of FIG.
48;
[0063] FIG. 50 illustrates a second example interface module of
FIG. 48; and
[0064] FIG. 51 illustrates a third example interface module of FIG.
48.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
I. System Overview
[0065] The present disclosure relates generally to fiber optic
networks and to equipment/components integrated within fiber optic
networks. Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to fiber
optic networks having switching technology integrated into the
network at various locations between a central location of the
network and an outer edge of the network. In certain examples, the
switching technology can have low power consumption and a compact
configuration. In certain examples, switching technology can be
incorporated within various equipment/components of the fiber optic
network. Example equipment/components that can incorporate
switching technology can include fiber distribution hubs (FDH),
optical splicing enclosures (OSE), optical termination enclosures
(OTE) and multi-service terminals (MST). In certain examples, the
switching technology within the fiber optic network can assist in
allowing the fiber optic network to be readily re-configurable. In
certain examples, the switching technology allows the fiber optic
network to be reconfigured while substantially reducing or
eliminating the need for truck roll-outs. Thus, portions of the
fiber optic network distant from the core/center of the network can
be reconfigured without requiring technician visits. Furthermore,
the switching technology and ability to reconfigure the system can
allow for deployed optical fiber of the system to be used more
efficiently by reconfiguring the system over time to match fiber
capacity with customer demand so as to optimize network resource
usage. Additionally, optical switching in the network can be used
to allow the network to operate in a mesh-type architecture in
which point-to-point communication between different points at the
edge of the network is facilitated without requiring signaling to
pass through the central location of the network. Additionally,
automated switching can facilitate faster customer turn-ups, can
reduce patching mistakes, and can provide automated documentation
of port assignment information.
II. Optical Switching Platform
[0066] In certain examples, optical switching systems in accordance
with the principles of the present disclosure can relate to optical
switching systems integrated on a chip. In certain examples, the
optical switching systems can include photonic integrated circuits
(PIC) or planar light wave circuits (PLC). In certain examples, the
optical switching circuits can include totally internally
reflecting waveguide (TIRW) switches or adiabatic coupler switches.
An example of an adiabatic coupler switch can include
electro-wetting on a dielectric (EWOD)-activated optical switch. In
certain examples, the switching systems can be made using a silicon
platform. Example silicon platforms can include a silicon on
insulator (SOI) platform or a silicon nitride (SiN) platform. An
advantage of silicon platforms relate to the ability to provide
compact, high density optical circuits. Additionally, this type of
optical circuit can be made using existing CMOS (complementary
metal oxide semiconductor) processing. This type of processing
provides high yields at relatively low cost.
[0067] FIGS. 1 and 2 show an example opto-fluidics total internal
reflection switch 20 that is one example of a type of switch that
can be incorporated into switching devices in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure. The TIR switch 20 includes
first and second waveguides 22, 24 that cross at an optical
interface 26. The TIR switch 20 includes an input 28 and a first
output 30 positioned on opposite sides of the optical interface 26.
The second waveguide 26 defines a second output 32 of the TIR
switch 20. A slot 34 passes through the first and second waveguides
22, 24 at the optical interface 26. When the slot 34 is filled with
air, light from input 28 is reflected by a total internal
reflection to the second output 32 defined by the second waveguide
24 (see FIG. 1). This is called a "cross state" because the light
is switched from the first waveguide 22 to the second waveguide 24
at the optical interface 26. When the slot 34 is filled with an
opto-fluid having an index of refraction that generally matches the
index of refraction of the waveguides 22, 24, light from the input
28 passes through the optical interface 26 to the first output 30
defined by the first waveguide 22 (see FIG. 2). This condition can
be referred to as a "bar state." In the bar state, light passing
through this switch along the first waveguide 22 remains within the
first waveguide as the light passes through the optical interface
26. In certain examples, while the TIR switch 20 is in the bar
state, light can concurrently pass through the optical interface 26
along the second waveguide 24 and will remain in the second
waveguide 24 as the light passes through the optical interface
26.
[0068] FIG. 3 is a more schematic representation of the TIR switch
20 showing the TIR switch 20 in the bar state. FIG. 4 is a more
schematic representation of the TIR switch 20 showing the TIR
switch 20 in the cross state.
[0069] FIG. 5 schematically depicts an adiabatic switch 40 that is
another example of a type of switch that can be incorporated into
devices in accordance with the principles of the present
disclosure. Similar to the TIR switch 20, the adiabatic switch 40
can be integrated on a chip/substrate and is adapted for providing
compact switching configurations with low power requirements. The
adiabatic switch 40 is an example of an electro-wetting on
dielectric (EWOD)-activated optical switch. The adiabatic switch 40
includes a first waveguide 42 and a second waveguide 44. The first
waveguide 42 defines an input 46 and a first output 48. The second
waveguide 44 defines a second output 50. The first and second
waveguides 42, 44 pass in proximity to one another at an optical
interface 52. By moving a droplet 53 of fluid relative to the
optical interface 52, the adiabatic switch 40 can be switched
between a bar state and a cross state. In the bar state, light
passes through the adiabatic switch 40 from the input 46 to the
first output 48. In the cross state, light passes through the
adiabatic switch 40 from the input 46 to the second output 50.
[0070] FIG. 6 schematically illustrates an example micro electro
mechanical switch 60 (MEMS) that can be incorporated into devices
in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure to
provide compact switching configurations requiring relatively low
power. The MEMS 60 includes waveguides defining an input 62, a
first output 64 and a second output 66. A micro electromechanical
device moves a waveguide 68 between a first position and a second
position relative to the input 62 and the outputs 64, 66. When the
waveguide 68 is in the first position (depicted), the MEMS 60
reflects light by total internal reflection from the input 62 to
the first output 64. When the waveguide 68 is in the second
position, the MEMS 60 directs light from the input 62 to the second
output 66.
[0071] In certain examples, optical switches in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure can be integrated onto
substrates or chips and can be configured for compact, low power
operation. In certain examples, the switches can be latching
switches that utilize relatively small amounts of power to move
between switching states, but remain in the established switching
state in the absence of power (i.e., the switches latch in selected
positions and hold the selected positions in the absence of power).
The power for switching the switching devices can be provided by a
variety of different techniques such as RF (radio frequency) power
harvesting (e.g., from radiated power from an antenna, a hand-held
device, or other RF power source). The switches can also be powered
by energy harvesting from external ambient sources such as wind,
solar, vibration or heat. Harvested energy can be stored by means
such as batteries for later use. In other examples, energy for
remotely powering the switches can be obtained by harvesting energy
from light transferred through optical fibers carrying optical
signals through the switching devices. Example optical harvesting
circuits for remotely powering and controlling optical switches are
disclosed by PCT International Publication No. WO 2016/131825,
filed on Feb. 16, 2016, which is hereby incorporated by reference
in its entirety. In other examples, power for switching remote
optical switches in accordance with the principles of the present
disclosure can be obtained by inductive power transfer from a
hand-held device. The hand-held device can also transfer data. In
certain examples, the hand-held device can function as a tool for
allowing a technician to configure switches within a closure. In
certain examples, the closure can be environmentally sealed. In
certain examples, the closure can be designed so as to be not
enterable. In certain examples, the tool functionality can be
integrated into a device such as a mobile phone. In certain
examples, in addition to powering switches, the tool can collect
and store data for mapping the various switches and their switching
states so as to map the port configuration of the fiber optic
network. In certain examples, the device can include a global
positioning system that assists in mapping the locations of the
various switching devices. In certain examples, power can be
provided to the switching devices by using hybrid cable in which
electrically conductive elements are includes with the optical
fibers to provide power to the various devices.
III. Optical Switching Functions and Configurations
[0072] In certain examples, switches in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure can be incorporated throughout
a fiber optic network from the central location out to the edge of
the fiber optic network to provide loop-back switching locations
for testing signal path integrity from a central location. For
example, a test signal can be sent out from a central location
along a first optical fiber, looped back to a second optical fiber
at the loop-back connection, and returned to the central location
along the second fiber. The signal on the second optical fiber can
be sensed at the central office to confirm signal integrity along
the first and second optical fibers. Switching in the fiber optic
network can also be incorporated into the network to facilitate
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) testing. Example OTDR
testing systems are disclosed in PCT International Publication No.
WO 2017/068170, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
[0073] In certain examples, switches in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure can be incorporated throughout
a fiber optic network from the central location out to the edge of
the fiber optic network. In certain examples, switches such as TIR
switches and/or adiabatic switches and/or MEMS can be incorporated
into components of a fiber optic network such as fiber distribution
hubs and/or optical termination enclosures and/or multi-service
terminals and/or optical splice enclosures and/or break-out
locations on fiber optic cables. In certain examples, switching
devices such as TIR switches and/or adiabatic switches and/or MEMS
can be incorporated within non-re-enterable enclosures or packages
that are integrated throughout a fiber optic network. In certain
examples, switches in accordance with the principles of the present
disclosure such as TIR switches and/or adiabatic switches and/or
MEMS can be incorporated into switching modules that can be plugged
into other devices in a plug-and-play arrangement. In certain
examples, switches in accordance with the principles of the present
disclosures such as TIR switches and/or adiabatic switches and/or
MEMS can be incorporated into hardened enclosures that are
environmentally sealed and that include hardened optical interfaces
for coupling the devices to the fiber optic network. The hardened
optical interfaces can include hardened connectors having robust
fasteners such as threaded fasteners and/or bayonet-style fasteners
and also including environmental sealing at the optical connection
interfaces. The hardened fiber optic connectors can provide
dematable optical connections. In certain examples, the fiber optic
connectors can be connectors having optical ferrules or
ferrule-less fiber optic connectors.
[0074] In certain examples, optical devices in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure can include closures
containing switches such as TIR switches and/or adiabatic switches
and/or MEMS and that also include input optical interfaces and/or
output optical interfaces and/or add/drop optical interfaces. In
certain examples, the input optical interfaces and/or the output
optical interfaces and/or the add/drop optical interfaces can
include a variety of configurations such as: a) plug and play
optical interfaces; and/or b) one or more optical fibers that are
splice ready; and/or c) one or more optical fibers that are
connectorized by single-fiber optical connectors so as to form
single-fiber optical pigtails; and/or d) optical fibers that are
arranged in a ribbon and are ready for mass fusion splicing; and/or
e) optical fibers that are terminated by a multi-fiber fiber optic
connector such as an MPO connector; and/or f) hardened single-fiber
or multi-fiber connectors which may be female hardened fiber optic
connectors or hardened male fiber optic connectors; and/or g)
non-hardened fiber optic connectors which may include single-fiber
or multi-fiber connectors; and/or h) ferrule-less fiber optic
connectors which may include single-fiber or ferrule-less fiber
optic connectors or multi-fiber ferrule-less fiber optic
connectors. Example hardened fiber optic connectors are disclosed
by U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,568,844; 7,146,090; 7,137,742; 7,244,066;
7,744,288; 7,572,065; 8,556,520; and 8,672,705, which are all
hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Example
ferrule-less fiber optic connectors and connection systems are
disclosed by PCT International Publication No. WO2012/112344; PCT
International Publication No. WO2013/117598; PCT Publication No.
