U.S. patent application number 17/449785 was filed with the patent office on 2022-03-03 for methods for enhancing the bioavailability and exposure of a voltage-gated potassium channel opener.
This patent application is currently assigned to Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc.. Invention is credited to Gregory N. BEATCH.
Application Number | 20220062266 17/449785 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | |
Filed Date | 2022-03-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220062266 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
BEATCH; Gregory N. |
March 3, 2022 |
METHODS FOR ENHANCING THE BIOAVAILABILITY AND EXPOSURE OF A
VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL OPENER
Abstract
In certain embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to
methods and uses for treating seizure disorders in a human, wherein
the methods and uses comprise orally administering a
therapeutically effective amount of the voltage-gated potassium
channel allosteric modulator,
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide (Compound A), to the human in need thereof, for
example, under fed conditions. The present disclosure is further
directed to various improved methods of therapy and administration
of Compound A.
Inventors: |
BEATCH; Gregory N.; (West
Vancouver, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc. |
Burnaby |
|
CA |
|
|
Assignee: |
Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Burnaby
CA
|
Appl. No.: |
17/449785 |
Filed: |
October 1, 2021 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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16410851 |
May 13, 2019 |
11135214 |
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17449785 |
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62670253 |
May 11, 2018 |
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International
Class: |
A61K 31/472 20060101
A61K031/472; A61K 9/00 20060101 A61K009/00; A61P 25/08 20060101
A61P025/08 |
Claims
1-116. (canceled)
117. A method of increasing one or more of the C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A in a
human receiving an oral administration of Compound A, comprising
orally administering an amount of Compound A to the human under fed
conditions; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]--
3,3-dimethylbutanamide; and wherein the method increases the one or
more of C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z as
compared to when the same amount of Compound A is orally
administered to the human under fasted conditions.
118. A method of reducing a dose of Compound A that is orally
administered to a human in need thereof as part of a treatment
regimen, comprising orally administering a reduced amount of
Compound A to the human under fed conditions; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the reduced amount is a dose lower
than would be needed to achieve one or more of the same C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A when
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
119. The method of claim 118, wherein the oral administration of
Compound A to the human increases one or more of the C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A as
compared to when the same amount of Compound A is orally
administered to the human under fasted conditions.
120. In a method of orally administering Compound A to a human in
need thereof, wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; the improvement comprising orally administering
an amount of Compound A to the human under fed conditions.
121. The method of claim 120, wherein the method increases one or
more of the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z
of Compound A as compared to when the same amount of Compound A is
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
122. A method of enhancing opening of a Kv7 potassium channel in a
human in need thereof, comprising orally administering an effective
amount of Compound A to the human under fed conditions; wherein
Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide.
123. The method of claim 122, wherein the human suffers from a
seizure disorder.
124. A method of increasing resting motor threshold (RMT) or active
motor threshold (AMT) in a human in need thereof, comprising orally
administering an amount of Compound A to the human under fed
conditions; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the amount of Compound A is
sufficient to increase RMT or AMT in the human.
125. A method of decreasing corticospinal or cortical excitability
in a human in need thereof, comprising orally administering an
amount of Compound A to the human under fed conditions; wherein
Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the amount of Compound A is
sufficient to decrease corticospinal or cortical excitability in
the human.
126. A method of treating a seizure disorder in a human in need
thereof, comprising orally administering an amount of Compound A to
the human under fed conditions; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the amount of Compound A is
sufficient to treat the seizure disorder in the human.
127. The method of claim 126, wherein the method increases one or
more of the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z
of Compound A as compared to when the same amount of Compound A is
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
128. The method of claim 127, wherein the oral administration of
Compound A to the human increases the C. of Compound A as compared
to when the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the
human under fasted conditions.
129. The method of claim 128, wherein the increase of the C. of
Compound A is at least 50%.
130. The method of claim 127, wherein the oral administration of
Compound A to the human increases the AUC.sub.inf of Compound A as
compared to when the same amount of Compound A is orally
administered to the human under fasted conditions.
131. The method of claim 130, wherein the increase of the
AUC.sub.inf of Compound A is at least 50%.
132. The method of claim 127, wherein the oral administration of
Compound A to the human increases the T. of Compound A as compared
to when the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the
human under fasted conditions.
133. The method of claim 132, wherein the increase of the T.sub.max
of Compound A is at least 50%.
134. The method of claim 127, wherein the oral administration of
Compound A to the human increases the t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound
A as compared to when the same amount of Compound A is orally
administered to the human under fasted conditions.
135. The method of claim 134, wherein the increase of the
t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A is at least 20%.
136. The method of claim 126, wherein the amount of Compound A is
from 2 to 200 mg.
137. The method of claim 126, wherein the amount of Compound A is
5-500 mg per day.
138. The method of claim 126, wherein the amount of Compound A is
0.05-2.0 mg/kg.
139. The method of claim 126, wherein the amount of Compound A is
administered to the human once-a-day.
140. The method of claim 139, wherein the amount of Compound A is
administered using an immediate release formulation comprising
Compound A.
141. The method of claim 126, wherein the seizure disorder is focal
onset epilepsy.
142. A kit comprising a plurality of oral dosage unit forms of
Compound A and instructions for orally administering the Compound A
under fed conditions; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide.
Description
1. BACKGROUND
[0001] Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, with a worldwide
estimated prevalence of 0.7% of the population (50 million people)
(see Hirtz, D. et al., Neurology. (2007), 68:326-337). It is
characterized by abnormal electrical activities in the brain
leading to seizures. For epidemiological purposes, the definition
requires more than one unprovoked seizure of any type.
[0002] Patients with epilepsy have an increased mortality risk
compared with the general population due primarily to the etiology
of the disease. However, in patients with uncontrolled epilepsy,
the greatest seizure-related risk of mortality is due to sudden
unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) (see, Hitiris, N. et al.,
Epilepsy and Behavior (2007), 10:363-376. Patients who participate
in clinical trials of investigational antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)
generally have had epilepsy for more than 10 years and have failed
multiple AED therapies.
[0003] The pathophysiology of most forms of epilepsy remains poorly
understood, but it is known that epileptic seizures arise from an
excessively synchronous and sustained firing of a group of neurons.
Persistent increase in neuronal excitability is common to all
epileptic syndromes. The therapeutic strategy in treating epilepsy
involves reducing neuronal excitability through various mechanistic
pathways. Over the past two decades, several new AEDs were
developed and marketed to expand the therapeutic spectrum by
targeting different mechanisms of action and to improve the
risk/benefit profile. Currently available AEDs are considered to
act by inhibition of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein, potentiation of
the inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission, reduction of
glutamate-mediated excitatory neurotransmission, or inhibition of
voltage-gated sodium or calcium channels. Despite this, up to 30%
of patients remain refractory to conventional treatment and
continue to have uncontrolled seizures (see Brown, D. A. et al.,
Nature (1980), 283:673-676, and Elger, C. E. et al., Epilepsy
Behav. (2008), 12:501-539. The quality of life in refractory
patients is poor; they cannot drive a car, and they have difficulty
working or living independently. Additionally, many patients have
behavioral, neurological, and/or intellectual disturbances as
sequelae of their seizure disorder. Current agents have minimal to
no effects on neuronal potassium-gated channels, in spite of the
fact that these channels have a major role in the control of
neuronal excitability. Medicines with novel mechanisms of action,
or medicines that improve on the already marketed AEDs are
therefore needed to address the significant unmet clinical need for
seizure control in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy.
[0004]
N-[4-(6-Fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-
-3,3-dimethylbutanamide (herein referred to as "Compound A") is a
small molecule currently being developed for the treatment of
seizure disorders. Compound A and its use as a potassium channel
modulator is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,293,911 and 8,993,593,
the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in
their entireties.
[0005] The voltage-gated potassium channels Kv7.2 and Kv7.3
(Kv7.2/Kv7.3) are important in controlling neuronal excitability.
Kv7.2/Kv7.3 underlie the neuronal "M-current", named according to
its initial characterization as a neuronal current decreased in
response to muscarinic/cholinergic agonists (see Brown, D. A. et
al., Nature (1980), 283:673-676). The M-current is a
non-inactivating, hyperpolarizing current known to act as a brake
on neuronal hyperexcitability. Consequently, a decrease in the
Kv7.2-mediated M-current, for example through genetic
loss-of-function, can cause neuronal depolarization and an increase
in membrane and neuronal excitability that can lead to action
potential bursts that manifest as epileptic seizures. In contrast,
an increase in the Kv7.2-mediated M-current can hyperpolarize the
cell membrane and thereby reduce neuronal excitability and prevent
the initiation and propagation of action potential bursts and the
resultant seizures. Enhancing the open state of Kv7.2/Kv7.3
channels in neurons favors a hyperpolarized resting state, which
reduces rapid action potential spiking (i.e., burst firing). Such
enhancement can provide a stabilizing effect on excitable,
particularly hyper-excitable, neurons and therefore be useful in
treating certain seizure disorders. This enhancement has been
clinically proven to be effective for treatment of seizure
disorders, such as partial onset seizures in adults with epilepsy,
with retigabine (ezogabine), a known Kv7.2/Kv7.3 opener.
[0006] Retigabine has the following structure:
##STR00001##
[0007] Retigabine was first identified as an analogue of the
analgesic compound flupirtine in the late 1980s. Retigabine
demonstrated broad spectrum activity in studies designed to
identify novel anti-convulsant agents using a battery of rodent
seizure models (see Kupferberg, H., Epilepsia (1989), 30 (Suppl.
1):S51-S56). It was approved for partial onset seizures in 2011,
but was removed from the market in 2017 for commercial reasons
following black-box warnings related to discoloration of skin,
lips, nails and retinal pigmentary changes which appear to be
related to formation of chromophoric retigabine dimers after long
term use (Prescott, J. S. and Evans, C. A., "Pigmentary
abnormalities (discoloration) associated with ezogabine/retigabine
treatment: nonclinical aspects, Poster 2.324 presented at the 68th
Annual Meeting of the American Epilepsy Society (AES), Seattle,
Wash., U.S.A., Dec. 5-9, 2014).
[0008] While significant advances have been made in this field,
particularly in the context of Compound A and its use in treating
seizure disorders, there remains a substantial need for improved
methods to increase the bioavailability and exposure of Compound A
when orally administered to humans having seizure disorders, such
as epilepsy.
2. SUMMARY
[0009] In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a
method of treating a disease, disorder, or condition associated
with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering a therapeutically effective amount
of Compound A to the human under fed conditions or from between 30
minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food.
In certain instances, the disease, disorder, or condition
associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction is a seizure
disorder, such as focal onset epilepsy.
[0010] In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a
compound for use in treating a disease, disorder, or condition
associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a human in
need thereof, wherein the compound is Compound A and a
therapeutically effective amount of the compound is orally
administered to the human under fed conditions or from between 30
minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food.
In certain instances, the disease, disorder, or condition
associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction is a seizure
disorder, such as focal onset epilepsy.
[0011] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of treating a seizure disorder in a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering an amount of Compound A to the
human under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to
consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food, wherein the
amount of Compound A is sufficient to treat the seizure disorder in
the human.
[0012] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in treating a seizure disorder in a human in need
thereof, wherein the compound is Compound A and the compound is
orally administered to the human under fed conditions or from
between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food.
[0013] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of treating a seizure disorder in a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering an amount of Compound A to the
human under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to
consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food, wherein the
amount of Compound A is from 2 to 200 mg.
[0014] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of increasing one or more of the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max,
or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A in a human receiving an oral
administration of Compound A, comprising orally administering an
amount of Compound A to the human under fed conditions or from
between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food, wherein the method increases one or more of
C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z as compared
to when the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the
human under fasted conditions.
[0015] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in increasing one or more of the C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of the compound in a
human receiving an oral administration of the compound, wherein the
compound is Compound A and the compound is orally administered to
the human under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to
consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food, and wherein the
oral administration increases one or more of C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z as compared to when
the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the human
under fasted conditions.
[0016] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a
method of increasing bioavailability or one or more of the
C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound
A in a human receiving an oral administration of Compound A,
comprising
[0017] (a) informing the human that orally administering Compound A
under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food increases the
bioavailability or one or more of the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf,
T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A; and
[0018] (b) in reliance on step (a), orally administering Compound A
under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food.
[0019] In certain such embodiments, the probability that (b) occurs
(i.e., the administration occurs under fed conditions or from
between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food) is increased relative to the method in the absence
of step (a).
[0020] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of orally administering Compound A to a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering Compound A to the human under fed
conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until
2 hours after consuming food, wherein the method increases one or
more of C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of
Compound A as compared to when the same amount of Compound A is
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0021] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of reducing a dose of Compound A that is orally administered to a
human in need thereof as part of a treatment regimen, comprising
orally administering a reduced dose of Compound A to the human
under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food, wherein the reduced dose
is a lower dose than would be needed to achieve one of more of the
same C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of
Compound A when orally administered to the human under fasted
conditions.
[0022] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in reducing a dose of the compound that is orally
administered to a human in need thereof as part of a treatment
regimen, wherein the compound is Compound A and the compound is
orally administered to the human under fed conditions or from
between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food, and wherein the reduced dose is a lower dose than
would be needed to achieve one of more of the same C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A when
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0023] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of treating a seizure disorder in a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering a therapeutically effective amount
of Compound A to the human. In certain embodiments, the method
produces, for Compound A, one or more of:
[0024] a C.sub.max of at least 40 ng/mL,
[0025] an AUC.sub.inf of at least 2500 hng/mL,
[0026] a T.sub.max of at least 3.25 h, or
[0027] a t1/2.sub..lamda.z of at least 130 h.
[0028] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in treating a seizure disorder in a human in need
thereof, wherein the compound is Compound A and the compound is
orally administered to the human. In certain embodiments, the oral
administration produces, for Compound A, one or more of:
[0029] a C.sub.max of at least 40 ng/mL;
[0030] an AUC.sub.inf of at least 2500 hng/mL,
[0031] a T.sub.max of at least 3.25 h, or
[0032] a t1/2.sub..lamda.z of at least 130 h.
[0033] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of increasing resting motor threshold (RMT) or active motor
threshold (AMT) in a human in need thereof, comprising orally
administering an amount of Compound A to the human, optionally
under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food, wherein the amount of
Compound A is sufficient to increase RMT or AMT in the human or the
amount of Compound A is from 2 to 200 mg.
[0034] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in increasing RMT or AMT in a human in need
thereof, wherein the compound is Compound A and an amount of the
compound is orally administered to the human, optionally under fed
conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until
2 hours after consuming food, and wherein the amount of Compound A
is sufficient to increase RMT or AMT in the human or the amount of
Compound A is from 2 to 200 mg.
[0035] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of decreasing corticospinal or cortical excitability in a human in
need thereof, comprising orally administering an amount of Compound
A to the human, optionally under fed conditions or from between 30
minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food,
wherein the amount of Compound A is sufficient to increase
corticospinal or cortical excitability in the human or the amount
of Compound A is from 2 to 200 mg.
[0036] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in decreasing corticospinal or cortical
excitability in a human in need thereof, wherein the compound is
Compound A and an amount of the compound is orally administered to
the human, optionally under fed conditions or from between 30
minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food,
and wherein the amount of Compound A is sufficient to increase
corticospinal or cortical excitability in the human or the amount
of Compound A is from 2 to 200 mg.
[0037] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure generally
provides methods for enhancing the bioavailability and exposure of
Compound A when orally administered.
[0038] Accordingly, one aspect of this disclosure is a method of
treating a seizure disorder in a human, wherein the method
comprises orally administering a therapeutically effective amount
of Compound A to the human in need thereof under fed
conditions.
[0039] Another aspect of this disclosure is a method of enhancing
the bioavailability and exposure of Compound A in a human receiving
an oral administration of a therapeutically effective amount of
Compound A for the treatment of a seizure disorder, wherein the
method comprises orally administering a therapeutically effective
amount of Compound A to the human under fed conditions.
[0040] Another aspect of this disclosure is a method of enhancing
the extent of Compound A's absorption and exposure in a human after
oral administration of Compound A to the human, wherein the method
comprises orally administering a therapeutically effective amount
of Compound A to the human under fed conditions.
[0041] These and other aspects of this disclosure will be apparent
upon reference to the following detailed description. To this end,
various references are set forth herein which describe in more
detail certain background information and procedures and are each
hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
3. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0042] FIG. 1 illustrates the mean plasma concentration levels of
Compound A in a food effect study in cynomolgus monkeys, as
described below in Table 5 of Example 1, showing Compound A
concentration (ng/mL)(y-axis) over time (hours)(x-axis).
[0043] FIG. 2 illustrates the mean plasma concentration levels of
Compound A in a food effect study in humans, as described below in
Example 2, showing Compound A concentration (ng/mL)(y-axis) over
time (hours)(x-axis).
[0044] FIG. 3 includes graphical images depicting Compound A
induced modulation of resting motor threshold showing post-pre RMT
(y-axis) over 3 doses (10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg) at 2 and 4 hours
post-drug intake (x-axis) (A); and Compound A induced modulation of
active motor threshold showing post-pre AMT (y-axis) over 3 doses
(10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg) at 2 and 4 hours post-drug intake
(x-axis) (B).
[0045] FIG. 4 includes graphical images depicting the
spatio-temporal profile of TEPs after placebo and Compound A
treatment. Panel A shows grand-average (n=16) butterfly plots
before (Pre) and after (Post) intake of placebo (left) and Compound
A (right). Each line represents TEPs recorded at a single EEG
channel. Topographical scalp distributions of the amplitude (.mu.V)
of the main TEP components (N15-P25, N45, N100 and P180) before and
after drug intake are shown in panel B and C respectively. Panel D
represents t-statistic maps of the TEP amplitude showing post-dose
versus pre-dose differences. "n.s" stands for non-significant
results and the white "x"s on the topographic scalp distributions
indicate regions of positive amplitude and t-statistics, whereas
the dark regions without "x"s indicate negative amplitude and
t-statistics.
[0046] FIG. 5 includes graphical images depicting Compound A
modulation of TEPs amplitude at highest concentration. TEPs
grand-averaged over channels which showed significant drug-induced
effects. Compared to pre-dose, Compound A induced suppression of
the N15-P25 component, N45 and P180 components. TEP data are
averaged over 16 participants with post-dose conditions selected at
highest drug exposure during TMS evaluation. White "x"s on the
topographic scalp distributions indicate regions of positive
t-statistics, whereas the dark regions without "x"s indicate
negative t-statistics.
[0047] FIG. 6 is a graphical image of TEPs post treatment with
Compound A and placebo showing TEP amplitude (.mu.V)(y-axis) at
N15-P25, N45, and P180 time points after TMS pulse (x-axis).
[0048] FIG. 7 includes graphical images depicting the effect of
Compound A on TEPs at 2, 4, and 6 hours after dosing. Shown are
grand-averaged TEPs recorded before dosing (Pre) and at 2 h post
dosing (2 hr), 4 h post dosing (4 hr), and 6 h post dosing (6 hr).
Compound A fingerprints which include the reduction of the N15-P25,
N45 and P180 components reflect increasing plasma exposure over
time.
[0049] FIG. 8 illustrates drug-induced modulations of spontaneous
brain oscillations before and after treatment with Compound A.
Panel A shows the grand-averaged power spectrum (n=16) before (Pre)
and after (Post) intake of Compound A. The significant increase of
delta, theta and beta power are indicated by asterisk and shown for
each specific frequency band in the lower panels A1, A2 and A3,
respectively.
[0050] FIG. 9 illustrates drug-induced modulations of spontaneous
brain oscillations over time after Compound A intake. Panel A shows
the grand-averaged (n=16) power spectrum (n=16) before (Pre), at 2
h (Post 2 hr) and at 4 h (Post 4 hr) after intake of Compound A.
The significant increase of delta, theta and beta power are
indicated by asterisk and shown for each specific frequency band in
the lower panels A1, A2 and A3, respectively.
[0051] FIG. 10 is a graphical image depicting the Compound A time
effect of resting motor threshold showing change from baseline RMT
(% maximum stimulator output [% MSO])(left y-axis) and Compound A
concentration (ng/mL)(right y-axis) over time (hours)(x-axis). For
Compound A, n=19, 20 and 16 at 2, 4, and 6 h post-dose,
respectively. For placebo, n=20, 20, and 16 at 2, 4, and 6 h
post-dose, respectively. Mean.+-.SEM is shown.
[0052] FIG. 11 is a graphical image depicting the Compound A
concentration effect of RMT modulation showing RMT delta (Post-Pre;
% MSO)(y-axis) and Compound A and placebo (x-axis). Average high
concentration of Compound A=45 ng/mL.
[0053] FIG. 12 includes graphical images depicting the
concentration effect of pre-dose (Pre) versus post-dose Compound A
showing global mean field power (GMFP) (uv2)(y-axis) over time
(seconds)(x-axis) (A) and time effect of pre-dose (Pre) versus
post-dose at 2 and 4 hours of Compound A showing GMFP (uv2)(y-axis)
over time (seconds)(x-axis) (B). Average high concentration of
Compound A=45 ng/mL.
4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0054] The effect of food on a drug can significantly impact
patient outcomes by affecting the pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of the drug. This interaction can potentially lead
to reduced drug absorption and decreased efficacy or increased drug
absorption and increased efficacy. Food can also have either a
positive or negative effect on the incidence and severity of
adverse events associated with drug use. Whether a drug's
bioavailability and or exposure to a patient is affected by the
intake of food is not predictable without extensive testing. See,
for example, Heimbach, T. et al., "Case Studies for Practical Food
Effect Assessments across BCS/BDDCS Class Compounds using In
Silico, In Vitro, and Preclinical In Vivo Data", The AAPS Journal
(2012), Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 143-158.
[0055] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides
improved methods of therapy and administration that are based on
the application of the unexpected finding that oral administration
of Compound A to a human under fed conditions (i.e., with food or
in temporal proximity to the ingestion of food) significantly
enhances the bioavailability and exposure of Compound A as compared
to the oral administration of Compound A to a human under fasted
conditions (i.e., without food or in temporal proximity to the
ingestion of food). This finding is unexpected in view of the
results of a non-human primate study wherein the bioavailability
and exposure of Compound A were not enhanced when Compound A was
orally administered under fed conditions as compared to fasted
conditions.
[0056] This finding is also unexpected in view of the lack of food
effect on the bioavailability and exposure of retigabine, another
potassium channel opener, as described above, after oral
administration (see, e.g. page 2 of the United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) Approved Labeling Text, dated Mar. 15, 2012,
for Potiga, the trade name for retigabine; and Harris, J. A and
Murphy, J. A., "Retigabine (ezogabine) as add-on therapy for
partial onset seizures: an update for clinicians", Therapeutic
Advances in Chronic Disease (2011), 2(6), pp. 371-376).
[0057] In addition, Compound A cannot form chromophoric dimers
analogous to the chromophoric dimers formed by retigabine.
Therefore, the blue-grey discoloration of the skin, lips or nails
and changes in retinal pigmentation in human patients appearing
after long term use of retigabine would not be expected to occur
after long term use of Compound A.
[0058] In the following disclosure, certain specific details are
set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various
embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that
the methods and uses described herein may be practiced without
these details. In other instances, well-known structures have not
been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring
descriptions of the embodiments. Unless the context requires
otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow,
the word "comprise" and variations thereof, such as, "comprises"
and "comprising" are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense,
that is, as "including, but not limited to." Further, headings
provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the
scope or meaning of the claimed invention.
[0059] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment"
or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or
characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is
included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the
phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" in various places
throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to
the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features,
structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable
manner in one or more embodiments. Also, as used in this
specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a,"
"an," and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly
dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term "or" is
generally employed in its sense including "and/or" unless the
content clearly dictates otherwise. Further, the term "about" as
used herein means .+-.20% of the stated value, and in more specific
embodiments means .+-.10%, .+-.5%, .+-.2%, and .+-.1% of the stated
value.
4.1. Definitions
[0060] As used in the specification and appended claims, unless
specified to the contrary, the following terms and abbreviations
have the meaning indicated:
[0061] "Compound A" refers to the compound having the following
formula:
##STR00002##
[0062] and having a chemical name of
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide. Preparation of Compound A and its use as a
Kv7.2/Kv7.3 (KCNQ2/3) opener is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
8,293,911 and 8,993,593. The mechanism of action of Compound A is
different from most known AED's in that it involves potentiation or
enhanced opening of the voltage-gated potassium channels Kv7.2 and
Kv7.3 (Kv7.2/Kv7.3), which are important in controlling neuronal
excitability. Compound A is used in the methods and uses described
herein.
[0063] "AUC" refers to the area under the plasma concentration
versus time curve. The AUC reflects the actual systemic exposure to
Compound A after extravascular administration of a dose of Compound
A and is expressed in the hours times the concentration of Compound
A in the plasma. For purposes of the present disclosure, the AUC is
expressed in hours times ng/mL.
[0064] "AUC.sub.inf" refers to the AUC from time zero to
infinity.
[0065] "AUC.sub.infobs" refers to the AUC from time zero to
infinity as observed.
[0066] "AUC.sub.last" refers to the AUC from time zero to last
detectable plasma concentration.
[0067] "%AUC.sub.ext" refers to the AUC extrapolated from time zero
to infinity as a percentage of total AUC.
[0068] "Bioavailability" refers to the rate and extent to which
Compound A is absorbed and becomes available systemically for
further distribution to the site of action.
[0069] "C.sub.max" refers to the observed maximal plasma
concentration.
[0070] "h" refers to hour or hours.
[0071] "High-fat meal" refers to any food product, solid or liquid,
with approximately 50 percent of the total caloric content of the
food product coming from fat.
[0072] "High-calorie meal" refers to any meal having approximately
800 to 1000 calories. A representative high-fat, high-calorie meal
should derive approximately 150, 250, and 500-600 calories from
protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively.
[0073] "SD" refers to standard deviation.
[0074] "Seizure disorders" refers to seizures and disorders
associated with seizures such as partial onset (focal) seizures,
photosensitive epilepsy, self-induced syncope, intractable
epilepsy, Angelman syndrome, benign rolandic epilepsy, CDKL5
disorder, childhood and juvenile absence epilepsy, Dravet syndrome,
frontal lobe epilepsy, Glut1 deficiency syndrome, hypothalamic
hamartoma, infantile spasms/West's syndrome, juvenile myoclonic
epilepsy, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS),
epilepsy with myoclonic-absences, Ohtahara syndrome,
Panayiotopoulos syndrome, PCDH19 epilepsy, progressive myoclonic
epilepsies, Rasmussen's syndrome, ring chromosome 20 syndrome,
reflex epilepsies, temporal lobe epilepsy, Lafora progressive
myoclonus epilepsy, neurocutaneous syndromes, tuberous sclerosis
complex, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, early onset
epileptic encephalopathy, generalized epilepsy with febrile
seizures+, Rett syndrome, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease,
autism, ataxia, hypotonia and paroxysmal dyskinesia. In certain
embodiments, the term "seizure disorder" refers to focal onset
epilepsy, also known as partial onset (focal) epilepsy.
[0075] "t1/2.sub..lamda.z" refers to the terminal elimination
half-life of Compound A from plasma (i.e., the time required for
the plasma concentration of Compound A to be reduced by one-half
during the terminal elimination phase).
[0076] "T.sub.max refers to the time to reach maximum (peak) plasma
concentration following extravascular administration of Compound
A.
[0077] "Therapeutically effective amount" as used herein refers to
an amount of Compound A that is sufficient to treat the indicated
disease, disorder, or condition or have the desired stated effect,
including ameliorating or preventing the disease, disorder, or
condition or one or more mechanisms underlying the disease,
disorder, or condition. In certain embodiments, when Compound A is
administered for the treatment of a seizure disorder,
therapeutically effective amount refers to a range of amounts of
Compound A which, upon administration to a human, treats,
ameliorates or prevents a seizure disorder in the human, or
exhibits a detectable therapeutic or preventative effect in the
human having a seizure disorder. The effect is detected by, for
example, a reduction in seizures (frequency) or by the severity of
seizures (quality). The precise therapeutically effective amount
for a given human will depend upon the human's size and health, the
nature and extent of the seizure disorder, the presence of any
concomitant medications, and other variables known to those of
skill in the art. The therapeutically effective amount for a given
situation can be determined by routine experimentation and is
within the capabilities of the clinician.
[0078] "Treatment" as used herein refers to therapeutic
applications associated with administering Compound A that
ameliorate or prevent the indicated disease, disorder, or condition
or one or more underlying mechanisms of said disease, disorder, or
condition, including slowing or stopping progression of the
disease, disorder or condition or one or more of the underlying
mechanisms. In certain embodiments, when Compound A is administered
for the treatment of a seizure disorder, treatment refers to
therapeutic applications to slow or stop progression of a seizure
disorder, prophylactic application to prevent development of a
seizure disorder, and/or reversal of a seizure disorder. Reversal
of a seizure disorder differs from a therapeutic application which
slows or stops a seizure disorder in that with a method of
reversing, not only is progression of a seizure disorder completely
stopped, cellular behavior is moved to some degree toward a normal
state that would be observed in the absence of the seizure
disorder.
[0079] "Under fed conditions" refers to the condition of having
consumed food during the time period between from about 4 hours
prior to the oral administration of an effective amount (e.g.,
within the therapeutically effective dose range) of Compound A to
about 4 hours after the administration of Compound A. The food may
be a solid, liquid, or mixture of solid and liquid food with
sufficient bulk and fat content that it is not rapidly dissolved
and absorbed in the stomach. In some instances, the food is a meal,
such as breakfast, lunch, dinner or, alternatively, baby food
(e.g., formula or breast milk). The therapeutically effective
amount of Compound A may be orally administered to the subject, for
example, between about 30 minutes prior to about 2 hours after
eating a meal, most advantageously, the dosage unit of Compound A
is orally administered during a meal or within 15 minutes after
eating a meal.
[0080] "Under fasted conditions" refers to the condition of not
having consumed food during the time period between from at least 4
hours prior to the oral administration of a therapeutically
effective amount of Compound A to about 4 hours after
administration of Compound A.
4.2. Embodiments
[0081] In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a
method of treating a disease, disorder, or condition associated
with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering a therapeutically effective amount
of Compound A to the human under fed conditions. In certain
instances, the disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7
potassium channel dysfunction is a seizure disorder, such as focal
onset epilepsy.
[0082] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure is directed
to a method of treating a disease, disorder, or condition
associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a human in
need thereof, comprising orally administering a therapeutically
effective amount of Compound A to the human from between 30 minutes
prior to consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food. In
certain instances, the disease, disorder, or condition associated
with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction is a seizure disorder, such
as focal onset epilepsy.
[0083] In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a
compound for use in treating a disease, disorder, or condition
associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a human in
need thereof, wherein the compound is Compound A and a
therapeutically effective amount of the compound is orally
administered to the human under fed conditions. In certain
instances, the disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7
potassium channel dysfunction is a seizure disorder, such as focal
onset epilepsy.
[0084] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure is directed
to a compound for use in treating a disease, disorder, or condition
associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a human in
need thereof, wherein the compound is Compound A and a
therapeutically effective amount of the compound is orally
administered to the human from between 30 minutes prior to
consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food. In certain
instances, the disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7
potassium channel dysfunction is a seizure disorder, such as focal
onset epilepsy.
[0085] In embodiments directed to a disease, disorder, or condition
associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction, in some
instances, the method enhances opening of a Kv7 potassium channel,
such as one or more of Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5. In certain
instances, the method or use is selective for enhancing the opening
of a Kv7 potassium channel selected from one or more of Kv7.2,
Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5 over Kv7.1. In some embodiments, the method
or use is selective for Kv7.2, optionally over Kv7.1. In other
embodiments, the method or use is selective for Kv7.3, optionally
over Kv7.1. In yet other embodiments, the method or use is
selective for Kv7.4, optionally over Kv7.1. In yet further other
embodiments, the method or use is selective for Kv7.5, optionally
over Kv7.1. In certain embodiments, the method or use is selective
for Kv7.2 and Kv7.3, optionally over Kv7.1.
[0086] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of treating a seizure disorder in a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering an amount of Compound A to the
human under fed conditions, wherein the amount of Compound A is
sufficient to treat the seizure disorder in the human. In certain
embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce the severity of
seizures, the frequency of seizures, or both.
[0087] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in treating a seizure disorder in a human in need
thereof, wherein the compound is Compound A and the compound is
orally administered to the human under fed conditions. In certain
embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce the severity of
seizures, the frequency of seizures, or both.
[0088] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of treating a seizure disorder in a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering an amount of Compound A to the
human from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours
after consuming food, wherein the amount of Compound A is
sufficient to treat the seizure disorder in the human. In certain
embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce the severity of
seizures, the frequency of seizures, or both.
[0089] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in treating a seizure disorder in a human in need
thereof, wherein the compound is Compound A and the compound is
orally administered to the human from between 30 minutes prior to
consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food. In certain
embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce the severity of
seizures, the frequency of seizures, or both.
[0090] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of treating a seizure disorder in a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering an amount of Compound A to the
human under fed conditions, wherein the amount of Compound A is
from 2 to 200 mg.
[0091] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of treating a seizure disorder in a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering an amount of Compound A to the
human from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours
after consuming food, wherein the amount of Compound A is from 2 to
200 mg.
[0092] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of increasing one or more of the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max,
or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A in a human receiving an oral
administration of Compound A, comprising orally administering an
amount of Compound A to the human under fed conditions. In certain
embodiments, the method increases one or more of C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z as compared to when
the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the human
under fasted conditions.
[0093] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in increasing one or more of the C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of the compound in a
human receiving an oral administration of the compound, wherein the
compound is Compound A and the compound is orally administered to
the human under fed conditions. In certain embodiments, the oral
administration increases one or more of C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf,
T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z as compared to when the same amount
of Compound A is orally administered to the human under fasted
conditions.
[0094] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of increasing one or more of the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max,
or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A in a human receiving an oral
administration of Compound A, comprising orally administering an
amount of Compound A to the human from between 30 minutes prior to
consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food. In certain
embodiments, the method increases one or more of C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z as compared to when
the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the human
under fasted conditions.
[0095] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in increasing one or more of the C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of the compound in a
human receiving an oral administration of the compound, wherein the
compound is Compound A and the compound is orally administered to
the human from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2
hours after consuming food. In certain embodiments, the oral
administration increases one or more of C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf,
T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z as compared to when the same amount
of Compound A is orally administered to the human under fasted
conditions.
[0096] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a
method of increasing bioavailability or one or more of the
C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound
A in a human receiving an oral administration of Compound A,
comprising
[0097] (a) informing the human that orally administering Compound A
under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food increases the
bioavailability or one or more of the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf,
T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A; and
[0098] (b) in reliance on step (a), orally administering Compound A
under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food.
[0099] In certain such embodiments, the probability that (b) occurs
(i.e., the administration occurs under fed conditions or from
between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food) is increased relative to the method in the absence
of step (a).
[0100] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of orally administering Compound A to a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering Compound A to the human under fed
conditions. In certain embodiments, the method increases one or
more of C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of
Compound A as compared to when the same amount of Compound A is
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0101] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of orally administering Compound A to a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering Compound A to the human from
between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food. In certain embodiments, the method increases one or
more of C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of
Compound A as compared to when the same amount of Compound A is
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0102] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of reducing a dose of Compound A that is orally administered to a
human in need thereof as part of a treatment regimen, comprising
orally administering a reduced dose of Compound A to the human
under fed conditions. In certain embodiments, the reduced dose is a
lower dose than would be needed to achieve one of more of the same
C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound
A when orally administered to the human under fasted
conditions.
[0103] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in reducing a dose of the compound that is orally
administered to a human in need thereof as part of a treatment
regimen, wherein the compound is Compound A and the compound is
orally administered to the human under fed conditions. In certain
embodiments, the reduced dose is a lower dose than would be needed
to achieve one of more of the same C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf,
T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A when orally
administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0104] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of reducing a dose of Compound A that is orally administered to a
human in need thereof as part of a treatment regimen, comprising
orally administering a reduced dose of Compound A to the human from
between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food. In certain embodiments, the reduced dose is a lower
dose than would be needed to achieve one of more of the same
C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound
A when orally administered to the human under fasted
conditions.
[0105] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in reducing a dose of the compound that is orally
administered to a human in need thereof as part of a treatment
regimen, wherein the compound is Compound A and the compound is
orally administered to the human from between 30 minutes prior to
consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food. In certain
embodiments, the reduced dose is a lower dose than would be needed
to achieve one of more of the same C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf,
T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A when orally
administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0106] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of treating a seizure disorder in a human in need thereof,
comprising orally administering a therapeutically effective amount
of Compound A to the human. In certain embodiments, the method
produces, for Compound A, one or more of:
[0107] a C.sub.max of at least 40 ng/mL, such at least 45, 50, 55,
60, 65, 70, 75, or 80 ng/mL,
[0108] an AUC.sub.inf of at least 2500 hng/mL, such as at least
2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100, 3300, 3500, 3700, or 4000
hng/mL,
[0109] a T.sub.max of at least 3.25 h, such as at least 3.5, 3.75,
4, 4.25, or 4.5 h, or
[0110] a t1/2.sub..lamda.z of at least 130 h, such as at least 150,
170, 190, or 210.
[0111] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in treating a seizure disorder in a human in need
thereof, wherein the compound is Compound A and the compound is
orally administered to the human. In certain embodiments, the oral
administration produces, for Compound A, one or more of:
[0112] a C.sub.max of at least 40 ng/mL, such at least 45, 50, 55,
60, 65, 70, 75, or 80 ng/mL;
[0113] an AUC.sub.inf of at least 2500 hng/mL, such as at least
2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100, 3300, 3500, 3700, or 4000
hng/mL,
[0114] a T.sub.max of at least 3.25 h, such as at least 3.5, 3.75,
4, 4.25, or 4.5 h, or
[0115] a t1/2.sub..lamda.z of at least 130 h, such as at least 150,
170, 190, or 210.
[0116] In certain embodiments, the increase in one or more of the
C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound
A effected by the present methods and uses is not dependent on the
type of food consumed by the human, e.g., the food may include a
high-fat or high-calorie meal or may not.
[0117] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of increasing resting motor threshold (RMT) or active motor
threshold (AMT) in a human in need thereof, comprising orally
administering an amount of Compound A to the human, optionally
under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food. In certain embodiments,
the amount of Compound A is sufficient to increase RMT or AMT in
the human.
[0118] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in increasing resting motor threshold (RMT) or
active motor threshold (AMT) in a human in need thereof, wherein
the compound is Compound A and an amount of the compound is orally
administered to the human, optionally under fed conditions or from
between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food. In certain embodiments, the amount of Compound A is
sufficient to increase RMT or AMT in the human. In certain
embodiments, the amount of Compound A is from 2 to 200 mg.
[0119] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of increasing resting motor threshold (RMT) or active motor
threshold (AMT) in a human in need thereof, comprising orally
administering an amount of Compound A to the human, optionally
under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food. In certain embodiments,
the amount of Compound A is from 2 to 200 mg.
[0120] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of decreasing corticospinal or cortical excitability in a human in
need thereof, comprising orally administering an amount of Compound
A to the human, optionally under fed conditions or from between 30
minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food,
wherein the amount of Compound A is sufficient to increase
corticospinal or cortical excitability in the human.
[0121] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
compound for use in decreasing corticospinal or cortical
excitability in a human in need thereof, wherein the compound is
Compound A and an amount of the compound is orally administered to
the human, optionally under fed conditions or from between 30
minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food,
wherein the amount of Compound A is sufficient to increase
corticospinal or cortical excitability in the human. In certain
embodiments, the amount of Compound A is from 2 to 200 mg.
[0122] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method
of decreasing corticospinal or cortical excitability in a human in
need thereof, comprising orally administering an amount of Compound
A to the human, optionally under fed conditions or from between 30
minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food,
wherein the amount of Compound A is from 2 to 200 mg.