WO2016/043922; PCT International Publication No. WO2016/100384; and
PCT International Publication No. WO2015/048198, all of which are
hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0075] FIG. 7 shows an example of an optical switching device 70
having an enclosure 72. In certain examples, the enclosure 72 may
be non-re-enterable. In other examples, the enclosure 72 may be
re-enterable. In certain examples, the enclosure 72 may be
environmentally sealed. In other examples, the enclosure 72 may not
be environmentally sealed. In certain examples, the enclosure 70
may include one or more switches such as TIR switches and/or
adiabatic switches and/or MEMS which may be arranged in a switching
matrix within the enclosure 70. In certain examples, the optical
switching device 70 may include an optical input interface 74 that
optically connects to the one or more optical switches; and/or an
optical output interface 76 that optically connects to the one or
more optical switches; and/or an optical add/drop interface 78 that
optically connects to the one or more optical switches. In one
example, the optical input interface 74 and/or the optical output
interface 76 and/or the add-drop interface 78 can include one or
more optical fibers 80 (see FIG. 8) that are ready for individual
splicing. In another example, the optical input interface 74 and/or
the optical output interface 76 and/or the add/drop interface 78
can include a plurality of optical fibers 82 that are arranged to
facilitate mass fusion splicing (e.g., the optical fibers 82 can be
arranged in a ribbon configuration as shown at FIG. 9).
[0076] In certain examples, the optical input interface 74 and/or
the optical output interface 76 and/or the add/drop interface 78
can include one or more optical fibers 84 terminated by
single-fiber optical connectors 86 as shown at FIG. 10. The
single-fiber fiber optic connectors can be non-hardened (e.g., LC
connectors or SC connectors) or can be hardened fiber optic
connectors. In certain examples, the fiber optic connectors 86 can
be ferruled connectors or ferrule-less connectors. In certain
examples, the optical fibers 84 and the connectors 86 can form
pigtails in which the optical fibers 84 are contained within a
protective jacket and may include reinforcing elements such as
Aramid yarn. In certain examples, the optical input interface 74
and/or the optical output interface 76 and/or the add/drop
interface 78 can include a plurality of optical fibers 88
terminated by one or more multi-fiber fiber optic connectors 90
(see FIG. 11). The multi-fiber fiber optic connectors 90 can be
non-hardened (e.g., MPO connectors) or hardened. The multi-fiber
fiber optic connectors 90 can be ferruled or ferrule-less. In the
depicted example, the optical fibers 88 and the fiber optic
connectors 90 form pigtails that can include a protective jacket
surrounding the optical fibers 88 and can also include reinforcing
elements such as Aramid yarn that run along the length of the
pigtails.
[0077] In certain examples, the optical input interface 74 and/or
the optical interface 76 and/or the add/drop interface 78 can
include one or more ports 92 (e.g., fiber optic adapter ports)
adapted to mate with fiber optic connectors (see FIG. 12). The
ports 92 can be referred to as female fiber optic connectors. In
certain examples, the ports 92 can include internal fiber optic
adapters that receive internal fiber optic connectors and are also
adapted to receive external fiber optic connectors from outside the
enclosure 70. In certain examples, the ports 92 can be hardened or
non-hardened. In certain examples, the ports 92 can include
threaded or bayonet-style interfaces for connecting with the
external connectors. In certain examples, each of the ports 92 can
each include a single-fiber or a plurality of fibers. In certain
examples, each of the ports 92 can be configured to be
environmentally sealed when mated with a corresponding external
connector. In certain examples, each of the ports 92 can be
ferruled or ferrule-less.
[0078] FIG. 13 shows a switching matrix 100 that can include
switches in accordance with the principles of the present
disclosure (e.g., TIR switches, adiabatic switches, MEMS or other
switches). The switching matrix 100 includes inputs 101-104 and
outputs 105-108. As depicted, switches (indicated by cross-over
locations) allow: inputs 101 and 102 to be coupled to any of
outputs 105-107; and inputs 103 and 104 to be coupled to any of
outputs 106-108. By adding more cross-overs and corresponding
switches, the switching matrix can be an N.times.N switching matrix
which allows any of the inputs 101-104 to be optically coupled to
any of the outputs 105-108.
[0079] FIG. 14 schematically depicts a wavelength dependent
switching matrix 110. The switching matrix 110 includes inputs
111-114 and outputs 115-118. The switching matrix can include
integrated multiplexing and de-multiplexing for separating and
combining wavelengths or bands of wavelengths. In certain examples,
the switching matrix 110 can also provide switching between the
input and the outputs without multiplexing or de-multiplexing
(e.g., see the optical connection between input 112 and output
115). In other examples, signals from a given input can be
de-multiplexed and connected to separate outputs. For example, the
signal directed to input 111 is de-multiplexed into separate
wavelengths or bands of wavelengths which are coupled to outputs
116 and 117. In certain examples, the switching matrix can also
perform a multiplexing function. For example, signals
de-multiplexed from input 111 and 113 are multiplexed and coupled
to output 117. Switches correspond to cross-over locations. By
adding more cross-overs/switches the matrix can provide N.times.N
switching functionality.
[0080] FIG. 15 shows a block switching arrangement 120 having sets
of inputs 121-124 and sets of outputs 125-128. Each of the sets of
inputs 121-124 and outputs 125-128 includes a plurality of optical
paths. A switching matrix can be provided between the inputs and
the outputs. The switching matrix can optionally be an N.times.N
switching matrix. The inputs and the outputs are switched relative
to one another as a group or block. Thus, each of the sets of
inputs 121-124 can be selectively coupled to each of the sets of
outputs 125-128. Block switching is advantageous for applications
such as for use in a redundant loop in a fiber optic network. In
this type of situation, one of the sets of inputs 121-124 can be
coupled to one of the sets of outputs 125-128 to direct signals in
a forward direction through a fiber optic loop in a network, and
the selected set of inputs can be coupled to another one of the
sets of output to direct signals in a reverse direction through the
fiber optic loop. The block switching arrangement 120 also includes
loop-back arrangements 129 at the input side and loop-back
arrangements 130 at the output side. As depicted, the sets of
inputs 121, 124 are connected to one of the loop-backs 130 at the
output side of the block switching arrangement. In this way, blocks
of inputs 121, 124 are be cross-connected with respect to one
another. Similarly, by coupling the outputs 125-128 to the cross
connect structures 130 at the input side of the block switching
arrangement 120, blocks of the outputs 125-128 can be
cross-connected to one another. Block switching is also
advantageous for loop-back testing.
[0081] FIG. 16 shows a switching arrangement 140 for allowing a
passive optical splitter to be programmed between two different
split ratios, or to be reconfigurable between two different split
ratios. As depicted, the schematic splitter includes a 1.times.2
splitter and a 1.times.4 splitter. In other examples, the splitter
can be configured to accommodate different split ratios such as
1.times.8, 1.times.16, or 1.times.32.
[0082] FIG. 17 shows a switching arrangement 150 adapted for use
with a passive optical splitter that is programmable or
reconfigurable with respect to signal power. For example, the
splitter can be set in different operating states in which
different optical power levels are provided between input ports and
output ports of the splitter. For example, in one operating state,
an input can be split into two 50/50 outputs. In another operating
state, the input can be split into a 60 output and a 40 output. Of
course, other split ratios could be used. In certain examples, the
splitter can have one or more inputs that can selectively provide
selected power levels to one or more output ports.
[0083] FIG. 18 shows a combined switching splitter 160. In certain
examples, the combined switch and splitter 160 can provide
connections between inputs and outputs without splitting the
inputs, and also can provide connections between the inputs and the
outputs with splitting. Switches can be utilized to select whether
a given signal is split or not before being output.
[0084] FIG. 19 shows an example switching matrix 170 (e.g., an
N.times.N switching matrix) including TIR switches 20. The
switching matrix 170 includes inputs 171-173 and outputs 174-176.
The TIR switches 20 are arranged in a matrix configuration such
that any of the inputs 171-173 can be coupled to any of the outputs
174-176. While the inputs 171-173 have been identified as inputs
and the outputs 174-176 have been identified as outputs, it will be
appreciated that signal traffic through this switching matrix or
any matrix disclosed herein can be bi-directional. In the depicted
example of FIG. 19, switch 178 is in the cross state to couple the
input 171 to the output 175. Similarly, switch 179 is in the cross
state to couple input 172 to output 176. Also, switch 180 is shown
in the cross state to couple input 173 to output 174. The other
switches in the matrix are in the bar state. By modifying the bar
and cross states of the various switches 20, any of the inputs
171-173 can be coupled to any of the outputs 174-176.
[0085] FIG. 20 shows a switching matrix 190 including a plurality
of TIR switches 20 arranged in the matrix. The switching matrix 190
includes an input interface 192 including inputs 193-195, an output
interface 196 having outputs 197-199 and an add/drop interface 200
having add/drop locations 201-203. The TIR switches 20 are
configured to allow any of the inputs 193-195 to be coupled to any
of the add/drop locations 201-203. When the switches are in the bar
state, the inputs 193-195 are respectively coupled to the outputs
197-198 so as to pass through the device. As depicted at FIG. 20,
switch 204 is in the cross state to couple input 193 to add/drop
location 202. All the other switches 20 in the matrix are in the
bar state. Thus, input 194 is shown coupled to output 198 and input
195 is shown coupled to output 199. The switching matrix 190 can be
referred to as a drop matrix since it allows any of the signals to
be selectively dropped from a through path to a drop line coupled
to one of the add/drop locations. In other examples, switching
arrays can be configured to allow any of inputs 193-195 or any of
the outputs 197-199 to be coupled to any of the add/drop locations
201-203. In other examples, switching arrays can be configured to
allow any of inputs 193-195 to be connected to any of the outputs
197-199
[0086] FIG. 21 shows a switching matrix 210 including a plurality
of TIR switches 20. The switching matrix includes an input
interface 212 having inputs 213-215 and an output interface 216
including outputs 217-219. A switching submatrix 220 is adapted for
optically coupling any of the inputs 213-215 to any of the output
217-219. The switching submatrix 222 is adapted for cross
connecting any two of the inputs 213-215 together. Switching
submatrix 224 is adapted for cross connecting any two of the
outputs 217-219 together. As shown at FIG. 21, switches 225 and 226
are in the cross state such that output 218 is cross connected to
output 217. Also, switch 227 is in the cross state to couple input
215 to output 219. The remainder of the switches are in the bar
state.
[0087] FIG. 22 shows another switching device 230 in accordance
with the principles of the present disclosure. The switching device
230 includes a switching matrix 232 that provides an interface
between an input interface 233, an output interface 234, and an
add-on interface 235. The input interface 233 can include a
plurality of input locations and the output interface 234 can
include a plurality of output locations. The switching matrix 232
can be configured to optically couple any of the input locations to
any of the output locations. The add-on interface 235 is adapted to
couple with add-on modules such as an add-on splitter module 236
and/or an add-on wavelength multiplexing module 237. In certain
examples, the switching matrix 232 is compatible with add-on
splitter modules 232 having different split ratios. Similarly, the
switching matrix 232 can be compatible with add-on modules having
different multiplexing characteristics. The main body of the
switching device 230 can function as a base unit that is initially
installed in the field. For later upgrades, or network changes, the
modules 236, 237 can be added. Alternatively, the add-on interface
235 can allow the switching device 230 to be programmed in the
factory by installing the suitable add-on devices. In this way, the
number of different product configurations can be built in the
factory by assembling a limited number of components.
[0088] In certain examples, the drop switching arrangement can be
configured to allow any of the input and/or output locations to be
coupled to the drop locations. In certain examples, there can be
more inputs and/or outputs than the number of drop locations. In
certain examples, the switching matrix may be configured only to
make connections between the input locations and the drop locations
and/or between the output locations and the drop locations without
providing an N.times.N matrix between the input and output
locations.