[0123] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the oral
administration of Compound A to a human under fed conditions
enhances the bioavailability and exposure of Compound A upon oral
administration. Such conditions have surprisingly been found to
significantly increase the bioavailability and exposure of Compound
A in humans upon oral administration. In more specific embodiments,
under fed conditions comprises the consumption of a food product
simultaneously with, or in close proximity to, the oral
administration of Compound A.
[0124] In some, but not all, embodiments of the present disclosure,
the food product is a high-fat, high calorie meal. Representative
high-fat meals have approximately 50 percent of total caloric
content of the meal coming from fat and representative high-calorie
meals have approximately 800 to 1000 calories. A representative
meal should derive approximately 150, 250, and 500-600 calories
from protein, carbohydrate, and fat, respectively. The amount of
food product consumed with, or in temporal proximity to, the oral
administration of Compound A should be sufficient such that
enhanced bioavailability and exposure of Compound A is
achieved.
[0125] In some embodiments, the oral administration of Compound A
to a human in need thereof according to the methods and uses
described herein is from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food
until 2 hours after consuming food. In some aspects, oral
administration can occur from about 60, 45, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, or
5 minutes prior to consuming food to about 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60,
75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, or 240 minutes
after consuming food. In some aspects, Compound A can be
administered concurrently with the consumption of food, or up to 15
minutes of having consumed food.
[0126] In some embodiments, the oral administration of Compound A
to a human in need thereof according to the methods described
herein increases one or more of the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf,
T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A as compared to when
the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the human
under fasted conditions. In some embodiments, the oral
administration of Compound A to the human increases the C.sub.max
of Compound A as compared to when the same amount of Compound A is
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions. In some
aspects, the oral administration increases AUC.sub.inf compared to
fasted conditions. In some aspects, the oral administration
increases T.sub.max compared to fasted conditions. In some aspects,
the oral administration increases t1/2.sub..lamda.z compared to
fasted conditions. In some aspects, the oral administration
increases C.sub.max and AUC.sub.inf compared to fasted conditions.
In some aspects, the oral administration increases C.sub.max and
T.sub.max compared to fasted conditions. In some aspects, the oral
administration increases C.sub.max and t1/2.sub..lamda.z compared
to fasted conditions. In some aspects, the oral administration
increases AUC.sub.inf and T.sub.max compared to fasted conditions.
In some aspects, the oral administration increases AUC.sub.inf and
t1/2.sub..lamda.z compared to fasted conditions. In some aspects,
the oral administration increases T.sub.max and t1/2.sub..lamda.z
compared to fasted conditions. In some aspects, the oral
administration increases C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, and T.sub.max
compared to fasted conditions. In some aspects, the oral
administration increases C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, and
t1/2.sub..lamda.z compared to fasted conditions. In some aspects,
the oral administration increases C.sub.max, T.sub.max, and
t1/2.sub..lamda.z compared to fasted conditions. In some aspects,
the oral administration increases AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, and
t1/2.sub..lamda.z compared to fasted conditions. In some aspects,
the oral administration increases C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf,
T.sub.max, and t1/2.sub..lamda.z compared to fasted conditions.
[0127] In some embodiments, the oral administration of Compound A
to a human in need thereof according to the methods described
herein increases the C.sub.max of Compound A as compared to when
the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the human
under fasted conditions. In some aspects, the increase in C.sub.max
is at least 50%, such as at least 60%, 75%, 85%, 100%, 125%, 150%,
200%, 250%, or 300%. In some aspects, the increase in C.sub.max is
at least 100%, 150%, or 200%, such at least 100%. In some aspects,
the increase in C.sub.max can range of from about 50% to about
500%, e.g., from about 50% to about 400%, from about 60% to about
350%, from about 70% to about 300%, from about 80% to about 250%,
or from about 100% to about 200%, such as from about 50%, 60%, 70%,
80%, 90%, or 100% to about 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 450%, or
500%, including about or at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%,
110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%.
[0128] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the ratio of
the Cmax following oral administration of Compound A under fed
conditions to the C.sub.max following oral administration of
Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.2. In specific
embodiments, the ratio is greater than 1.3, greater than 1.5,
greater than 2.0, greater than 2.5, greater than 3.0, greater than
3.5, greater than 4.0, greater than 4.5, greater than 5.0, greater
than 5.5, greater than 6.0 or greater than 6.5.
[0129] In some embodiments, the C.sub.max of Compound A is
increased to at least 40 ng/mL. In some aspects, the C.sub.max of
Compound A can increase to a range of from 20 ng/mL to about 200
ng/mL, e.g., from about 25 to about 200 ng/mL, from about 30 to
about 200 ng/mL, from about 35 to about 200 ng/mL, from about 40 to
about 175 ng/mL, from about 40 to about 150 ng/mL, from about 40 to
about 125 ng/mL, from about 40 to about 100 ng/mL, from about 40 to
about 90 ng/mL, from about 40 to about 80 ng/mL, from about 40 to
about 70 ng/mL, from about 40 to about 60 ng/mL, or from about 40
to about 50 ng/mL, such as about 40 ng/mL, 41 ng/mL, 42 ng/mL, 43
ng/mL, 44 ng/mL, 45 ng/mL, 46 ng/mL, 47 ng/mL, 48 ng/mL, 49 ng/mL,
50 ng/mL, 51 ng/mL, 52 ng/mL, 53 ng/mL, 54 ng/mL, 55 ng/mL, 56
ng/mL, 57 ng/mL, 58 ng/mL, 59 ng/mL, 60 ng/mL, 61 ng/mL, 62 ng/mL,
63 ng/mL, 64 ng/mL, 65 ng/mL, 66 ng/mL, 67 ng/mL, 68 ng/mL, 69
ng/mL, 70 ng/mL, 71 ng/mL, 72 ng/mL, 73 ng/mL, 74 ng/mL, 75 ng/mL,
76 ng/mL, 77 ng/mL, 78 ng/mL, 79 ng/mL, 80 ng/mL, 81 ng/mL, 82
ng/mL, 83 ng/mL, 84 ng/mL, 85 ng/mL, 86 ng/mL, 87 ng/mL, 88 ng/mL,
89 ng/mL, 90 ng/mL, 91 ng/mL, 92 ng/mL, 93 ng/mL, 94 ng/mL, 95
ng/mL, 96 ng/mL, 97 ng/mL, 98 ng/mL, 99 ng/mL, or 100 ng/mL.
[0130] In some embodiments, the oral administration of Compound A
to a human in need thereof according to the methods disclosed
herein increases the AUC.sub.inf of Compound A as compared to when
the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the human
under fasted conditions. In some aspects, the increase in
AUC.sub.inf is at least 50%, such as at least 60%, 75%, 85%, 100%,
125%, 150%, 200%, or 250%. In some aspects, the increase in
AUC.sub.inf is at least 75% or 100%. In some aspects, the increase
in AUC.sub.inf can range of from about 50% to about 500%, e.g.,
from about 50% to about 400%, from about 60% to about 350%, from
about 70% to about 300%, from about 80% to about 250%, or from
about 100% to about 200%, such as from about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, or 100% to about 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 450%, or 500%,
including about or at least about 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,
95%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or
200%.
[0131] In some embodiments, the ratio of the AUC.sub.inf following
oral administration of Compound A under fed conditions to the
AUC.sub.inf following oral administration of Compound A under
fasted conditions is greater than 1.2. In specific embodiments, the
ratio is greater than 1.3, greater than 1.5, greater than 1.8,
greater than 2.0, greater than 2.5, greater than 3.0, greater than
3.5, greater than 4.0, greater than 4.5, greater than 5.0, greater
than 5.5, greater than 6.0 or greater than 6.5.
[0132] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the ratio of
the AUC following oral administration of Compound A under fed
conditions to the AUC following oral administration of Compound A
under fasted conditions is greater than 1.2. In specific
embodiments, the ratio is greater than 1.3, greater than 1.5,
greater than 2.0, greater than 2.5, greater than 3.0, greater than
3.5, greater than 4.0, greater than 4.5, greater than 5.0, greater
than 5.5, greater than 6.0 or greater than 6.5.
[0133] In some embodiments, the AUC.sub.inf of Compound A is
increased to at least 2500 hng/mL. In some aspects the AUC.sub.inf
of Compound A can increase to a range of from 2000 hng/mL to about
5000 hng/mL, e.g., from about 2500 to about 5000 hng/mL, from about
2500 to about 4500 hng/mL, from about 2500 to about 4250 hng/mL,
from about 2500 to about 4000 hng/mL, from about 2500 to about 3750
hng/mL, from about 2500 to about 3500 hng/mL, from about 2500 to
about 3250 hng/mL, from about 2500 to about 3000 hng/mL, or from
about 2500 to about 2750 hng/mL, such as about 2500 hng/mL, 2600
hng/mL, 2700 hng/mL, 2800 hng/mL, 2900 hng/mL, 3000 hng/mL, 3100
hng/mL, 3200 hng/mL, 3300 hng/mL, 3400 hng/mL, 3500 hng/mL, 3600
hng/mL, 3700 hng/mL, 3800 hng/mL, 3900 hng/mL, 4000 hng/mL, 4100
hng/mL, 4200 hng/mL, 4300 hng/mL, 4400 hng/mL, 4500 hng/mL, 4600
hng/mL, 4700 hng/mL, 4800 hng/mL, 4900 hng/mL, or 5000 hng/mL.
[0134] In some embodiments, the oral administration of Compound A
to a human in need thereof according to the methods disclosed
herein increases the T.sub.max of Compound A as compared to when
the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the human
under fasted conditions. In some aspects, the increase in T.sub.max
is at least 50%, such as at least 60%, 75%, 85%, 100%, 125%, 150%,
200%, or 250%. In some aspects, the increase in T.sub.max is at
least 75% or 100%. In some aspects, the increase in T.sub.max can
range of from about 50% to about 500%, e.g., from about 50% to
about 400%, from about 60% to about 350%, from about 70% to about
300%, from about 80% to about 250%, or from about 100% to about
200%, such as from about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% to about
200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 450%, or 500%, including about or at
least about 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 110%, 120%,
130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%.
[0135] In some embodiments, the ratio of the T.sub.max following
oral administration of Compound A under fed conditions to the
T.sub.max following oral administration of Compound A under fasted
conditions is greater than 1.2. In specific embodiments, the ratio
is greater than 1.3, greater than 1.5, greater than 1.8, greater
than 2.0, greater than 2.5, greater than 3.0, greater than 3.5,
greater than 4.0, greater than 4.5, greater than 5.0, greater than
5.5, greater than 6.0 or greater than 6.5.
[0136] In some embodiments, the T.sub.max of Compound A is
increased to at least 3.25 hr. In some aspects the T.sub.max of
Compound A can increase to a range of from 3 hr to about 15 hr,
e.g., from about 3.25 hr to about 15 hr, from about 3.25 hr to
about 14.5 hr, from about 3.25 hr to about 14 hr, from about 3.25
hr to about 13.5 hr, from about 3.25 hr to about 13 hr, from about
3.25 hr to about 12.5 hr, from about 3.25 hr to about 12 hr, from
about 3.25 hr to about 11.5 hr, from about 3.25 hr to about 11 hr,
from about 3.25 hr to about 10.5 hr, from about 3.25 hr to about 10
hr, from about 3.25 hr to about 9.5 hr, from about 3.25 hr to about
9 hr, from about 3.25 hr to about 8.5 hr, from about 3.25 hr to
about 8 hr, from about 3.25 hr to about 7.5 hr, from about 3.25 hr
to about 7 hr, from about 3.25 hr to about 6.5 hr, from about 3.25
hr to about 6 hr, from about 3.25 hr to about 5.5 hr, from about
3.25 hr to about 5 hr, or from about 3.25 hr to about 4.5 hr, such
as about 3.25 hr, 3.5 hr, 3.75 hr, 4 hr, 4.25 hr, 4.5 hr, 4.75 hr,
5 hr, 5.25 hr, 5.5 hr, 5.75 hr, 6 hr, 6.25 hr, 6.5 hr, 6.75 hr, 7
hr, 7.25 hr, 7.5 hr, 7.75 hr, 8 hr, 8.25 hr, 8.5 hr, 8.75 hr, 9 hr,
9.25 hr, 9.5 hr, 9.75 hr, or 10 hr.
[0137] In some embodiments, the oral administration of Compound A
to a human in need thereof according to the methods disclosed
herein increases the t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A as compared to
when the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the
human under fasted conditions by at least 40% or 50%, such as at
least 60%, 75%, or 100%. In some aspects, the increase in
t1/2.sub..lamda.z is at least 75%. In some aspects, the increase in
t1/2.sub..lamda.z can range of from about 50% to about 500%, e.g.,
from about 50% to about 400%, from about 60% to about 350%, from
about 70% to about 300%, from about 80% to about 250%, or from
about 100% to about 200%, such as from about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, or 100% to about 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 450%, or 500%,
including about or at least about 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,
95%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or
200%.
[0138] In some embodiments, the ratio of the t1/2.sub..lamda.z
following oral administration of Compound A under fed conditions to
the t1/2.sub..lamda.z following oral administration of Compound A
under fasted conditions is greater than 1.2. In specific
embodiments, the ratio is greater than 1.3, greater than 1.5,
greater than 1.8, greater than 2.0, greater than 2.5, greater than
3.0, greater than 3.5, greater than 4.0, greater than 4.5, greater
than 5.0, greater than 5.5, greater than 6.0 or greater than
6.5.
[0139] In some embodiments, the t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A is
increased to at least 130 hr. In some aspects the t1/2.sub..lamda.z
of Compound A can increase to a range of from 100 hr to about 500
hr, e.g., from about 110 hr to about 500 hr, from about 120 hr to
about 500 hr, from about 130 hr to about 500 hr, from about 130 hr
to about 490 hr, from about 130 hr to about 480 hr, from about 130
hr to about 470 hr, from about 130 hr to about 460 hr, from about
130 hr to about 450 hr, from about 130 hr to about 440 hr, from
about 130 hr to about 430 hr, from about 130 hr to about 420 hr,
from about 130 hr to about 410 hr, from about 130 hr to about 400
hr, from about 130 hr to about 390 hr, from about 130 hr to about
380 hr, from about 130 hr to about 370 hr, from about 130 hr to
about 360 hr, from about 130 hr to about 350 hr, from about 130 hr
to about 340 hr, from about 130 hr to about 330 hr, from about 130
hr to about 320 hr, from about 130 hr to about 310 hr, from about
130 hr to about 300 hr, from about 130 hr to about 290 hr, from
about 130 hr to about 280 hr, from about 130 hr to about 270 hr,
from about 130 hr to about 260 hr, from about 130 hr to about 250
hr, from about 130 hr to about 240 hr, from about 130 hr to about
230 hr, from about 130 hr to about 220 hr, from about 130 hr to
about 210 hr, or from about 130 hr to about 200 hr, such as about
130 hr, 140 hr, 150 hr, 160 hr, 170 hr, 180 hr, 190 hr, 200 hr, 210
hr, 220 hr, 230 hr, 240 hr, 250 hr, 260 hr, 270 hr, 280 hr, 290 hr,
300 hr, 310 hr, 320 hr, 330 hr, 340 hr, 350 hr, 360 hr, 370 hr, 380
hr, 390 hr, or 400 hr.
[0140] In one embodiment, Compound A is provided in a dosage unit
form suitable for oral administration. Compound A is present in the
dosage unit form at a level ranging from about of 0.05 mg/kg to
about 2.0 mg/kg. More specific representative levels include 0.05
mg/kg, 0.10 mg/kg, 0.20 mg/kg, 0.30 mg/kg, 0.40 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg,
0.6 mg/kg, 0.7 mg/kg, 0.80 mg/kg, 0.90 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, 1.1 mg/kg,
1.2 mg/kg, 1.3 mg/kg, 1.4 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 1.6 mg/kg, 1.7 mg/kg,
1.8 mg/kg, 1.9 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg. In some aspects, the method
includes orally administering 0.1-1.0 mg/kg of Compound A. In some
aspects, the method includes orally administering 0.2-0.5 mg/kg of
Compound A.
[0141] In some embodiments, the methods and uses described herein,
such as the method of or use in treating a seizure disorder in a
human in need thereof according to the methods and uses described
herein, is achieved by orally administering 2 to 200 mg of Compound
A. For example, the method can include orally administering about 2
mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg,
about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg,
about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg,
about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg,
about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg,
about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg,
about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg,
about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg,
about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg,
about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg,
about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg,
about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg,
about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg,
about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg,
about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg,
about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg,
about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg,
about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg,
about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97 mg, about 98 mg,
about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 101 mg, about 102 mg, about 103
mg, about 104 mg, about 105 mg, about 106 mg, about 107 mg, about
108 mg, about 109 mg, about 110 mg, about 111 mg, about 112 mg,
about 113 mg, about 114 mg, about 115 mg, about 116 mg, about 117
mg, about 118 mg, about 119 mg, about 120 mg, about 121 mg, about
122 mg, about 123 mg, about 124 mg, about 125 mg, about 126 mg,
about 127 mg, about 129 mg, about 130 mg, about 131 mg, about 132
mg, about 133 mg, about 134 mg, about 135 mg, about 136 mg, about
137 mg, about 138 mg, about 139 mg, about 140 mg, about 141 mg,
about 142 mg, about 143 mg, about 144 mg, about 145 mg, about 146
mg, about 147 mg, about 148 mg, about 149 mg, about 150 mg, about
151 mg, about 152 mg, about 153 mg, about 154 mg, about 155 mg,
about 156 mg, about 157 mg, about 158 mg, about 159 mg, about 160
mg, about 161 mg, about 162 mg, about 163 mg, about 164 mg, about
165 mg, about 166 mg, about 167 mg, about 168 mg, about 169 mg,
about 170 mg, about 171 mg, about 172 mg, about 173 mg, about 174
mg, about 175 mg, about 176 mg, about 177 mg, about 178 mg, about
179 mg, about 180 mg, about 181 mg, about 182 mg, about 183 mg,
about 184 mg, about 185 mg, about 186 mg, about 187 mg, about 188
mg, about 189 mg, about 190 mg, about 191 mg, about 192 mg, about
193 mg, about 194 mg, about 195 mg, about 196 mg, about 197 mg,
about 198 mg, about 199 mg, or about 200 mg. In some aspects, the
oral administration includes 5 to 50 mg of Compound A. In some
aspects, the oral administration includes 10, 20, or 25 mg of
Compound A. In some aspects, the oral administration includes 20 mg
of Compound A. In some aspects, the oral administration includes at
least 20 mg of Compound A.
[0142] In some embodiments, the methods and uses described herein,
such as the method of or use in treating a seizure disorder in a
human in need thereof according to the methods and uses described
herein, is achieved by orally administering 5 to 1000 mg of
Compound A per day, such as 5 to 500 mg or 5 to 250 mg of Compound
A per day. For example, the method can include orally administering
about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg,
about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg,
about 55 mg, about 60 mg, about 65 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg,
about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg, about 95 mg, about 100 mg,
about 105 mg, about 110 mg, about 115 mg, about 120 mg, about 125
mg, about 130 mg, about 135 mg, about 140 mg, about 145 mg, about
150 mg, about 155 mg, about 160 mg, about 165 mg, about 170 mg,
about 175 mg, about 180 mg, about 185 mg, about 190 mg, about 195
mg, about 200 mg, about 205 mg, about 210 mg, about 215 mg, about
220 mg, about 225 mg, about 230 mg, about 235 mg, about 240 mg,
about 245 mg, about 250 mg, about 255 mg, about 260 mg, about 265
mg, about 270 mg, about 275 mg, about 280 mg, about 285 mg, about
290 mg, about 295 mg, about 300 mg, about 305 mg, about 310 mg,
about 315 mg, about 320 mg, about 325 mg, about 330 mg, about 335
mg, about 340 mg, about 345 mg, about 350 mg, about 355 mg, about
360 mg, about 365 mg, about 370 mg, about 375 mg, about 380 mg,
about 385 mg, about 390 mg, about 395 mg, about 400 mg, about 405
mg, about 410 mg, about 415 mg, about 420 mg, about 425 mg, about
430 mg, about 435 mg, about 440 mg, about 445 mg, about 450 mg,
about 455 mg, about 460 mg, about 465 mg, about 470 mg, about 475
mg, about 480 mg, about 485 mg, about 490 mg, about 495 mg, about
500 mg, or about 1000 mg per day. In some aspects, the oral
administration includes orally administering 10-200 mg of Compound
A per day, such as 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 mg to 75, 100,
125, 150, 175, or 200 mg of Compound A per day, including 20 to 150
mg per day. In some aspects, the oral administration includes 50,
75, 100, or 125 mg of Compound A per day, such as 100 mg per
day.