[0089] In certain examples, N.times.N switching matrixes provide
optical connections between any of the input locations and any of
the output locations of the matrix. In other examples, the
switching matrices can be configured such that at least some of the
inputs of the switching matrix can be switched between at least
some of the outputs of the switching matrix. In this type of
arrangement, a more simplified switching matrix can be utilized by
reducing the number of switching options.
[0090] FIG. 23 shows another switching device 250 in accordance
with the principles of the present disclosure. The switching device
250 includes a first switching matrix 252 and a second switching
matrix 254. The first switching matrix 252 includes an input
interface 255 and an output interface 256. The input interface 255
includes a plurality of inputs and the output interface 256
includes a plurality of outputs. The first switching matrix 252
allows for switching between at least some of the inputs of the
input interface 255 and at least some of the outputs of the output
interface 256. In one example, the matrix provides the ability to
connect any one of the inputs at the input interface 255 to any one
of the outputs at the output interface 256. In certain examples,
the output interface 256 of the first switching matrix 252 and an
input interface 258 of the second switching matrix 254 are coupled
by a variety of optical circuits having different parameters and/or
characteristics. For example, a certain number of un-split optical
pass-throughs 253 can extend between the first and second switching
matrices 252, 254 (i.e., between the output side of the first
switching matrix 252 and the input side of the second switching
matrix 254) so as to provide the ability to have point-to-point
connections at downstream locations. Also, passive optical power
splitters 264, 266 are provided between the first and second
switching matrices 252, 254. The splitters have inputs coupled to
the output side of the first switching matrix 252 and outputs
coupled to the input side of the second switching matrix 254.
Further, a wavelength de-multiplexer 268 is also provided between
the output side 256 of the first switching matrix 252 and the input
side of the second switching matrix 254. The de-multiplexer has
inputs coupled to the output side of the first switching matrix 252
and outputs coupled to the input side of the second switching
matrix 254. The second switching matrix 254 provides a switchable
interface between its input interface 258 and a corresponding
output interface 270. The second switching matrix 254 allows at
least some of the input locations at the input interface 258 to be
switched between at least some of the output locations at the
output interface 270. In one example, the switching matrix allows
any of the inputs at the input interface 258 to be coupled to any
of the outputs at the output interface 270. The combination of the
two switching matrices 252, 254 and the various intermediate
components and connection types allows for a large range of
flexibility in the switching device 250. For example, selected
inputs from the input side of the first switching matrix 252 can be
either split by one of the passive power splitters, passed directly
through by the pass-through lines or be de-multiplexed. Thus, the
first switching matrix 252 provides switching flexibility with
respect to the input side of the device. The second switching
matrix 254 provides input flexibility with respect to the output
side of the switching device 250. For example, any given downstream
location can be preferably provided with a point-to-point (e.g.,
non-split) signal, a signal having a selected split ratio or a
de-multiplexed signal.
IV. Splitters, Taps, Drop Module, and Break-out Cable
[0091] FIG. 24 shows a reconfigurable or programmable optical
splitter 280 suitable for integration in a reconfigurable network
in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure. The
optical splitter 280 includes inputs 282a, 282b and outputs
284a-285h. An optical switching device 286 is provided within the
optical splitter 280. Passive optical splitting circuits 288a and
288b are also provided as part of the optical splitter 280. When
the optical splitter 280 is operated with the optical switching
device 286 in a first state (i.e., a pass-through state), the input
282a and the outputs 284a-284d can function as a 1.times.4
splitter, and the input 282b and the outputs 284e-284h can operate
as a 1.times.4 splitter. In contrast, when the optical switching
device 286 is operated in a splitting mode and only one of the two
inputs 282a, 282b is active, the optical splitter 280 can function
as a 1.times.8 splitter. Thus, the configuration of the optical
splitter 280 allows different split ratios to be selected. Thus, it
can be programmed with different split ratios or it can be
reconfigured to have different split ratios.
[0092] FIG. 25 shows another optical splitter device 300 having
inputs 302a-302d and outputs 304a-304d. Optical switching devices
306 are provided between the input and the output. The optical
switching devices 306 can be operated in a pass-through state or a
split optical splitting state. By operating all the optical
switching devices 306 in the pass-through state, inputs 302a-302d
can be optically coupled to outputs 304a-304d without optical
splitting. Thus, point-to-point connections are provided. By
selectively operating the switching devices 306 in either the
pass-through mode or the splitting mode, the outputs 304a-304d can
be set at different power reduction levels such as at a 50% power
reduction level (e.g., corresponding to a 1.times.2 split ratio) or
at a 75% power reduction level (e.g., corresponding to a 1.times.4
split ratio). Further details relating to the splitter
configurations of FIGS. 24 and 25 are provided in U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2018/0045893, which is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0093] It will be appreciated that programmable and/or
reconfigurable splitter configurations in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure can be incorporated within
hardened, environmentally sealed enclosures such as MSTs and OTEs.
In such examples, the outputs of the splitter configurations can
include sealed, hardened dematable connection interfaces. In
certain examples, the connection interfaces can include hardened
fiber optic adapters (e.g., hardened female fiber optic
connectors). In certain examples, the hardened dematable fiber
optic connection locations can be adapted to interface with a
corresponding hardened fiber optic connector of a drop cable routed
to a location such as a subscriber location.
[0094] It will be appreciated that in other examples, different
split ratios can be used in the splitter configurations as compared
to those specifically disclosed. Additionally, in certain examples,
splitters can be configured to provide customized and
reconfigurable power levels at each of the outputs of the splitter
configuration.
[0095] It will be appreciated that the ability to reconfigure
optical splitters and to switch or reassign optical power levels
with respect to different signal paths allows for better allocation
of the total optical power budget. In certain examples, as
additional subscribers are added in additional region, the overall
distributed split arrangement can be modified by increasing the
split ratio near the edge where the additional subscribers are in
need of service and by decreasing the split ratio at a location
closer to the central location of the network so that the total
optical power budget is maintained. Similarly, as different
subscribers are in need of point-to-point service throughout the
network, modifications at split ratios throughout the network can
be made to ensure the most efficient allocation of the optical
power while concurrently maintaining at least the minimum required
optical power levels for each of the subscribers in compliance with
acceptable service requirements.
[0096] In certain examples, programmable optical taps can be
incorporated within reconfigurable fiber optic networks in
accordance with the principles of the present disclosure. A
reconfigurable optical tap is an optical tap that allows the power
level of a signal tap from the main signal to be adjusted or
modified. For example, in the event a subscriber is added to a
chain of tap terminals at an intermediate location along the chain,
it may be necessary to modify the power levels of the taps of each
of the downstream tap locations to ensure an acceptable allocation
of optical power is provided to all subscribers along the length of
the optical tap chain.
[0097] FIG. 26 schematically depicts a programmable or
reconfigurable tap 320 that can be integrated within a
reconfigurable network in accordance with the principles of the
present disclosure. The reconfigurable tap 320 includes an input
322, a main output 324 and a tap output 326. The reconfigurable tap
320 also includes a plurality of optical splitters 328a-328d each
having a different power split ratio. The reconfigurable tap 320
further includes a plurality of switches 330 for allowing one of
the optical power splitters 328a-328d to be selected so as to
configure the tap with a particular split ratio. In certain
examples, the reconfigurable tap 320 can be incorporated within an
environmentally sealed enclosure such as an OTE, an MST or a splice
enclosure. In other examples, the reconfigurable tap 320 can be
packaged in a stand-alone housing that is environmentally sealed.
In certain examples, the reconfigurable tap 320 can include
hardened and sealed dematable fiber optic connection locations that
in certain examples may include twist-to-lock engagement structures
such as threaded interfaces or bayonet-style interfaces for
coupling with corresponding structures of hardened fiber optic
connectors.
[0098] In other examples, other split ratios can be used for the
optical splitters. In one example, the split ratios can be varied
in increments of 3%, and a much larger number of different tap
ratios can be provided as split ratio options within the device.
Further details about reconfigurable optical splitting
configurations are disclosed by U.S. Provisional Patent Application
No. 62/546,410, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
[0099] FIG. 27 illustrates a terminal 340 (e.g., a drop module)
having an input interface 342 and an output interface 344 as
determined by a forward direction of signal travel through the
device. An optical switch array 346 is configured for allowing any
one of the inputs at the input interface 342 to be selectively
dropped. In the depicted example, the switching array is configured
such that input 342a is the selected input for dropping. A more
detailed description of the array is disclosed at PCT International
Publication No. WO 2017/134286, which is hereby incorporated by
reference in its entirety. In the depicted example, the input is
routed to splitters arranged to provide a 1.times.4 power splitting
of the signal accessed. It will be appreciated that the device 340
is preferable by-directional, so signals can also travel though the
device is a reverse direction from the output interface 344 to the
input interface 342. A similar switching array 347 can be used to
drop signal traveling in the reverse direction. No splitter is
included with the array 347 such that the array can provide
point-to-point service with a subscriber. In this way, both forward
and reverse signals can be accessed. It will be appreciated that
the terminal 340 can provide similar functionality to an indexing
terminal. Example indexing terminals are disclosed by U.S. Pat. No.
9,348,096, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
[0100] In certain examples, fiber optic cables with
pre-manufactured breakout locations can be used to extend a fiber
optic network. Typically, an area in need of service can be
surveyed and service access locations are identified. Based on the
survey, breakout locations can be integrated into the cable at the
factory at predetermined lengths along the cable corresponding to
anticipated access locations. In other examples, the breakout
locations may be provided at set intervals or in a pattern. At each
breakout location, optical fibers can be accessed from the main
cable and broken out for access at the breakout location. For
example, the optical fibers can be routed from the main cable to
tethers that may be connectorized or splice ready. The breakout
locations can be protected by a protective enclosure such as an
overmold. U.S. Pat. No. 7,127,143, which is hereby incorporated by
reference in its entirety, shows an example prefabricated cable
having factory installed breakout locations.
[0101] To provide enhanced reconfigurability with respect to
factory-manufactured breakout cable, one or more switches or a
switching matrix can be incorporated within each breakout location
(e.g., in each overmolded breakout location). The switches can be
configured to selectively optically couple a drop location (i.e., a
location adapted for connection to a drop cable) to a selected one
of a plurality of optical fibers of the main cable that pass
through the breakout location. In certain examples, the switches
allow for a plurality of different optical fibers of the main cable
to be capable of being individually coupled to the drop location
based on the selected switch configuration. The switching matrix
can be reconfigured remotely without requiring internal access of
the breakout location. For example, the switching matrix could be
controlled from the central office or data center. Alternatively,
the switching matrix could be reconfigured using a reconfiguration
device or tool from outside the enclosure.
[0102] FIG. 28 shows an example breakout location 350 of a
factory-manufactured breakout cable 352. The cable 352 includes a
main cable portion 354 that typically includes a strength layer,
and a plurality of optical fibers 355 often enclosed within a
protective buffer tube 359. The optical fibers are optically
coupled to input and output sides of a switching matrix 354. The
switching matrix allows for different ones of the optical fibers of
the fiber optic cable to be selected for dropping at the breakout
location 350 to a factory installed access location 356 (e.g., a
tether 357 having a connectorized free end 353) adapted for
connection to a drop cable. The dropped optical fiber or fibers are
optically coupled to a corresponding optical fiber 358 or fibers
protected within the tether 357. In certain examples, more than one
optical fiber can be optically coupled to the tether. The switching
matrix allows the breakout location to be reconfigured by optically
coupling a different optical fiber of the main fiber optic cable to
the optical fiber of the tether 357. An overmold 351 can cover and
protect the breakout location 350, and the switching matrix can be
positioned within the overmold 351. Alternatively, in certain
examples where subscribers are delayed after installation of the
cable, it may be desirable to initially not connect the tether
optical fiber to any of the optical fibers of the main fiber optic
cable. In this scenario, when a subscriber is identified for the
tether cable 357, the switching matrix 354 can be used to optically
couple the optical fiber 358 of the tether cable to one of the
optical fibers 355 of the main fiber optic cable 352. In this way,
service can be provided to the subscriber.