[0143] In certain instances, the above daily doses of Compound A
are orally administered as multiple doses per day, such as in two,
three, four or five doses per day. For Example, a daily dose of 100
mg, maybe administered in four 25 mg doses throughout the day.
[0144] In some embodiments, the above daily doses of Compound A are
orally administered as a single dose. For example, about 5, 10, 15,
20, 25, or 30 mg to about 50, 65, 75, 100, 125, or 150 mg of
Compound A per day can be orally administered as a single dose,
including 10-25 mg, 10-30 mg, and 10-40 mg per day as a single
dose, such as 10-25 mg per day as a single dose.
[0145] In certain embodiments, the methods and uses described
herein, when using the daily dosing disclosed herein, achieve a
steady state for Compound A within 6 to 9 days, such as in about 1
week.
[0146] In some instances, the present disclosure provides a method
of increasing serum levels of Compound A in a human in need
thereof, comprising orally administering Compound A to the human
under fed conditions or from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food. In similar embodiments,
the present disclosure provides Compound A for use in increasing
serum levels of Compound A in a human in need thereof, wherein
Compound A is administered to the human under fed conditions or
from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food.
[0147] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, administration
of Compound A, such as for treating a seizure disorder, that would
benefit from the opening of the Kv7.2/Kv7.3 (KCNQ2/3) potassium
channel. Compound A is a Kv7.2/Kv7.3 (KCNQ2/3) opener. In certain
embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of opening of
the Kv7.2/Kv7.3 (KCNQ2/3) potassium channel in a human in need
thereof comprising administering an amount of Compound A. In
similar embodiments, the present disclosure provides Compound A for
use in opening of the Kv7.2/Kv7.3 (KCNQ2/3) potassium channel in a
human in need thereof.
[0148] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a
method of treating, ameliorating, or preventing a disease,
disorder, or condition affected by modulation of at least one
potassium channel selected from Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4 (KCNQ4), and
Kv7.5 (KCNQ5) in a human in need thereof, such as by opening one or
more of said potassium channels, comprising orally administering
Compound A to the human, optionally under fed conditions or from
between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food. In similar embodiments, the present disclosure
provides Compound A for use in treating, ameliorating, or
preventing a disease, disorder, or condition affected by modulation
of at least one potassium channel selected from Kv7.2, Kv7.3,
Kv7.4, and Kv7.5 in a human in need thereof, such as by opening one
or more of said potassium channels, wherein Compound A is orally
administered to the human, optionally under fed conditions or from
between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food. In certain embodiments, oral administration of
Compound A does not open potassium channel Kv7.1 (KCNQ1). In other
words, in certain instances, Compound A is selective for one or
more of Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5 over Kv7.1.
[0149] In some embodiments, the oral administration of Compound A
to a human in need thereof according the methods described herein
increases the resting motor threshold (RMT) or active motor
threshold (AMT). In some embodiments, the increase in RMT or AMT is
in proportion to plasma concentration of Compound A. In some
embodiments, the oral administration of Compound A to a human in
need thereof decreases corticospinal or cortical excitability as
determined using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
[0150] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a
method of orally administering Compound A to a human exhibiting
decreased RMT or AMT relative to an average human, comprising
orally administering Compound A, optionally under fed conditions or
from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after
consuming food, thereby increasing the RMT or AMT in the human
exhibiting decreased RMT or AMT.
[0151] In some embodiments, the oral administration of Compound A
according to the methods and uses described herein can modulate
TMS-evoked electroencephalography (EEG) potentials (TEPs) and
decrease cortical excitability. In some aspects, at certain plasma
concentrations (e.g., 50 ng/mL or higher), Compound A decreases the
amplitude of one or more early TEP components including 15 to 35 ms
(N15-P25), 45 ms (N45), or 180 ms (P180) after TMS pulse (e.g, by
50% or more) compared to placebo. In some aspects, at 2, 4, and 6
hrs post-dose, Compound A decreases the amplitude of one or more
early TEP components, including 15 to 35 ms (N15-P25), 45 ms (N45),
or 180 ms (P180) after TMS pulse (e.g., by 30% or more) compared to
placebo.
[0152] In some embodiments, the oral administration of Compound A
according to the methods and uses described herein can modulate
TMS-induced oscillations and ongoing oscillatory activity. In some
aspects, at certain plasma concentrations (e.g., 50 ng/mL or
higher), Compound A decreases early theta (4-7 Hz) TMS-induced
oscillations (30 to 390 ms) or alpha (8-12 Hz) TMS-induced
oscillations (220 to 400 ms) (e.g., by 40% or more), and/or
increases beta (13-30 Hz) TMS-induced power (220 to 310 ms) after
TMS pulse (e.g., by 40% or more) compared to placebo. In some
aspects, at 2 hrs post-dose, Compound A decreases early theta
TMS-induced oscillations after TMS pulse (e.g., by 30% or more)
compared to placebo. In some aspects, at 4 hrs post-dose, Compound
A decreases alpha TMS-induced oscillations after TMS pulse (e.g.,
by 30% or more) compared to placebo. In some aspects, at 6 hrs
post-dose, Compound A decreases theta TMS-induced oscillations
after TMS pulse (e.g., by 30% or more) compared to placebo.
[0153] In some embodiments, the oral administration of Compound A
according to the methods and uses described herein can modulate
resting state EEG. In some aspects, at certain plasma
concentrations (e.g., 50 ng/mL or higher), Compound A increases the
power of one or more of delta, theta, or beta band (e.g., by 50% or
more) compared to placebo. In some aspects, at 2, 4, and 6 hrs
post-dose, Compound A increases the power of one or more delta,
theta, delta, beta, or alpha band (e.g., by 40% or more) compared
to placebo.
[0154] In certain embodiments, the methods and uses described
herein administer Compound A in the form of a pharmaceutically
acceptable oral composition that comprises Compound A and one or
more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. The amount
of Compound A included in these compositions correspond to one or
more of the amounts described herein. In some embodiments, the
compositions are a unit dose.
[0155] Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable oral compositions
that comprise Compound A include solid formulations (such as
tablets, capsules, lozenges, dragees, granules, powders,
multi-particulates, and films) and liquid formulations (such as
aqueous solutions, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions, and
dispersions). In one embodiment, a pharmaceutically acceptable oral
composition of Compound A includes a pediatric suspension or
granulate. All above-noted amounts of Compound A may be included in
such formulations, e.g., a capsule comprising 5, 10, 15, 10, 25,
30, or 35 mg of Compound A.
[0156] In another embodiment, kits are provided for oral
administration of Compound A under fed conditions to enhance the
bioavailability and exposure of Compound A upon oral
administration. Such kits comprise a plurality of oral dosage unit
forms of Compound A in combination with instructions for orally
administering of Compound A under fed conditions.
[0157] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the oral
administration of a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A
results in an increase of the maximum plasma concentration
(C.sub.max) of Compound A and an increase in the exposure (AUC) of
Compound A as compared to C.sub.max of Compound A and AUC of
Compound A when orally administered under fasted conditions.
[0158] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the ratio of
the C.sub.max following oral administration of a therapeutically
effective amount of Compound A under fed conditions to the
C.sub.max following oral administration of a therapeutically
effective amount of Compound A under fasted conditions is greater
than 1.3.
[0159] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the ratio of
the AUC following oral administration of a therapeutically
effective amount of Compound A under fed conditions to the AUC
following oral administration of a therapeutically effective amount
of Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.3.
[0160] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the
therapeutically effective amount of Compound A is from about 0.05
mg/kg to about 2.0 mg/kg.
[0161] In certain embodiments herein, wherein a comparison is made
involving a human orally administered Compound A under fasted
conditions, an analogous comparison can be made involving a human
who has not consumed food during a time period between about 4
hours prior to the oral administration of Compound A to about 4
hours after the oral administration of Compound A, such as between
about 4, 3, 2, 1.5, 1, or 0.5 hours prior to the oral
administration of Compound A to about 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, or 4 hours
after the oral administration of Compound A.
[0162] In certain embodiments when a seizure disorder is treated
herein, the seizure disorder is selected from partial onset (focal)
seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, self-induced syncope,
intractable epilepsy, Angelman syndrome, benign rolandic epilepsy,
CDKLS disorder, childhood and juvenile absence epilepsy, Dravet
syndrome, frontal lobe epilepsy, Glut1 deficiency syndrome,
hypothalamic hamartoma, infantile spasms/West's syndrome, juvenile
myoclonic epilepsy, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut
syndrome (LGS), epilepsy with myoclonic-absences, Ohtahara
syndrome, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, PCDH19 epilepsy, progressive
myoclonic epilepsies, Rasmussen's syndrome, ring chromosome 20
syndrome, reflex epilepsies, temporal lobe epilepsy, Lafora
progressive myoclonus epilepsy, neurocutaneous syndromes, tuberous
sclerosis complex, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, early
onset epileptic encephalopathy, generalized epilepsy with febrile
seizures+, Rett syndrome, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease,
autism, ataxia, hypotonia and paroxysmal dyskinesia. In certain
embodiments, the seizure disorder is focal onset epilepsy, also
known as partial onset (focal) epilepsy.
[0163] Additional embodiments and examples of the present
disclosure are described herein. These embodiments and examples are
illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the scope of
the claimed invention.
4.3. Numbered Embodiments
[0164] Embodiment 1. A method of treating a disease, disorder, or
condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a
human in need thereof, comprising orally administering a
therapeutic amount of Compound A to the human under fed conditions;
wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide.
[0165] Embodiment 2. A method of treating a disease, disorder, or
condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a
human in need thereof, comprising orally administering a
therapeutic amount of Compound A to the human from between 30
minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food;
wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3
-dimethylbutanamide.
[0166] Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2,
wherein the method enhances opening of a Kv7 potassium channel.
[0167] Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the Kv7
potassium channel is selected from one or more of Kv7.2, Kv7.3,
Kv7.4, and Kv7.5.
[0168] Embodiment 5. The method of embodiment 4, wherein the method
is selective for enhancing the opening of a Kv7 potassium channel
selected from one or more of Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5 over
Kv7.1.
[0169] Embodiment 6. The method of any one of embodiments 1-5,
wherein the disease, disorder, or condition is a seizure
disorder.
[0170] Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the
seizure disorder is focal onset epilepsy.
[0171] Embodiment 8. A method of treating a seizure disorder in a
human in need thereof, comprising orally administering an amount of
Compound A to the human under fed conditions; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the amount of Compound A is
sufficient to treat the seizure disorder in the human.
[0172] Embodiment 9. A method of treating a seizure disorder in a
human in need thereof, comprising orally administering an amount of
Compound A to the human from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the amount of Compound A is
sufficient to treat the seizure disorder in the human.
[0173] Embodiment 10. A method of treating a seizure disorder in a
human in need thereof, comprising orally administering an amount of
Compound A to the human under fed conditions; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the amount of Compound A is from 2
to 200 mg.
[0174] Embodiment 11. A method of treating a seizure disorder in a
human in need thereof, comprising orally administering an amount of
Compound A to the human from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the amount of Compound A is from 2
to 200 mg.
[0175] Embodiment 12. In a method of treating a seizure disorder in
a human in need thereof, comprising orally administering Compound A
to the human, wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; the improvement comprising orally administering
said Compound A to said human under fed conditions.
[0176] Embodiment 13. In a method of treating a seizure disorder in
a human in need thereof, comprising orally administering Compound A
to the human, wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; the improvement comprising orally administering
said Compound A to said human from between 30 minutes prior to
consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food.
[0177] Embodiment 14. In a method of orally administering Compound
A to a human in need thereof, wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; the improvement comprising orally administering
said Compound A to said human under fed conditions.
[0178] Embodiment 15. In a method of orally administering Compound
A to a human in need thereof, wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; the improvement comprising orally administering
said Compound A to said human from between 30 minutes prior to
consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food.
[0179] Embodiment 16. The method of any one of embodiments 8-15,
wherein the method increases one or more of the C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A as
compared to when the same amount of Compound A is orally
administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0180] Embodiment 17. A method of increasing one or more of the
C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound
A in a human receiving an oral administration of Compound A,
comprising orally administering an amount of Compound A to the
human under fed conditions; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the method increases the one or more
of C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z as
compared to when the same amount of Compound A is orally
administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0181] Embodiment 18. A method of increasing one or more of the
C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound
A in a human receiving an oral administration of Compound A,
comprising orally administering an amount of Compound A to the
human from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2 hours
after consuming food; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; wherein the method increases the one or more of
C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z as compared
to when the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the
human under fasted conditions.
[0182] Embodiment 19. A method of orally administering Compound A
to a human in need thereof, comprising orally administering
Compound A to the human under fed conditions; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the method increases one or more of
the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of
Compound A as compared to when the same amount of Compound A is
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0183] Embodiment 20. A method of orally administering Compound A
to a human in need thereof, comprising orally administering
Compound A to the human from between 30 minutes prior to consuming
food until 2 hours after consuming food; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the method increases one or more of
the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of
Compound A as compared to when the same amount of Compound A is
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0184] Embodiment 21. A method of reducing a dose of Compound A
that is orally administered to a human in need thereof as part of a
treatment regimen, comprising orally administering a reduced dose
of Compound A to the human under fed conditions; wherein Compound A
is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the reduced dose is a dose lower
than would be needed to achieve one or more of the same C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A when
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0185] Embodiment 22. A method of reducing a dose of Compound A
that is orally administered to a human in need thereof as part of a
treatment regimen, comprising orally administering a reduced dose
of Compound A to the human from between 30 minutes prior to
consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food; wherein Compound
A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the reduced dose is a dose lower
than would be needed to achieve one or more of the same C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A when
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0186] Embodiment 23. The method of any one of embodiments 16-22,
wherein the oral administration of Compound A to the human
increases the C.sub.max of Compound A as compared to when the same
amount of Compound A is orally administered to the human under
fasted conditions.
[0187] Embodiment 24. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the
ratio of the C.sub.max following the oral administration of
Compound A to the C.sub.max following oral administration of
Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.3.
[0188] Embodiment 25. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the
ratio of the C.sub.max following the oral administration of
Compound A to the C.sub.max following oral administration of
Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 2.
[0189] Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the
ratio of the C.sub.max following the oral administration of
Compound A to the C.sub.max following oral administration of
Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 3.
[0190] Embodiment 27. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the
increase of the C.sub.max of Compound A is at least 50%.
[0191] Embodiment 28. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the
increase of the C.sub.max of Compound A is at least 100%.
[0192] Embodiment 29. The method of any one of embodiments 16-28,
wherein the oral administration of Compound A to the human
increases the AUC.sub.inf of Compound A as compared to when the
same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the human under
fasted conditions.
[0193] Embodiment 30. The method of embodiment 29, wherein the
ratio of the AUC.sub.inf following the oral administration of
Compound A to the AUC.sub.inf following oral administration of
Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.3.
[0194] Embodiment 31. The method of embodiment 29, wherein the
ratio of the AUC.sub.inf following the oral administration of
Compound A to the AUC.sub.inf following oral administration of
Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.5.
[0195] Embodiment 32. The method of embodiment 29, wherein the
ratio of the AUC.sub.inf following the oral administration of
Compound A to the AUC.sub.inf following oral administration of
Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.8.
[0196] Embodiment 33. The method of embodiment 29, wherein the
increase of the AUC.sub.inf of Compound A is at least 50%.
[0197] Embodiment 34. The method of embodiment 29, wherein the
increase of the AUC.sub.inf of Compound A is at least 75%.
[0198] Embodiment 35. The method of any one of embodiments 16-34,
wherein the oral administration of Compound A to the human
increases the T.sub.max of Compound A as compared to when the same
amount of Compound A is orally administered to the human under
fasted conditions.
[0199] Embodiment 36. The method of embodiment 35, wherein the
ratio of the T.sub.max following the oral administration of
Compound A to the T.sub.max following oral administration of
Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.3.
[0200] Embodiment 37. The method of embodiment 35, wherein the
ratio of the T.sub.max following the oral administration of
Compound A to the T.sub.max following oral administration of
Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.8.
[0201] Embodiment 38. The method of embodiment 35, wherein the
ratio of the T.sub.max following the oral administration of
Compound A to the T.sub.max following oral administration of
Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 2.
[0202] Embodiment 39. The method of embodiment 35, wherein the
increase of the T.sub.max of Compound A is at least 50%.
[0203] Embodiment 40. The method of embodiment 35, wherein the
increase of the T.sub.max of Compound A is at least 75%.
[0204] Embodiment 41. The method of any one of embodiments 16-40,
wherein the oral administration of Compound A to the human
increases the t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A as compared to when
the same amount of Compound A is orally administered to the human
under fasted conditions.
[0205] Embodiment 42. The method of embodiment 41, wherein the
ratio of the t1/2.sub..lamda.z following the oral administration of
Compound A to the t1/2.sub..lamda.z following oral administration
of Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.2.
[0206] Embodiment 43. The method of embodiment 41, wherein the
ratio of the t1/2.sub..lamda.z following the oral administration of
Compound A to the t1/2.sub..lamda.z following oral administration
of Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.4.
[0207] Embodiment 44. The method of embodiment 41, wherein the
increase of the t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A is at least
20%.
[0208] Embodiment 45. The method of embodiment 41, wherein the
increase of the t1/2.sub..lamda.z of Compound A is at least
35%.
[0209] Embodiment 46. A method of treating a seizure disorder in a
human in need thereof, comprising orally administering Compound A
to the human; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the method produces, for Compound A,
one or more of
[0210] a C.sub.max of at least 40 ng/mL,
[0211] an AUC.sub.inf of at least 2500 hng/mL,
[0212] a T.sub.max of at least 3.25 hr, or
[0213] a t1/2.sub..lamda.z of at least 130 h.
[0214] Embodiment 47. A method of increasing resting motor
threshold (RMT) or active motor threshold (AMT) in a human in need
thereof, comprising orally administering an amount of Compound A to
the human; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the amount of Compound A is
sufficient to increase RMT or AMT in the human.
[0215] Embodiment 48. A method of increasing resting motor
threshold (RMT) or active motor threshold (AMT) in a human in need
thereof, comprising orally administering an amount of Compound A to
the human; wherein Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the amount of Compound A is 2 to 200
mg.
[0216] Embodiment 49. The method of embodiment 47 or 48, wherein
the increase in RMT or AMT is in proportion to plasma concentration
of Compound A.
[0217] Embodiment 50. A method of decreasing corticospinal or
cortical excitability in a human in need thereof, comprising orally
administering an amount of Compound A to the human; wherein
Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the amount of Compound A is
sufficient to decrease corticospinal or cortical excitability in
the human.
[0218] Embodiment 51. A method of decreasing corticospinal or
cortical excitability in a human in need thereof, comprising orally
administering an amount of Compound A to the human; wherein
Compound A is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the amount of Compound A is 2 to 200
mg.
[0219] Embodiment 52. The method of any one of embodiments 1-7,
comprising orally administering 2 to 200 mg of Compound A.
[0220] Embodiment 53. The method of any one of embodiments 8-52,
comprising orally administering 2 to 100 mg of Compound A.
[0221] Embodiment 54. The method of embodiment 53, comprising
orally administering 5 to 50 mg of Compound A.
[0222] Embodiment 55. The method of embodiment 53, comprising
orally administering 10, 20, or 25 mg of Compound A.
[0223] Embodiment 56. The method of embodiment 53, comprising
orally administering 20 mg of Compound A.
[0224] Embodiment 57. The method of any one of embodiments 8-54,
comprising orally administering at least 20 mg of Compound A.
[0225] Embodiment 58. The method of any one of embodiments 8-57,
comprising orally administering 5-500 mg of Compound A per day.