[0103] FIG. 28 depicts only a relatively short section of the
break-out cable 352 in the vicinity of one of the break-out
locations 350. It will be appreciated that a plurality of similar
breakout locations 350 can be provided along the length of the
fiber optic cable 352.
V. FDH's, MST's, OTE's and Splice Enclosures
[0104] FIGS. 29 and 30 show an example fiber distribution hub 400
that can be incorporated within a reconfigurable network in
accordance with the principles of the present disclosure. The fiber
distribution hub 400 includes a cabinet 402 that can generally be
pole mounted or pad mounted. The cabinet 402 is preferably
environmentally sealed and has one or more access doors for
accessing an interior of cabinet. Within the cabinet, the fiber
distribution hub 400 includes a termination field 404 including an
array of fiber optic adapters 406. The fiber optic adapters 406 are
each adapted for optically connecting together two fiber optic
connectors. The fiber distribution hub 400 can also include parking
locations 408 for storing fiber optic connectors that are not in
use. The fiber distribution hub 400 further includes a splitter
mounting location 410 at which a plurality of passive optical power
splitters 412 can be mounted. When installed in a network, optical
fibers 414 of a feeder cable 416 can be optically coupled to inputs
of the passive optical splitters 412. The optical splitters 412 can
include connectorized pigtails 413 having connectorized ends that
are plugged into adapter ports at a first side 415 of the
termination field 406. A distribution cable 420 is also routed to
the fiber distribution hub 400. Optical fibers 422 of the
distribution cable can be connectorized and plugged into adapter
ports at a second side 417 of the termination field. In this way,
the output of the fiber optic splitters 412 can be coupled to the
optical fibers 422 of the distribution cable. The optical fibers
422 of the distribution cable 420 can be routed to subscriber
locations.
[0105] In certain examples, switching devices in accordance with
the present disclosure can be used to retrofit the fiber
distribution hub 400. For example, in certain examples, a switching
module having fiber optic adapter ports at the input and output
interfaces could be used at the termination field (e.g., the
switching modules could be installed within openings in a panel or
frame of the fiber distribution hub or can be otherwise attached to
the frame of the fiber distribution hub). In this way, outputs of
the optical splitters 412 can be plugged into the fiber optic
adapters of the splitter matrix at the input side of the splitter
matrix and the connectorized optical fibers 422 can be plugged into
the adapter ports at the output side of the splitter matrix. In
other examples, the splitter modules 412 can be replaced with a
combined splitter and switching module that mounts at the splitter
mounting location 410. The splitter and switching module can
provide automated switching capabilities thereby eliminating the
need for manual patching at the adapter termination field 404. In
certain examples, the combined splitter and switching module can
have an output interface including connectorized pigtails that plug
into the first side of the termination field and thereby optically
connect to the distribution fibers 422 of the distribution cable
420. The input interface of the combined splitter and switching
module can have one or more optical fibers that are optically
coupled to the optical fibers 414 of the feeder cable 416.
[0106] For first fit applications, modules having combined
splitting and switching functionality can include output optical
interfaces with compact configurations adapted for making a
plurality of optical connections in a relatively small area. For
example, the output interface can include a plurality of
multi-fiber connectors (e.g., MPO connectors) or other high-fiber
count connectors. Additionally, mass fusion splices could also be
used to couple the outputs to the distribution cable fibers 422. By
using compact optical switching and optical splitting circuits, the
termination field can be greatly reduced in size or eliminated in
place of the automated switching. Example fiber distribution hubs
are disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,218,827 and 7,816,602, which are
hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0107] FIG. 31 depicts an example multi-service terminal 430 that
can be incorporated into a reconfigurable network in accordance
with the principles of the present disclosure. The multi-service
terminal 430 (i.e., drop terminal) includes an environmentally
sealed housing 432. Typically, the housing 432 is not designed to
be readily re-enterable. A fiber optic cable 434 (e.g., a drop
cable) can enter the enclosure 432 through a sealed port location.
In certain examples, the drop cable 434 includes a plurality of
optical fibers which are fanned out within the interior of the
enclosure 432. In other examples, the fiber optic cable 432
includes a relatively small number of fibers and a passive optical
splitter or WDM device can be provided within the enclosure 432.
The drop terminal 430 includes a plurality of ports 436 for
receiving hardened fiber optic connectors from outside the exterior
of the enclosure 432. The ports 436 can be formed at least in part
by fiber optic adapters 438. The fiber optic adapters 438 can
include hardened outer ports 436 that are accessible from outside
the terminal housing 432 and non-hardened inner ports 440 that are
accessible from inside the terminal housing 432. The fiber optic
adapter 438 includes an adapter body 439 which may be one or more
pieces. The adapter body 439 at least partially defines the
hardened outer port 436 and the non-hardened inner port 440. A
ferrule alignment sleeve 442 is mounted within the adapter body 439
in coaxial alignment with the non-hardened inner port 440 and the
hardened outer port 436. In certain examples, the fiber optic
adapter 438 is mounted within an opening 444 defined through a wall
446 in the terminal housing 432. A seal 448 can provide
environmental sealing between the adapter body 439 and the wall of
the terminal housing 432. A nut 449 can be threaded on a threaded
portion of the adapter body to clamp the adapter body 439 in place
relative to the terminal housing 432 and to compress the seal 448.
When the hardened outer port 436 is not in use (i.e., when a
connector is not inserted therein) a plug 447 having a seal and
threads can be threaded into the hardened outer port 436 to keep
the hardened outer port environmentally sealed. In certain
examples, the hardened outer port 436 of the fiber optic adapter
can include a twist-to-lock interface suitable for mating with a
corresponding twist-to-lock interface provided on a ruggedized
fiber optic connector 451 designed to be inserted within the
hardened outer port. Example twist-to-lock interfaces include
threaded interfaces and bayonet-style interfaces. As shown at FIG.
34, the twist-to-lock interface includes a threaded interface 453
defined within the threaded outer port which is adapted to mate
with a threaded interface 455 provided on a threaded fastener 457
of the hardened fiber optic connector 451 designed to fit within
the hardened outer port 436. The hardened fiber optic connector 451
can include a seal that provides environmental sealing between the
fiber optic adapter 438 and the hardened fiber optic connector 451
when the hardened fiber optic connector 451 is inserted within the
hardened port 436. The hardened fiber optic connector 451 includes
a plug that fits within the hardened outer port 436. A ferrule 459
is positioned at an end of the plug. The ferrule 459 can support an
optical fiber of an optical cable secured to the hardened fiber
optic connector 451. When the hardened fiber optic connector 451 is
installed within the hardened fiber optical port 436, the ferrule
459 fits within the ferrule alignment sleeve 442 such that the
optical fiber supported within the ferrule 459 coaxially aligns
with a fiber supported by a ferrule 461 of a non-ruggedized
connector 463 within the interior of the drop terminal. In this
way, an optical connection is made between the optical fiber inside
the terminal and the optical fiber outside the terminal.
[0108] FIGS. 35 and 36 show an optical termination enclosure 470
suited to be integrated within a reconfigurable fiber optic network
in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure. The
optical termination enclosure includes a terminal housing 472 that
is closed by latches or clamps and is designed to be open to
facilitate accessing the interior. The enclosure 472 defines cable
ports 474 for receiving pass-through cables. Typically, sealant is
provided within the cable ports 474 for providing environmental
seals around the cables (e.g., pass-through cables) routed into the
terminal. Hardened connectivity can also be integrated with the
terminal 472. For example, hardened fiber optic adapters 438 can be
mounted to the terminal similar to the hardened fiber optic
adapters 438 provided on the multi-service terminal 430. Within the
interior of the terminal 472, fiber management trays and splice
trays 473 are provided for managing optical splices between optical
fibers of the pass-through cables and optical fibers routed to the
hardened fiber optic adapters. In certain examples, drop cables can
also be routed through sealed ports of the enclosure. In certain
examples, additional components such as passive optical splitters
and wavelength division multiplexing devices can be mounted within
the terminal housing 472.
[0109] Example OTE's are disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 8,213,760 and
PCT Publication No. WO2015/150204 which are hereby incorporated by
reference in their entireties. Example configurations for
multi-service terminals are disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,844,158;
7,397,997; and 7,512,304, which are hereby incorporated by
reference in their entireties.
[0110] FIG. 38 shows an example splice enclosure 500 including a
housing having a base 502 and a cover 504. The base 502 and the
cover 504 can be secured together (e.g., clamped together) and a
seal can be used to provide an environmental sealing between the
base 502 and the cover 504. In certain examples, the cover 504 has
a dome-style configuration with a closed end position opposite from
an open end. The splice enclosure 500 also includes a sealing unit
506 attached to a fiber management unit 508. The fiber management
unit can include a plurality of trays 507 for managing optical
fibers and for supporting optical splices. Additionally, structures
such as optical splitters and wavelength division multiplexing
devices can be supported on the trays. The sealing unit typically
includes a sealant such as gel which defines a plurality of cable
ports for providing sealing about cables routed into the interior
of the splice enclosure. An actuator 510 can be used to pressurize
the sealant to cause the sealant to form tightly about the cables
to provide a better seal. An outer periphery of the sealant can
provide a circumferential seal with an inner surface of the base
502. Example splice enclosures are disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos.
8,989,550 and 9,948,082, which are hereby incorporated by reference
in their entireties.
VI. Fiber Optic Network Architecture
[0111] FIG. 39 discloses a network 600 in accordance with the
principles of the present disclosure. The fiber optic network 600
radiates outwardly from a central location including a data center
610 and a central office 612. A fiber optic core or backbone
extends outwardly from the central office 612 and supports various
branches that extend outwardly to an edge 614 of the network 600.
The fiber optic network 600 provides services to individual
subscriber locations 616 and larger facilities 617 (e.g.,
multi-dwelling units, businesses, universities, public facilities,
stadiums and campuses). The fiber optic network can also provide
fiber optic connectivity used to support cellular networks such as
macro cells 618 and small cells 620.
[0112] In the depicted example, the network 600 includes fiber
distribution hubs 400, multi-service terminals 430, splice cabinets
431, optical termination enclosures 470, and splice enclosures 500.
In other networks in accordance with the principles of the present
disclosure, one or more of the depicted types of components may be
used to extend the network. It will be appreciated that switching
technology of the type described herein (e.g., N.times.N switching
matrices, drop line switching matrices, reconfigurable splitter
architectures; loop back or cross connect switching architectures,
and other switching architectures) can be incorporated into the
optical termination enclosures and/or the splice enclosure and/or
the fiber distribution hubs and/or into the multi-service terminals
and/or into splice cabinets.
[0113] Referring to FIG. 39, the central office 612 includes an
outside plant interface 640 which often includes racks of optical
connection equipment. The central office 612 also includes wireline
network control 641 such as optical line terminals that assist in
managing and controlling signal traffic through the network. The
central office 612 can further include centralized radio access
network (C-RAN) 643 computing capabilities such as a base band
unit/digital function unit. The central office 612 further includes
general computing capability 645.
[0114] Core or trunk cables can be routed outwardly from the OSP
interface 640 to various locations. As depicted, a main trunk cable
650 is routed through the splice cabinet 431 to a fiber
distribution hub 400a. A first branch 656 which includes an MST 430
supporting a plurality of subscriber locations 616 and local
wireless services such as Wi-Fi services. The FDH 400a also
includes a second branch 660 including multi-service terminal 430
providing optical communications with a C-RAN hub 670. The C-RAN
hub provides localized computing at the edge and can include base
band unit processing capabilities. The C-RAN hub 670 supports a
macro cell 618a which typically includes a plurality of radio heads
and corresponding antenna supported on a tower. The C-RAN hubs 670
also supports a small cell 620a which also typically includes a
radio head and an antenna mounted generally at a lower location
such as a phone pole. A third branch 675 extends outwardly from the
fiber distribution hub 400a to provide optical communication with a
small cell 620b. A fourth branch 690 extends outwardly from the
fiber distribution hub 654 and includes an MST 430 coupled to a
small cell 620c, a subscriber location and multi-dwelling unit. A
fifth branch 700 includes a chain of splice enclosures 500 coupled
to subscriber locations either directly by drop lines or indirectly
through an MST 430.
[0115] An indexing line 680 outwardly from the fiber distribution
hub 654. The indexing line can have a looped configuration and can
include a plurality of indexing terminals 681 at which optical
fibers are dropped from the main line to facilitate accessing at
subscriber locations. At least some of the indexing terminals 681
can include passive optical splitters 683. In certain examples, the
passive optical splitters can include reconfigurable splitting
architectures of the type previously described herein by which the
output provided at the drop locations of the indexing terminal can
be varied in power. In certain examples, multiple split ratios
could be utilized and/or ports can also be provided with un-split
signals suitable for point-to-point communication. In alternative
examples, the terminal 340 of FIG. 27 can be used in place of the
indexing terminals 681. In this way, at each of the drop locations
corresponding to each of the terminals, individual drop lines can
be selected via the switching architecture. This allows the system
to be more readily reconfigured to meet customer demand and to
enhance the most effective use of optical power.
[0116] In certain examples, the C-RAN hub 670 can include internal
processing capabilities typically provided by a base band unit that
interfaces with the radio units of the macro cell 618a and the
small cell 620a to control operation of such cells. In certain
examples, supplemental processing can be provided by the C-RAN 643
at the central office 610. By providing remote switching
architectures at the FDH 400a, the system can be operated in a
web-style configuration to make use of the computing power provided
at the C-RAN hub 670. For example, the C-RAN hub 670 can be coupled
through the FDH 400a to the small cell 620b of the third branch 675
as well as the small cell 620c of the fourth branch 690. In certain
examples, the switching circuitry can include loop back or cross
connect switching circuitry. In this way, it is not necessary to
utilize the C-RAN 643 at the central office 612 to control the
small cells 620b, 620c that are in the general vicinity of the
remote C-RAN hub 670. This promotes a more efficient allocation of
resources and can result in faster operation of the system.
[0117] The fiber optic network 600 also includes the fiber optic
distribution cable 352 having integrated breakout locations 350.
The integrated breakout locations 350 can have the same general
configuration as the breakout location 350 of FIG. 28. Thus, remote
switching capabilities can be integrated into each of the breakout
locations 350 of the cable 352 to allow for maximum flexibility and
re-configurability in this system.
[0118] The fiber optic network can also include a tap line
architecture for distributing services to subscriber locations.
Branch line 780 is an example of a tap line. The tap line 780
includes a plurality of tapping terminals 781a-781d that are strung
together along the branch. At each of the terminals 781a-781d, a
portion of the main signal is tapped off. In order to maintain
uniform power at each of the tap locations, it is necessary for the
tapping percentage to increase along the length of the tapping
chain (see FIG. 40). In certain examples, the tapping terminals can
have reconfigurable taps that allow the power of the tapped signal
to be reconfigured as needed. For example, if it is necessary to
add a tap location at an intermediate location along the chain of
tapping terminals, the tapping terminals downstream of the added
tapping terminal can have their tapping percentage increased so
that sufficient power is tapped.
[0119] Referring still to FIG. 39, the fiber optic network also
includes a distribution loop 800 including a plurality of terminals
such as optical termination enclosures 470. The optical termination
enclosures 470 support subscriber locations, small cells 620d, 620e
and a macro cell 618b. A C-RAN hub 671 having computing in the form
of base band processing is supported with fiber optic
communications distributed by the distribution loop 800. The C-RAN
671 is at the edge of the network. By utilizing switching within
the optical termination enclosures 470a, 470b, the base band unit
processing abilities in the C-RAN hub can be used to interface with
the small cell 620d corresponding to optical termination enclosure
470b without requiring centralized processing. In certain examples,
block switching can be incorporated at the OSP interface 640 and at
the OTE 470a to switch between a forward feed direction and a
reverse feed direction at the OTE. For example in the case of a
line failure in the forward direction, the OSP interface 640 can
use block switching to switch the optical signals corresponding to
OTE 470a to the reverse direction to that service to the OTE 470a
and the C-RAN 671 hub are not interrupted or are only minimally
interrupted.
VII. Reconfigurable Wavelength Division
Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
[0120] Referring to FIG. 41, a signal access unit 1000 receives an
input of optical signals having a plurality of different
wavelengths. The signal access unit 1000 has a main output 1004 and
at least one access line 1006. The signal access unit 1000 is
configured to selectively direct optical signals having a selected
wavelength between an input 1002 and the access line 1006 and/or
between the access line 1006 and the main output 1004. Optical
signals not having the selected wavelength pass through the signal
access unit 1000 between the input 1002 and the main output
1004.
[0121] The signal access unit 1000 includes a switch arrangement
1020 including a switch 1022 that is optically coupled to the input
1002, the output 1004, and the access line 1006. The switch 1022 is
configured to transition between a first configuration and a second
configuration. The switch 1022 optically couples the input 1002 to
the output 1004 and not to the access line 1006 when in the first
configuration. The switch 1022 optically couples the access line
1006 to at least one of the input 1002 and the output 1004 without
optically coupling the input 1002 and the output 1004 together when
in the second configuration.
[0122] In some implementations, the input 1002 receives a
connectorized end of a separate cable 1040. In other
implementations, the input 1002 is a connectorized end of a stub
cable 1040. In certain examples, the cable 1040 includes an optical
fiber carrying optical signals of different wavelengths
.lamda.1-.lamda.n. In some implementations, the output 1004
receives a connectorized end of a separate cable 1045. In other
implementations, the output 1004 is a connectorized end of a stub
cable 1045. In certain examples, the cable 1045 includes an optical
fiber carrying optical signals of different wavelengths
.lamda.1-.lamda.n.
[0123] In certain implementations, a controller 1028 is configured
to receive an indication of a selected wavelength and to operate
the switch arrangement 1020 to change the switch 1022 between the
first and second configurations based on the indication of the
selected wavelength. In certain examples, the controller 1028
communicates with the switch arrangement 1020 over a circuit board
1026.
[0124] In certain implementations, the signal access unit 1000
includes a demultiplexer 1010 coupled to the input 1002 and a
multiplexer 1015 coupled to the main output 1004. The demultiplexer
1010 is configured to separate optical signals received at the
input 1002 onto a plurality of demultiplexer outputs 1012 based on
wavelength. The multiplexer 1015 is configured to combine optical
signals received at a plurality of multiplexer inputs 1016 and to
direct the combined signal to the output 1004. The switch 1022
optically couples to the input 1002 via at least one of the
demultiplexer outputs 1012 and optically couples to the output 1004
via at least one of the multiplexer inputs 1016.
[0125] In certain implementations, the signal access unit 1000
includes a plurality of access ports 1006. Each access line 1006 is
configured to be optically coupled to one of the demultiplexer
outputs 1012 and/or to one of the multiplexer inputs 1016. In
certain examples, the signal access unit 1000 includes more
demultiplexer outputs 1012 than access ports 1006. Any
demultiplexer output 1012 not optically coupled to one of the
access ports 1006 is optically coupled to a respective one of the
multiplexer inputs 1016. In the example shown, the signal access
unit 1000 has five demultiplexer outputs 1012. In other examples,
however, the signal access unit 1000 can have any desired number
(e.g., two, three, four, six, eight, ten, twelve, sixteen,
twenty-four, thirty-two, sixty-four, etc.) of demultiplexer outputs
1012.
[0126] The switches 1022 of the switch arrangement 1020 can be any
desired type of switch. Some example switches 1022 suitable for use
in the switch arrangement 1020 are shown with reference to FIGS.
1-2 and 5-6. For example, the switches 1022 may include total
internal reflection (TIR) switches. In another example, the
switches 1022 may include adiabatic switches.
[0127] Referring back to FIG. 41, each switch 1022 has a first
optical line 1024 extending between one of the demultiplexer
outputs 1012 and one of the multiplexer inputs 1016. Each switch
1022 also has a second optical line 1025 extending between the
switch 1022 and one of the access ports 1006. The controller 1028
actuates each switch 1022 to fill the bar 1023 with the index
matching liquid or empty the bar 1023.
[0128] FIGS. 42 and 43 illustrate signal access units 1000', 1000''
that are substantially the same as the single access unit 1000
shown in FIG. 41 except that additional channels extend between the
demultiplexer 1010 and the multiplexer 1015. As the term is used
herein, a "channel" refers to an optical line extending between a
demultiplexer output and a multiplexer input. Each channel receives
optical signals of a particular wavelength or wavelength band from
the demultiplexer 1010. In the signal access units 1000', 1000''
each have four access ports 1006a, 1006b, 1006c, 1006d and sixteen
channels extending between the demultiplexer outputs 1012 and the
multiplexer inputs 1016. A first demultiplexer output 1012a is
optically coupled to a first access line 1006a via a first switch
1022a, a second demultiplexer output 1012a is optically coupled to
a second access line 1006a via a second switch 1022a, a third
demultiplexer output 1012a is optically coupled to a third access
line 1006a via a third switch 1022a, and a fourth demultiplexer
output 1012a is optically coupled to a fourth access line 1006a via
a fourth switch 1022a. The remaining demultiplexer outputs 1012 are
optically coupled to respective multiplexer inputs 1016.
[0129] The signal access units 1000', 1000'' differ in the number
of switches 1022 that connect the channels to the access ports
1006. In FIG. 42, the switch arrangement 1020 has a sufficient
number of switch to selectively couple any of the channels to any
of the access ports 1006a-1006d. For example, the number of
switches 1022 is equal to the number of access ports 1006
multiplied by the number of channels. In FIG. 43, however, the
switch arrangement 1020 can only couple each access line
1006a-1006d to some of the optical channels. In the example shown,
the switch arrangement 1020 has four switches 1022 optically
coupled to each access line 1006a-1006d. The four switches 1022 are
optically coupled to four of the demultiplexer outputs 1012. For
example, the first access line 1006a can be optically coupled to
demultiplexer output 1012a, 1012e, 1012i, 1012m, but cannot be
optically coupled to any of demultiplexer outputs 1012b-1012d,
1012f-1012h, 1012j-1012l, or 1012n-1012p.
[0130] Accordingly, the signal access unit 1000'' is less flexible
than the signal access unit 1000' in that the signal access unit
1000'' is less customizable in which signal wavelength can be
supplied to each access line 1006. However, the signal access unit
1000'' requires fewer switches 1022 than the signal access unit
1000'. Accordingly, the signal access unit 1000'' is cheaper than
the signal access unit 1000' in terms of material cost, can be made
smaller than the signal access unit 1000', and has lower switch
loss.