[0226] Embodiment 59. The method of embodiment 58, comprising
orally administering 20-150 mg of Compound A per day.
[0227] Embodiment 60. The method of embodiment 58, comprising
orally administering 100 mg of Compound A per day.
[0228] Embodiment 61. The method of any one of embodiments 1-60,
comprising orally administering 0.05-2.0 mg/kg of Compound A.
[0229] Embodiment 62. The method of embodiment 61, comprising
orally administering 0.1-1.0 mg/kg of Compound A.
[0230] Embodiment 63. The method of embodiment 61, comprising
orally administering 0.2-0.5 mg/kg of Compound A.
[0231] Embodiment 64. A compound for use in treating a disease,
disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel
dysfunction in a human in need thereof; wherein the compound is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; wherein the compound is orally administered to
the human under fed conditions.
[0232] Embodiment 65. A compound for use in treating a disease,
disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel
dysfunction in a human in need thereof; wherein the compound is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; wherein the compound is orally administered to
the human from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2
hours after consuming food.
[0233] Embodiment 66. The compound for use of embodiment 63 or
embodiment 64, wherein the method enhances opening of a Kv7
potassium channel.
[0234] Embodiment 67. The compound for use of embodiment 65,
wherein the Kv7 potassium channel is selected from one or more of
Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5.
[0235] Embodiment 68. The compound for use of embodiment 66,
wherein the method is selective for enhancing the opening of a Kv7
potassium channel selected from one or more of Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4,
and Kv7.5 over Kv7.1.
[0236] Embodiment 69. The compound for use of any one of
embodiments 63-67, wherein the disease, disorder, or condition is a
seizure disorder.
[0237] Embodiment 70. The compound for use of embodiment 68,
wherein the seizure disorder is focal onset epilepsy.
[0238] Embodiment 71. A compound for use in treating a seizure
disorder in a human in need thereof; wherein the compound is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the compound is orally administered
to the human under fed conditions.
[0239] Embodiment 72. A compound for use in treating a seizure
disorder in a human in need thereof; wherein the compound is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; and wherein the compound is orally administered
to the human from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until
2 hours after consuming food.
[0240] Embodiment 73. The compound for use of embodiment 56 or 57,
wherein orally administering the compound increases one or more of
the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of the
compound as compared to when the same amount of the compound is
orally administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0241] Embodiment 74. A compound for use in increasing one or more
of the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of
the compound in a human receiving an oral administration of the
compound; wherein the compound is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; wherein the compound is orally administered to
the human under fed conditions; and wherein the oral administration
of the compound increases the one or more of the C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z as compared to when
the same amount of the compound is orally administered to the human
under fasted conditions.
[0242] Embodiment 75. A compound for use in increasing one or more
of the C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z of
the compound in a human receiving an oral administration of the
compound; wherein the compound is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; wherein the compound is orally administered to
the human from between 30 minutes prior to consuming food until 2
hours after consuming food; and wherein the oral administration of
the compound increases the one or more of the C.sub.max,
AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or t1/2.sub..lamda.z as compared to when
the same amount of the compound is orally administered to the human
under fasted conditions.
[0243] Embodiment 76. A compound for use in reducing a dose of the
compound that is orally administered to a human in need thereof as
part of a treatment regimen; wherein the compound is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; wherein a reduced dose of the compound is orally
administered to the human under fed conditions; and wherein the
reduced dose is a dose lower than would be needed to achieve one or
more of the same C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or
t1/2.sub..lamda.z of the compound when orally administered to the
human under fasted conditions.
[0244] Embodiment 77. A compound for use in reducing a dose of the
compound that is orally administered to a human in need thereof as
part of a treatment regimen; wherein the compound is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; wherein a reduced dose of the compound is orally
administered to the human from between 30 minutes prior to
consuming food until 2 hours after consuming food; and wherein the
reduced dose is a dose lower than would be needed to achieve one or
more of the same C.sub.max, AUC.sub.inf, T.sub.max, or
t1/2.sub..lamda.z of the compound when orally administered to the
human under fasted conditions.
[0245] Embodiment 78. The compound for use of any one of
embodiments 73-77, wherein the oral administration of the compound
to the human increases the C.sub.max of the compound as compared to
when the same amount of the compound is orally administered to the
human under fasted conditions.
[0246] Embodiment 79. The compound for use of embodiment 78,
wherein the ratio of the C.sub.max following the oral
administration of the compound to the C.sub.max following oral
administration of the compound under fasted conditions is greater
than 1.3.
[0247] Embodiment 80. The compound for use of embodiment 78,
wherein the ratio of the C.sub.max following the oral
administration of the compound to the C.sub.max following oral
administration of the compound under fasted conditions is greater
than 2.
[0248] Embodiment 81. The compound for use of embodiment 78,
wherein the ratio of the C.sub.max following the oral
administration of the compound to the C.sub.max following oral
administration of the compound under fasted conditions is greater
than 3.
[0249] Embodiment 82. The compound for use of embodiment 78,
wherein the increase of the C.sub.max of the compound is at least
50%.
[0250] Embodiment 83. The compound for use of embodiment 78,
wherein the increase of the C.sub.max of the compound is at least
100%.
[0251] Embodiment 84. The compound for use of any one of
embodiments 73-78, wherein the oral administration of the compound
to the human increases the AUC.sub.inf of the compound as compared
to when the same amount of the compound is orally administered to
the human under fasted conditions.
[0252] Embodiment 85. The compound for use of embodiment 84,
wherein the ratio of the AUC.sub.inf following the oral
administration of the compound to the AUC.sub.inf following oral
administration of the compound under fasted conditions is greater
than 1.3.
[0253] Embodiment 86. The compound for use of embodiment 84,
wherein the ratio of the AUC.sub.inf following the oral
administration of the compound to the AUC.sub.inf following oral
administration of the compound under fasted conditions is greater
than 1.5.
[0254] Embodiment 87. The compound for use of embodiment 84,
wherein the ratio of the AUC.sub.inf following the oral
administration of the compound to the AUC.sub.inf following oral
administration of the compound under fasted conditions is greater
than 1.8.
[0255] Embodiment 88. The compound for use of embodiment 84,
wherein the increase of the AUC.sub.inf of the compound is at least
50%.
[0256] Embodiment 89. The compound for use of embodiment 84,
wherein the increase of the AUC.sub.inf of the compound is at least
75%.
[0257] Embodiment 90. The compound for use of any one of
embodiments 73-89, wherein the oral administration of the compound
to the human increases the T.sub.max of the compound as compared to
when the same amount of the compound is orally administered to the
human under fasted conditions.
[0258] Embodiment 91. The compound for use of embodiment 90,
wherein the ratio of the T.sub.max following the oral
administration of the compound to the T.sub.max following oral
administration of the compound under fasted conditions is greater
than 1.3.
[0259] Embodiment 92. The compound for use of embodiment 90,
wherein the ratio of the T.sub.max following the oral
administration of the compound to the T.sub.max following oral
administration of the compound under fasted conditions is greater
than 1.8.
[0260] Embodiment 93. The compound for use of embodiment 90,
wherein the ratio of the T.sub.max following the oral
administration of the compound to the T.sub.max following oral
administration of the compound under fasted conditions is greater
than 2.
[0261] Embodiment 94. The compound for use of embodiment 75,
wherein the increase of the T.sub.max of the compound is at least
50%.
[0262] Embodiment 95. The compound for use of embodiment 90,
wherein the increase of the T.sub.max of the compound is at least
75%.
[0263] Embodiment 96. The compound for use of any one of
embodiments 73-95, wherein the oral administration of the compound
to the human increases the t1/2.sub..lamda.z of the compound as
compared to when the same amount of the compound is orally
administered to the human under fasted conditions.
[0264] Embodiment 97. The compound for use of embodiment 96,
wherein the ratio of the t1/2.sub..lamda.z following the oral
administration of the compound to the t1/2.sub..lamda.z following
oral administration of the compound under fasted conditions is
greater than 1.2.
[0265] Embodiment 98. The compound for use of embodiment 96,
wherein the ratio of the t1/2.sub..lamda.z following the oral
administration of the compound to the t1/2.sub..lamda.z following
oral administration of the compound under fasted conditions is
greater than 1.4.
[0266] Embodiment 99. The compound for use of embodiment 96,
wherein the increase of the t1/2.sub..lamda.z of the compound is at
least 20%.
[0267] Embodiment 100. The compound for use of embodiment 96,
wherein the increase of the t1/2.sub..lamda.z of the compound is at
least 35%.
[0268] Embodiment 101. A compound for use in treating a seizure
disorder in a human in need thereof; wherein the compound is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; wherein the compound is orally administered to
the human; and wherein the oral administration of the compound
produces, for the compound, one or more of
[0269] a C.sub.max of at least 40 ng/mL,
[0270] an AUC.sub.inf of at least 2500 hng/mL,
[0271] a T.sub.max of at least 3.25 hr, or
[0272] a t1/2.sub..lamda.z of at least 130 h.
[0273] Embodiment 102. A compound for use in increasing resting
motor threshold (RMT) or active motor threshold (AMT) in a human in
need thereof; wherein the compound is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3
-dimethylbutanamide; wherein the compound is orally administered to
the human.
[0274] Embodiment 103. The compound for use of embodiment 102,
wherein the increase in RMT or AMT is in proportion to plasma
concentration of the compound.
[0275] Embodiment 104. A compound for use in decreasing
corticospinal or cortical excitability in a human in need thereof;
wherein the compound is
N-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-d-
imethylbutanamide; wherein the compound is orally administered to
the human.
[0276] Embodiment 105. The compound for use of any one of
embodiments 64-89, wherein 2 to 200 mg of the compound is
administered.
[0277] Embodiment 106. The compound for use of embodiment 105,
wherein 2 to 100 mg of the compound is administered.
[0278] Embodiment 107. The compound for use of embodiment 105,
wherein 5 to 50 mg of the compound is administered.
[0279] Embodiment 108. The compound for use of embodiment 105,
wherein 10, 20, or 25 mg of the compound is administered.
[0280] Embodiment 109. The compound for use of embodiment 105,
wherein 20 mg of the compound is administered.
[0281] Embodiment 110. The compound for use of any one of
embodiments 64-107, wherein at least 20 mg of the compound is
administered.
[0282] Embodiment 111. The compound for use of any one of
embodiments 64-110, wherein 5-500 mg of the compound is
administered per day.
[0283] Embodiment 112. The compound for use of embodiment 111,
wherein 20-150 mg of the compound is administered per day.
[0284] Embodiment 113. The compound for use of embodiment 111,
wherein 100 mg of the compound is administered per day.
[0285] Embodiment 114. The compound for use of any one of
embodiments 64-113, wherein 0.05-2.0 mg/kg of the compound is
administered.
[0286] Embodiment 115. The compound for use of embodiment 114,
wherein 0.1-1.0 mg/kg of the compound is administered.
[0287] Embodiment 116. The compound for use of embodiment 114,
wherein 0.2-0.5 mg/kg of the compound is administered.
4.4. Additional Numbered Embodiments
[0288] Embodiment 1a. A method of treating a seizure disorder in a
human, wherein the method comprises orally administering a
therapeutically effective amount of Compound A to the human in need
thereof under fed conditions.
[0289] Embodiment 2a. The method of embodiment 1a wherein the oral
administration of a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A
to the human results in an enhancement of the bioavailability and
exposure of Compound A, as compared to the bioavailability and
exposure of Compound A when orally administered under fasted
conditions.
[0290] Embodiment 3a. The method of embodiment 2a wherein the oral
administration of a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A
results in an increase of the maximum plasma concentration
(C.sub.max) of Compound A and an increase in the exposure (AUC) of
Compound A, as compared to the C.sub.max of Compound A and the AUC
of Compound A when orally administered under fasted conditions.
[0291] Embodiment 4a. The method of embodiment 3a wherein the ratio
of the C.sub.max following oral administration of a therapeutically
effective amount of Compound A under fed conditions to the
C.sub.max following oral administration of a therapeutically
effective amount of Compound A under fasted conditions is greater
than 1.3.
[0292] Embodiment 5a. The method of embodiment 3a wherein the ratio
of the AUC following oral administration of a therapeutically
effective amount of Compound A under fed conditions to the AUC
following oral administration of a therapeutically effective amount
of Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.3.
[0293] Embodiment 6a. The method of any one of embodiments la-5a
wherein the therapeutically effective amount of Compound A is from
about 0.05 mg/kg to about 2.0 mg/kg.
[0294] Embodiment 7a. A method of enhancing the bioavailability and
exposure of Compound A in a human receiving an oral administration
of a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A for the
treatment of a seizure disorder, wherein the method comprises
orally administering the therapeutically effective amount of
Compound A to the human under fed conditions.
[0295] Embodiment 8a. The method of embodiment 7a wherein the oral
administration of a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A
results in an increase of the maximum plasma concentration
(C.sub.max) of Compound A and an increase in the exposure (AUC) of
Compound A, as compared to C.sub.max of Compound A and AUC of
Compound A when orally administered under fasted conditions.
[0296] Embodiment 9a. The method of embodiment 8a wherein the ratio
of the C.sub.max following oral administration of a therapeutically
effective amount of Compound A under fed conditions to the
C.sub.max following oral administration of a therapeutically
effective amount of Compound A under fasted conditions is greater
than 1.3.
[0297] Embodiment 10a. The method of embodiment 8a wherein the
ratio of the AUC following oral administration of a therapeutically
effective amount of Compound A under fed conditions to the AUC
following oral administration of a therapeutically effective amount
of Compound A under fasted conditions is greater than 1.3.
[0298] Embodiment 11a. The method of any one of embodiments 7a-10a
wherein the therapeutically effective amount of Compound A is from
about 0.05 mg/kg to about 2.0 mg/kg.
5. EXAMPLES
[0299] The following studies were conducted to determine the food
effect, if any, on the bioavailability and exposure of Compound A
when Compound A is orally administered. Further studies were
conducted to access the effect Compound A exhibited, if any, on
cortical excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS).
5.1. Example 1. Non-Human Primate Study
[0300] The following study was conducted to determine the effect of
food when Compound A is orally administered to a non-human
primate.
[0301] 5.1.1. Study Animals
[0302] Three (n=3) Cynomolgus monkeys of Vietnamese origin were
used in this study. At the time of initial dose administration, the
monkeys weighed 4.7 to 5.1 kg and were about 4.5 years of age.
[0303] A certified primate diet (Teklad.RTM. Certified Diet 2050C)
was fed during the study. For Group 1, the three monkeys were
fasted overnight with food returned 4 hours post-dose. For Group 2,
the same three monkeys were fasted overnight and offered food about
1 hour prior to dosing and food was returned at 4 hours post-dose.
The following Table 1 gives the food consumption for Group 2:
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Group 2 Food Consumption Group 2 Animal #1
Animal #2 Animal #3 Time food offered.sup.1 8:19 8;19 8:19 Biscuits
offered 7 7 7 Biscuits remaining? 7 7 4 Banana Remaining? (Y/N) N N
N Bread remaining? (Y/N) Partial N N Time food consumption 9.07
9.07 9.07 recorded Time dosed 9.34 9.37 9.39 .sup.1All animals were
fasted the evening prior to dosing. Approximately 1 hour prior to
dosing, the animals were offered 1/2 banana, slice of bread and 1/2
daily ration of biscuits. Food consumption was recorded. Food was
returned following the 4 hours post dose collections.
[0304] 5.1.2. Oral Dosage Units
[0305] The oral dosage units consisted of about 3 mg/kg of Compound
A in a capsule. The capsules were filled the morning of the dose
administration and kept at room temperature until dosing. The
remaining capsules were placed into the -20.degree. C. storage.
[0306] 5.1.3. Administration of Oral Dosage Units
[0307] The capsules were placed as far back in the animal's mouth
as possible using a pill gun or a modified gavage tube.
Approximately 10 mL of water was administered via syringe to ensure
complete delivery of the intended dose. Each animal received 1
capsule per dose. The same animals were dosed twice with a 96 hour
washout period between doses. See Table 2 below for details.
[0308] Group 1: All animals were weighed the afternoon prior to
dose administration. Animal #2 struggled with dosing. After several
attempts, the animal was given a short break and finally dosed
successfully.
[0309] Group 2: All animals were weighed the morning of dose
administration. All animals were dosed without incident.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Oral Dosage Units Animal weight Dose
Administered Dosage Unit Group # Animal # (kg) (mg) (mg/kg) 1 1
4.695 14.30 3.05 1 2 5.116 15.40 3.01 1 3 5.217 16.40 3.14 2 1
4.698 14.30 3.04 2 2 5.057 15.40 3.05 2 3 5.133 15.30 2.98
[0310] 5.1.4. Collection of Blood
[0311] Whole blood (.about.2.0 mL) was collected using syringe and
needle from cephalic or saphenous veins and transferred into
vacutainer tubes containing K2EDTA and kept on wet ice until
processed for plasma. Blood samples were collected at time of
dosing (0.0 hours, time zero) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48
hours post-dose.
[0312] 5.1.5. Blood Sample Processing
[0313] The whole blood samples were placed in a K2EDTA tube and
centrifuged at 3200 RPM for 10 minutes at approximately 5.degree.
C. Plasma samples were divided into 2 aliquots and each aliquot
directly transferred to appropriately labeled, individual tubes
containing study number, collection time point, animal ID number,
and sample description. One aliquot was placed into storage at
-20.+-.5.degree. C. until shipment for analysis. The other aliquot
was retained at -20.+-.5.degree. C. Red blood cells were
disposed.
[0314] All samples were processed per standard protocol for
bioanalytical analysis.
[0315] 5.1.6. Results
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Concentrations of Compound A in the Plasma
of Fasted Male Cynomolgus Monkeys Following Oral Administration of
a Unit Dose of 3 mg/kg of Compound A Time Concentration Group
Animal # (h) (ng/mL) 1 1 0 0 0.5 0 1 0 2 6.00 4 12.6 8 38.4 12 38.3
24 22.5 48 3.13 2 0 0 0.5 0 1 15.6 2 23.5 4 19.2 8 63.1 12 75.1 24
53.2 48 12.5 3 0 0 0.5 0 1 5.07 2 16.4 4 18.1 8 48.1 12 53.7 24
51.8 48 11.2
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Concentrations of Compound A in the Plasma
of Fed Male Cynomolgus Monkeys Following Capsule Administration at
3 mg/kg Time Concentration Group Animal # (h) (ng/mL) 1 1 0 0 0.5 0
1 1.48 2 11.8 4 34.8 8 50.4 12 48.8 24 24.2 48 4.26 2 0 0 0.5 1.05
1 1.05 2 0 4 19.9 8 52.2 12 67.5 24 61.9 48 16.9 3 0 0 0.5 0 1 1.21
2 11.4 4 78.2 8 63.7 12 42.2 24 48.8 48 13.5
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Summary of Pharmacokinetic Parameters for
Compound A in the Plasma of Fasted versus Fed Male Cynomolgus
Monkeys Following Capsule Administration at 3 mg/kg Time Mean SD
Group (h) (ng/mL) (ng/mL) N 1 0 0 0 3 0.5 0 0 3 1 6.89 7.96 3 2
15.3 8.8 3 4 16.6 3.54 3 8 49.9 12.4 3 12 55.7 18.5 3 24 42.5 17.3
3 48 8.94 5.08 3 2 0 0 0 3 0.5 0.35 0.61 3 1 1.25 0.22 3 2 7.73 6.7
3 4 44.3 30.3 3 8 55.4 7.22 3 12 52.8 13.1 3 24 45 19.1 3 48 11.6
6.54 3
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Summary of Pharmacokinetic Parameters for
Compound A in the Plasma of Fasted vs Fed Male Cynomolgus Monkeys
Following Capsule Administration at 3 mg/kg t1/2.sub..lamda.z
T.sub.max C.sub.max AUC.sub.last AUC.sub.infobs Group Subject (h)
(h) (ng/mL) (h .times. ng/mL) (h .times. ng/mL) 1 1 9.7 8 38.4 869
913 2 -- 12 75.1 1940 -- 3 -- 12 53.7 1650 -- Mean 9.7 10.7 55.7
1490 913 SD -- 2.3 18.4 556 -- 2 1 10.1 8 50.4 1120 1180 2 -- 12
67.5 2010 -- 3 -- 4 78.2 1790 -- Mean 10.1 8 65.4 1640 1180 SD -- 4
14 466 --
[0316] 5.1.7. Discussion
[0317] No significant food effect on either the C.sub.max or the
AUC of Compound A was observed in this study when Compound A was
orally administered to a non-human primate. FIG. 1 shows the data
in Table 5 in graphical form.