[0131] In some implementations, the access port(s) 1006 of the
signal access unit 1000, 1000', 1000'' are drop port(s) and the
switch arrangement 1020 optically couples each drop port 1006 to
the input 1002. In such implementations, at least one of the
multiplexer inputs 1016 does not receive signals from either the
input 1002 or the drop port 1006. Rather, the at least one
multiplexer input 1016 may be a dark line. In other
implementations, the access port(s) 1006 of the signal access unit
1000, 1000', 1000'' are add port(s) and the switch arrangement 1020
optically couples each add port 1006 to the output 1004. In such
implementations, at least one of the demultiplexer outputs 1012
does not optically couple to either the output 1004 or the add port
1006. Rather, the at least one demultiplexer output 1012 may be a
dark line. In still other implementations, some of the access ports
1006 of the signal access unit 1000, 1000', 1000'' are drop port(s)
and some of the access ports 1006 of the signal access unit 1000,
1000', 1000'' are add port(s). In still other implementations, each
access line 1006 of the signal access unit 1000, 1000', 1000'' may
be both a drop port and an add port as will be described
herein.
[0132] FIGS. 44 and 45 illustrate a signal access enclosure 1050
that includes first and second signal access units. The first and
second signal access units can include any of the signal access
units 1000, 1000', 1000'' discussed herein. The signal access
enclosure 1050 includes a body 1051 defining a first input 1052a, a
second input 1052b, a first output 1054a, a second output 1054b,
and multiple access ports 1056. The first and second signal access
units 1000a, 1000b are disposed within the body 1050.
[0133] Each of the signal access units 1000a, 1000b includes a
demultiplexer 1010, a multiplexer 1015, and a switch arrangement
1020. The first signal access unit 1000a drops optical signals of
selected wavelengths and the second signal access unit 1000b adds
optical signals of selected wavelengths. The switch arrangement
1020 of the first signal access unit 1000a connects select output
channels of the demultiplexer 1010 of the first signal access unit
1000a to corresponding access lines 1006 of the first signal access
unit 1000a. The switch arrangement 1020 of the second signal access
unit 1000b connects select input channels of the multiplexer 1010
of the second signal access unit 1000b to corresponding access
lines 1006 of the second signal access unit 1000b. Outputs of the
demultiplexer 1010 of the first signal access unit 1000a that are
not directed to access lines 1006 are instead directed to the
multiplexer 1015 and combined onto the first output 1054a. Inputs
of the multiplexer 1015 of the second signal access unit 1000b that
are not received from the access lines 1006 are instead combined
onto the second output 1054b.
[0134] In certain implementations, the access lines 1006 of the
signal access units 1000a, 1000b are routed to connectors 1058 at
the access ports 1056. In some examples, each connector 1058
receives an access line 1006 from the first signal access unit
1000a and an access line 1006 from the second signal access unit
1000b. Accordingly, the connector 1058 may have a transmit line Tx
and a receive line Rx. In an example, the connector 1058 is an SFP+
connector.
[0135] An add/drop cable 1060 may optically couple the signal
access enclosure 1050 to a radio head R1-R4 or other equipment via
one of the access ports 1056. For example, each add/drop cable 1060
may have a first connectorized end 1062 and a second connectorized
end 1064. The first connectorized end 1062 is plugged into one of
the access ports 1056. The second connectorized end 1064 is plugged
into one of the radio heads R1-R4.
[0136] The signal access enclosure 1050 includes ruggedized access
ports 1056. For example, each access port 1056 is configured to
environmentally seal the enclosure interior and to robustly secure
(e.g., via a twist-to-lock fastener) to an add/drop cable 1060. In
certain examples, the access ports 1056 are configured so that the
first connectorized ends 1062 of the add/drop cables 1060 are
received within the environmentally sealed interior of the body
1051 when plugged into the access ports 1056.
[0137] FIG. 45 illustrates multiple signal access enclosures
1050a-1050d chained together in network. In the example shown, each
signal access enclosure 1050a-1050d is disposed at a pole P1-P4 at
which antennas are disposed. Radio heads R1, R2, R3, etc. are also
disposed at the poles P1-P4 to supply signals to the antennas and
receive signals from the antennas. Each signal access enclosure
1050a, 1050b, 1050c, 1050d is associated with a pole P1, P2, P3,
P4. In other examples, however, multiple signal access enclosures
1050 could service the radio heads at a single pole or a signal
access enclosure 1050 could service radio heads at multiple
poles.
[0138] As shown in FIG. 45, a first feeder cable F1 optically
couples a central office CO to a first signal access enclosure
1050a. In an example, the first feeder cable F1 includes only a
single optical fiber. The first feeder cable F1 is optically
coupled to the first input 1052a of the first signal access
enclosure 1050a. One or more signal wavelengths (or wavelength
bands) are dropped at the first signal access enclosure 1050a. Each
access port 1056 is associated with a selected wavelength or
wavelength band. In certain examples, each access port 1056 has a
transmit line Tx and a receive line Rx associated with a selected
wavelength or wavelength band.
[0139] In the example shown, each signal access enclosure
1050a-1050d has four access ports 1056. In other examples, however,
the signal access enclosures 1050a-1050d can have any desired
number of access ports 1056 (e.g., a suitable number of access
ports 1056 to provide service to any radio heads at a corresponding
pole). In the example shown, each of the signal access enclosures
1050a-1050d includes five channels. In other examples, however,
each signal access enclosure 1050a-1050d can have any desired
number of channels.
[0140] One end of a second feeder cable F2 is optically coupled to
the first output 1054a of the first signal access enclosure 1050a.
An opposite end of the second feeder cable F2 is optically coupled
to the first input 1052a of the second signal access enclosure
1050b. Accordingly, optical signals having wavelengths not dropped
at the first signal access enclosure 1050a are input into the first
signal access unit 1000 of the second signal access enclosure
1050b. At the second signal access enclosure 1050b, optical signals
of selected wavelengths are dropped and/or added via respective
access ports 1056.
[0141] In some examples, the selected wavelengths dropped/added at
the second signal access enclosure 1050b are different from the
selected wavelengths dropped/added at the first signal access
enclosure 1050a. In other examples, the selected wavelengths
dropped/added at the second signal access enclosure 1050b are the
same as the selected wavelengths dropped/added at the first signal
access enclosure 1050a as will be disclosed in further detail
herein with respect to FIG. 49.
[0142] A third feeder cable F3 optically couples the first output
1054a of the second signal access enclosure 1050b to the first
input 1052a of a third signal access enclosure 1050c. Optical
signals of selected wavelengths are dropped and/or added at the
third signal access enclosure 1050c via respective access ports
1056. A fourth feeder cable F4 optically couples the first output
1054a of the third signal access enclosure 1050c to the first input
1052a of a fourth signal access enclosure 1050d. Optical signals of
selected wavelengths are dropped and/or added at the fourth signal
access enclosure 1050d via respective access ports 1056.
[0143] FIG. 46 illustrates another example signal access enclosure
1250 having a first main port 1252, a second main port 1254, and
one or more access ports 1256. In certain implementations, the
signal access enclosure 1250 includes a body 1251 defining a sealed
interior. In certain implementations, the first main port 1252, the
second main port 1254, and the access ports 1256 are ruggedized
(e.g., environmentally sealed at least when a cable or plug is
received). In certain implementations, the first and second main
ports 1252, 1254 are configured to receive optical signals carried
in a first direction and optical signals carried in a second,
reverse direction. For example, the first and second main ports
1252, 1254 may each receive first and second optical lines.
[0144] The signal access enclosure 1250 includes a first
multiplexer/demultiplexer (mux&demux) unit 1210 and a second
mux&demux unit 1215. A plurality of channels 1219 extend
between the first and second mux&demux units 1210, 1215. The
first mux&demux unit 1210 is optically coupled to the first
main port 1252 and the second mux&demux unit 1215 is optically
coupled to the second main port 1254. Each mux&demux unit 1210,
1215 is configured to separate optical signals received at the
respective main port 1252, 1254 by wavelength onto the respective
channel outputs 1212, 1217. Each mux&demux unit 1210, 1215 also
is configured to combine optical signals received at the respective
channel inputs 1213, 1216 and to direct the combined signal to the
respective main port 1252, 1254. Each channel 1219 extends either
between one of the channel inputs 1213 of the first mux&demux
unit 1210 and one of the channel outputs 1217 of the second
mux&demux unit 1215 or between one of the channel outputs 1212
of the first mux&demux unit 1210 and one of the channel inputs
1216 of the second mux&demux unit 1215.
[0145] A switching arrangement 1220 is disposed between the first
and second mux&demux units 1210, 1215. The switching
arrangement 1220 includes a plurality of switches 1222. In certain
implementations, the switching arrangement 1220 is mounted to a
substrate (e.g., a circuit board) with a controller 1228. A power
supply 1229 also can be mounted to the substrate to power the
controller 1228 and/or the switch arrangement 1220. The controller
1228 transitions each switch 1222 of the switch arrangement 1220
between first and second configurations to determine which channels
1219 are optically coupled to the access ports 1256.
[0146] In some implementations, each channel 1219 has a separate
switch 1222 capable of optically coupling the channel 1219 to one
of the access ports 1256. In other implementations, each channel
input 1213, 1216 is paired with a channel output 1212, 1217 of the
same mux&demux unit so that both channels 1219 in the pair are
associated with a common wavelength or wavelength band. In some
such implementations, each switch 1222 is capable of optically
coupling each pair of channels 1219 to one or two access ports
1256. In an example, each switch 1222 is capable of optically
coupling a first channel 1219 in the pair to a drop port 1256 and a
second channel 1219 in the pair to an add port 1256.
[0147] For example, in FIG. 46, a first switch 1222a is optically
coupled to a first channel input 1213 and a first channel output
1212 of the first mux&demux unit 1210. The first switch 1222a
also is optically coupled to a first channel input 1216 and a first
channel output 1217 of the second mux&demux unit 1215. The
first switch 1222a also is optically coupled to a first access port
1256a and a second access port 1256b. In certain examples, the
first switch 1222a can be transitioned to a first configuration in
which the first channel output 1212 of the first mux&demux unit
1210 is optically coupled to the first channel input 1216 of the
second mux&demux unit 1215 and the first channel output 1217 of
the second mux&demux unit 1215 is optically coupled to the
first channel input 1213 of the first mux&demux unit 1210. The
first switch 1222a also can be transitioned to a second
configuration in which the first channel output 1212 of the first
mux&demux unit 1210 is optically coupled to a transmit line of
a first access port 1256a and the first channel input 1216 of the
second mux&demux unit 1215 is optically coupled to a receive
line of the first access port 1256a. In certain examples, the first
channel output 1217 of the second mux&demux unit 1215 is
optically coupled to a transmit line of a second access port 1256b
and the first channel input 1213 of the first mux&demux unit
1210 is optically coupled to a receive line of the second access
port 1256b.
[0148] FIG. 47 illustrates another example signal access enclosure
1150 having a first main port 1152, a second main port 1154, and
one or more access ports 1156. In certain implementations, the
signal access enclosure 1150 includes a body 1151 defining a sealed
interior. In certain implementations, the first main port 1152, the
second main port 1154, and the access ports 1156 are ruggedized. In
certain implementations, the first and second main ports 1152, 1154
are configured to receive optical signals carried in a first
direction and optical signals carried in a second, reverse
direction.
[0149] The signal access enclosure 1150 includes a first
mux&demux unit 1110 and a second mux&demux unit 1115. A
plurality of channels 1119 extend between the first and second
mux&demux units 1110, 1115. In certain examples, the
mux&demux units 1110, 1115 are substantially the same as the
mux&demux units 1210, 1215 of FIG. 46. However, FIG. 47 shows
fewer channels 1119 for ease in viewing. It will be understood,
however, that the signal access enclosure 1150 can have a greater
or lesser number of channels 1119 than what is shown in FIG.
47.
[0150] A switching arrangement 1120 is disposed between the first
and second mux&demux units 1110, 1115. The switching
arrangement 1120 includes a plurality of switches 1122. In certain
implementations, the switching arrangement 1120 is mounted to a
substrate (e.g., a circuit board) with a controller 1128. A power
supply 1129 also can be mounted to the substrate to power the
controller 1128 and/or the switch arrangement 1120. The controller
1128 transitions each switch 1122 of the switch arrangement 1120
between first and second configurations to determine which channels
1119 are optically coupled to the access ports 1156.
[0151] The signal access enclosure 1150 includes a plurality of
optical taps 1170 disposed between the switches 1122 and the access
ports 1056. Each optical tap 1170 having a tap input 1172, a first
tap output 1174, and a second tap output 1176. The optical tap 1170
directs part of an optical signal received at the tap input 1172 to
the first tap output 1174 and directs another part of the optical
signal to the second tap output 1176. The second part has less
power than the first part. The second tap output 1176 of each tap
1170 is directed to one of the access ports 1156.
[0152] When disposed in a first configuration, a switch 1122
optically couples together a channel input and a channel output of
the first and second mux&demux units 1110, 1115. When disposed
in a second configuration, the switch 1122 optically couples a
channel output of one of the mux&demux units 1110, 1115 to the
tap input 1172 of one of the optical taps 1170. The optical tap
1170 directs a small portion of the optical signals from the
channel output to the access port 1156 (e.g., to a transmit line of
the access port). The switch 1122 also may optically couple the
first tap output 1174 of the optical tap 1170 to the corresponding
channel input of the other of the mux&demux units 1110,
1115.
[0153] In FIG. 47, only channel outputs 1112 of the first
mux&demux unit 1110 and channel inputs 1116 of the second
mux&demux unit 1115 are shown for clarity. Accordingly, in FIG.
47, only optical signals carried through the first mux&demux
unit 1110 are directed to the access ports 1156. It will be
understood, however, that each of the mux&demux units 1110,
1115 may have both channel inputs and channel outputs. It also will
be understood that optical signals from one or more output channels
of the second mux&demux unit 1115 also may be tapped off and
directed to one or more of the access ports 1156.
[0154] FIGS. 48-51 illustrate examples of modules 1300, 1320 that
can define or otherwise be connected to the access ports 1156. The
modules 1300, 1320 each have a first connection interface designed
to optically couple to the access lines 1006 of the signal access
units or otherwise receive signals from the channels 1119, 1219 of
the signal access enclosures 1150, 1250. The first connection
interface is designed to send or receive optical signals at a
particular wavelength.
[0155] The modules 1300, 1320 also have a second connection
interface that is configured to receive a connectorized end of a
cable to be connected to the access port 1156. The second
connection interface of some types of modules 1300 is not
configured to send or receive optical signals at a particular
wavelength. The modules 1300 are configured to convert signals
between the first and second connection interfaces. In some
examples, the second connection interface of a module 1300 is an
electrical connector interface. In other examples, the second
connection interface of a module 1300 is an optical connector
interface that is not restricted to a single wavelength or
wavelength band. The second connection interface of other types of
modules 1320 may also be designed to send or receive optical
signals at a particular wavelength.
[0156] In certain implementations, the signal access enclosure
1050, 1150, 1250 define slots 1330 at which one or more modules
1300, 1320 may be disposed (see FIG. 48). In some examples, the
modules 1300, 1320 may be installable at the slots 1330 in the
field. For example, the modules 1300, 1320 may have a plug-and-play
type connection to the enclosure body 1051, 1151, 1251. In other
examples, the modules 1300, 1320 are pre-installed in the
factory.
[0157] FIGS. 49 and 50 illustrates modules 1300A, 1300B that
converts signals between first and second connection interfaces.
Each module 1300A, 1300B defines a port 1315 at which a
connectorized end of a cable can be received. Each module 1300A,
1300B also includes a connector (e.g., an SFP connector) configured
to receive electrical signals from the connectorized end received
at the port 1315. For example, the port 1315 can have an SFP
interface so that a DAC or SFP+ transceiver can be received. Each
module 1300A, 1300B also includes an integrated circuit 1304 or
other converter that translates between electrical signals and
optical signals.
[0158] In some examples, the electrical signals include a transmit
signal and a receive signal. Each module 1300A, 1300B includes a
receiver 1308 (e.g., a PIN-TIA receiver) that receives an optical
signal at a particular wavelength or wavelength band. The receiver
1308 optically couples to the line of the access port that is
optically coupled to the channel output of the demultiplexer or
mux&demux unit.
[0159] The first module 1300A includes a tunable laser 1306A that
outputs the converted optical signal at a particular wavelength or
wavelength band. The output of the laser 1306A is optically coupled
to the line of the access port that is optically coupled to the
channel input of a multiplexer or mux&demux unit. Using a
tunable laser 1306A enables identical module 1300A to be placed at
various access ports of the signal access enclosure. Each module
1300A can be tuned to the wavelength selected for the access port.
A controller 1310 and analog/digital converter 1312 cooperate to
keep the laser on the correct wavelength and amplitude.
[0160] The second module 1300B includes a CWDM laser 1306B that
outputs optical signals at a particular wavelength band or
wavelength. Accordingly, the laser 1306B in each second module
1300B would need to be selected to match the wavelength or
wavelength band associated with the respective access port. The
output of the laser 1306B is optically coupled to the line of the
access port that is optically coupled to the channel input of a
multiplexer or mux&demux unit.
[0161] FIG. 51 illustrates a module 1320 that passively monitors
and applies attenuation as required but otherwise does not convert
the signals between the first and second connection interfaces. The
module 1320 defines a port 1328 at which a connectorized end of a
cable can be received. The module 1320 also includes a connector
1322 (e.g., a duplex LC connector) configured to receive optical
signals from the connectorized end received at the port 1328. For
example, the port 1328 can have a duplex LC connector
interface.
The module 1320 directly connects the connector 1322 to the access
port. For example, the module 1320 may connect a first LC plug
connector of the duplex LC connector 1322 to the line of the access
port coupled to the channel output line of a demultiplexer or
mux&demux unit. In certain examples, the module 1320 includes a
power monitor attenuator 1324 that attenuates the power of a signal
obtained from the connector 1322 (e.g., from a second LC plug
connector of the duplex LC connector 1322). The attenuated signal
is supplied to the line of the access port that optically couples
to the input of a multiplexer or mux&demux unit. The module
1320 may include a controller (e.g., a microcontroller) to manage
the attenuator 1324.
VIII. Examples
[0162] Illustrative examples of devices, arrangements, systems and
architectures of the present disclosure are provided below.
[0163] Example 1. A fiber optic device including: a fiber optic
cable having pre-manufactured breakout locations integrated with
the fiber optic cable prior to deployment of the fiber optic cable,
the fiber optic cable having a plurality of optical fibers that
extend through a length of the fiber optic cable, the breakout
locations including optical switches or optically coupling the
optical fibers of the fiber optic cable to access locations.
[0164] Example 2. The fiber optic device of Example 1, wherein the
breakout locations are sealed by overmolds in which the optical
switches are contained.
[0165] Example 3. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 1-2,
wherein at a given one of the breakout location, switches are
provided for allowing the access location to be coupled to
different ones of the optical fibers of the fiber optic cable
dependent upon a configuration of the switches.
[0166] Example 4. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 1-3,
wherein each of the breakout location includes a switch matrix.
[0167] Example 5. A fiber optic device including: a network
enclosure including a fiber distribution hub or an environmentally
sealed terminal with hardened ports or an environmentally sealed
splice enclosure, or an environmentally sealed optical tap device
or an environmentally sealed optical splitting device or an
environmentally sealed wavelength division multi-plexing or
de-multi-plexing device or a fiber break-out enclosure; and an
optical switch incorporated within the network enclosure.
[0168] Example 6. The fiber optic device of Example 5, further
comprising optical input and optical outputs within the network
enclosure, wherein the switch includes a switch matrix for
switching between the optical inputs and the optical outputs.
[0169] Example 7. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 5 and
6, further comprising optical input and optical outputs within the
network enclosure, wherein the switch includes a switch matrix for
cross-switching between the optical inputs.
[0170] Example 8. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 5-7,
further comprising optical input and optical outputs within the
network enclosure, wherein the switch includes a switch matrix for
cross-switching between the optical outputs.
[0171] Example 9. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 5-8,
further comprising optical input and optical outputs within the
network enclosure, wherein the switch includes a switch matrix for
selectively coupling at least one of the optical inputs to at least
one of the optical outputs when in a first switch state, and for
coupling the at least one optical input to at least one optical
drop location when in a second switch state.
[0172] Example 10. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 5-9,
further comprising optical input and optical outputs within the
network enclosure, wherein the switch includes a switch matrix for
selectively coupling at least one of the optical outputs to at
least one of the optical inputs when in a first switch state, and
for coupling the at least one optical output to at least one
optical drop location when in a second switch state.
[0173] Example 11. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 5-10,
wherein the drop access location includes a hardened demateable
fiber optic connection location.
[0174] Example 12. The fiber optic device of Example 11, wherein
the hardened demateable fiber optic connection location is adapted
to mate in a sealed manner with a hardened fiber optic
connector.
[0175] Example 13. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 10 and
11, wherein the hardened demateable fiber optic connection location
includes a threaded connection interface adapted to mate with a
mechanical coupler of the corresponding fiber optic connector
adapted to mate with the demateable fiber optic connection
location.
[0176] Example 14. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 1-13,
wherein the switch is part of a block switching arrangement.
[0177] Example 15. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 1-14,
wherein the switch is part of a loop-back switching
arrangement.
[0178] Example 16. A fiber optic device including: a network
enclosure; and an optical switch matrix incorporated within the
network enclosure, the optical switch matrix including optical
inputs, optical outputs and optical drop locations, and wherein the
switch matrix couples at least one of the optical inputs to at
least one of the optical outputs when in a first switch state, and
couples the at least one optical input to at least one optical drop
location when in a second switch state.
[0179] Example 17. The fiber optic device of any of Example 1-16,
wherein the network enclosure is environmentally sealed and
includes at least one hardened demateable connection location
accessible from outside the network enclosure.
[0180] Example 18. The fiber optic device of Example 17, wherein
the hardened demateable connection location corresponds to an
optical drop access location.
[0181] Example 19. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 17 and
18, wherein the hardened demateable fiber optic connection location
is adapted to mate in a sealed manner with a hardened fiber optic
connector.
[0182] Example 20. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 17-19,
wherein the hardened demateable fiber optic connection location
includes a threaded connection interface adapted to mate with a
mechanical coupler of the corresponding fiber optic connector
adapted to mate with the demateable fiber optic connection
location.
[0183] Example 21. A network architecture including: a network
center and a network edge; and switching architecture for optically
connecting two locations at the network edge without passing
through the network center.
[0184] Example 22. A fiber optic device including: a switching
matrix for switching between inputs locations and output locations
of the switching matrix; and a module that can selectively be
coupled to the switching matrix, the module including an optical
power splitting module or a wavelength division multiplexing or
demultiplexing module.