5.2. Example 2. Human Study
[0318] To evaluate the effects of food on the bioavailability and
exposure of Compound A, an open-label, randomized, two-period,
fed/fasted crossover study was carried out with nine healthy,
adult, non-tobacco using male and female (non-childbearing
potential only) human subjects, aged .gtoreq.18 to .ltoreq.55
years.
[0319] The study consisted of two Treatment Periods, Period 1 and
Period 2. Each Treatment Period consisted of 7 days, with the
dosing of Compound A occurring on Day 1. The two treatment periods
were separated by a washout period of 10 days. The subjects were
randomized into two groups. During Treatment Period 1, one group
received an oral dose of Compound A while fasted and the other
group received an oral dose of Compound A when fed. The group which
fasted in Treatment Period 1 was fed in Treatment Period 2 and vice
versa.
[0320] On Day 1 of each Treatment Period, each subject orally
received 20 mg of Compound A (4 capsules with 5 mg of Compound A in
each capsule).
[0321] During the fed period, following an overnight fast of at
least 10 hours, a standard high fat, high calorie breakfast was
given as per FDA guidance; the breakfast was given 30 minutes prior
to the scheduled dosing time, and was completed 10 minutes before
dosing. A representative breakfast included 2 slices of buttered
toast, 2 fried eggs, 2 strips of bacon, 4 oz. of hash brown
potatoes, and 8 oz. of whole milk. Subjects did not eat for at
least 4 hours following dosing.
[0322] During the fasted period, dosing occurred after an overnight
fast of at least 10 hours. No food was allowed for 4 hours
post-dose in either the fed or fasted period. Water was allowed as
desired except for one hour before and after dosing.
[0323] For all subjects, blood samples for the determination of
Compound A plasma concentration were collected at dosing (0.0 hours
(time zero)) and at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0,
24.0, 32.0, 48.0 and 144.0 hours post-dose.
[0324] 5.2.1. Results
[0325] The plasma concentrations (ng/mL) of Compound A in the
subjects receiving the oral dose of Compound A under fed conditions
is shown below in Table 7.
[0326] The plasma concentrations (ng/mL) of Compound A in the
subjects receiving the oral dose of Compound A under fasted
conditions is shown below in Table 8.
[0327] The mean plasma concentrations (ng/mL) of Compound A in the
subjects receiving the oral dose of Compound A under fed conditions
versus the mean plasma concentrations (ng/mL) of Compound A in the
subjects receiving the oral dose of Compound A under fasted
conditions are illustrated in FIG. 2.
[0328] The pharmacokinetic parameters of subjects orally receiving
20 mg of Compound A under fed conditions are shown below in Table
9.
[0329] The pharmacokinetic parameters of subjects orally receiving
20 mg of Compound A under fasted conditions are shown below in
Table 10.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Blood Concentration of Subjects Orally
Receiving 20 mg of Compound A under Fed Conditions Nominal Time (h)
Subject Treatment 0.00 0.50 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 12.0 24.0
32.0 48.0 144.0 No. Period Condition Compound A Concentration
(ng/mL) 1 1 fed 0.00 0.00 1.07 6.07 23.8 57.5 60.0 31.0 22.3 14.7
11.9 11.6 8.76 5.06 2 2 fed 1.28 1.16 4.66 11.7 23.7 70.6 77.5 63.6
41.9 24.5 12.5 10.6 7.89 3.68 3 2 fed 1.71 1.56 4.59 18.7 37.2 66.1
59.7 46.3 25.6 15.6 13.5 11.3 9.54 6.15 4 2 fed 2.92 2.56 2.74 4.34
5.63 12.1 39.2 38.1 52.0 35.6 15.8 12.6 12.3 8.82 5 1 fed 0.00 0.00
7.27 22.3 24.6 58.5 52.7 44.6 33.1 24.6 14.5 10.9 8.44 3.99 6 2 fed
2.05 4.06 30.6 58.3 57.7 104 81.0 56.7 36.5 23.0 17.4 15.6 13.6
7.91 7 1 fed 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.94 46.1 39.2 33.3 22.1 17.7 10.5
8.60 6.77 5.33 8 2 fed 1.43 1.30 1.62 1.91 2.90 7.50 14.7 16.4 39.2
24.0 11.4 10.0 8.03 5.56 9 1 fed 0.00 0.00 5.89 33.3 60.6 90.3 66.7
46.4 35.3 28.0 16.9 14.6 12.5 6.89 Number of subjects 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Mean 1.04 1.18 6.49 17.4 26.7 57.0 54.5 41.8 34.2
23.1 13.8 11.8 9.76 5.93 Standard Deviation 1.09 1.41 9.34 18.8
21.7 32.0 20.9 14.1 9.82 6.53 2.48 2.21 2.42 1.71 Standard Error
0.36 0.47 3.11 6.26 7.24 10.7 6.97 4.71 3.27 2.18 0.83 0.74 0.81
0.57 Minimum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.90 7.50 14.7 16.4 22.1 14.7 10.5
8.60 6.77 3.68 Median 1.28 1.16 4.59 11.7 23.8 58.5 59.7 44.6 35.3
24.0 13.5 11.3 8.76 5.56 Maximum 2.92 4.06 30.6 58.3 60.6 104 81.0
63.6 52.0 35.6 17.4 15.6 13.6 8.82 Geometric Mean 17.0 44.0 49.5
39.3 33.0 22.3 13.6 11.6 9.50 5.72 CV % Geometric Mean 166 113 56.1
41.7 29.9 29.1 18.1 18.6 24.6 29.7
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Blood Concentration of Subjects Orally
Receiving 20 mg of Compound A under Fasted Conditions Nominal Time
(h) Subject Treatment 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 6.00 8.00
12.0 24.0 32.0 48.0 144 No. Period Condition Compound A
Concentration (ng/mL) 1 2 fasted 2.05 4.02 10.1 14.5 13.8 9.72 8.27
6.15 5.75 7.65 11.7 9.37 8.66 4.24 2 1 fasted 0.00 0.00 10.7 12.7
11.7 8.61 8.03 5.08 6.08 9.05 8.87 10.8 6.42 1.95 3 1 fasted 0.00
0.00 4.66 9.21 10.9 10.6 6.93 3.75 3.62 4.28 4.28 5.67 4.74 2.64 4
1 fasted 0.00 0.00 33.3 37.1 29.8 21.4 15.6 10.2 8.32 8.62 9.53
7.60 7.14 4.21 5 2 fasted 1.82 2.47 17.4 11.6 13.9 11.1 10.5 8.59
8.97 8.78 9.83 8.81 8.19 3.09 6 1 fasted 0.00 0.00 12.3 15.7 19.8
22.4 17.6 9.46 7.26 6.25 11.2 9.30 8.80 3.16 7 2 fasted 4.45 4.48
10.3 15.6 16.2 16.0 15.4 9.35 8.65 10.1 12.3 12.0 10.1 -- 8 1
fasted 0.00 0.00 8.24 9.62 10.2 8.21 7.10 4.16 3.71 2.71 6.09 5.09
4.42 2.06 9 2 fasted 2.44 2.96 7.62 11.9 21.1 15.8 18.0 12.7 9.97
13.2 13.0 11.3 12.1 5.91 Number of subjects 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
9 8 Mean 1.20 1.55 12.7 15.3 16.4 13.8 11.9 7.72 6.93 7.85 9.64
8.88 7.84 3.41 Standard Deviation 1.60 1.92 8.47 8.50 6.30 5.40
4.66 3.07 2.29 3.13 2.89 2.40 2.47 1.33 Standard Error 0.532 0.640
2.82 2.83 2.10 1.80 1.55 1.02 0.762 1.04 0.965 0.799 0.823 0.468
Minimum 0.00 0.00 4.66 9.21 10.2 8.21 6.93 3.75 3.62 2.71 4.28 5.09
4.42 1.95 Median 0.00 0.00 10.3 12.7 13.9 11.1 10.5 8.59 7.26 8.62
9.83 9.30 8.19 3.13 Maximum 4.45 4.48 33.3 37.1 29.8 22.4 18.0 12.7
9.97 13.2 13.0 12.0 12.1 5.91 Geometric Mean 11.0 14.0 15.5 12.9
11.1 7.14 6.54 7.18 9.16 8.56 7.48 3.20 CV % Geometric Mean 59.4
43.1 36.3 39.4 41.7 45.2 38.7 51.1 37.7 30.6 34.3 39.4
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Subjects
Orally Receiving 20 mg of Compound A under Fed Conditions Treatment
T.sub.max C.sub.max AUC.sub.last AUC.sub.inf % AUC.sub.ext
t1/2.sub..lamda.z Subject # Period Condition (h) (ng/mL) (h .times.
ng/mL) (h .times. ng/mL) (%) (h) fed 1 fed 4.00 60.0 1410 2130 33.9
98.7 2 fed 4.00 77.5 1530 1950 21.2 77.7 2 fed 3.00 66.1 1590 2790
43.0 135 2 fed 8.00 52.0 2020 4710 57.1 211 1 fed 3.00 58.5 1500
1960 23.7 80.9 2 fed 3.00 104 2230 3560 37.5 117 1 fed 3.00 46.1
1230 2690 54.3 190 2 fed 8.00 39.2 1330 2500 46.9 146 1 fed 3.00
90.3 2050 3110 33.9 106 Mean 4.33 66.0 1650 2820 39.1 129 Standard
Error 0.707 7.04 119 296 4.16 15.5 Minimum 3.00 39.2 1230 1950 21.2
77.7 Median 3.00 60.0 1530 2690 37.5 117 Maximum 8.00 104 2230 4710
57.1 211 Geometric Mean 3.98 63.1 1620 2710 37.2 122
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Subjects
Orally Receiving 20 mg of Compound A under Fasted Conditions
Treatment T.sub.max C.sub.max AUC.sub.last AUC.sub.inf %
AUC.sub.ext t1/2.sub..lamda.z Subject # Period Condition (h)
(ng/mL) (ng .times. h/mL) (ng .times. h/mL) (%) (h) 1 2 fasted 1.50
14.5 1060 1640 35.8 96.2 2 1 fasted 1.50 12.7 816 960 15.0 51.1 3 1
fasted 2.00 10.9 593 995 40.4 105 4 1 fasted 1.50 37.1 1010 1800
43.7 129 5 2 fasted 1.00 17.4 979 1300 24.7 72.1 6 1 fasted 3.00
22.4 1040 1350 22.9 67.7 7 2 fasted 2.00 16.2 541 1720 68.5 80.8 8
1 fasted 2.00 10.2 547 803 31.9 86.3 9 2 fasted 2.00 21.1 1460 2410
39.5 111 Mean 1.83 18.1 894 1440 35.8 89.0 Standard Error 0.10 2.76
101 169 5.14 8.09 Minimum 1.00 10.2 541 803 15.0 51.1 Median 2.00
16.2 979 1350 35.8 86.3 Maximum 3.00 37.1 1460 2410 68.5 129
Geometric Mean 1.76 16.7 848 1370 33.0 85.9
[0330] As the pharmacokinetic results of this study demonstrated,
the bioavailability and exposure of Compound A were significantly
enhanced when orally administered under fed conditions as compared
to the bioavailability and exposure of Compound A when orally
administered under fasted conditions. These results were unexpected
in view of the results of the non-human primate study as set forth
above in Example 1 where no food effect was observed.
5.3. Example 3. Human SAD and MAD Study
[0331] A first-in-human study was conducted to evaluate the safety,
tolerability and pharmacokinetics (PK) of single and multiple
ascending doses (SAD and MAD) of oral Compound A.
[0332] 5.3.1. Methods
[0333] In the SAD Phase, 32 healthy volunteers were randomized
(3:1) to Compound A (5, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mg) or placebo. The study
featured an adaptive design. A crossover food effect cohort (N=10)
was also completed with single doses of 20 mg. A sub-set of 8 male
subjects were also assessed with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
(TMS) for effects on cortical excitability (see Examples 4 and
5).
[0334] Repeat doses of Compound A (15 mg QD) were evaluated in a
fasted and fed state over 7 and 10 days, respectively. Repeat doses
of Compound A (25 mg QD) were also evaluated in a fed state over 10
days.
[0335] Compound A was formulated as an immediate release capsule.
Serial plasma PK samples were collected for all cohorts. Safety
evaluations throughout the study included adverse event (AE)
monitoring, clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, ECGs, physical
examinations and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale.
[0336] 5.3.2. Pharmacokinetics
[0337] Compound A displayed a PK profile suitable for once a day
dosing with low peak to trough ratio. Compound A had less than
dose-proportional exposure in the fasted state, with absorption
enhanced by food (.about.1.8 fold for AUC.sub.inf). With multiple
doses in the fed state, exposure increased in proportion to dose.
Apparent steady state was achieved by Day 6-9, based on the 90% CI
for the successive day's exposure ratio within the range
0.8-1.25.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Plasma (Mean
.+-. SD) for SAD Cohort Compound Compound Compound Compound
Compound A 5 mg.sup.a A 15 mg.sup.a A 20 mg.sup.a A 25 mg.sup.b A
30 mg.sup.a Parameter (N = 3) (N = 3) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) Tmax
(h) 3.17 .+-. 2.47 4.50 .+-. 2.60 3.69 .+-. 2.05 4.51 .+-. 1.22
3.17 .+-. 1.48 Cmax 7.13 .+-. 6.12 27.3 .+-. 11.1 31.5 .+-. 21.1
45.8 .+-. 14.3 35.5 .+-. 33.5 (ng/mL) T.sub.1/2 (h) 49.2 .+-. 31.1
41.9 .+-. 31.1 48.9 .+-. 14.7 97.2 .+-. 18.0 63.4 .+-. 28.2
AUC.sub.0-24 74.6 .+-. 50.5 328 .+-. 141 376 .+-. 220 482 .+-. 130
369 .+-. 219 (ng*h/mL AUC.sub.0-t 91.3 .+-. 54.2 397 .+-. 166 709
.+-. 337 1470 .+-. 270 837 .+-. 280 (ng*h/mL).sup.c .sup.aFasted
for 8 hours prior to dosing and 1 hour after dosing. .sup.bFed a
standard breakfast 30 minutes prior to dosing followed by no food
for 4 hours. .sup.ct.sub.Last was 32 h for 5 and 15 mg cohorts, 72
h for 20 and 30 mg cohorts, and 146 h for 25 mg cohort.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Plasma (Mean
.+-. SD) for MAD Cohort Compound A 15 mg Compound A 15 mg Compound
A 25 mg QD Fasted.sup.a (N = 6) Fed.sup.a (N = 6) QD Fed.sup.a (N =
6) Day Parameter Day 1 Day 7 Day 1 Day 10 Day 1 Day 10 T.sub.max
(h) 2.68 .+-. 1.15 2.69 .+-. 1.19 4.37 .+-. 1.85 3.69 .+-. 0.506
4.38 .+-. 1.86 4.99 .+-. 1.69 C.sub.max 10.5 .+-. 2.01 45.1 .+-.
11.4 35.9 .+-. 11.9 60.8 .+-. 11.2 49.6 .+-. 15.7 96.7 .+-. 8.6
(ng/mL) T.sub.1/2 (h) -- 167 .+-. 36.8 -- 239 .+-. 179 -- 218 .+-.
136 AUC.sub.0-24 125 .+-. 32.9 757 .+-. 200 353 .+-. 105 1020 .+-.
246 592 .+-. 133 1720 .+-. 198 (ng*h/mL AUC.sub.0-t -- 4260 .+-.
992 -- 4950 .+-. 1250 -- 8010 .+-. 1520 (ng*h/mL) .sup.aOn Days 1
and 7, fasted for 8 hours prior to dosing and 4 hours after dosing.
On Days 2-6, fasted for 8 hours prior to dosing and 1 hour after
dosing. .sup.bFed a standard breakfast 30 minutes prior to dosing
on each dosing day followed by no food for 4 hours.
[0338] 5.3.3. Safety
[0339] Single and multiple doses of Compound A were well tolerated
at individual Cmax levels up to 104 ng/mL and 107 ng/mL,
respectively. The majority of AEs were mild or moderate, resolved
spontaneously and were consistent with antiepileptic drugs of this
class (e.g., dizziness, sedation). There have been no SAEs, deaths,
or clinically significant ECG or laboratory findings.
[0340] The results suggest that Compound A is safe and
well-tolerated up to doses examined (single doses of up to 30 mg
and multiple doses of 25 mg QD).
[0341] The PK profile (including an effective half-life >24
hours) supports a once per day dosing schedule using an immediate
release formulation, with attainment of steady state in 1 week
without the need for titration.
5.4. Example 4. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Pilot Study
[0342] Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), in combination with
electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalography (EEG), allows
measurement of resting and active motor threshold (RMT/AMT) and
TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs), which may indicate drug effects
on corticospinal and cortical excitability, respectively. Several
antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been shown to significantly
increase RMT values and modulate TEPs, indicating a shift towards
corticospinal/cortical inhibition.
[0343] In a pilot study TMS was used to non-invasively determine
whether Compound A (10, 15 and 20 mg) impacts cortical
excitability. The TMS pilot study was designed to inform sample
size calculation for a larger randomized, double-blind and
placebo-controlled TMS cross-over study (N=20) with Compound A.
[0344] 5.4.1 Methods
[0345] Eight healthy, right-handed male subjects (aged 21-35 years,
62.4-95.4 kg) from a First-in-Human Phase 1 study were enrolled in
this open-label TMS pilot study. RMT, TEPs and EEGs were recorded
prior to Compound A, 2 and 4 h post dose. Spectral analysis was
performed on resting EEGs. Single-subject level analyses were
performed via multiple independent sample t-tests to determine
effects of Compound A on TEP amplitudes. Multiple comparisons were
accounted for using clusterbased permutation analysis.
[0346] 5.4.2. Results
[0347] Compound A, at 4 h post 20 mg (Cplasma=50.+-.10 ng/mL),
suppressed TEP amplitudes at late latencies (e.g. the peak at 180
ms (P180) after TMS by 1.92.+-.0.03 .mu.V, p<0.01, N=3). The 10
mg (N=2) and 15 mg (N=3) dosages, with mean plasma levels of 23.1
and 36.3 ng/mL Compound A at 4 hours, did not show significant and
robust TEP modulation. At 4 h post 20 mg, RMT increased 4.3.+-.0.6%
from baseline (Poster 3.282) and theta power increased in rEEG. The
20 mg dose of Compound A was selected for use in the
placebo-controlled, double-blind, TMS cross-over study.
[0348] FIG. 3 shows that Compound A increased motor thresholds (but
not SICI) assessed with TMS/EMG. Black bars show effect at 2 hours
post-drug intake, grey bars represent 4 hours post-drug (change
from baseline as % max stimulator output, mean.+-.SEM). N=2 for 10
mg, N=3 for 15 mg and 20 mg. Compound A 10 mg did not change AMT.
N=2 for 10 mg, N=3 for 15 mg and 20 mg.
5.5. Example 5. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Crossover
Study
[0349] A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, transcranial
magnetic stimulation (TMS) crossover study investigated the safety,
tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of
single doses of Compound A in healthy right-handed male
subjects.
[0350] The objectives of the study were 1) to evaluate the safety,
tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single doses of Compound A in
healthy male subjects, and 2) to characterize the effects of
Compound A on measures of cortical excitability assessed with
TMS-electroencephalogram (EEG) and TMS-electromyogram (EMG) in
comparison to placebo.
[0351] Twenty healthy right-handed male subjects were enrolled and
randomized in a blinded fashion to receive a single oral dose of 20
mg Compound A or placebo (1:1 randomization ratio) on Day 1, then
were crossed over to receive a single dose of the other treatment
on Day 7.
[0352] Subjects were screened within 27 days prior to entering the
study on Day 1. For Period 1, subjects were admitted to the study
unit and dosed on Day 1, and discharged on Day 2. For Period 2,
following a washout of 6 days, the same subjects were again
admitted to the study unit and dosed on Day 7, and discharged on
Day 8. All subjects returned to the clinical unit for an outpatient
visit on Day 14, and received a follow-up telephone call on Day
37.
[0353] Subjects were dosed in a fed state, but the timing of dosing
relative to meals was changed during the study, and varied between
a high fat or standard meal eaten either 2 h or 30 minutes prior to
dosing, and a high fat or standard meal eaten 1 h or 2.5 h after
dosing.
[0354] Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), clinical
laboratory evaluations, vital signs, 12-lead ECG, physical
examination, and the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
(C-SSRS).
[0355] PK variables included maximal plasma concentration
(C.sub.max), time of maximal plasma concentration (T.sub.max),
terminal elimination half-life (t.sub.1/2), elimination rate
constant (.lamda.z), area under the curve from 0 to 24 h
(AUC.sub.0-24 h), area under the curve from time zero to the last
quantifiable concentration (AUC.sub.0-tlast), area under the curve
from time zero to infinity (AUC.sub.0-inf), the percentage of AUC
that is due to extrapolation from tlast to infinity
(%AUC.sub.extrap), apparent total body clearance following oral
administration (CL/F), CL/F normalized by body weight, mean
residence time from time zero to the last quantifiable
concentration (MRT.sub.last), mean residence time extrapolated to
infinity (MRT.sub.inf), apparent volume of distribution during the
terminal phase (Vz/F), and Vz/F normalized by body weight.
[0356] PD assessments included resting state electroencephalogram
(RS-EEG); TMS-EMG measurements including resting motor threshold
(RMT), active motor threshold (AMT), and short-interval
intracortical inhibition (SICI); and TMS-EEG measurements.
[0357] 5.5.1. Pharmacokinetic Analysis
[0358] The PK parameters for this study were summarized in two
ways. Firstly, PK parameters were calculated where possible using
the PK samples collected during each 24 h sampling period for
Period 1 and Period 2 separately. Secondly, PK parameters were
determined using samples beyond the 24 h sampling period (i.e.,
from Day 7/8 and/or Day 14). For subjects who received Compound A
in the first period, PK samples taken prior to placebo treatment
provided additional PK timepoints at >24 h. For subjects who
received Compound A in the second period, there was no >24 h PK
timepoint until a Day 14 PK sample was added. Thus, subjects
randomized to receive Compound A in the second period who were
enrolled prior to implementation of the additional PK sample at Day
14 did not have PK data beyond 24 h. The full PK profile data set
consists of the 16 subjects for whom PK samples were taken at
>24 h post-dose. For discussion of the PK parameters below, the
full PK profile data set was generally used, because it allowed
more accurate estimation of PK parameters.
[0359] Initially, subjects were dosed 2 hours after a high fat meal
with a relatively high fat lunch provided 1 hour after dosing.
After blinded review of the PK profiles in the initial 8 subjects,
the fat content of the lunch was reduced in an attempt to reduce
the time to T.sub.max, so that the C.sub.max would fall within the
timeframe of TMS measurements. In addition, the timing of the meal
relative to dose was changed from 2 hours prior, to 30 minutes
prior to dose and subsequently the fat content of the breakfast was
reduced. All these changes were made in attempts to provide higher
plasma levels during the TMS assessment periods. The timing and
type of meal for each subject is specified in Table 13. Overall,
there was no clear difference in C.sub.max or T.sub.max despite the
changes in meal composition and timing relative to dose. As such
the PK data is presented without categorization according to meal
content, or relative timing of the meal.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Type and Timing of Meals Relative to Dosing
Pre-dose Meal Post-dose Meal Subjects Type Time Type Time 901, 908,
High fat.sup.a 2 h pre-dose High fat 1 h post-dose 910, 907 912,
919, High fat 2 h pre-dose Standard 1 h post-dose 914, 918 927,
925, High fat 0.5 h pre-dose Standard 2.5 h post-dose 928, 924 930,
934, Standard 0.5 h pre-dose Standard 2.5 h post-dose 933, 937,
938, 941, 940, 942 .sup.aExcept Subject 910 had standard breakfast
prior to dosing
[0360] 5.5.1.1. Plasma Concentrations
[0361] Compound A plasma concentrations over time for the full PK
profile were recorded. At the TMS timepoints of 2 h, 4 h and 6 h
the mean .+-.SD plasma concentrations were 15.9.+-.21.4 ng/mL,
30.2.+-.21.1 ng/mL and 42.1.+-.19.1 ng/mL, respectively.
[0362] There was no difference in mean C.sub.max or T.sub.max
between periods (Table 14). The overall time to peak plasma
concentrations ranged from 1.9 to 12 h, with a median time of 7.8
h, indicating that TMS assessments performed at 2, 4 and 6 h
occurred prior to T.sub.max in the majority of subjects.
[0363] Subjects who received placebo in Period 2 had low but
measurable Compound A levels at the start of the placebo treatment
period, with a mean C.sub.max of 5.84 ng/mL (range 3.34-9.61
ng/mL).
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Pharmacokinetic Parameters by Period,
Overall, and for Full PK Profile 20 mg Compound A Full PK Period 1
Period 2 Overall Profile Parameter Statistic (N = 10) (N = 10) (N =
20) (N = 16) C.sub.max Mean .+-. SD 60.2 .+-. 17.3 58.3 .+-. 9.94
59.2 .+-. 13.8 60.1 .+-. 14.9 (ng/mL) Range 29.9-77.1 46.2-79.4
29.9-79.4 29.9-79.4 T.sub.max (h) Median 6.94 7.83 7.83 6.83 Range
1.92-12 1.92-8.15 1.92-12 1.92-12 AUC.sub.0-24 Mean .+-. SD 693
.+-. 184 681 .+-. 142 687 .+-. 160 692 .+-. 151 (ng*h/mL) Range
383-951 358-869 358-951 383-951 C.sub.last Mean .+-. SD 16.4 .+-.
5.61 16.4 .+-. 3.87 16.4 .+-. 4.69 4.52 .+-. 1.82 (ng/mL) Range
10.1-27.8 7.1-21.3 7.1-27.8 1.33-7.67 T.sub.last (h) Mean .+-. SD
23.8 .+-. 0.375 23.8 .+-. 0.213 23.8 .+-. 0.299 235 .+-. 81.5 Range
23.1-24.3 23.5-24.1 23.1-24.3 142-360 T.sub.1/2 (h) Mean .+-. SD
11.4 .+-. 2.6 10.6 .+-. 2.9 11.1 .+-. 2.6 127 .+-. 84.6 Range
8.46-14.9 8.01-14.3 8.01-14.9 48.2-306
[0364] 5.5.1.2. Other Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Full PK
Profile
[0365] A summary of other PK parameters is provided in Table 15.
The mean AUC.sub.last was 2370 ng*h/mL, which included PK samples
from follow-up visits when available. The AUC.sub.inf from the same
data set was 3155 ng*h/mL and the median (range) extrapolated area
was 19.9% (range 10.6-40.5%). This relatively high level of
extrapolated area in some subjects suggests that the parameters
calculated from .lamda.z (such as half-life, MRT.sub.inf,
clearance, and volume of distribution) should be analyzed with
caution and may have higher inherent variance in their
calculation.
[0366] The mean normalized volume of distribution (Vz/F) of 16.3
L/kg was well above total blood volume for the mean body weight of
72.3 kg, indicating that the drug distributes out of plasma into
surrounding tissues.
[0367] Body weight normalized clearance (CL/F) was 97.5 mL/h/kg
(equivalent to approximately 1.6 mL/min/kg). This value is plasma
clearance, not blood clearance; however, even adjusting for
hematocrit, it is well below total hepatic blood flow of 17
mL/min/kg (Carlisle et al., Gut 1992, 33:92-97), suggesting a low
extraction drug.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Pharmacokinetic Parameters (Full PK Data
Set) 20 mg Compound A Full PK Profile Data Set (N = 16) Parameter
Mean .+-. SD Range AUC.sub.last (ng*h/mL) 2370 .+-. 680 1583-4400
AUC.sub.inf (ng*h/mL) 3155 .+-. 1341 1923-7393 Vz/F normalized
(L/kg) 16.3 .+-. 9.06 .sup. 6.4-33.8 t.sub.1/2 (h) 127 .+-. 84.6
48.2-306 MRT.sub.last (h) 77.4 .+-. 23.7 48.2-122 MRT.sub.inf (h)
102 .+-. 84.8 .sup. 33-304 CL/F normalized (mL/h/kg) 97.5 .+-. 25.7
40.3-136
[0368] 5.5.1.3. Pharmacokinetic Conclusions
[0369] Compound A was slowly absorbed after a 20 mg oral dose with
median peak plasma concentrations occurring approximately 8 hours
after administration. Upon absorption, it distributed out of plasma
into surrounding tissues and was slowly cleared from systemic
circulation at rates well below hepatic blood flow, indicating
minimal hepatic extraction (metabolism). It exhibited a mean
half-life of 127 h (range 48.2-306 h) and mean residence time of
102 h (range 33-304 h) which may be an underestimation since a
number of subjects had %AUC.sub.extrap values above 20% and as high
as 40%.
[0370] Washout between periods was not long enough to allow
Compound A levels fall below the limit of quantitation in subjects
who received placebo in Period 2 (mean 3.1 ng/mL, range 1.3-6.8
ng/mL).
[0371] 5.5.2. Pharmacodynamic Analysis
[0372] All 20 subjects underwent TMS-EMG and TMS-EEG sessions prior
to dosing on Days 1 and 7 and at 2 and 4 h after dosing. Due to a
prolonged absorption phase for Compound A revealed by
pharmacokinetic analysis, extra measurements were added at 6 hours
after drug intake. For the 6 h timepoint, RMT was performed for 16
subjects, and AMT, EEG resting state, and TMS-EEG was performed for
8 subjects.
[0373] Subject 912 did not undergo any of the PD assessments at the
2 h timepoint in the Compound A treatment period due to side
effects (vomiting). TMS procedures could not be completed for
Subject 940 at 2 h in the placebo treatment period due to technical
problems, so at 2 h this subject only underwent RMT and resting
state EEG procedures.
[0374] Compound A-induced modulation of PD markers was evaluated as
an effect of time (comparisons of 2, 4, and 6 h post-dose vs.
pre-dose) and of concentration (using the post-dose measure taken
during highest drug exposure vs. baseline).
[0375] Analyses were performed for all subjects (n=20) and for the
subjects (n=16) who showed drug plasma levels higher than the
highest concentration detected as the carry-over effect in the
placebo arm (Table 16).
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Individual Compound A Plasma Concentrations
Obtained 5 minutes Before TMS-EMG/EEG Measurements Compound A
Plasma Concentration Compound A Treatment Period Placebo Treatment
Period Subject 2 h 4 h 6 h 2 h 4 h 6 h .sup. 901.sup.a 0 6.08 --b 0
0 --b 908 64.2 76.5 --b 6.05 7 --b 910 47.2 38.7 --b 0 0 --b 907
1.55 8.92 --b 4.96 4.35 --b 912 34 48.4 49.7 0 0 0 919 0 16.5 71.2
5.27 4.48 5.56 914 55.2 50 48.5 6.28 5.51 5.75 918 10.6 24.5 47.0 0
0 0 927 47.1 38 39.1 3.81 3.6 3.42 .sup. 925.sup.a 0 4.91 37.6 0 0
0 .sup. 928.sup.a 0 2.54 4.43 0 0 0 924 3.1 29.8 51.9 5.74 5.36
5.61 .sup. 930.sup.a 1.95 4.06 6.23 3.94 3.66 3.44 934 25.7 60.7
57.6 0 0 0 933 0 22.3 53.2 0 0 0 937 2.74 32.7 54.9 7.44 6.83 6.67
938 10.7 52.1 52.2 0 0 0 941 0 8.77 25.1 8.04 8.15 8.22 940 2.52
41.9 79.4 0 0 0 942 8.01 35.7 32.8 3.11 2.77 2.87 Mean 15.88 30.15
42.08 5.46 5.17 5.28 SD 21.41 21.09 19.13 1.58 1.73 1.70
.sup.aSubjects who did not reach concentrations higher than the
carry-over effect observed in the placebo arm (carryover effect
level was 8.22 ng/mL, observed in Subject 941 at 6 h post-dose in
placebo treatment period). Subjects 901, 925, 928, and 930 were not
included in the concentration and time analysis for TEPs,
TMS-induced oscillations and resting state EEG (n = 16). Subject
925 did reach a concentration of 37.6 ng/mL at 6 h post-dose, but
only had RMT assessed at that timepoint. .sup.bSubjects were
treated before the protocol was amended to add the 6 h
timepoint.
[0376] 5.5.2.1. TMS-Evoked EGG Potentials
[0377] TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) were calculated by
averaging artefact-free EEG trials in the different experimental
conditions (Table 17).
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Number of Artefact-Free Trials Number of
Artefact Free EEG Trials (Mean .+-. SD) 2 h 4 h 6 h Pre-dose
Post-dose Post-dose Post-dose Placebo 128 .+-. 13 121 .+-. 10 125
.+-. 10 125 .+-. 13 Compound A 130 .+-. 11 124 .+-. 11 123 .+-. 11
131 .+-. 11
[0378] The following TEP components (P=positive, N=negative) in
accordance with the literature were studied, value in parenthesis
is the time of interest (TOD: P25 (15-35 ms), N45 (35-70 ms), P70
(70-80 ms), N100 (80-145 ms), and P180 (145-230 ms). TOIs were
chosen on the basis of the grand-averaged TEPs and kept identical
during the analysis of pre-dose and post-dose measurements and
across conditions. To analyze drug-induced modulation of TEPs, we
selected a region of interest (ROI) that was composed of 27
channels over and around the stimulation site (left M1) and the
corresponding contralateral site (`FC1`, `FC3`, `FC5`, `C1`, `C3`,
`C5`, `CP1`, `CP3`, `CP5`, `P1`, `P3`, `P5`, `Cz`, `CPz`, `Pz`,
`FC2`, `FC4`, `FC6`, `C2`, `C4`, `C6`, `CP2`, `CP4`, `CP6`, `P2`,
`P4`, `P6`).
[0379] To analyze significance of TEP amplitude modulations induced
by Compound A, multiple dependent sample t-test comparisons
(post-dose vs. pre-dose) were applied for each TOI in all the
electrodes within the indicated ROI. To correct for multiple
comparisons (i.e., electrodes, timepoints), we conducted a
non-parametric cluster-based permutation analysis as implemented in
FieldTrip.
[0380] The spatiotemporal profile of the TMS-evoked EEG potentials
is in line with previous reports in literature (FIG. 4-A). Early
components (N15, P25) are predominantly located at the stimulated
left Ml, followed by a pronounced negativity over the contralateral
site corresponding to the N45 potential. Finally, the N100 and P180
components confirm their optimal topographical reproducibility over
left-central and centro-frontal regions, respectively (FIG. 4-B).
The comparison between pre-dose conditions (placebo versus Compound
A) did not show significant differences (p>0.05). These results
apply for n=20 and n=16 data sets. FIG. 4 shows that Compound A
yielded significant modulation of early TEPs (N45 and P180).
[0381] Concentration analysis (N=16): The cluster-based permutation
analysis was applied between post-dose and pre-dose conditions to
test the effect of Compound A at the highest plasma concentration
available during the TMS assessment timepoints. Although
time-matched placebo did not show any significant changes, Compound
A decreased the amplitude of the early TEP components measured from
15 to 35 ms (peak-to-peak amplitude of the early complex N15-P25:
4.5 vs 6.0 .mu.V, p<0.05), at 45 ms (N45: -2.3 vs -3.0 .mu.V,
p<0.01) and at 180 ms (P180: 2.2 vs 3.0 .mu.V, p<0.01) after
the TMS pulse (FIG. 4-D, FIG. 5). FIG. 6 shows that Compound A
significantly modulates TEPs and decreases cortical
excitability.
[0382] Time analysis (subjects with drug exposure at time of
measurement): The cluster-based permutation analysis was applied
between post-dose and pre-dose conditions to test the effects of
Compound A at 2 h (n=15), 4 h (n=16), and 6 h (n=7) after dosing in
subjects with adequate Compound A exposure during the first 6 h.
Compared to pre-dose, the first N15-P25 complex was decreased at 2
h (p=0.008) and 4 h (p=0.02). Further, at 4 h after dosing Compound
A significantly suppressed the N45 (p=0.03), the N100 (p=0.04), and
the P180 (p=0.004) (FIG. 7).
[0383] Other comparisons were not statistically significant
(p>0.05) and placebo did not induce significant changes
(p>0.05).
[0384] Time analysis (all available subjects): The cluster-based
permutation analysis was applied between post-dose and pre-dose
conditions to test the effects of Compound A at 2 h (n=19), 4 h
(n=20), and 6 h (n=8) after dosing in all available subjects.
Compared to pre-dose, the first N15-P25 complex was decreased at 2
h (p=0.006) and 4h (p=0.01). Further, at 4h after dosing Compound A
significantly suppressed the N45 (p=0.03) and the P180 (p=0.02).
This shows that Compound A modulates TEPs and decreases cortical
excitability.
[0385] Other comparisons were not statistically significant
(p>0.05) and placebo did not induce significant changes
(p>0.05).
[0386] 5.5.2.2. TMS-Induced Oscillations
[0387] Single-pulse TMS applied over the left motor cortex resulted
in a series of changes in the power of ongoing oscillatory
activity. Before drug intake, at baseline, TMS induced an early
increase of theta/alpha power followed by a beta power decrease
(de-synchronization) and a final late response of increased beta
power.
[0388] The effects of the active compound on TMS-induced
oscillations were then analysed by means of a cluster-based
permutation analysis following the same procedure as adopted in the
analysis of TEPs. Theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-30
Hz) TMS-induced oscillations were compared from 30 ms (the first
time-frequency point considered artefact free) to 800 ms between
drug conditions. This method was preferred instead of a
predetermined set of time windows, given the absence of a consensus
for time windows of interest to be used in the TMS induced
oscillation analysis. Also, the present cluster-based statistics
approach is appropriate for exploratory analyses, as it minimizes
false-positives involved in testing multiple time-points.
[0389] Concentration analysis (N=16): The cluster-based permutation
analysis was applied between post-dose and pre-dose conditions to
test the effect of Compound A at the highest plasma concentration
present during TMS assessment. Compound A suppressed early theta
TMS-induced oscillations (p<0.001; significant effects from 30
to 390 ms), alpha TMS-induced oscillations (p=0.02; significant
effects from 220 to 400 ms) and increased beta TMS-induced power
(p=0.04; significant effects from 220 to 310 ms)
[0390] Other comparisons were not statistically significant
(p>0.05) and placebo did not induce significant changes
(p>0.05).
[0391] Time analysis (subjects with drug exposure at time of
measurement): The cluster-based permutation analysis was applied
between post-dose and pre-dose conditions to test the effects of
Compound A at 2 h (n=15), 4 h (n=16), and 6 h (n=7) after dosing.
Compared to pre-dose, Compound A did not modulate oscillations
registered 2 h post-dose whereas at 4 h Compound A suppressed early
theta TMS-induced oscillations (p=0.03; significant effects from 30
to 180 ms), alpha TMS-induced oscillations (p=0.03; significant
effects from 250 to 390 ms) and increased beta TMS-induced
desynchronization (p=0.04; significant effects from 250 to 330 ms).
Finally, at 6 h post-dose, results showed a significant depression
of theta induced oscillations (p<0.001; significant effects from
30 to 280 ms).
[0392] Other comparisons were not statistically significant
(p>0.05) and placebo did not induce significant changes
(p>0.05).
[0393] Time analysis (all available subjects): The cluster-based
permutation analysis was applied between post-dose and pre-dose
conditions to test the effects of Compound A at 2 h (n=19), 4 h
(n=20), and 6 h (n=8) after dosing. Compared to pre-dose, Compound
A showed a trend to suppress theta TMS-induced oscillations at 2 h
post-dose. At 4 h Compound A suppressed alpha TMS-induced
oscillations (p=0.03; significant effects from 250 to 400 ms).