[0185] Example 23. A fiber optic device including: a first
switching matrix for switching between inputs locations and output
locations of the first switching matrix; a second switching matrix
for switching between inputs locations and output locations of the
second switching matrix; a first passive optical power splitter
coupled between the output locations of the first switching matrix
and the input locations of the second switching matrix; a second
passive optical power splitter coupled between the output locations
of the first switching matrix and the input locations of the second
switching matrix, the first and second optical power splitters
having different split ratios; and a wavelength division
de-multiplexing device coupled between the output locations of the
first switching matrix and the input locations of the second
switching matrix.
[0186] Example 24. The fiber optic device of any of Examples 1-23,
wherein the switches include total internal reflection optical
switches, adiabatic optical switches or micro electromechanical
optical switches.
[0187] The present invention relates to reconfigurable fiber optic
network systems. The systems allow for the possibility to place
switches and reconfigurable splitters in the edge/access network,
which current switching technologies do not allow because of power
consumption and device cost.
[0188] Various devices can be utilized with respect to the switches
and/or splitters including silicon photonics and micro mechanics
technologies. Various optical cells form the building blocks to
create the optical circuit made up of one or more optical cells
placed on a single chip.
[0189] As shown in FIGS. 13-18, various application circuits are
shown including: [0190] 1. N.times.N switch [0191] 2. Wavelength
dependent N.times.N switch [0192] 3. Block switching [0193] 4.
Splitter with a programmable split ratio [0194] 5. Splitter with a
programmable power split ratio [0195] 6. A combined switch and
splitter.
[0196] The reconfigurable networks of the present invention include
an overall system, telecommunications equipment, switches,
splitters, and power and/or data delivery.
[0197] An overall system for a reconfigurable network can include
one of more of the following features: [0198] 1. Power delivery.
[0199] a. RF Harvesting. [0200] b. Light harvesting. [0201] c.
Inductive power transfer with a handheld device that can also
transmit data. [0202] d. Combine any form of power harvesting for
powering an optical switch. [0203] 2. Add thin conductors to fiber
cables for low power delivery combined with data. [0204] 3. A
technician has a tool that will configure the switch in the
closure. This facilitates a fully remotely reconfigurable network.
[0205] 4. Integrate the functionality in a mobile phone. [0206] 5.
Device includes GPS to provide network design information while the
technician is in the field. [0207] 6. Lifi communication e.g.
integrated in a torch/flashlight. [0208] 7. Data transmission over
fiber: [0209] a. Separate wavelength. [0210] b. Time division
multiplexing. [0211] c. Separate phase. [0212] d. Low frequency
amplitude overmodulation of the GPON (Giga-bit Capable Passive
Optical Network) signal. [0213] 8. Closure that cannot be reopened
and that contains an optical switch. [0214] 9. A cable with 1000
fibers with a reconfigurable switch every 1-2 km so that the cable
can be reconfigured. [0215] 10. Programmable FlexNap
(pre-engineered, factory manufactured break-out cable). [0216] 11.
GPON street cabinet replacement--A cabinet being replaced by a much
smaller housing including the optical switch. [0217] 12. Load
balancing and capacity optimization over time and space. [0218] 13.
GPON programmable terminal. [0219] 14. Nimble fiber indexing
(Terminal & Hub). [0220] 15. GPON--Software Tunable optical
taps.
[0221] Various applications of reconfigurable networks are
described below including the structural features and advantages
over prior technologies.
1. GPON--Street Cabinet Replacement
[0222] Replacement of street cabinet by Optical Switch &
Splitter [0223] Feed from F1 (main trunk) fibers [0224] Splitting
of F1 fiber [0225] Feed F2 (fiber closer to the edge) Fiber [0226]
Switch function included [0227] Only feeding connected F2 fibers
[0228] Maximize usage of splitter outputs [0229] Split function
depends on architecture [0230] Fixed split for centralized splitter
architecture [0231] Programmable split ratio in distributed split
allows further optimization of network resource usage [0232]
Reduced FDH size [0233] Going from Street Cab to (potentially
buried) enclosure [0234] Reduces real estate and installation cost
[0235] Reduce Central Office/Data Center cost [0236] Less active
equipment (Utilization Rate optimization) [0237] Reduced energy
consumption and floor space [0238] No more Outside Plant patching
[0239] Reduced Operating Expense [0240] Faster customer turnup
[0241] No patching mistakes [0242] No documentation issues
2. GPON--Programmable Terminal
[0242] [0243] Configurable terminal [0244] Fixed #outputs [0245]
Includes Switch [0246] Includes programmable splitter [0247]
Dynamic output ports assignment [0248] Distributed Split [0249]
Adapt terminal split ratio to match actual number of active users
[0250] Adapt hub split ratio accordingly [0251] Network Convergence
[0252] Dynamically decide to assign drop port to Point-to-Point
(P2P) or Splitter Output [0253] Use only required number of F2
fibers required by take rate [0254] Reconfigure terminal after
installation as needed to support deployment [0255] Wavelength
Selective Terminal for NGPON 2 [0256] Only send end user wavelength
to corresponding drop [0257] Especially useful for multi-operator
context with operator-specific wavelength [0258] Flexibility &
Speed [0259] Dynamically decide to assign drop port to P2P or
Splitter [0260] Instant reconfiguration [0261] Reduce Central
Office/Data Center cost [0262] Less active equipment (Utilization
Rate optimization) especially in multi-operator NGPON-2 context
[0263] Reduced energy consumption and floor space [0264] Capex
Optimization [0265] No need to over-dimension network to support
several scenarios [0266] Optimize usage of network resources [0267]
Single product reference
3. Converged Networks--Nimble Fiber Indexing (Terminal and Hub)
[0267] [0268] Nimble Fiber Indexing Terminal [0269] Dynamically
decide on # of indexed fibers [0270] Includes Switch to index and
to branch off fibers [0271] Includes programmable splitter for GPON
outputs [0272] Can be combined with drop terminal to increase port
capacity [0273] Switch & Split in FDH [0274] Adapt split ratio
on specific fibers to actual terminal split ratio [0275] P2P
connection to feed P2P fiber [0276] Flexibility & Speed [0277]
Dynamically decide to assign drop port to P2P or Splitter [0278]
Instant reconfiguration [0279] Add capacity later as needed with a
drop terminal [0280] Manufacturing and stock management [0281] One
single product reference for all indexing variants [0282] Value for
customers: less SKUs to keep on stock [0283] Network Optimization
[0284] No need to over-dimension network to support several
scenarios [0285] Optimize usage of network resources [0286]
Optimize reach of fiber indexing chains
4. GPON--Software Tunable Optical Taps
[0286] [0287] Current application [0288] Tap=Asymmetric 1:2
splitter [0289] Provides just enough signal strength to the drop
[0290] Ideally requires a different power split ratio at every tap
[0291] In practice, limited set of power split ratios available
[0292] Popular architecture for US MSO (similar to coax arch)
[0293] Tunable solution [0294] One single tap product with
programmable power split [0295] Can be configured by technician at
installation (no power required at tap) [0296] Can be configured
remotely/SW controlled (tap powering mechanism required) [0297]
Manufacturing and stock management [0298] One single product
reference for all taps [0299] Value for customers: less SKUs (stock
keeping unit) to keep on stock [0300] Network Optimization [0301]
Actual power split can be set to theoretical optimum [0302]
Optimize usage of network resources [0303] Optimize reach of fiber
network 5. FTTH (fiber to the home) line testing from CO (central
office) [0304] GPON--CO OTDR (optical time domain reflectometer)
trace drop not visible [0305] Behind 1:64 split [0306] Trace buried
in background noise and mixed with other drops [0307] Switch
solution [0308] Embed switches in every splitter location [0309]
Focus light on the path of the line under test while testing [0310]
Ensure end to end line visibility [0311] Wavelength-selective
switch to re-configure only test wavelength [0312] Reduced
Operating Expense [0313] Directly identify if customer problem is
linked to fiber problem or not [0314] Directly identify in which
part of the network the optical fault is located [0315] Spend less
money and time detecting and fixing network problems [0316] Quality
of Service Optimization [0317] Reduced downtime [0318] Network
condition known at all times [0319] Preventive maintenance
possible
6. Core Network--Wavelength Selective Switching
[0320] 7. Data Center--Block Switching for UHDR applications
[0321] For the switches and/or splitters, power maybe needed to
change states, for example. Bringing control data and power to the
switch maybe include: [0322] Reconfigurable switches require
(limited) power to change their optical function [0323] Power must
be made available to the device while it performs configuration
change [0324] Reconfigurable switches may require a data link
[0325] Downstream to know in which state to configure themselves
[0326] Possibly upstream to inform the network of the state they
are in (polling) [0327] Several concepts can be used to provide
energy and data [0328] Power: light from fiber, light from sun, RF
radiations, battery [0329] Data: through fiber, wireless,
electrical [0330] Data and energy must be locally managed on the
device [0331] Need for power management, possibly power storage
(DC/DC, Supercap, battery.) [0332] Need for communication
integrated circuit (also consuming power) and microcontroller
[0333] The following patent applications are herein fully
incorporated by reference for use in optical fiber signal
transmission and/or switching of optical switches:
TABLE-US-00001 Ser. No. Filing Date Title PCT/EP2015/080617 Dec.
18, 2015 INTEGRATED OPTICAL SWITCHING AND SPLITTING FOR OPTICAL
NETWORKS PCT/EP2016/066976 Jul. 15, 2016 OPTICAL FIBER AND
WAVEGUIDE DEVICES HAVING EXPANDED BEAM COUPLING PCT/EP2016/053265
Feb. 16, 2016 REMOTE CONTROL AND POWER SUPPLY FOR OPTICAL NETWORKS
PCT/EP2017/052475 Feb, 3, 2017 APPARATUS FOR MONITORING FIBER
SIGNAL TRAFFIC AT A FIBER CONNECTOR PCT/EP2016/075475 Oct. 21, 2016
INTEGRATED OPTICAL SWITCHING AND SPLITTING FOR TROUBLESHOOTING IN
OPTICAL NETWORKS PCT/EP2017/052476 Feb. 3, 2017 REMOTELY SWITCHABLE
INDEXING IN OPTICAL NETWORKS PCT/EP2017/052477 Feb. 3, 2017
INTEGRATED OPTICAL SWITCHES USING DEUTERATED LIQUIDS FOR INCREASED
BANDWIDTH PCT/EP2017/060588 May 3, 2017 INTEGRATED OPTICAL SWITCH
NETWORK WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE AND COMPACT CONFIGURATION U.S. Ser.
No. 62/393463 Sep. 12, 2016 LIQUIDS FOR USE WITH ELECTRO- WETTING
ON DIELECTRIC ACTIVE OPTICAL SWITCH U.S. Ser. No. 62/393473 Sep.
12, 2016 ACTIVE OPTICAL SWITCH SYSTEM WITH ANTI-WETTING COATING
U.S. Ser. No. 62/441011 Dec. 30, 2016 ELECTRO-WETTING ON DIELECTRIC
(EWOD) ACTIVATED OPTICAL SWITCH USING CAPILLARY LIQUID CONTROL U.S.
Ser. No. 62/447251 Jan. 17, 2017 METHODS FOR COUPLING OPTICAL
FIBERS TO OPTICAL CHIPS WITH HIGH YIELD AND LOW-LOSS U.S. Ser. No.
62/512286 May 30, 2017 ACTIVE OPTICAL SWITCH SYSTEM WITH
SIMULTANEOUSLY ACTIVATED ELECTRO-WETTING ON DIELECTRIC OPTICAL
SWITCHES
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