Finally, at 6 h post-dose, results showed a significant depression
of theta induced oscillations (p=0.03; significant effects from 80
to 300 ms) and a trend to suppress alpha band (trend p=0.07;
270-390 ms).
[0394] Other comparisons were not statistically significant
(p>0.05) and placebo did not induce significant changes
(p>0.05).
[0395] 5.5.2.3. Resting State EEG
[0396] Sensor-level delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz)
and beta (13-30 Hz) frequency activity was estimated using a Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT) approach. Power of all frequencies between
2 and 30 Hz were estimated, using a frequency resolution of 0.5 Hz.
A non-parametric dependent samples t-test based on a permutation
approach (1500 permutations) was used to test differences between
drug conditions on all EEG sensors.
[0397] Concentration analysis (N=16): During high Compound A plasma
exposure, resting state oscillatory activity was significantly
modulated showing an increase in power at delta (p<0.001), theta
(p=0.01) and beta (p=0.005). Placebo induced an increase in theta
power (p=0.001) and all other comparisons showed no significant
results.
[0398] Computed differences between post-dose and pre-dose states
within each drug condition, and then statistically compared the
calculated differences (post-dose minus pre-dose) between Compound
A and placebo. Compared to placebo, Compound A induced an overall
increase of power for delta (p<0.001), theta (p=0.02), and beta
(p=0.003) (FIG. 8).
[0399] Time analysis (subjects with drug exposure at time of
measurement): The cluster-based permutation analysis was applied
between post-dose and pre-dose conditions to test the effects of
Compound A at 2 h (n=15), 4 h (n=16), and 6 h (n=7) after
dosing.
[0400] Compared to the pre-dose state, Compound A significantly
increased the power of low frequency oscillations (2 h post-dose
versus pre-dose: delta, p=0.001; theta, p=0.01; 4 h post-dose
versus pre-dose: delta, p<0.001; theta, p=0.01) and of beta band
(2 h post-dose versus pre-dose: p=0.01; 4 h post-dose versus
pre-dose: p<0.001) (FIG. 9).
[0401] Placebo caused an increase in theta band 4 hours after drug
intake (p=0.003) whereas all other comparisons were not
statistically significant (p>0.05).
[0402] Time analysis (all available subjects): The cluster-based
permutation analysis was applied between post-dose and pre-dose
conditions to test the effects of Compound A at 2 h (n=19), 4 h
(n=20), and 6 h (n=8) after dosing.
[0403] Compared to the pre-dose state, Compound A significantly
increased the power of low frequency oscillations (2 h post-dose
versus pre-dose: delta, p<0.001; theta, p=0.006; 4 h postdose
versus pre-dose: delta, p<0.001; theta, two clusters at p=0.008
and p=0.03) and of beta band (2 h post-dose versus pre-dose:
p=0.005; 4 h post-dose versus pre-dose: p<0.001; 6 post-dose
versus pre-dose: p=0.009).
[0404] Placebo caused an increase in delta (2 h post-dose versus
pre-dose: two clusters p=0.02 and p=0.04; 4 h post-dose versus
pre-dose: two clusters p=0.004 and p=0.01; 6 h post-dose versus
pre-dose: p=0.05) and theta band power (4 h post-dose versus
pre-dose: p<0.001; 6 h post-dose versus pre-dose: p=0.009),
alpha band (6 h post-dose versus pre-dose: p=0.04) and beta band (6
h post-dose versus pre-dose: p=0.04), whereas all other comparisons
were not statistically significant (p>0.05).
[0405] 5.5.2.4. TMS-EMG
[0406] RMT and AMT values are reported as percentages of maximum
stimulator output (%MSO). Drug-induced modulation of TMS-EMG
parameters were evaluated over the 3 timepoints (2, 4, and 6h) and
for the timepoint with the highest drug exposure.
[0407] 5.5.2.4.1. Resting Motor Threshold
[0408] Individual and averaged RMT values at baseline and change
each timepoint for Compound A and placebo for all 20 subjects are
presented in Table 18. Four subjects (901, 925, 928, and 930) did
not have high drug exposure during TMS measurements. In addition,
RMT could not be registered for Subject 912 at 2 hours after
Compound A intake.
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Resting Motor Threshold (% MSO) Before and
After Treatment Resting Motor Threshold (% MSO) Placebo Compound A
Pre- Post-dose Change Pre- Post-dose Change dose from Baseline dose
from Baseline Subject Value 2 h 4 h 6 h Value 2 h 4 h 6 h .sup.
901.sup.a 47 0 0 --.sup.b 47 0 1 --.sup.b 908 49 -1 -1 --.sup.b 51
3 7 --.sup.b 910 44 -3 -3 --.sup.b 41 1 1 --.sup.b 907 62 1 3
--.sup.b 62 0 0 --.sup.b 912 63 0 0 0 61 --.sup.c 6 8 919 65 0 0 1
66 0 0 4 914 39 0 0 0 38 2 3 4 918 52 2 3 2 52 3 5 6 927 78 1 1 1
77 3 10 10 .sup. 925.sup.a 49 -1 0 0 48 1 1 4 .sup. 928.sup.a 52 4
5 3 52 2 1 1 924 47 2 3 2 47 1 2 1 .sup. 930.sup.a 48 1 1 1 49 0 0
0 934 45 0 2 2 46 3 3 7 933 48 0 0 0 48 0 0 3 937 66 0 0 2 63 0 2 7
938 57 0 0 1 55 0 3 3 941 79 0 0 0 77 6 6 6 940 39 0 -1 -1 39 2 4 8
942 54 1 1 2 54 1 7 7 Mean 54.2 0.4 0.7 0.9 53.7 1.5 3.1 4.9 SD
11.4 1.4 1.8 1.1 11.1 1.6 2.9 2.8 .sup.aSubjects who had low plasma
levels of Compound A during TMS assessments, as shown in Table 16.
.sup.bSubjects were treated prior to addition of 6 h timepoint.
.sup.cRMT could not be registered for Subject 912 at this
timepoint.
[0409] There were no significant differences between baseline
values in either group. Compound A treatment resulted in a
significant increase in RMT indicating reduced corticospinal
excitability (FIGS. 10 and 11). There was a strong relationship
between the PD effect and the mean Compound A plasma
concentrations, with an effect on RMT of >4% at 6 h post-dose.
FIG. 8 shows that RMT increased in proportion to Compound A plasma
concentration with a mean.+-.SEM increase of 4.9.+-.0.7% at 6 h.
This significant increase in RMT indicates reduced corticospinal
excitability and thus represents a strong PK-PD relationship.
[0410] 5.5.2.4.2. Active Motor Threshold
[0411] AMT was recorded while subjects squeezed a manometer at 20%
of each individual's maximum contraction force. Table 19 shows
individual and averaged AMT values at each timepoint for Compound A
and placebo. AMT could not be registered for Subjects 912 and 940
at 2 hours after Compound A and placebo intake, respectively.
[0412] There were no significant differences between baseline
values in either group. AMT increased following Compound A
treatment. The change from baseline in AMT for Compound A was
significantly different from placebo at 6 h post-dose
(p<0.01).
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Active Motor Threshold (% MSO) Before and
After Dosing Active Motor Threshold (% MSO) Placebo Compound A Pre-
Post-dose Change Pre- Post-dose Change dose from Baseline dose from
Baseline Subject Value 2 h 4 h 6 h Value 2 h 4 h 6 h .sup.
901.sup.a 37 0 0 --.sup.b 38 0 0 --.sup.b 908 39 1 1 --.sup.b 40 2
2 --.sup.b 910 34 0 0 --.sup.b 31 4 4 --.sup.b 907 46 -1 -1
--.sup.b 46 0 0 --.sup.b 912 52 -4 -12 -12 45 --.sup.c 0 0 919 50 0
0 0 50 0 0 0 914 30 1 1 1 29 3 3 6 918 42 1 1 0 41 1 1 1 927 55 0 0
0 57 2 3 0 .sup. 925.sup.a 37 0 0 0 37 1 0 0 .sup. 928.sup.a 37 5 5
5 38 0 0 2 924 37 0 2 1 35 1 3 3 .sup. 930.sup.a 39 0 0 0 40 0 0 1
934 36 1 1 1 36 0 2 3 933 36 0 1 1 36 0 0 4 937 53 -1 -1 -1 51 0 0
1 938 43 0 0 0 41 0 2 3 941 55 0 0 0 56 1 1 2 940 33 --.sup.c -1 -1
35 2 2 3 942 42 0 0 0 41 1 3 3 Mean 41.7 0.2 -0.2 -0.3 41.2 0.9 1.3
2.0 SD 7.7 1.6 3.1 3.3 7.6 1.2 1.4 1.7 .sup.aSubjects who had low
plasma levels of Compound A during TMS assessments, as shown in
Table 16. .sup.bSubjects were treated prior to addition of 6 h
timepoint. .sup.cAMT could not be registered at this timepoint.
[0413] 5.5.2.4.3. Short Interval Intracortical Inhibition
[0414] Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was measured
using 15 conditioning-test stimuli pairs given in a random order at
an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 2 ms. The conditioning stimulus
was set at 80% of AMT and the suprathreshold stimulus 120% RMT.
[0415] The calculation of SICI utilized custom scripts to measure
the amplitudes of conditioned and unconditioned motor evoked
potentials (MEPs) and to express SICI as the ratio of mean
conditioned MEPs over mean unconditioned MEPs.
[0416] SICI values (mean conditioned MEPs/mean unconditioned MEPs)
are reported for each individual, experimental session and Compound
A dose (Table 20). Average and SD are also reported for each
condition. There were no significant findings.
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 SICI Values Before and After Dosing Short
Intracortical Inhibition (Mean Conditioned MEP/Mean Unconditioned
MEP) Placebo Compound A Pre- Pre- Subject dose 2 h 4 h dose 2 h 4 h
.sup. 901.sup.a 1.32 1.18 0.91 1.56 0.85 1.07 908 0.79 0.76 0.54
0.53 0.67 1.02 910 1.11 0.83 0.86 0.90 0.71 1.03 907 0.90 0.98 0.86
0.75 0.72 0.93 912 1.12 0.96 0.91 1.15 --.sup.b --.sup.b 919 1.09
1.33 0.82 0.94 1.29 0.54 914 1.03 1.04 1.08 1.48 0.91 1.20 918 1.02
0.83 0.75 0.79 0.94 1.68 927 1.10 0.59 0.93 1.18 1.11 1.64 .sup.
925.sup.a 1.17 1.22 0.85 1.20 0.96 0.86 .sup. 928.sup.a 1.13 1.20
0.78 1.22 1.18 0.61 924 1.38 1.14 1.18 0.79 2.68 1.01 .sup.
930.sup.a 1.02 1.00 1.22 0.84 0.92 1.53 934 1.13 0.77 1.05 1.32
0.91 1.04 933 0.83 1.22 0.91 1.18 0.92 1.03 937 0.63 1.08 2.03 1.20
0.97 1.17 938 0.62 1.34 1.06 1.13 1.12 0.89 941 0.53 0.86 0.87 1.47
1.31 1.27 940 1.29 --.sup.b --.sup.b 0.78 1.09 0.87 942 1.18 0.71
1.00 1.65 1.03 0.75 Mean 1.02 1.00 0.98 1.05 1.07 1.06 SD 0.23 0.22
0.30 0.29 0.43 0.31 .sup.aSubjects who had low plasma levels of
Compound A during TMS assessments, as shown in Table 16. .sup.bData
not available for this timepoint.
[0417] 5.5.2.5. Pharmacodynamic Conclusions
[0418] Pharmacodynamic assessments were performed to determine the
acute effects of the potassium channel opener Compound A on
corticospinal and cortical excitability as measured with TMS-EMG
and TMS-EEG, respectively.
[0419] 5.5.3. TMS-EMG Measures
[0420] The motor threshold (at rest and under active muscular
contraction) has been linked to ion channel conductivity, and hence
to neural membrane excitability, as it was increased by several
antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) acting on sodium channels (i.e.
lamotrigine, carbamazepine; Ziemann et al., J. Int. Fed. Clin.
Neurophys. 2015, 126:1847-1868) and potassium channels (i.e.
retigabine; Ossemann et al., Epilepsy Res. 2016, 126:78-82).
[0421] In addition, intracortical inhibition can be tested by SICI,
a well-established TMS paired pulse paradigm. SICI can assess
synaptic excitability of interneurons within the stimulated motor
cortex and it has been associated to GABA-A receptor mediated
neurotransmission.
[0422] Results showed that Compound A significantly impacted the
motor threshold indicating a reduced corticospinal excitability.
The RMT was particularly modulated in a time and plasma
concentration dependent manner in comparison to placebo. At 2, 4,
and 6 h post-dose, a single 20 mg dose of Compound A increased RMT
from baseline compared to time matched placebo. Further, the
increases in RMT at each timepoint correlated with the increase in
Compound A systemic exposure.
[0423] The AMT was modulated to a lower extent and was
significantly different from placebo only at 6 h post-dose. The
nature of the discrepancy between RMT and AMT results is not known,
however it is in line with other AEDs (Ziemann et al., Ann. Neuro.
1996, 40:367-378). During voluntary muscle activation, a decrease
in motor threshold is believed to occur through an increased
excitability of the corticospinal output or spinal motor neurons or
both. Subthreshold activation of the former elements, which are
probably also targeted by TMS, explains why AMT increases less than
RMT by drugs acting on membrane ion channels. During voluntary
muscular activation, many physiological and anatomical elements in
addition to what is directly activated by TMS play a role and this
would explain why the drug-induced modulation of the AMT is more
limited than RMT. Finally, the lack of an effect on SICI indicates
that Compound A does not alter GABA-A receptor mediated
intracortical inhibition. This result is in line with TMS-EMG
report of retigabine (Ossemann et al., 2016) and sodium channel
blockers (Ziemann et al., 1996).
[0424] 5.5.4. TMS-EEG Measures
[0425] Compound A significantly modulated TMS-EEG and resting state
EEG output showing a unique fingerprint at the highest drug plasma
concentration. In addition, the drug-induced modulation followed
drug plasma exposure with strongest effects at 4 hours after drug
intake (Table 21).
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Compound A Induced Modulation of TEPs,
TMS-induced Oscillations and Resting State EEG Bands Compound A
Induced Modulation At Highest Compound A Plasma At Time After
Dosing Concentration 2 h 4 h TEPs .dwnarw. N15-P25 .dwnarw. N15-P25
.dwnarw. N15-P25 .dwnarw. N45 Not .dwnarw. N45 significant .dwnarw.
P180 Not .dwnarw. P180 significant TMS- .dwnarw. Theta 30-390 ms
Not .dwnarw. Theta 30-180 ms induced significant oscilla- .dwnarw.
Alpha 220-400 ms Not .dwnarw. Alpha 250-390 ms tions significant
.uparw. Beta 210-310 ms Not .dwnarw. Beta 250-330 ms significant
Resting .uparw. Delta .uparw. Delta .uparw. Delta state EEG .uparw.
Theta .uparw. Theta .uparw. Theta .uparw. Beta .uparw. Beta
[0426] Additional measures of cortical excitability including
global mean field power were similarly impacted. Global mean field
power (GMFP) shows the overall amount of electrical activity
induced by TMS. FIG. 12 shows that Compound A causes reduction of
cortical excitability over time with prolonged absorption. Compound
A also shifted the power spectra of resting state EEGs toward lower
frequencies.
[0427] TMS-EEG allows measurement of the pharmacological effect of
drugs acting in the brain. This aspect is particularly appealing
for epilepsy research where despite the wide range of AEDs,
seizures are refractory to treatment in 30% of cases and long-term
therapeutic outcome cannot be predicted (Kwan and Brodie, N Engl.
J. Med. 2000, 342:314-319). Lamotrigine and levetiracetam, two of
the most prescribed AEDs, were previously evaluated with TMS-EEG.
Lamotrigine is a voltage-gated Na+ channel blocker, whereas
levetiracetam binds to synaptic vesicles protein 2A (SV2A) to
inhibit the release of excitatory neurotransmitter (Rogawski and
Loscher, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 5:553-564). At the system level,
both drugs increased the amplitude of the N45 and suppressed the
P180 component (Premoli et al., Epilepsia 2016, 58:42-50).
[0428] In the TMS-EEG portion of the study, 20 mg of Compound A
produced statistically significant modulations of TEPs in a manner
consistent with reductions in cortical excitability. Relative to
time-matched placebo, at the time of the highest plasma levels
during TMS assessments Compound A decreased the amplitude of the
first N15-P25 complex, the N45 and the P180 potentials offering a
unique fingerprint. The N15 component is generated in the
ipsilateral premotor cortex whereas the origin of P25 is less
clear, but may reflect activity around ipsilateral
sensorimotor/premotor cortex border, in the superior wall of the
ipsilateral cingulate gyms or supplementary motor area, and in the
contralateral cortex (Maki and Ilmoniemi, Neurosci. Lett. 2010,
478:24-28). The N15-P25 complex has been inversely correlated with
MEP amplitude, thus providing information about the excitability of
the stimulated area. Following this interpretation, the reduction
of the peak-to-peak amplitude of these early components may reflect
the drug-induced reduction of cortical excitability. Over time,
Compound A suppressed the N45 amplitude which has been linked to
GABA-A receptor mediated neurotransmission by trials that
manipulated TEPs with benzodiazepines as GABAergic positive
modulators (Premoli et al., J. Neurosci.: J. Soc. Neurosci. 2014,
34:5603-5612; Darmani et al., J. Neurosci.: J. Soc. Neurosci. 2016,
36:12312-12320). The reduction of the N45 could reflect less GABA-A
receptor mediated inhibition due to activation of pre-synaptic
GABA-A receptor which decreases GABA release into the synaptic
cleft. As an alternative explanation, the TMS response did not
propagate to the contralateral hemisphere given the overall
increase in cortical inhibition and this implies a reduction of the
N45 amplitude over distant sites. Finally, the reduction of the
P180 component is in line with the observation from other AEDs
(Premoli et al., 2016).
[0429] In addition to TEPs, brain responses to TMS can be
investigated by applying a time-frequency analysis at single trial
level removing the evoked (i.e. TEP) component from the signal.
TMS-induced oscillations are the result of this analytical approach
and they provide non-phase locked neural information (Premoli et
al., Neuroimage 2017, 163:1-12). The impact of compounds acting
towards GABAergic neurotransmission on TMS-induced oscillations
showed that the early a-synchronization was increased by the
GABA-Aergic drugs and decreased by the GABA-Bergic drug, the late
.alpha.-desynchronization was increased by the GABA-Bergic drug,
and the late .beta.-desynchronization was increased by GABA-Aergic
and GABA-Bergic drugs.
[0430] Compound A showed a unique profile of modulation of induced
responses consisting of suppression of theta and alpha TMS-induced
power and further increase of beta TMS-induced desynchronization.
In the absence of TMS stimulation, during rest, the spontaneous
brain oscillatory activity is modulated showing a power increase
for delta, theta and beta bands.
[0431] TMS-EMG and TMS-EEG results show that 20 mg of Compound A,
once across the blood brain barrier, impacts cortical excitability
as demonstrated by the modulation of the array of PD markers. The
intrinsic neuronal membrane properties and the level of cortical
excitation and inhibition are relevant points in epileptogenesis.
Therefore, these study endpoints may play a crucial role when
determining the therapeutic effects of Compound A in epilepsy
patients. For instance, the RMT is lower in drug-naive patients
compared to healthy controls and the intracortical inhibition is
impaired. For this specific compound, changes in RMT and other PD
markers before and after treatment can be used to assess Compound A
therapeutic responsiveness.
[0432] All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application
publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign
patent applications, and non-patent publications referred to in
this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their
entireties, including U.S. provisional application No. 62/670,253,
filed May 11, 2018.
[0433] Although the foregoing compositions, methods, and uses have
been described in some detail to facilitate understanding, it will
be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced
within the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the described
embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not
restrictive, and the claimed invention is not to be limited to the
details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and
equivalents of the appended claims.
* * * * *